Clinical trial NCT03000751: CT DOSE Collaboratory
Official title: CT Dose Optimization and Standardization Endeavor (DOSE) Collaboratory
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Ionizing Radiation Exposure
Quality Improvement
Keywords: CT scan
CT exam
ionizing radiation
medical imaging
cat scan
radiation
Lead sponsor: University of California, San Francisco
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: University of California, Davis
name: University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
name: Center for Diagnostic Imaging
name: Community Health Network
name: Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City
name: City of Hope Medical Center
name: Albert Einstein Healthcare Network
name: Universität Duisburg-Essen
name: East Texas Medical Center Regional Healthcare System
name: Emory University
name: Henry Ford Health System
name: Huntsville Hospital Health System
name: Nicklaus Children's Hospital f/k/a Miami Children's Hospital
name: Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
name: Maastricht University Medical Center
name: Olive View-UCLA Education & Research Institute
name: Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust
name: San Francisco VA Health Care System
name: St. Joseph Hospital of Orange
name: St. Luke's International Hospital, Japan
name: University of Virginia
name: University of California, Irvine
name: University of California, San Diego
name: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
First posted: 2016-12-22
Enrollment: 864080
Sex: ALL
Maximum age (years): 99
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: FACTORIAL
Primary purpose: HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH

Brief summary: This is a pragmatic stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial to explore variation in doses used for diagnostic CT by pooling radiation dose data across diverse healthcare delivery systems.

To compare different strategies for lowering and optimizing dose and identify the barriers and facilitators to implementing successful dose optimization strategies and standardizing practice.

Detailed description: The investigators are using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial, collecting radiation dose information on CT from across all collaborating health care facilities, and leading several different interventions to optimize dose across facilities. In addition to collecting the CT radiation dose data, and using these results to provide feedback to the collaborating health care facilities, they will be conducting surveys of several individuals at each site, including key informants, such as lead radiologists, technologists, and medical physicist, and radiology administrators.

They will compare and identify facilitators and barriers (assessed through surveys of participating facilities) associated with successful and failed implementation of dose optimization.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnostic CT scans of the head, chest, and/or abdomen/pelvis performed within the study period

Exclusion Criteria:

* non-diagnostic scans that are not of the head, chest, and/or abdomen/pelvis

Primary outcomes:
measure: Change in Mean Effective Dose (ED)
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
measure: Percentage of CT Scans With an Effective Dose Above Benchmark
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Mean Dose Length Product
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
measure: Proportion of CT Scans With a Dose Length Product Above Benchmark
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
measure: Change in Mean Volume Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol)
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
measure: Percentage of CT Scans With a CTDIvol Above Benchmark
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
measure: Change in Mean Organ Doses: Brain Dose for Head CT; Lung Dose For Chest CT; Colon and Liver Dose for Abdomen CT
timeFrame: Sites were randomized to 1 of 3 tracks, which determined the timing of intervention: Track A: audit at week 40, MCI at week 68 Track B: audit at week 44, MCI at week 74 Track C: audit at week 53, MCI at week 81
Other outcomes:
Locations:
Study officials:
affiliation: University of California, San Francisco
name: Rebecca Smith-Bindman, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Administration
name: Judy Yee, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of California, San Diego
name: Tom Nelson, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of California, Davis
name: Tony Seibert, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of California, Irvine
name: Mayil Krishnam, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Henry Ford Health System
name: Michael Flynn, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust
name: Mary Cocker, MSc, Csci
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: City of Hope Medical Center
name: William Boswell, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University Hospital of Basel
name: Sebastian Schindera, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Community Health Network
name: Erin Bell, MHP
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Emory University
name: Phuong-Anh Duong, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City
name: Nima Kasraie, PhD, MSc
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Huntsville Hospital
name: Pavlina Pike, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Nicklaus Children's Hospital f/k/a Miami Children's Hospital
name: Luisa Cervantes, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Maastricht University Medical Center
name: Joachim Wildberger, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen
name: Michael Forsting, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: St. Joseph Hospital of Orange
name: Fady Kassem, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: East Texas Medical Center
name: Darrell Fendrick, CT
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of Virginia Health System
name: Sugoto Mukherjee, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
name: Brad Delman, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Center for Diagnostic Imaging
name: Jodi Roehm
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Olive View - UCLA
name: Anokh Pahwa, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Einstein Medical Center
name: Ryan Lee, MD, MBA
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo
name: Jay Starkey, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of California, Davis
name: Diana Miglioretti, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen
name: Saravanabavaan Suntharalingam, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
name: Sara Lewis, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Solberg LI. Improving medical practice: a conceptual framework. Ann Fam Med. 2007 May-Jun;5(3):251-6. doi: 10.1370/afm.666.
citation: Solberg LI, Asche SE, Margolis KL, Whitebird RR. Measuring an organization's ability to manage change: the change process capability questionnaire and its use for improving depression care. Am J Med Qual. 2008 May-Jun;23(3):193-200. doi: 10.1177/1062860608314942.
citation: Schindera ST, Treier R, von Allmen G, Nauer C, Trueb PR, Vock P, Szucs-Farkas Z. An education and training programme for radiological institutes: impact on the reduction of the CT radiation dose. Eur Radiol. 2011 Oct;21(10):2039-45. doi: 10.1007/s00330-011-2168-5. Epub 2011 May 31.
citation: Keegan J, Miglioretti DL, Gould R, Donnelly LF, Wilson ND, Smith-Bindman R. Radiation dose metrics in CT: assessing dose using the National Quality Forum CT patient safety measure. J Am Coll Radiol. 2014 Mar;11(3):309-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2013.10.009.
citation: Miglioretti DL, Zhang Y, Johnson E, Lee C, Morin RL, Vanneman N, Smith-Bindman R. Personalized technologist dose audit feedback for reducing patient radiation exposure from CT. J Am Coll Radiol. 2014 Mar;11(3):300-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2013.10.017.
citation: Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, Howe NL, Ronckers CM, Rajaraman P, Sir Craft AW, Parker L, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012 Aug 4;380(9840):499-505. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0. Epub 2012 Jun 7.
citation: Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, Butler MW, Goergen SK, Byrnes GB, Giles GG, Wallace AB, Anderson PR, Guiver TA, McGale P, Cain TM, Dowty JG, Bickerstaffe AC, Darby SC. Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ. 2013 May 21;346:f2360. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2360.
citation: Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors. Nationwide evaluation of x-ray trends (NEXT): Tabulation and graphical summary of 2000 survey of computed tomography . Frankfort, KY2007.
citation: Bhargavan M, Sunshine JH. Utilization of radiology services in the United States: levels and trends in modalities, regions, and populations. Radiology. 2005 Mar;234(3):824-32. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2343031536. Epub 2005 Jan 28.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Larson EB. Rising use of diagnostic medical imaging in a large integrated health system. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008 Nov-Dec;27(6):1491-502. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.6.1491.
citation: Baker LC, Atlas SW, Afendulis CC. Expanded use of imaging technology and the challenge of measuring value. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008 Nov-Dec;27(6):1467-78. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.6.1467.
citation: Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. A Data Book: Healthcare Spending and the Medicare Program, June 2010.
citation: Levin DC, Rao VM, Parker L, Frangos AJ, Sunshine JH. Bending the curve: the recent marked slowdown in growth of noninvasive diagnostic imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Jan;196(1):W25-9. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.4835.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Johnson E, Lee C, Feigelson HS, Flynn M, Greenlee RT, Kruger RL, Hornbrook MC, Roblin D, Solberg LI, Vanneman N, Weinmann S, Williams AE. Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010. JAMA. 2012 Jun 13;307(22):2400-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.5960.
citation: Mettler FA Jr, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology. 2008 Jul;248(1):254-63. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2481071451.
citation: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. NCRP Report No. 93, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. 1987
citation: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. NCRP Report No 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, press release available , full report soon to be released; 2009
citation: Pierce DA, Preston DL. Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 2000 Aug;154(2):178-86. doi: 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)154[0178:rrcral]2.0.co;2.
citation: Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, Funamoto S, Nishi N, Soda M, Mabuchi K, Kodama K. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiat Res. 2007 Jul;168(1):1-64. doi: 10.1667/RR0763.1.
citation: Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, Lubin JH, Preston DL, Preston RJ, Puskin JS, Ron E, Sachs RK, Samet JM, Setlow RB, Zaider M. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):13761-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2235592100. Epub 2003 Nov 10.
citation: Board of Radiation Effects Research Division on Earth and Life Sciences National Research Council of the National Academies. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2 Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2006.
citation: Boutis K, Cogollo W, Fischer J, Freedman SB, Ben David G, Thomas KE. Parental knowledge of potential cancer risks from exposure to computed tomography. Pediatrics. 2013 Aug;132(2):305-11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0378. Epub 2013 Jul 8.
citation: Hertz-Picciotto I. Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach. Dec 2011 2011.
citation: Berrington de Gonzalez A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, Bhargavan M, Lewis R, Mettler F, Land C. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2071-7. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.440.
citation: Berrington de Gonzalez A, Darby S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet. 2004 Jan 31;363(9406):345-51. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15433-0.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, Kim KP, Mahesh M, Gould R, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Miglioretti DL. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2078-86. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.427.
citation: Rydberg J, Buckwalter KA, Caldemeyer KS, Phillips MD, Conces DJ Jr, Aisen AM, Persohn SA, Kopecky KK. Multisection CT: scanning techniques and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6):1787-806. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.20.6.g00nv071787.
citation: Halpern EJ. Triple-rule-out CT angiography for evaluation of acute chest pain and possible acute coronary syndrome. Radiology. 2009 Aug;252(2):332-45. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522082335.
citation: Sommer WH, Schenzle JC, Becker CR, Nikolaou K, Graser A, Michalski G, Neumaier K, Reiser MF, Johnson TR. Saving dose in triple-rule-out computed tomography examination using a high-pitch dual spiral technique. Invest Radiol. 2010 Feb;45(2):64-71. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181c15842.
citation: Foley WD, Mallisee TA, Hohenwalter MD, Wilson CR, Quiroz FA, Taylor AJ. Multiphase hepatic CT with a multirow detector CT scanner. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000 Sep;175(3):679-85. doi: 10.2214/ajr.175.3.1750679.
citation: Roberts HC, Roberts TP, Smith WS, Lee TJ, Fischbein NJ, Dillon WP. Multisection dynamic CT perfusion for acute cerebral ischemia: the "toggling-table" technique. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Jun-Jul;22(6):1077-80.
citation: Hoeffner EG, Case I, Jain R, Gujar SK, Shah GV, Deveikis JP, Carlos RC, Thompson BG, Harrigan MR, Mukherji SK. Cerebral perfusion CT: technique and clinical applications. Radiology. 2004 Jun;231(3):632-44. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2313021488. Epub 2004 Apr 29.
citation: Smith AB, Dillon WP, Lau BC, Gould R, Verdun FR, Lopez EB, Wintermark M. Radiation dose reduction strategy for CT protocols: successful implementation in neuroradiology section. Radiology. 2008 May;247(2):499-506. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2472071054. Epub 2008 Mar 27.
citation: Caoili EM, Cohan RH, Ellis JH, Dillman J, Schipper MJ, Francis IR. Medical decision making regarding computed tomographic radiation dose and associated risk: the patient's perspective. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jun 8;169(11):1069-71. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.139. No abstract available.
citation: Smith-Bindman R. Is computed tomography safe? N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):1-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1002530. Epub 2010 Jun 23. No abstract available.
citation: Duncan JR, Evens RG. Using information to optimize medical outcomes. JAMA. 2009 Jun 10;301(22):2383-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.827. No abstract available.
citation: Poletti PA, Platon A, Rutschmann OT, Schmidlin FR, Iselin CE, Becker CD. Low-dose versus standard-dose CT protocol in patients with clinically suspected renal colic. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Apr;188(4):927-33. doi: 10.2214/AJR.06.0793.
citation: Radiation protection 118 : referral guidelines for imaging. Luxembourg European Commission, Directorate- General for the Environment; 2001
citation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA White Paper: Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure from Medical Imaging. 2010; http://www.fda.gov/Radiation- EmittingProducts/RadiationSafety/RadiationDoseReduction/ucm199994.htm.
citation: US Food and Drug Administration. Safety Investigation of CT Brain Perfusion Scans: Update 11/9/2010. 2009
citation: Bogdanich W. After stroke scans, patients face serious risk. New York TImes. July 31, 2010, 2010.
citation: Bogdanich W. Listing of articles published in the NY TImes over the last year in the 'Radiation Boom' series by Walt Bogdanich examine issues arising from the increasing use of medical radiation and the new technologies that deliver it. . http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/us/series/radiation_boom/index.html?ref=health.
citation: The US House of Representatives, Energy and Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Health held a hearing entitled
citation: Brody AS, Frush DP, Huda W, Brent RL; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Radiology. Radiation risk to children from computed tomography. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):677-82. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1910.
citation: UK National Health Program Department of Health. The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (together with notes on good practice). 2007, http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4007957, accessed January 15, 2011
citation: Wall BF. Diagnostic reference levels--the way forward. Br J Radiol. 2001 Sep;74(885):785-8. doi: 10.1259/bjr.74.885.740785. No abstract available.
citation: 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP. 1991;21(1-3):1-201. No abstract available.
citation: Radiological protection and safety in medicine. A report of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP. 1996;26(2):1-47. No abstract available.
citation: Seeram E, Brennan PC. Diagnostic reference levels in radiology. Radiol Technol. 2006 May-Jun;77(5):373-84; quiz 385-7. No abstract available.
citation: Amis ES Jr, Butler PF, Applegate KE, Birnbaum SB, Brateman LF, Hevezi JM, Mettler FA, Morin RL, Pentecost MJ, Smith GG, Strauss KJ, Zeman RK; American College of Radiology. American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007 May;4(5):272-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2007.03.002.
citation: Smith-Bindman R. Environmental causes of breast cancer and radiation from medical imaging: findings from the Institute of Medicine report. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jul 9;172(13):1023-7. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2329.
citation: Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Section 135(b)of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) mandates an Appropriate Use of Imaging Services demonstration project. The goal of the demonstration is to collect data regarding physician use of advanced diagnostic imaging services to determine the appropriateness of services in relation to established criteria and physician peers. 2010; http://www.cms.gov/demoprojectsevalrpts/md/itemdetail.asp?itemid=CMS1222075.
citation: The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert System. 2011; http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA_471.PDF.
citation: Image Gently. 2009. http://www.pedrad.org/associations/5364/ig/index.cfm?page=369. Accessed Feb 13, 2009.
citation: Catalano C, Francone M, Ascarelli A, Mangia M, Iacucci I, Passariello R. Optimizing radiation dose and image quality. Eur Radiol. 2007 Dec;17 Suppl 6:F26-32. doi: 10.1007/s10406-007-0225-6.
citation: Lee CI, Haims AH, Monico EP, Brink JA, Forman HP. Diagnostic CT scans: assessment of patient, physician, and radiologist awareness of radiation dose and possible risks. Radiology. 2004 May;231(2):393-8. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2312030767. Epub 2004 Mar 18.
citation: Damschroder LJ, Banaszak-Holl J, Kowalski CP, Forman J, Saint S, Krein SL. The role of the champion in infection prevention: results from a multisite qualitative study. Qual Saf Health Care. 2009 Dec;18(6):434-40. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2009.034199.
citation: Aarons G, Horowitz J, Dlugosz L, Ehrhart M. The role of organizational processes in dissemination and implementation researach. In: Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK, eds. Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health: Translating Science to Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2012:
citation: Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009 Aug 7;4:50. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50.
citation: Solberg LI, Asche SE, Margolis KL, Whitebird RR, Trangle MA, Wineman AP. Relationship between the presence of practice systems and the quality of care for depression. Am J Med Qual. 2008 Nov-Dec;23(6):420-6. doi: 10.1177/1062860608324547.
citation: Glasgow RE, Klesges LM, Dzewaltowski DA, Estabrooks PA, Vogt TM. Evaluating the impact of health promotion programs: using the RE-AIM framework to form summary measures for decision making involving complex issues. Health Educ Res. 2006 Oct;21(5):688-94. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl081. Epub 2006 Aug 31.
citation: Fortney J, Enderle M, McDougall S, Clothier J, Otero J, Altman L, Curran G. Implementation outcomes of evidence-based quality improvement for depression in VA community based outpatient clinics. Implement Sci. 2012 Apr 11;7:30. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-30.
citation: Glasgow RE. RE-AIMing research for application: ways to improve evidence for family medicine. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;19(1):11-9. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.19.1.11.
citation: Cho RC, Chu P, Smith-Bindman R. Second trimester prenatal ultrasound for the detection of pregnancies at increased risk of Trisomy 18 based on serum screening. Prenat Diagn. 2009 Feb;29(2):129-39. doi: 10.1002/pd.2166.
citation: Haggstrom DA, Quale C, Smith-Bindman R. Differences in the quality of breast cancer care among vulnerable populations. Cancer. 2005 Dec 1;104(11):2347-58. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21443.
citation: Kagay CR, Quale C, Smith-Bindman R. Screening mammography in the American elderly. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Aug;31(2):142-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.029.
citation: Kerlikowske K, Smith-Bindman R, Abraham LA, Lehman CD, Yankaskas BC, Ballard-Barbash R, Barlow WE, Voeks JH, Geller BM, Carney PA, Sickles EA. Breast cancer yield for screening mammographic examinations with recommendation for short-interval follow-up. Radiology. 2005 Mar;234(3):684-92. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2343031976.
citation: Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF, Benacerraf B, Benson CB, Brewster WR, Coleman B, DePriest P, Doubilet PM, Goldstein SR, Hamper UM, Hecht JL, Horrow M, Hur HC, Marnach M, Patel MD, Platt LD, Puscheck E, Smith-Bindman R; Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Ultrasound Q. 2010 Sep;26(3):121-31. doi: 10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3181f09099.
citation: Miglioretti DL, Smith-Bindman R, Abraham L, Brenner RJ, Carney PA, Bowles EJ, Buist DS, Elmore JG. Radiologist characteristics associated with interpretive performance of diagnostic mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Dec 19;99(24):1854-63. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djm238. Epub 2007 Dec 11.
citation: Schueler K, Chu P, Smith-Bindman R. "Racial Differences in the Use of Mammography:" A Meta-analytical Review of Literature Describing Economic, Social, and Cultural Reasons for Variation in Use of Mammography". Submitted. 2005
citation: Sickles EA, Miglioretti DL, Ballard-Barbash R, Geller BM, Leung JW, Rosenberg RD, Smith-Bindman R, Yankaskas BC. Performance benchmarks for diagnostic mammography. Radiology. 2005 Jun;235(3):775-90. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2353040738.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Ballard-Barbash R, Miglioretti DL, Patnick J, Kerlikowske K. Comparing the performance of mammography screening in the USA and the UK. J Med Screen. 2005;12(1):50-4. doi: 10.1258/0969141053279130.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Bacchetti P, Waters JJ, Mutton D, Alberman E. Prenatal screening for Down syndrome in England and Wales and population-based birth outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;189(4):980-5. doi: 10.1067/s0002-9378(03)00721-x.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Goldberg JD. Second trimester prenatal ultrasound for the detection of pregnancies at increased risk of Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2007 Jun;27(6):535-44. doi: 10.1002/pd.1725.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Miglioretti DL, Quale C, Rosenberg RD, Cutter G, Geller B, Bacchetti P, Sickles EA, Kerlikowske K. Physician predictors of mammographic accuracy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Mar 2;97(5):358-67. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dji060.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Chu PW, Ecker J, Feldstein VA, Filly RA, Bacchetti P. Adverse birth outcomes in relation to prenatal sonographic measurements of fetal size. J Ultrasound Med. 2003 Apr;22(4):347-56; quiz 357-8. doi: 10.7863/jum.2003.22.4.347.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Chu PW, Ecker JL, Feldstein VA, Filly RA, Bacchetti P. US evaluation of fetal growth: prediction of neonatal outcomes. Radiology. 2002 Apr;223(1):153-61. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2231010876.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Hosmer W, Feldstein VA, Deeks JJ, Goldberg JD. Second-trimester ultrasound to detect fetuses with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1044-55. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.8.1044.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Hosmer WD, Caponigro M, Cunningham G. The variability in the interpretation of prenatal diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr;17(4):326-32. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.00346.x.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Kerlikowske K, Feldstein VA, Subak L, Scheidler J, Segal M, Brand R, Grady D. Endovaginal ultrasound to exclude endometrial cancer and other endometrial abnormalities. JAMA. 1998 Nov 4;280(17):1510-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.17.1510.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Kerlikowske K, Gebretsadik T, Newman J. Is screening mammography effective in elderly women? Am J Med. 2000 Feb;108(2):112-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00406-4.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, McCulloch CE, Ding A, Quale C, Chu PW. Diagnostic imaging rates for head injury in the ED and states' medical malpractice tort reforms. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Jul;29(6):656-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2010.01.038. Epub 2010 Jul 13.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Weiss E, Feldstein V. How thick is too thick? When endometrial thickness should prompt biopsy in postmenopausal women without vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Oct;24(5):558-65. doi: 10.1002/uog.1704.
citation: Stengel JW, Webb EM, Poder L, Yeh BM, Smith-Bindman R, Coakley FV. Acute appendicitis: clinical outcome in patients with an initial false-positive CT diagnosis. Radiology. 2010 Jul;256(1):119-26. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10091229. Epub 2010 May 26.
citation: Venkatesan A, Chu P, Kerlikowske K, Sickles EA, Smith-Bindman R. Positive predictive value of specific mammographic findings according to reader and patient variables. Radiology. 2009 Mar;250(3):648-57. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2503080541. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
citation: Goldstein RB, Bree RL, Benson CB, Benacerraf BR, Bloss JD, Carlos R, Fleischer AC, Goldstein SR, Hunt RB, Kurman RJ, Kurtz AB, Laing FC, Parsons AK, Smith-Bindman R, Walker J. Evaluation of the woman with postmenopausal bleeding: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound-Sponsored Consensus Conference statement. J Ultrasound Med. 2001 Oct;20(10):1025-36. doi: 10.7863/jum.2001.20.10.1025.
citation: Solberg LI, Vinz C, Trevis JE. A technology solution for the high-tech diagnostic imaging conundrum. Am J Manag Care. 2012 Aug;18(8):421-5.
citation: Crain AL, Solberg LI, Unutzer J, Ohnsorg KA, Maciosek MV, Whitebird RR, Beck A, Molitor BA. Designing and implementing research on a statewide quality improvement initiative: the DIAMOND study and initiative. Med Care. 2013 Sep;51(9):e58-66. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318249d8a4.
citation: Boyle R, Solberg L, Fiore M. Use of electronic health records to support smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD008743. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008743.pub2.
citation: Solberg LI. Care coordination: what is it, what are its effects and can it be sustained? Fam Pract. 2011 Oct;28(5):469-70. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmr071. No abstract available.
citation: Fontaine P, Flottemesch TJ, Solberg LI, Asche SE. Is consistent primary care within a patient-centered medical home related to utilization patterns and costs? J Ambul Care Manage. 2011 Jan-Mar;34(1):10-9. doi: 10.1097/JAC.0b013e3181ff7019.
citation: Solberg LI, Glasgow RE, Unutzer J, Jaeckels N, Oftedahl G, Beck A, Maciosek MV, Crain AL. Partnership research: a practical trial design for evaluation of a natural experiment to improve depression care. Med Care. 2010 Jul;48(7):576-82. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181dbea62.
citation: Whitebird RR, Solberg LI, Margolis KL, Asche SE, Trangle MA, Wineman AP. Barriers to improving primary care of depression: perspectives of medical group leaders. Qual Health Res. 2013 Jun;23(6):805-14. doi: 10.1177/1049732313482399. Epub 2013 Mar 20.
citation: Whitebird RR, Kreitzer M, Crain AL, Lewis BA, Hanson LR, Enstad CJ. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist. 2013 Aug;53(4):676-86. doi: 10.1093/geront/gns126. Epub 2012 Oct 15.
citation: Jilcott S, Ammerman A, Sommers J, Glasgow RE. Applying the RE-AIM framework to assess the public health impact of policy change. Ann Behav Med. 2007 Oct;34(2):105-14. doi: 10.1007/BF02872666.
citation: Whitebird RR, Kreitzer MJ, Lewis BA, Hanson LR, Crain AL, Enstad CJ, Mehta A. Recruiting and retaining family caregivers to a randomized controlled trial on mindfulness-based stress reduction. Contemp Clin Trials. 2011 Sep;32(5):654-61. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.05.002. Epub 2011 May 12.
citation: Whitebird RR, Kreitzer MJ, O'Connor PJ. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr. 2009 Sep 21;22(4):226-230. doi: 10.2337/diaspect.22.4.226. No abstract available.
citation: Gaglio B, Shoup JA, Glasgow RE. The RE-AIM framework: a systematic review of use over time. Am J Public Health. 2013 Jun;103(6):e38-46. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301299. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
citation: Boone JM, Hendee WR, McNitt-Gray MF, Seltzer SE. Radiation exposure from CT scans: how to close our knowledge gaps, monitor and safeguard exposure--proceedings and recommendations of the Radiation Dose Summit, sponsored by NIBIB, February 24-25, 2011. Radiology. 2012 Nov;265(2):544-54. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12112201. Epub 2012 Sep 10.
citation: Boone JM. Method for evaluating bow tie filter angle-dependent attenuation in CT: theory and simulation results. Med Phys. 2010 Jan;37(1):40-8. doi: 10.1118/1.3264616.
citation: Boone JM. Dose spread functions in computed tomography: a Monte Carlo study. Med Phys. 2009 Oct;36(10):4547-54. doi: 10.1118/1.3223634.
citation: Huda W, Nickoloff EL, Boone JM. Overview of patient dosimetry in diagnostic radiology in the USA for the past 50 years. Med Phys. 2008 Dec;35(12):5713-28. doi: 10.1118/1.3013604.
citation: Boone JM, Brunberg JA. Computed tomography use in a tertiary care university hospital. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008 Feb;5(2):132-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2007.07.008.
citation: Boone JM. Multidetector CT: opportunities, challenges, and concerns associated with scanners with 64 or more detector rows. Radiology. 2006 Nov;241(2):334-7. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2412060169. No abstract available.
citation: Boone JM, Kwan AL, Seibert JA, Shah N, Lindfors KK, Nelson TR. Technique factors and their relationship to radiation dose in pendant geometry breast CT. Med Phys. 2005 Dec;32(12):3767-76. doi: 10.1118/1.2128126.
citation: Schindera ST, Nelson RC, Lee ER, Delong DM, Ngyen G, Toncheva G, Yoshizumi TT. Abdominal multislice CT for obese patients: effect on image quality and radiation dose in a phantom study. Acad Radiol. 2007 Apr;14(4):486-94. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2007.01.030.
citation: Schindera ST, Nelson RC, Toth TL, Nguyen GT, Toncheva GI, DeLong DM, Yoshizumi TT. Effect of patient size on radiation dose for abdominal MDCT with automatic tube current modulation: phantom study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Feb;190(2):W100-5. doi: 10.2214/AJR.07.2891.
citation: Szucs-Farkas Z, Kurmann L, Strautz T, Patak MA, Vock P, Schindera ST. Patient exposure and image quality of low-dose pulmonary computed tomography angiography: comparison of 100- and 80-kVp protocols. Invest Radiol. 2008 Dec;43(12):871-6. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181875e86.
citation: Schindera ST, Nelson RC, Yoshizumi T, Toncheva G, Nguyen G, DeLong DM, Szucs-Farkas Z. Effect of automatic tube current modulation on radiation dose and image quality for low tube voltage multidetector row CT angiography: phantom study. Acad Radiol. 2009 Aug;16(8):997-1002. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2009.02.021. Epub 2009 May 5.
citation: Szucs-Farkas Z, Schaller C, Bensler S, Patak MA, Vock P, Schindera ST. Detection of pulmonary emboli with CT angiography at reduced radiation exposure and contrast material volume: comparison of 80 kVp and 120 kVp protocols in a matched cohort. Invest Radiol. 2009 Dec;44(12):793-9. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181bfe230.
citation: Szucs-Farkas Z, Strautz T, Patak MA, Kurmann L, Vock P, Schindera ST. Is body weight the most appropriate criterion to select patients eligible for low-dose pulmonary CT angiography? Analysis of objective and subjective image quality at 80 kVp in 100 patients. Eur Radiol. 2009 Aug;19(8):1914-22. doi: 10.1007/s00330-009-1385-7. Epub 2009 Mar 31.
citation: Marin D, Nelson RC, Schindera ST, Richard S, Youngblood RS, Yoshizumi TT, Samei E. Low-tube-voltage, high-tube-current multidetector abdominal CT: improved image quality and decreased radiation dose with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm--initial clinical experience. Radiology. 2010 Jan;254(1):145-53. doi: 10.1148/radiol.09090094.
citation: Schindera ST, Nauer C, Treier R, Trueb P, von Allmen G, Vock P, Szucs-Farkas Z. [Strategies for reducing the CT radiation dose]. Radiologe. 2010 Dec;50(12):1120, 1122-7. doi: 10.1007/s00117-010-2053-2. German.
citation: Marin D, Nelson RC, Guerrisi A, Barnhart H, Schindera ST, Passariello R, Catalano C. 64-section multidetector CT of the upper abdomen: optimization of a saline chaser injection protocol for improved vascular and parenchymal contrast enhancement. Eur Radiol. 2011 Sep;21(9):1938-47. doi: 10.1007/s00330-011-2139-x. Epub 2011 May 11.
citation: Marin D, Nelson RC, Rubin GD, Schindera ST. Body CT: technical advances for improving safety. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Jul;197(1):33-41. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.6755.
citation: Schindera ST, Diedrichsen L, Muller HC, Rusch O, Marin D, Schmidt B, Raupach R, Vock P, Szucs-Farkas Z. Iterative reconstruction algorithm for abdominal multidetector CT at different tube voltages: assessment of diagnostic accuracy, image quality, and radiation dose in a phantom study. Radiology. 2011 Aug;260(2):454-62. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11102217. Epub 2011 Apr 14.
citation: Szucs-Farkas Z, Schibler F, Cullmann J, Torrente JC, Patak MA, Raible S, Hoppe H, Wyttenbach R, Vock P, Schindera ST. Diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary CT angiography at low tube voltage: intraindividual comparison of a normal-dose protocol at 120 kVp and a low-dose protocol at 80 kVp using reduced amount of contrast medium in a simulation study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Nov;197(5):W852-9. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.6750.
citation: Schindera ST, Odedra D, Raza SA, Kim TK, Jang HJ, Szucs-Farkas Z, Rogalla P. Iterative reconstruction algorithm for CT: can radiation dose be decreased while low-contrast detectability is preserved? Radiology. 2013 Nov;269(2):511-8. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13122349. Epub 2013 Jun 20.
citation: Loupatatzis C, Schindera S, Gralla J, Hoppe H, Bittner J, Schroder R, Srivastav S, Bonel HM. Whole-body computed tomography for multiple traumas using a triphasic injection protocol. Eur Radiol. 2008 Jun;18(6):1206-14. doi: 10.1007/s00330-008-0875-3. Epub 2008 Feb 13.
citation: Solberg L. Quality improvement in primary care: The role of organization, systems, and collaboratives. In: Sollecito WA, Johnson JK, eds. McLaughlin and Kaluzny's continuous quality improvement in health care. Fourth ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 399-419. 2011
citation: Solberg LI, Brekke ML, Fazio CJ, Fowles J, Jacobsen DN, Kottke TE, Mosser G, O'Connor PJ, Ohnsorg KA, Rolnick SJ. Lessons from experienced guideline implementers: attend to many factors and use multiple strategies. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2000 Apr;26(4):171-88. doi: 10.1016/s1070-3241(00)26013-6.
citation: Solberg LI, Kottke TE, Brekke ML, Magnan S. Improving prevention is difficult. Eff Clin Pract. 2000 May-Jun;3(3):153-5. No abstract available.
citation: Solberg LI, Hroscikoski MC, Sperl-Hillen JM, O'Connor PJ, Crabtree BF. Key issues in transforming health care organizations for quality: the case of advanced access. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004 Jan;30(1):15-24. doi: 10.1016/s1549-3741(04)30002-x.
citation: Hroscikoski MC, Solberg LI, Sperl-Hillen JM, Harper PG, McGrail MP, Crabtree BF. Challenges of change: a qualitative study of chronic care model implementation. Ann Fam Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;4(4):317-26. doi: 10.1370/afm.570.
citation: Solberg LI, Crain AL, Sperl-Hillen JM, Hroscikoski MC, Engebretson KI, O'Connor PJ. Care quality and implementation of the chronic care model: a quantitative study. Ann Fam Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;4(4):310-6. doi: 10.1370/afm.571.
citation: Solberg LI, Engebretson KI, Sperl-Hillen JM, O'Connor PJ, Hroscikoski MC, Crain AL. Ambulatory care quality measures for the 6 aims from administrative data. Am J Med Qual. 2006 Sep-Oct;21(5):310-6. doi: 10.1177/1062860606289071.
citation: Solberg LI, Taylor N, Conway WA, Hiatt RA. Large multispecialty group practices and quality improvement: what is needed to transform care? J Ambul Care Manage. 2007 Jan-Mar;30(1):9-17; discussion 18-20. doi: 10.1097/00004479-200701000-00003.
citation: American Association of Physicists in Medicine Position Statement on Radiation Risks from Medical Imaging Procedures. 2011
citation: Huda W, Magill D, He W. CT effective dose per dose length product using ICRP 103 weighting factors. Med Phys. 2011 Mar;38(3):1261-5. doi: 10.1118/1.3544350.
citation: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP. 2007;37(2-4):1-332. doi: 10.1016/j.icrp.2007.10.003.
citation: Land CE. Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors. The example of breast cancer. JAMA. 1995 Aug 2;274(5):402-7.
citation: Linet MS, Kim KP, Rajaraman P. Children's exposure to diagnostic medical radiation and cancer risk: epidemiologic and dosimetric considerations. Pediatr Radiol. 2009 Feb;39 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S4-26. doi: 10.1007/s00247-008-1026-3. Epub 2008 Dec 16.
citation: Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, Berdon W. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Feb;176(2):289-96. doi: 10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760289.
citation: Feigal DW Jr. FDA public health notification: reducing radiation risk from computed tomography for pediatric and small adult patients. Int J Trauma Nurs. 2002 Jan-Mar;8(1):1-2. doi: 10.1067/mtn.2002.121511. No abstract available.
citation: Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 29;357(22):2277-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra072149. No abstract available.
citation: National Research Council (US) Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V). Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: Beir V. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1990. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218704/
citation: Paterson A, Frush DP, Donnelly LF. Helical CT of the body: are settings adjusted for pediatric patients? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Feb;176(2):297-301. doi: 10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760297.
citation: American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AAPM Report No 96. The Measurement, reporting and management of radiation dose in CT, Report of AAPM Task group 23 of the Diagnostic Imaging Council CT Committee. College Park, MD: American Association of Physicists in Medicine; 2008
citation: NQF. National Quality Forum Measure 0739, Radiation Dose of Computed Tomography (CT) Steward: University of California San Francisco. 2011; http://www.qualityforum.org/QPS/0739
citation: Mittman B. Implementation Science in Health Care. In: Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK, eds. Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012:400-418
citation: Solberg LI. Guideline implementation: what the literature doesn't tell us. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2000 Sep;26(9):525-37. doi: 10.1016/s1070-3241(00)26044-6.
citation: Chaillet N, Dube E, Dugas M, Audibert F, Tourigny C, Fraser WD, Dumont A. Evidence-based strategies for implementing guidelines in obstetrics: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;108(5):1234-45. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000236434.74160.8b.
citation: Jamtvedt G, Young JM, Kristoffersen DT, O'Brien MA, Oxman AD. Does telling people what they have been doing change what they do? A systematic review of the effects of audit and feedback. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006 Dec;15(6):433-6. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2006.018549.
citation: Shojania KG, Ranji SR, McDonald KM, Grimshaw JM, Sundaram V, Rushakoff RJ, Owens DK. Effects of quality improvement strategies for type 2 diabetes on glycemic control: a meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 2006 Jul 26;296(4):427-40. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.4.427.
citation: Prior M, Guerin M, Grimmer-Somers K. The effectiveness of clinical guideline implementation strategies--a synthesis of systematic review findings. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008 Oct;14(5):888-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2008.01014.x.
citation: Hysong SJ. Meta-analysis: audit and feedback features impact effectiveness on care quality. Med Care. 2009 Mar;47(3):356-63. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181893f6b.
citation: Grimshaw J, Eccles M, Thomas R, MacLennan G, Ramsay C, Fraser C, Vale L. Toward evidence-based quality improvement. Evidence (and its limitations) of the effectiveness of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies 1966-1998. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 Feb;21 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S14-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00357.x.
citation: Brown CA, Lilford RJ. The stepped wedge trial design: a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Nov 8;6:54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-6-54.
citation: Stone EG, Morton SC, Hulscher ME, Maglione MA, Roth EA, Grimshaw JM, Mittman BS, Rubenstein LV, Rubenstein LZ, Shekelle PG. Interventions that increase use of adult immunization and cancer screening services: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2002 May 7;136(9):641-51. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-136-9-200205070-00006.
citation: Leconte I, Feger C, Galant C, Berliere M, Berg BV, D'Hoore W, Maldague B. Mammography and subsequent whole-breast sonography of nonpalpable breast cancers: the importance of radiologic breast density. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 Jun;180(6):1675-9. doi: 10.2214/ajr.180.6.1801675.
citation: Marshall C, & Rossman, G.B. Designing Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 2006.
citation: Huberman MM. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1994.
citation: Patton MQ. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 2002.
citation: Padgett D. Qualitative Methods in Social Work Research: Challenges and Rewards. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998
citation: Seale C. The Quality of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 1999
citation: Greevy R, Lu B, Silber JH, Rosenbaum P. Optimal multivariate matching before randomization. Biostatistics. 2004 Apr;5(2):263-75. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/5.2.263.
citation: Greevy RA Jr, Grijalva CG, Roumie CL, Beck C, Hung AM, Murff HJ, Liu X, Griffin MR. Reweighted Mahalanobis distance matching for cluster-randomized trials with missing data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012 May;21 Suppl 2(0 2):148-54. doi: 10.1002/pds.3260.
citation: 171. Morgan KL, Rubin, D.L. Rerandomization to improve covariate balance in experiments. The Annals of Statistics 2012;40:1263-82.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Wang Y, Chung R, Lopez-Solano N, Einstein AJ, Solberg L, Cervantes LF, Yellen-Nelson T, Boswell W, Delman BN, Duong PA, Goode AR, Kasraie N, Lee RK, Neill R, Pahwa A, Pike P, Roehm J, Schindera S, Starkey J, Suntharalingam S, Jeukens CRLPN, Miglioretti DL. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Single-Component and Multicomponent Interventions for Reducing Radiation Doses in Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 May 1;180(5):666-675. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0064.
citation: Smith-Bindman R, Wang Y, Chu P, Chung R, Einstein AJ, Balcombe J, Cocker M, Das M, Delman BN, Flynn M, Gould R, Lee RK, Nelson TR, Schindera S, Seibert A, Starkey J, Suntharalingam S, Wetter A, Wildberger JE, Miglioretti DL. International variation in radiation dose for computed tomography examinations: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2019 Jan 2;364:k4931. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k4931.