Clinical trial NCT05054361: Crosstalk Between Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells and the Gut Microbiota and Mucosa in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Children
Official title: Crosstalk Between Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and the Gut Microbiota and Mucosa in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Children
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: RECRUITING
Conditions: Type1diabetes
Lead sponsor: Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, France
Sponsor class: OTHER_GOV
Collaborators: name: Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement
name: Tampere University
name: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
First posted: 2021-09-23
Enrollment: 180
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 12
Maximum age (years): 15
Standard ages: CHILD
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Observational model: CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Study population: patients recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and patients with a high risk of type 1 diabetes

Brief summary: To investigate in a prospective way changes in Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells frequency, phenotype and function in link with the gut microbiota, gut integrity and the presence of Coxsackie virus B in two cohorts of pediatric patients: patients with a high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes and pediatric patients with recently diagnosed T1D by comparison with control subjects

Tasks:

1. To measure blood MAIT cells frequency, phenotype and function in the three cohorts
2. To analyze gut microbiota and the presence of Coxsackie B enterovirus (CVB) and their impact on MAIT cell function
3. To evaluate gut integrity and analyze the gut mucosa
4. To integrate all the data obtained with T1D development and evolution

Detailed description: Subjects: Multi study. Subjects will be included in the pediatric diabetes and endocrinology unit in Necker Sick children hospital and in the pediatric unit of ANTONY hospital.

* Recent-onset (RO) n=40: New onset patients will be included shortly after diagnosis.
* At risk (AR) cohort n=70: Routinely screened siblings of T1D patients previously tested positive for HLA DR3 and DR4 will be asked to be a part of the study.
* Control (C) cohort (n=50): Control subjects will be patients consulting at Necker Hospital for endocrine testing
* Control for Endoscopy (CE) n= 20: patients consulting at Necker Hospital or at Antony hospital for UGI endoscopy

Analysis:

MAIT cell analysis: For FACS analysis, MAIT cells will be identified as CD3+ CD4- CD161high Vα7.2+ T cells. Surface markers will be analyzed to determine their activation status (CD25, CD69, CD44), their exhaustion (PD1, KLRG1, TIM3), their migration capacity (CCR6), and their proliferation and survival will be analyzed by Ki67 and BCL2 expression. Cytokine production will be assessed after PMA-ionomycin activation, followed by intracytoplasmic staining with antibodies against IL-2, IFN-γ TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 and granzyme B. To determine the capacity of MAIT cells to response to TCR stimulation (exhaustion), in vitro stimulation will be performed in the presence of specific bacterial ligands. Activation marker expression will be analyzed by FACS and cytokines released in the supernatant by Cytometry based assay.

Gut microbiota analysis: Stool samples are collected and directly kept under anaerobic condition. Within an hour the samples are processed: one fraction is aliquoted and frozen at -80°C and another fraction is used to prepared fecal supernatant for the bioassay of MAIT ligands, aliquoted and frozen. Bioassay to measure the presence of MAIT cell ligands by bioassays using WT3 cell line as well as plate bound MR117. 16S sequencing of all samples and according to the results obtained with the bioassay and 16S, 10 samples will be selected for metagenomic analysis.

Coxsackie virus B (CVB) infection status: Specific antibodies against coxsackie virus B and CVB specific-qPCR measurement in gut microbiota samples will be performed in all patients of the three cohorts, and analysis of the gut mucosa by q-PCR and immunochemistry will be performed on a subset of patients.

Gut integrity: the investigators will assess the permeability of the intestine using the Lactulose-Mannitol test in a sub sample of RO, RD and AR groups (\> 5 years of age, n=20). In brief after an overnight fast, the patients will drink 50 ml solution of 5 g lactulose and 2 g mannitol. Urine will be collected during before and 5 hours after ingestion.

Gut mucosa analysis: In a subset of patients (without celiac disease as determined by the dosage of antibodies against transglutaminase), duodenal biopsies will be obtained during an IUG endoscopy . Duodenal biopsy will be performed in RD subjects older than 8 years of age and in CE subjects older than 4 years of age. These biopsies will be analyzed by qPCR for the expression of key epithelial molecules such as the fucosyl transferase 2 (fut2), tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin4), antimicrobial peptides (Reg3, LL37) and mucus component (mucin 2). Immune cells function will also be assessed by q-PCR for key cytokines/molecules such as IL-23, IL-17, IL-22, Foxp3, IL-10, TGFb and CVB.

Based on previous study, the sample size should allow statistical differences between AR, RO and C groups. The investigators anticipate to observe blood MAIT cell abnormalities in RO patients and some at risk children after seroconversion but before diabetes onset. This new data will strengthen our predictive model (see preliminary data). Since MAIT cells recognize bacterial ligand we hypothesize that MAIT cells alteration could occur in parallel with microbiota changes and/or CVB infection. The investigators anticipate observing gut mucosa abnormalities in RO children and the severity of these abnormalities may correlate with the level of MAIT cells defect and the presence of CVB infection. The investigators expect to demonstrate that MAIT cells represent a new biomarker of progression toward diabetes as well as a functional immune marker of the aggressiveness of the autoimmune disease. As such this study could determine the accurate therapeutic window for preventive strategies based on MAIT cells manipulation.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

Recent onset group

* age \> 12 months and \< 15 years
* recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes according ISPAD criteria

At risk subjects:

* age \> 12 months and \< 15 years
* siblings of type 1 diabetic patient
* HLA DR3 and DR4 positive

Control subjects:

* age \> 12 months and \< 15 years
* no HLA associated with high risk type 1 diabetes
* no antibodies against pancreas antigenes

Control subjects for UGI endoscopy:

* age \> 12 months and \< 15 years
* suspicion of coeliac disease or gastritis

Exclusion Criteria:

For all groups:

* no health care insurance
* parents or tutors unable to sign the consent
* personal history of autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease except from T1D for RD and CE groups
* use of corticosteroids during the month before inclusion
* pregnant subjects
* medical contraindication of anesthetic topics

For control subjects for UGI endoscopy control and Recent onset-endoscopy group:

* age below 8 years for Recent onset-endoscopy group
* age below 4 for UGI endoscopy control group
* cardiac or respiratory insufficiency, cardiac rhythm disorders, coagulation disease, patients treated with anticoagulant or antiaggregant drug
* history of allergy to anesthetic drug

Primary outcomes:
measure: blood MAIT cells frequency
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
Secondary outcomes:
measure: MAIT cells membrane markers analysis
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: Cytokines production in the cytoplasm of the MAIT
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: MAIT cell ligands measurements
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: Presence of CVB in the stools
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: Blood immunoglobulins against CVB infection statu
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: Measurement of intestinal gut mucosal permeability
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: Evaluation of gut mucosal integrity
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
measure: 16 S sequencing in the Subjects stools
timeFrame: Sample collected the day of enrollment (Control group and at risk patients) or up to 7 days after diagnosis and day of enrollment (recent onset group)
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Antony
country: France
facility: Hopital privé d'Antony
city: Paris
country: France
facility: Hopital Necker enfants malades
Study officials:
References:
citation: Rouxel O, Da Silva J, Beaudoin L, Nel I, Tard C, Cagninacci L, Kiaf B, Oshima M, Diedisheim M, Salou M, Corbett A, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Scharfmann R, Battaglia M, Polak M, Lantz O, Beltrand J, Lehuen A. Cytotoxic and regulatory roles of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol. 2017 Dec;18(12):1321-1331. doi: 10.1038/ni.3854. Epub 2017 Oct 9.
citation: Rouland M, Beaudoin L, Rouxel O, Bertrand L, Cagninacci L, Saffarian A, Pedron T, Gueddouri D, Guilmeau S, Burnol AF, Rachdi L, Tazi A, Mouries J, Rescigno M, Vergnolle N, Sansonetti P, Christine Rogner U, Lehuen A. Gut mucosa alterations and loss of segmented filamentous bacteria in type 1 diabetes are associated with inflammation rather than hyperglycaemia. Gut. 2022 Feb;71(2):296-308. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323664. Epub 2021 Feb 16.