Clinical trial NCT02968888: Anabolic Effects of Whey and Casein After Strength Training in Young and Elderly
Official title: Effects of Whey and Casein Supplementation on Acute Anabolic Responses in Muscle After Strength Training in Young and Elderly
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Healthy
Young
Elderly
Lead sponsor: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Tine
name: The Research Council of Norway
name: Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute
First posted: 2016-11-21
Enrollment: 43
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: CROSSOVER
Primary purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE

Brief summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the acute anabolic effects of native whey, whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC-80) and milk after a bout of strength training in young and elderly. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give a greater stimulation of muscle protein synthesis and intracellular anabolic signaling than WPC-80, and that WPC-80 will give a stronger stimulus than milk.

Detailed description: Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than WPC-80, which is exposed to heating and acidification. Because of the direct filtration of unprocessed milk, native whey is a more intact protein compared with WPC-80. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey.

The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly.

The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the acute fractional protein synthesis and intracellular signaling response to a bout of strength training and intake of 20 grams of protein from either native whey, whey protein concentrate 80 or milk, in young and old individuals. Furthermore, the investigators wil investigate fractional protein breakdown, markers of protein breakdown, amino acid concentrations in blood.

The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce a greater anabolic response than whey protein concentrate 80, and that whey protein concentrate 80 will give a stronger anabolic response than milk.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing
* Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral
* Between 18 and 45, or above 70 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation
* Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine)
* Lactose intolerance
* Allergy to milk
* Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)

Primary outcomes:
measure: Mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate
timeFrame: Three to one hours prior to a bout of strength training and protein consumption
measure: Mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate
timeFrame: One to five hours after a bout of strength training and protein consumption
measure: Mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate
timeFrame: From three to five hours after a bout of strength training and protein consumption
measure: Mixed muscle fractional breakdown rate
timeFrame: From three to five hours after a bout of strength training and protein consumption
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Intracellular translocation of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) change from baseline
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Intracellular translocation of muscle RING-finger protein-1 (Murf-1) change from baseline
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Intracellular translocation of Atrogin1 change from baseline
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Ubiquitin
timeFrame: 30 min before, 1, 2.5 and 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Plasma amino acid concentration
timeFrame: 180 and 60 min before, and 45, 60, 75, 120, 160, 180, 200, 220 and 300 min after training and protein intake
measure: Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
timeFrame: 15 min before, 15 and 300 min after, and 24 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Plasma glucose
timeFrame: 180 and 60 min before, and 45, 60, 75, 120, 160, 180, 200, 220 and 300 min after training and protein intake
measure: Plasma insulin
timeFrame: 180 and 60 min before, and 45, 60, 75, 120, 160, 180, 200, 220 and 300 min after training and protein intake
measure: Serum urea
timeFrame: 180 and 60 min before, and 60, 10, 180 and 300 min after training and protein intake
measure: Serum ureic acid
timeFrame: 180 and 60 min before, and 60, 10, 180 and 300 min after training and protein intake
measure: Serum creatine kinase
timeFrame: 180 and 60 min before, and 60, 10, 180 and 300 min after training and protein intake
measure: Change in ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in ABCA1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hous after training and protein intake
measure: Change in BRCA1-A complex subunit Abraxas (ABRA1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in ABRA1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in alfa-actin (ACTA1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in ACTA1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CCL2 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in C-C motif chemokine 3 (CCL3) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CCL3 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CCL5 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in C-C motif chemokine 8 (CCL8) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CCL8 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in platelet glycoprotein 4 (CD36) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CD36 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CH25H mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF3) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CSF3 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in C-X-C motif chemokine 16 (CXCL16) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CXCL16 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in F-box only protein 32 (FBXO32) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in FBXO32 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in growth-regulated alpha protein (CXCL1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in CXCL1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in MMP9 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in FOXO1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3A) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in FOXO3A mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in HGF mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IGF1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in interleukin-10 (IL10) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IL10 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in interleukin-17D (IL17D) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IL17D mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in interleukin-1B (IL1B) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IL1B mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL1RN) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IL1RN mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in interleukin-6 (IL6) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IL6 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in interleukin-8 (IL8) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in IL8 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in transcription factor jun-B (JUNB) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in JUNB mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in kit ligand (KITLG) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in KITLG mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in myostatin (MSTN) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in MSTN mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in myosin-1 (MYH1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in MYH1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in myosin-2 (MYH2) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in MYH2 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in myosin-7 (MYH7) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in MYH7 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha (NR1H3) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in NR1H3 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in NR4A3 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in PPARGC1A mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in PTGS2 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (SLC36A1) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in SLC36A1 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SLC38A2) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in SLC38A2 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (SLC3A2) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in SLC3A2 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 (SLC7A5) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in SLC7A5 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in TLR2 mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in TNF mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
measure: Change in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63 (TRIM63) mRNA
timeFrame: 1 hour after training and protein intake
measure: Change in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63 (TRIM63) mRNA
timeFrame: 5 hours after training and protein intake
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Oslo
country: Norway
facility: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Study officials:
References:
citation: Hamarsland H, Nordengen AL, Nyvik Aas S, Holte K, Garthe I, Paulsen G, Cotter M, Borsheim E, Benestad HB, Raastad T. Native whey protein with high levels of leucine results in similar post-exercise muscular anabolic responses as regular whey protein: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Nov 21;14:43. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0202-y. eCollection 2017.