Clinical trial NCT05712733: Cholecystitis From a Microbiological and Histopathological Perspective
Official title: Cholecystitis From a Microbiological and Histopathological Perspective
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: RECRUITING
Conditions: Calculous Cholecystitis
Antibiotic Resistant Infection
Gallbladder Inflammation
Lead sponsor: Organkirurgisk afdeling, sygehus lillebælt, Kolding
Sponsor class: NETWORK
First posted: 2023-02-03
Enrollment: 60
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Observational model: CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: The following data will be collected for all included patients:

* Age
* Sex
* Weight
* Height
* BMI
* Smoking
* Alcohol
* Diabetes
* Cardiovascular disease
* Preoperative blood samples
* Use of antibiotic within the last year - what type and duration of treatment
* Number of days with symptoms prior to the cholecystectomy
* Vitals (blood pressure, pulse, saturation, respiratory rate, temperature)
* Blood culture prior to the procedure in the case group

Brief summary: The aim of this project is to investigate the presence of bacteria in the gallbladder wall and the bile in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, to determine if the standard empirical antibiotic treatment used currently is effective against the most common pathogens.

Detailed description: The investigators will compare two groups of patients; patients with acute calculous cholecystitis undergoing acute laparoscopic cholecystectomy and patients without cholecystitis undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Secondly, the investigators wish to investigate if the presence of bacteria correlates with the grade of inflammation, and whether this can predict when cholecystitis is caused by infection.

In a clinical setting, this can provide important knowledge regarding the choice of antibiotics currently used to treat and prevent infection in the gallbladder.

The investigators will conduct two studies, one investigating the bacteria in bile and in the gallbladder wall and the resistens of the bacteria to antibiotics and another study investigating the histopathology of the gallbladder wall to see if the bacteria present is the cause of inflammation or an actual infection.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age above 18 years
* Signed consent form
* Patients having cholecystectomy performed at the Department of Surgery, Sygehus Lillebælt, Kolding.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Administration of any type of antibiotics one month prior to surgery in the control group.
* Previous instrumentation of the bileducts
* Previous clinical acute cholecystitis treated conservatively with antibiotics

Patients will be precluded from the studypopulation in cases of pPerioperative perforation of the gallbladder, or conversion to open cholecystectomy or in cases of failed attempts to extract bile or samples from the gallbladder wall.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Bacterial colonization in bile and gallbladder wall samples
timeFrame: 36-72 hours
measure: Antibiotic resistans
timeFrame: 36-72 hours
measure: Histopathology of the gallbladder
timeFrame: 3-21 days
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Kolding
country: Denmark
facility: Sygehus Lillebælt
Study officials:
affiliation: Organkirurgisk afdeling, sygehus lillebælt, Kolding
name: Malene B Dissing, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR. Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2007;14(1):15-26. doi: 10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y. Epub 2007 Jan 30.
citation: Indar AA, Beckingham IJ. Acute cholecystitis. BMJ. 2002 Sep 21;325(7365):639-43. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7365.639. No abstract available.
citation: Halpin V. Acute cholecystitis. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Aug 20;2014:0411.
citation: Lou MA, Mandal AK, Alexander JL, Thadepalli H. Bacteriology of the human biliary tract and the duodenum. Arch Surg. 1977 Aug;112(8):965-7. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1977.01370080063010.
citation: Fukunaga FH. Gallbladder bacteriology, histology, and gallstones. Study of unselected cholecystectomy specimens in Honolulu. Arch Surg. 1973 Feb;106(2):169-71. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1973.01350140033011. No abstract available.
citation: Sianesi M, Berri T. [Bacteriological studies on the bile in different conditions of surgical interest]. Chir Ital. 1976 Aug;28(4):341-55. Italian.
citation: Brody LA, Brown KT, Getrajdman GI, Kannegieter LS, Brown AE, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Clinical factors associated with positive bile cultures during primary percutaneous biliary drainage. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1998 Jul-Aug;9(4):572-8. doi: 10.1016/s1051-0443(98)70324-0.
citation: Siegman-Igra Y, Schwartz D, Konforti N, Perluk C, Rozin RR. Septicemia from biliary tract infection. Arch Surg. 1988 Mar;123(3):366-8. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400270106016.
citation: Park JW, Lee JK, Lee KT, Lee KH, Sung YK, Kang CI. How to interpret the bile culture results of patients with biliary tract infections. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;38(3):300-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Mar 24.
citation: Rupp C, Bode K, Weiss KH, Rudolph G, Bergemann J, Kloeters-Plachky P, Chahoud F, Stremmel W, Gotthardt DN, Sauer P. Microbiological Assessment of Bile and Corresponding Antibiotic Treatment: A Strobe-Compliant Observational Study of 1401 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiographies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(10):e2390. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002390.
citation: Suh SW, Choi YS, Choi SH, Do JH, Oh HC, Kim HJ, Lee SE. Antibiotic selection based on microbiology and resistance profiles of bile from gallbladder of patients with acute cholecystitis. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 3;11(1):2969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82603-8.
citation: Capoor MR, Nair D, Rajni, Khanna G, Krishna SV, Chintamani MS, Aggarwal P. Microflora of bile aspirates in patients with acute cholecystitis with or without cholelithiasis: a tropical experience. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008 Jun;12(3):222-5. doi: 10.1590/s1413-86702008000300012.
citation: Gipson KS, Nickerson KP, Drenkard E, Llanos-Chea A, Dogiparthi SK, Lanter BB, Hibbler RM, Yonker LM, Hurley BP, Faherty CS. The Great ESKAPE: Exploring the Crossroads of Bile and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens. Infect Immun. 2020 Sep 18;88(10):e00865-19. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00865-19. Print 2020 Sep 18.
citation: Kwon W, Jang JY, Kim EC, Park JW, Han IW, Kang MJ, Kim SW. Changing trend in bile microbiology and antibiotic susceptibilities: over 12 years of experience. Infection. 2013 Feb;41(1):93-102. doi: 10.1007/s15010-012-0358-y. Epub 2012 Nov 21.
citation: Begley M, Gahan CG, Hill C. The interaction between bacteria and bile. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2005 Sep;29(4):625-51. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003.
citation: Ganzle MG, Hertel C, van der Vossen JM, Hammes WP. Effect of bacteriocin-producing lactobacilli on the survival of Escherichia coli and Listeria in a dynamic model of the stomach and the small intestine. Int J Food Microbiol. 1999 Apr 1;48(1):21-35. doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00025-2.
citation: Maseda E, Maggi G, Gomez-Gil R, Ruiz G, Madero R, Garcia-Perea A, Aguilar L, Gilsanz F, Rodriguez-Bano J. Prevalence of and risk factors for biliary carriage of bacteria showing worrisome and unexpected resistance traits. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Feb;51(2):518-21. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02469-12. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
citation: Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology (Reading). 2009 Jun;155(Pt 6):1749-1757. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.026385-0. Epub 2009 Apr 21.
citation: Arnold RS, Thom KA, Sharma S, Phillips M, Kristie Johnson J, Morgan DJ. Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. South Med J. 2011 Jan;104(1):40-5. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181fd7d5a.
citation: van Dijk AH, de Reuver PR, Tasma TN, van Dieren S, Hugh TJ, Boermeester MA. Systematic review of antibiotic treatment for acute calculous cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 2016 Jun;103(7):797-811. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10146. Epub 2016 Mar 30.
citation: Galili O, Eldar S Jr, Matter I, Madi H, Brodsky A, Galis I, Eldar S Sr. The effect of bactibilia on the course and outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Sep;27(9):797-803. doi: 10.1007/s10096-008-0504-8. Epub 2008 Mar 28.
citation: Grande M, Torquati A, Farinon AM. Wound infection after cholecystectomy. Correlation between bacteria in bile and wound infection after operation on the gallbladder for acute and chronic gallstone disease. Eur J Surg. 1992 Feb;158(2):109-12.
citation: Adachi T, Eguchi S, Muto Y. Pathophysiology and pathology of acute cholecystitis: A secondary publication of the Japanese version from 1992. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2022 Feb;29(2):212-216. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.912. Epub 2021 Mar 27.
citation: Panni RZ, Chatterjee D, Panni UY, Robbins KJ, Liu J, Strasberg SM. Sequential histologic evolution of gallbladder inflammation in acute cholecystitis over the first 10 days after onset of symptoms. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2023 Jun;30(6):724-736. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.1274. Epub 2022 Dec 1.
citation: Mazeh H, Mizrahi I, Dior U, Simanovsky N, Shapiro M, Freund HR, Eid A. Role of antibiotic therapy in mild acute calculus cholecystitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2012 Aug;36(8):1750-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1572-6.
citation: Coccolini F, Sartelli M, Catena F, Montori G, Di Saverio S, Sugrue M, Ceresoli M, Manfredi R, Ansaloni L; CIAO and CIAOW Study Groups. Antibiotic resistance pattern and clinical outcomes in acute cholecystitis: 567 consecutive worldwide patients in a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2015 Sep;21:32-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.013. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
citation: Jimenez E, Sanchez B, Farina A, Margolles A, Rodriguez JM. Characterization of the bile and gall bladder microbiota of healthy pigs. Microbiologyopen. 2014 Dec;3(6):937-49. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.218. Epub 2014 Oct 21.
citation: Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Feb 12;399(10325):629-655. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. Epub 2022 Jan 19.