Clinical trial NCT01718561: The Difficult Airway Management Trial: "The DIFFICAIR-Trial"
Official title: Incidence of Unanticipated Difficult Airway Using an Objective Airway Score Versus a Standard Clinical Airway Assessment, The DIFFICAIR Trial - A Cluster-randomized Clinical Trial on 28 Anaesthesia Departments With 70,000 Patients Registered in the Danish Anaesthesia Database
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Airway Management
Intubation, Intratracheal
Keywords: Airway assessment
Intubation
Mask ventilation
Lead sponsor: Hillerod Hospital, Denmark
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research
name: TrygFonden, Denmark
First posted: 2012-10-31
Enrollment: 76058
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 15
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: In general anesthetic the patient is deprived of his awareness and ability to breathe. It is therefore one of the most important tasks in anesthesia to ensure the patient's airway and breathing. It has been shown both in Denmark and internationally that failed management of the patient's airway is the main anesthesia-related cause of death and brain damage. Therefore, it is very important and highly prioritized among anesthesia personal, to be able to identify patients with a difficult airway. The aim of "The DIFFICAIR Trial" is to reduce the incidence of UNEXPECTED difficult airway management by optimizing assessment of the patient's airway before anesthesia. There is an international consensus on the importance of proper identification of patients with a difficult airway prior to anesthesia. Enabling optimal preparation and thus reducing mortality and complications. The DIFFICAIR Trial is a nationwide multicentre trial with approx. 70,000 patients. 28 of the country's anesthesia departments is randomized either to airway assessment based on the physicians' clinical judgment (current practice) or to use an objective risk score for airway evaluations including anatomical conditions known to be associated with difficult airway management. Data from The Danish Anesthesia Database is used to compare the success rates of the two methods. We hope that by using a systematic airway assessment we may reduce the number of unexpected difficult airway managements and thereby reducing the associated complications and death. Based on data we will contribute to a national recommendation for airway assessment before anesthesia.

Detailed description: The full trial protocol is published in Trials (2013) Volume: 14, Issue: 1, Pages: 347 ISSN: 1745-6215 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-347 PubMed: 24152537 http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/14/1/347/abstract

Detailed statistical analysis plan for the difficult airway management (DIFFICAIR) trial:

Introduction The difficult airway management trial (DIFFICAIR) is a stratified, parallel group, cluster (cluster = department) randomized and multicentre trial involving 28 departments of anaesthesia in Denmark. The DIFFICAIR trial compares the effect of two regimens of preoperative airway assessment on the frequency of unanticipated difficult airway management.

Prediction of difficult airway management remains a pivotal challenge in anaesthesia. Difficult tracheal intubation and difficult mask ventilation may cause serious patient complications \[1-6\]. By allocating experienced personnel and relevant equipment, better prediction of difficult airway management may reduce complications and thereby associated morbidity and mortality. There is no single predictor that is sufficiently valid in predicting difficult tracheal intubation\[7-12\]. However, several studies show that by combining multiple predictors of difficult tracheal intubation, the positive and the negative predictive value of the assessment increases\[12\]. In Denmark as well as internationally, there is no clear recommendation on how to perform airway assessment. Consequently, airway assessment in Denmark is based exclusively on the individual anaesthesiologist's preoperative clinical assessment. It is poorly documented how accurately this preoperative clinical assessment predicts actual airway management conditions.

The "Simplified Airway Risk Index" (SARI)\[13\] is based on a multivariate model for airway assessment described by El-Ganzouri and colleagues enabling an estimation of the likelihood of a difficult direct laryngoscopy. The SARI contains seven individual predictors for a difficult direct laryngoscopy, each given a weighted score of 0-1 or 0-2. A summarized value of the SARI score \> 3 indicate that a future direct laryngoscopy will be difficult. It is unknown, whether the SARI score predicts difficult intubation better or worse than a clinical assessment. The rationale for this trial was to prospectively compare the effect of the SARI with an unspecified clinical airway assessment on the frequency of unanticipated difficult airway management.

The target population was adult patients undergoing anaesthesia. Twenty-eight departments of anaesthesia were randomized to one of two groups. Intervention departments used the SARI score for preoperative airway assessment. The intervention group additionally did an assessment of risk factors for difficult mask ventilation as described by Kheterpal and colleagues\[14-16\]. Departments in the control group continued normal practice of preoperative airway assessment. All data were registered in the DAD. A more detailed trial protocol describing background, design and rationale has been published in TRIALS\[17\].

In order to prevent outcome reporting bias and results based on data driven analysis it has been increasingly encouraged to prospectively publish a trial protocol \[18, 19\]. The same argument applies for a prospective publication of a statistical analysis plan. Concordantly, the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) recommends that clinical trials are analysed according to a pre-specified plan\[19\].

This analysis plan has been written while the data collection from the DIFFICAIR trial was still on-going and trial data not accessible. The data analysis of the main publication will follow this plan. The statistical analysis was approved by the DIFFICAIR steering committee on 29 December 2013. The last day of data collection was 31 December 2013. The involved departments were given one additional month to ensure registration of all patients in the Danish Anaesthesia Database. On 31 January 2014 the database was locked and data extracted. The statistical analysis plan was published on www.clinicaltrials.gov before the last data entry and before data was extracted and data management commenced.

The DIFFICAIR trial protocol has been written according to the SPIRIT guidelines and has been public on www.difficair.com since the beginning of the trial and is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01718561). The Danish Anaesthesia Database and the Danish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive care Medicine (DASAIM) endorsed the trial.

The trial is carried out in accordance with the Helsinki declaration. The Scientific Ethics Committee of Copenhagen County has declared that it is regarded as a quality assurance project and thus should not be reported to the committee system (Journal No.: H-3-2012-FSP2). The trial is approved by The Danish Data Protection Agency (J.No.: 2007-58- 0015/HIH-2011-10, I-Suite nr: 02079)

Objective The primary aim of the DIFFICAIR trial is to compare the effect of using a systematic airway assessment with a standard clinical airway assessment on the frequency of unanticipated difficult airway management. Both are registered in the database. The primary null hypothesis is • There is no difference in the proportion of unanticipated difficult intubations when the preoperative airway assessment is based on the SARI score compared with a preoperative airway assessment based on the individual anaesthesiologist's assessment.

The alternative hypothesis is

• The use of a systematic SARI airway assessment, registration of the SARI and risk factors for difficult mask ventilation, and continuous education in airway assessment will decrease the relative risk of a difficult intubation with 30%, corresponding to a NNT of 180 patients.

Methods Randomisation and sample size Our sample size calculation was based on an adjustment for the stratification and the cluster randomized design \[20, 21\]. Since there are no previous records of the trial's primary outcome measure, "unanticipated difficult intubation" a baseline study was conducted based on data from the Danish Anaesthesia Database (DAD). In order to reject or detect a 30 % relative risk reduction in the proportions of unanticipated difficult intubation between the intervention group and the control group approximately 30 departments were required in a 15 months period. Calculations were based on a maximum risk of type 1 error of 5% and risk of type 2 error of maximum 20 % (80 % power).

A total of 28 departments were included and randomized 1:1 using a computer generated list. The sample size calculation was based on an average cluster size of 1,611 patients. We estimated the average cluster size in the DIFFICAIR trial to approximately 2,500 patients, giving a total of 70,000 included patients during the trial period. The enhanced sample size allows for a potentially slight loss of clusters according to the power calculation, from 30 to potentially 26. Our sample size estimation might be of a conservative nature, calling for more clusters than necessary\[22\].

Populations The DIFFICAIR trial focuses on two essential elements of airway management i.e. tracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy and mask ventilation. This statistical analysis plan will address analysis of the data regarding tracheal intubation. Data analysis regarding prediction of difficult mask ventilation will be handled in an analogous way, but will not be further elaborated in the present paper.

The part of the DIFFICAIR trial regarding prediction of difficult intubation comprises two populations; 1) patients that were primarily attempted intubated by direct laryngoscopy; 2) patients that were primarily attempted intubated by direct laryngoscopy (population 1) plus patients anticipated to be difficult to intubate and therefore scheduled for and intubated with an advanced method (e.g. video laryngoscopic or fibre optic intubation).

The results of population 1 and 2 will be presented in one publication. Due to the extent of data, further publications presenting data from the DIFFICAIR trial will follow, but further elaboration on data analysis exceeds the content frame of this paper.

Adjusting and stratification variables Each cluster (department) was randomized to a control or intervention group, making this the intervention group indicator. The trial site may account for further intervention heterogeneity and will be used for adjustment in the analysis of the intervention effect. Further, a stratification variable that grouped the departments according to whether the proportion of unanticipated difficult intubation at baseline was ≥ or \< 2% will be used for adjustment according to recent evidence of increased power in the analysis of stratified trials\[21\].

Assumed confounding covariates We define age; gender; ASA classification; emergency/elective procedure; Body Mass Index (BMI); and use of neuromuscular blocking agents as covariates that are possible confounders, necessitating adjusted analyses of the primary outcome and pre-defined subgroup analyses.

Primary outcomes

The primary outcome measures are:

1. Fraction of unanticipated difficult intubations = all intubations with unanticipated difficulties \[False negative\] / all patients primarily (attempted) intubated by direct laryngoscopy
2. Fraction of unanticipated easy intubations = all intubations with anticipated difficulties that were easy \[False Positive\] / all patients primarily (attempted) intubated by direct laryngoscopy

2. The two primary outcomes are linked and simultaneous low fractions are desirable for the optimal prediction of a difficult intubation.

Secondary outcomes

1. 48 hour mortality
2. 30 day mortality
3. Fraction = anticipated difficult intubations planned for, and intubated by an advanced method / all patients (attempted) intubated.
4. Fraction = unanticipated difficult intubations \[False Negative\] / all difficult intubations (\[False negative\] + \[True Positive\])
5. Sensitivity
6. Specificity
7. Positive predictive value
8. Negative predictive value
9. Positive Likelihood Ratio = (Sensitivity / (1-Specificity))
10. Negative Likelihood Ratio = ((1-Sensitivity) / Specificity)
11. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. A graphical representation of sensitivity as a function of (1-Specificity).

Outcomes 5-11 are measured for prediction of difficult intubation for both intervention groups.

Datapoints Baseline covariates

Individual level:

1. Sex
2. Age
3. Height
4. Weight
5. BMI
6. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification
7. Use of neuromuscular blocking agents
8. Hospital unit
9. Region
10. Anticipated difficult tracheal intubation
11. Anticipated difficult mask ventilation
12. Scheduled airway
13. Priority; Acute/Elective
14. Surgical procedure codes
15. Intubation score
16. Mask ventilation score

Intervention covariates

1. Mouth opening
2. Thyro-mental distance
3. Modified Mallampati classification
4. Jaw protrusion
5. Neck mobility
6. Previous difficult airway management
7. Number of completed risk factors
8. The calculated SARI score
9. Dichotomised SARI score (\< or ≥ 4)
10. Snoring
11. Sleep apnoea
12. Presence of beard
13. Changes in the neck due to radiation

Cluster level summaries

1. Mean cluster size
2. Mean number of intubated patients
3. Fraction of private hospitals
4. Mean fraction of unanticipated difficult intubation
5. Age
6. BMI
7. ASA classification

Definition of difficult intubation In the DAD an intubation score is programmed based on numbers of intubation attempts and use of equipment.

1. A maximum of two intubation attempts - Only by direct laryngoscopy
2. A maximum of two intubation attempts in which other intubation equipment or assistive devices for direct laryngoscopy is used (e.g. videolaryngoscope)
3. Three intubation attempts or more - Regardless of intubation method
4. Intubation failed despite attempts

Tracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy is pre-defined in the DAD as unproblematic by a score = 1 and difficult by a score ≥ 2. In our primary analyses and sample size calculation we will use the same definition as DAD.

General analysis principles

1. Unless otherwise stated, all main analyses will compare the two intervention groups using intention-to-treat (ITT) \[23\].
2. In order to ensure a correct type 1 error rate, all main analyses will account for the clustered design of the trial and the stratification variable \[24-26\]. Analyses will be based on individual patient level data but clustering of patients and the stratification variable will be accounted for in a mixed effects model.
3. In all analyses a maximum level of 5 % (two sided) type 1 error will be regarded as statistically significant unless otherwise stated
4. Main analyses will be according to ITT adjusted for cluster and stratification variables. Sensitivity analyses will be performed adjusted and unadjusted for the prior listed potential confounding covariates. We will discuss if results differ from the main analyses. The conclusion of the trial will be based on the primary analyses.
5. Test of interaction will be applied for subgroup analyses.
6. Risks are reported as relative risks. When relative risks are calculated from odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) it will be done according to Zhang et Yu\[27\].
7. For missing data exceeding a rate of 5 %, and with a statistical significant Little's test, indicating that the missing data is not a completely random sample of the total data, point estimates with 95 % CI will be calculated using a worst/best case scenario imputation on the missing values. If the imputation of a worst/best case scenario implies different conclusions, multiple imputations will be performed on the missing values assuming missingness at random\[28\]. Unadjusted and complete case analyses will also be presented.
8. In order to avoid rejecting a true null hypothesis we will address the problem of multiplicity by Bonferroni adjustments on the secondary outcome measures. If unadjusted analyses are insignificant (P\>0,05), Bonferroni adjustments will not be applied. In case the adjustment changes an unadjusted significant P-value to a non-significant P-value, this will be discussed.
9. To ensure complete objectivity, the statistician will be blinded for the intervention group in the primary outcome analysis. After data collection, a third party data manager will generate a complete data set with blinded coding of the intervention groups and other variables possibly revealing the intervention. The statistician performs the primary outcome analysis on this data set. If the primary outcome differs between groups we will construct different conclusions reflecting the results, considering that significant differences of the intervention could be both of benefit or harm. After writing the conclusions, we will uncover the code of the blinding, and subsequently the correct conclusion will be employed\[29\].

Statistical analyses Trial profile The flow of study participants will be displayed in a Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram at a cluster level and at individual level. The number of clusters fulfilling the inclusion criterion and the number of clusters included in primary and secondary analyses will be presented. The number of patients who fulfilled study inclusion criteria as well as the number included in the primary and secondary analyses will be reported. Reasons for exclusions of clusters and patients in the primary and secondary analyses will be reported.

Primary outcome Frequencies and percentages per group will be reported with 95 % CI. The primary outcome is presented as odds ratios and relative risk ratios.

The first analysis of the primary outcome will be adjusted for the stratification- and the cluster-variable performed according to the ITT principle including patients that met the inclusion- and not the exclusion-criteria. A logistic regression including a mixed effect model will be used. Intervention group and stratification variable are regarded as fixed effects and trial site is regarded as random effects in the model.

The second analysis of the primary outcome will be adjusted for the stratification- and cluster-variables as well as baseline covariates assumed as confounders incorporated in a mixed effect model.

The third analysis of the primary outcome will compare the patients in the control group that met the inclusion- and not the exclusion-criteria with patients in the intervention group who received the protocoled intervention. That is, a per protocol analysis of control group vs. the subgroup in the intervention group that had a sufficiently registered SARI. Interaction test will be performed in the intervention group between patients receiving sufficient/insufficient SARI registration.

In an alternative sensitivity analysis of the first analysis of the primary outcome we will employ a different cut-off value for difficult intubation using ≥ 3 instead of ≥ 2 as the definition of difficult intubation.

Secondary outcomes Frequencies, proportions, percentages, odds and risk ratios are presented with 95 % CI for each group. A chi- squared test is used to assess the effect of the intervention on binary outcomes. For categorical outcomes and the adjusted analyses logistic regression analysis will be performed.

Baseline comparisons of patient characteristics Baseline characteristics are presented for each intervention group. Frequencies, proportions and percentages will be used to summarize discrete variables. In case of missing values, percentages are presented with the actual denominator and otherwise calculated according to the number of participating patients. Continuous variables are summarized using standard measures of central tendency and dispersion using either mean ± SD for data with normal distribution or median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data.

Baseline comparisons of cluster characteristics Cluster characteristics are presented for each group, control and intervention. Unless otherwise stated, data will be presented as means with SD for data with normal distribution or median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data.

Outline of figures and tables The first figure will be a CONSORT flow chart on individual patient level and cluster level. The second figure will illustrate the SARI score and tutorial instruments. The third figure will demonstrate the registration in the DAD, including the intubation score. The fourth figure will present baseline data from each intervention group on individual and cluster level and the fifth figure will be outlining the main outcome results for each intervention group.

Discussion In order to avoid outcome reporting bias and data driven results this paper presents the detailed statistical analysis plan for the main publication of the DIFFICAIR trial. The DIFFICAIR trial raises two important questions i.e. is it possible via the intervention to reduce the frequency of difficult intubation and/or difficult mask ventilation? This plan only addresses the statistical analysis of the population of intubated patients. This is because our sample size calculations were based on the same population; the SARI was developed as a prediction tool for difficult intubation; and due to the extent of data.

By adjusting our primary outcome analysis for different design variables, such as clustering and stratification we strive to eliminate inflated type 1 error rates as a consequence of the trial design. A mixed effect model is applied based on an evaluation of each variable as having random or fixed effects\[30, 31\].

When multiple comparisons are performed between two groups, you may risk accepting an intervention effect erroneously (Type 1 error). There are several approaches that deal with multiple testing. We chose to employ a Bonferroni adjustment on the secondary outcome measures in order to evaluate, identify and discuss dubious significant outcomes that may be due to statistical multiplicity.

The value of a diagnostic test is usually presented as sensitivity and specificity. We have chosen (1 - total accuracy) i.e. the proportion of unanticipated difficult intubations (False Negative, FN) and the proportion of unanticipated easy intubations (False Positive, FP). Both scenarios are of clinical relevance since the FN are at risk of hypoxia, increased morbidity and even death, while the FP are at risk of being imposed unnecessary discomfort by e.g. awake intubation. At the same time, both the FN and FP can take up unnecessary resources. Sensitivity and specificity are more difficult to interpret intuitively. Consequently, we chose to present more transparent primary outcomes. Using proportions of unanticipated difficult intubation allowed us to perform a baseline cohort study, on which we based our sample size and power calculations.

By publishing this paper where we pre-specify our methods and analyses, it is our hope that the results from the DIFFICAIR trial will be as transparent and robust as possible.

Conclusion This paper presents the principles of analyses used in the DIFFICAIR trial for the first publication of the main outcomes for the population of intubated patients. Our approach aims to minimize the risk of data-driven results and outcome reporting bias.

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Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

Cohort 1:

Patients with a preoperative airway plan of either

* Non / unknown
* Spontaneous respiration
* Mask Ventilation
* Laryngeal Mask etc.. (any kind)
* Intubation by direct laryngoscopy

and primarily (attempted) intubated by direct laryngoscopy

Cohort 2:

All patients in cohort 1, and patients with an airway plan of either

* Intubation with video laryngoscope
* Intubation with flexible fiber optic scope
* Intubation by another method (Fastrach, Trachlight, etc.).

which was expected difficult to intubate by direct laryngoscopy

Cohort 3:

All patients who are mask ventilated.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children under 15 years
* Patients who can not co-operate for the examination (unconscious, demented, severely traumatized, etc..)

Primary outcomes:
measure: Fraction of unanticipated difficult intubations = intubations with unanticipated difficulties [False negative] / all patients primarily (attempted) intubated by direct laryngoscopy
timeFrame: From October 2012 to December 2013
measure: Fraction of unanticipated easy intubations = intubations with anticipated difficulties that were easy [False Positive] / all patients primarily (attempted) intubated by direct laryngoscopy
timeFrame: From October 2012 to December 2013
Secondary outcomes:
measure: 48 hour mortality
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: 30-day mortality
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: unexpected difficult intubation [False Negative] / actual difficult intubation ([False-negative] + [True Positive]).
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: Sensitivity: [True Positive] / ([Sand Positive] + [False Negative]).
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: Specificity: [True Negative] / ([True Negative] + [False Positive])
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: Positive Predictive Value: [True Positive] / ([Sand Positive] + [False Positive])
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: Negative predictive value: [True Negative] / ([True Negative] + [False Negative])
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: Positive Likelihood Ratio = (Sensitivity / (1-specificity))
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: ROC curve
timeFrame: From October 2012 to October 2013
measure: • Fraction = intubations anticipated to be difficult, thus planned for, and intubated by, an advanced method / all patients (attempted) intubated.
timeFrame: October 2012 - December 2013
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Hillerød
country: Denmark
facility: Department of anesthesia, Hillerød Hospital
state: Region Hovedstaden
city: Copenhagen
country: Denmark
facility: Abdominalcentret Rigshospitalet
city: Copenhagen
country: Denmark
facility: Bispebjerg hospital
city: Copenhagen
country: Denmark
facility: Hovedorto centret Rigshospitalet
city: Copenhagen
country: Denmark
facility: Juliane Marie centret Rigshospitalet
city: Copenhagen
country: Denmark
facility: Neurocentret Rigshospitalet
city: Copenhagen
country: Denmark
facility: thoraxcentret Rigshospitalet
city: Esbjerg
country: Denmark
facility: Aleris-Hamlet
city: Frederiksberg
country: Denmark
facility: Frederiksberg hospital
city: Glostrup
country: Denmark
facility: Glostrup Hospital
city: Haderslev
country: Denmark
facility: Haderslev Hospital
city: Hellerup
country: Denmark
facility: Bekkevold klinikken
city: Herlev
country: Denmark
facility: Herlev Hospital
city: Herning
country: Denmark
facility: Aleris-Hamlet
city: Kolding
country: Denmark
facility: Kolding sygehus
city: Kollund
country: Denmark
facility: Kollund privathospital
city: Lyngby
country: Denmark
facility: Københavnsprivathospital
city: Nykøbing Falster
country: Denmark
facility: Nykøbing falster sygehus
city: Næstved
country: Denmark
facility: Næstved Hospital
city: Roskilde
country: Denmark
facility: Roskilde Sygehus
city: Rønne
country: Denmark
facility: Bornholm sygehus
city: Søborg
country: Denmark
facility: Aleris-Hamlet
city: Sønderborg
country: Denmark
facility: Sønder sygehus
city: Thisted
country: Denmark
facility: Thisted sygehus
city: Vejle
country: Denmark
facility: Vejle Sygehus
city: Åbenrå
country: Denmark
facility: Åbenrå sygehus
city: Ålborg
country: Denmark
facility: Aleris-Hamlet
city: Århus
country: Denmark
facility: Aleris-Hamlet
Study officials:
affiliation: Hillerod Hospital, Denmark
name: Anders K Nørskov, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Norskov AK, Wetterslev J, Rosenstock CV, Afshari A, Astrup G, Jakobsen JC, Thomsen JL, Bottger M, Ellekvist M, Schousboe BM, Horn A, Jorgensen BG, Lorentzen K, Madsen MH, Knudsen JS, Thisted BK, Estrup S, Mieritz HB, Klesse T, Martinussen HJ, Vedel AG, Maaloe R, Bosling KB, Kirkegaard PR, Ibanez CR, Aleksandraviciute G, Hansen LS, Mantoni T, Lundstrom LH. Effects of using the simplified airway risk index vs usual airway assessment on unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation - a cluster randomized trial with 64,273 participants. Br J Anaesth. 2016 May;116(5):680-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew057.
citation: Norskov AK, Lundstrom LH, Rosenstock CV, Wetterslev J. Detailed statistical analysis plan for the difficult airway management (DIFFICAIR) trial. Trials. 2014 May 15;15:173. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-173.
citation: Norskov AK, Rosenstock CV, Wetterslev J, Lundstrom LH. Incidence of unanticipated difficult airway using an objective airway score versus a standard clinical airway assessment: the DIFFICAIR trial - trial protocol for a cluster randomized clinical trial. Trials. 2013 Oct 23;14:347. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-347.