Clinical trial NCT01379885: Reducing Immunization Distress (RID)
Official title: Childhood Immunization: Reducing Immunization Distress (RID) Using Multi-Modal Distraction
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: TERMINATED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Pain
Keywords: Pain
immunization
distraction
hypnosis
injections
anxiety
Lead sponsor: University of California, San Francisco
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Pediatric Medical Group
First posted: 2011-06-23
Enrollment: 77
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 4
Maximum age (years): 6
Standard ages: CHILD
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a more feasible method for reducing the pain and distress of childhood immunization with the standard method in use at the Pediatric Medical Group. A secondary aim is to evaluate the impact of parental involvement on the parent and child satisfaction with the immunization experience.

Study Hypotheses: In the standard, pre-kindergarten, two- or three vaccine sequence, there will be no statistically significant group differences between PPT and ST with respect to:

1. Child self-reported pain using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) scale13 (primary outcome);
2. Parent report of child pain using the FPS-R;
3. Observer-rated child distress and pain using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale14;
4. Parent and child satisfaction with pain management during immunization measured by a 5-point Likert type scales;
5. Time required for completion of immunization from initiation of ST or PPT to 2 minutes after completion of the last injection.

Detailed description: Berberich and Landman conducted a randomized clinical trial demonstrating efficacy of a multimodal distraction technique to reduce immunization distress (RID) in 4-6 year old children receiving pre-kindergarten immunizations. Widespread implementation would require fewer steps and a reduction of personnel and the current study addresses the practical time and personnel limitations of the method. The current RID trial proposes a randomized design to compare our current method, the standard technique, (ST), with its minimally altered approach where arm gripping and rubbing adjacent to the injection site are to be performed by the medical assistant conducting the injection, substituting for the non-commercially available 'arm gripper'. Pressure and rubbing stimuli at injection sites are documented to be equally effective. The ST will be compared against the parental participation technique, (PPT), whereby the parent participates in the delivery of pain-relieving interventions in lieu of the second medical assistant. The primary aim of the present proposal is to compare the effectiveness of the more feasible PPT to the ST in reducing the pain and distress of childhood immunization. A secondary aim is to evaluate the impact of parental involvement on the parent and child satisfaction with the immunization experience.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children, ages 4-6 years, scheduled to receive the standard pre-kindergarten immunizations. This consists of two injections: the Dtap (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) and IPV (injectable polio vaccine) or three injections: DTAP, IPV and MMR (measles, mumps, rubella);
* With or without prior exposure to ST at PMG;
* English speaking subject and parents

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute concurrent illness;
* Invasive procedures such as cannulation, venipuncture or urinary VCG in the preceding 6 months;
* Hospitalization or ED visit, within the prior 6 months;
* Chronic medical conditions requiring repeated painful interventions;
* Inability to respond age appropriately with verbal and written answers to questions, to pain scale measures, or to questionnaires;
* Refusal to be videotaped.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Child pain intensity
timeFrame: 2 minutes after completion of the immunization series.
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Time for completion of immunization
timeFrame: From the start of the procedure to 2 minutes after completion of the immunization series.
measure: Child and parent satisfaction with procedure
timeFrame: 2 minutes after completion of the immunization series.
measure: Child pain intensity
timeFrame: Immediately before, and after injection in each arm.
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Berkeley
country: United States
facility: Pediatric Medical Group
state: California
Study officials:
affiliation: University of California, San Francisco
name: Linda Franck, RN,PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Pediatric Medical Group
name: Ralph Berberich, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Reis EC, Roth EK, Syphan JL, Tarbell SE, Holubkov R. Effective pain reduction for multiple immunization injections in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Nov;157(11):1115-20. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.157.11.1115.
citation: Taddio A, Chambers CT, Halperin SA, Ipp M, Lockett D, Rieder MJ, Shah V. Inadequate pain management during routine childhood immunizations: the nerve of it. Clin Ther. 2009;31 Suppl 2:S152-67. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.07.022.
citation: Taddio A, Appleton M, Bortolussi R, Chambers C, Dubey V, Halperin S, Hanrahan A, Ipp M, Lockett D, MacDonald N, Midmer D, Mousmanis P, Palda V, Pielak K, Riddell RP, Rieder M, Scott J, Shah V. Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (summary). CMAJ. 2010 Dec 14;182(18):1989-95. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.092048. Epub 2010 Nov 22. No abstract available.
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citation: Taddio A, Appleton M, Bortolussi R, Chambers C, Dubey V, Halperin S, Hanrahan A, Ipp M, Lockett D, MacDonald N, Midmer D, Mousmanis P, Palda V, Pielak K, Riddell RP, Rieder M, Scott J, Shah V. Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2010 Dec 14;182(18):E843-55. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.101720. Epub 2010 Nov 22. No abstract available.
citation: Taddio A, Manley J, Potash L, Ipp M, Sgro M, Shah V. Routine immunization practices: use of topical anesthetics and oral analgesics. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):e637-43. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-3351.
citation: Parvez E, Stinson J, Boon H, Goldman J, Shah V, Taddio A. Mothers' beliefs about analgesia during childhood immunization. Paediatr Child Health. 2010 May;15(5):289-93. doi: 10.1093/pch/15.5.289.
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citation: Chung JW, Ng WM, Wong TK. An experimental study on the use of manual pressure to reduce pain in intramuscular injections. J Clin Nurs. 2002 Jul;11(4):457-61. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2002.00645.x.
citation: Taddio A, Lord A, Hogan ME, Kikuta A, Yiu A, Darra E, Bruinse B, Keogh T, Stephens D. A randomized controlled trial of analgesia during vaccination in adults. Vaccine. 2010 Jul 19;28(32):5365-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.015. Epub 2010 May 16.
citation: Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001 Aug;93(2):173-183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
citation: Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):293-7.
citation: Franck LS, Berberich FR, Taddio A. Parent participation in a childhood immunization pain reduction method. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2015 Mar;54(3):228-35. doi: 10.1177/0009922814561593. Epub 2014 Dec 3.