Clinical trial NCT04127396: Lenvatinib Plus TACE Versus Sorafenib Plus TACE for HCC With PVTT
Official title: Exploring Lenvatinib Plus TACE Versus Sorafenib Plus TACE for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients With Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus: Efficacy, Safety and Outcome Analysis
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: UNKNOWN
Phase: PHASE4
Conditions: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus
Keywords: Transarterial chemoembolization
hepatocellular carcinoma
portal vein tumor thrombus
Lead sponsor: Beijing Ditan Hospital
Sponsor class: OTHER
First posted: 2019-10-15
Enrollment: 72
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 75
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cancer in China, with a crude incidence rate of 26.67 per 100,000 population. Moreover, 357,800 new liver cancer cases are predicted to be diagnosed in China in 2020. HCC represents approximately 90% of all cases of primary liver cancer. HCC has a high predilection for portal vein invasion, which occurs in 44-62% of living patients with HCC. Patients with PVTT usually have an aggressive disease course, decreased liver function reserve, limited treatment options, thus worse overall survival. Among untreated HCC patients with PVTT, the median overall survival has been reported as low as 2 to 4 months with supportive care. Sorafenib is the first-line treatment for HCC patients with PVTT, however, it has shown unsatisfactory benefit. Notably, sorafenib combined with TACE significantly improved the TTP over sorafenib alone, albeit for no more than 1 month in the median TTP, and the median OS was not significantly prolonged. A promising drug-lenvatinib was approved in China on September 2018, in the China patients subgroup analysis showed an encouraging results. Lenvatinib group had showed a significant benefit in TTP, PFS and ORR. Also median overall survival time was significantly improved in China subgroup (Lenvatinib group: 15 months VS Sorafenib group: 10.2 months). However, REFLECT didn't enrolled patients who had tumors invading the maint portal vein. The mechanisms of lenvatinib or sorafenib combined with TACE were still unknown, and clinical data were limited.

This study was to explore lenvatinib plus TACE versus sorafenib plus TACE for HCC with PVTT: efficacy and safety. Biomarkers expression of VEGFR, FGFR, FDGF-α, IL-2,etc would be detected to find the difference between the two groups, finally to analyze the relationship between clinical outcomes and biomarkers' expression. A better treatment modality to HCC with PVTT patients would be expected and promoted.

Detailed description: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cancer in China, with a crude incidence rate of 26.67 per 100,000 population. Moreover, 357,800 new liver cancer cases are predicted to be diagnosed in China in 2020, and HCC is by far the most common subtype of primary liver cancer and is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death in the country. Approximately 80% of liver cancers are attributed to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus; other factors, including diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use, have also been found to be potential risk factors for liver cancer HCC has a high predilection for portal vein invasion, which occurs in 44-62% of living patients with HCC. Portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT) usually portends a worse prognosis, with a median survival time of only 2.7-4.0 months in untreated patients. Despite advancements in understanding the molecular aetiology of HCC, the outcomes for patients with this disease who develop PVTT remain unsatisfactory.

Several treatment strategies for patients with inoperable HCC who developed PVTT have been attempted, including first-line targeted therapy with sorafenib, transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), TACE plus sorafenib, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and radiotherapy. However, the prognosis of patients with HCC who are complicated by PVTT remains poor, and the optimal treatment modality for such patients has not been established to date.

Notably, sorafenib combined with TACE significantly improved the TTP over sorafenib alone, albeit for no more than 1 month; the median TTP was less than 3 months, and the median OS was not significantly prolonged.

In the recent phase III global multicentre REFLECT study, lenvatinib, the only other available first-line anti-angiogenic drug, did not improve overall survival (OS). However, lenvatinib as an oral multikinase inhibitor that targets VEGF receptors 1-3, FGF receptors 1-4, PDGF receptor α, RET and KIT, median time of PFS was 8.9 months (95% CI 7.4-9.2) for patients in the lenvatinib group compared to 3.7 months (95% CI 3.6-5.4) for patients in the sorafenib group. Lenvatinib also showed a greater objective response rate (ORR) than did sorafenib group. ORR was 40.6% (95% CI 36.2-45.0) for patients in the lenvatinib group compared to 12.4% (95% CI 9.4-15.4) for patients in the sorafenib group, and TTP was 7.4 (95% CI 7.2-9.1) VS 3.7 (95% CI 3.6-3.9). What's more, in the Chinese patients subgroup analysis showed an encouraging results, lenvatinib group not only showed significant improvement in PFS, TTP, ORR, but also in median OS time ( Lenvatinib group: 15 months VS sorafenib group 10.2 months). However, REFLECT didn't enrolled patients who had tumors invading the maint portal vein.

However, the mechanism of sorafenib combined with TACE was unknown, and clinical data of TACE plus lenvatinib for HCC had not been reported until now. As our preliminary experimental results showed that lenvatinib combined with TACE show a 91.7% clinical benefit in 11 cases HCC with PVTT (7 PR cases, 4 SD cases) , the median TTP was 6.5 months, during the preliminary experimental trail hadn't observed any fatal adverse event occurred.

In addition to these supporting data, lenvatinib plus TACE showed a potential benefit to HCC with PVTT patients. This study was to explore lenvatinib plus TACE versus sorafenib plus TACE for HCC with PVTT: efficacy and safety. Biomarkers expression of VEGFR, FGFR, PDGF-α, IL-2,etc would be detected to find the difference between the two groups, finally to analyze the relationship between clinical outcomes and biomarkers' expression.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria

1. Histologically or cytologically proven HCC.
2. HCC complicated by PVTT.
3. Patient had not received previous systemic therapy.
4. At least one measurable tumor along a single dimension according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST).
5. WBC ≥ 3.0\*109/L，PLT≥70\*109/L，Hgb≥80\*109/L；ALT≤2.5ULN，AST≤2.5ULN，TBIL≤3ULN，ALB≥28g/L；CCr ≥80ml/min.
6. Patients had not history of previous local therapy such as radiotherapy, hepatic arterial embolisation, chemoembolisation, RFA, percutaneous injection, or cryoablation.
7. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS) of 0 or 1;
8. Child-Pugh class A or Child-Pugh class B (score 7).
9. All patients were voluntary, and signed informed agreement.

Exclusion criteria

1. Previous or concomitant systemic therapy (including molecularly targeted therapies).
2. Known history of HIV infection.
3. Clinically serious infections.
4. Administered warfarin as an anticoagulant.
5. History of organ allograft.
6. History of cardiac disease.
7. Known central nervous system tumour.
8. Known gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days before study enrolment,
9. Pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Time to progression
timeFrame: up to 18 months
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Objective response rate(ORR)
timeFrame: up to 18 months
measure: overall survival(OS)
timeFrame: up to 18 months
measure: adverse events(AEs)
timeFrame: up to 18 months
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Beijing
country: China
facility: Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University
state: Beijing
Study officials:
References:
citation: Ding X, Sun W, Li W, Shen Y, Guo X, Teng Y, Liu X, Zheng L, Li W, Chen J. Transarterial chemoembolization plus lenvatinib versus transarterial chemoembolization plus sorafenib as first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: A prospective randomized study. Cancer. 2021 Oct 15;127(20):3782-3793. doi: 10.1002/cncr.33677. Epub 2021 Jul 8.