Clinical trial NCT02334774: Effects of an Swallowing and Oral Care Program in Patients Following Prolonged Endotracheal Intubation
Official title: Effects of an Swallowing and Oral Care Program on Swallowing and Oral Intake Status in Patients Following Prolonged Endotracheal Intubation
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Dysphagia
Endotracheal Intubation
Intake Status
Swallowing Status
Lead sponsor: National Taiwan University Hospital
Sponsor class: OTHER
First posted: 2015-01-08
Enrollment: 63
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 50
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: NA
Intervention model: SINGLE_GROUP
Intervention model description: Pre-and post- intervention
Primary purpose: SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Brief summary: This pre-and post-intervention study enrolled adult Intensive Care Unit(ICU) patients (≥50 years) successfully extubated after ≥48 hours endotracheal intubation and without preexisting neuromuscular disease or swallowing dysfunction.

All participants received by a trained nurse-administered, hospital-based (up to 14 days) Swallowing and Oral Care(SOC) intervention comprising toothbrushing/salivary gland massage, oral motor exercise, and advice on safe-swallowing strategies.

All participants' daily intake status (21 days) and oral health status, oral sensation(stereognosis, light touch and two-point discrimination), tongue and lip strength, salivary secretion, body weight) were assessed at 2, 7, 14 days post-extubation by a blinded research nurse.

Feasibility was evaluated as time spent providing SOC, patients adherence to SOC components, and adverse event(i.e., coughing, wet voice, or decreased oxygen saturation) during SOC intervention.

Detailed description: With rapid growth of medical technology, patients receiving oral endotracheal intubation have increased. Although endotracheal intubation is a life-sustaining procedure, its presence can deteriorate the structure and function of oropharynx, which may contribute to the difficulties in swallowing and subsequent oral intake. Estimated 62% of patients who had been intubated ≥48 hours will experience post-extubation dysphagia. Clearly, intervention is needed but studies are lacking in this regard. Thus, the objective of this pilot trial is to evaluate effects of an Oral Swallowing Care Program on swallowing and oral intake status in patients following prolonged endotracheal intubation.

This study employs a pre-and post-intervention design. The investigators were enrolled 63 post-extubated adult patients (50 years old and older) who had prolonged (≥48 hours) oral endotracheal intubation from six medical intensive care units at a medical center in Taipei, Taiwan.

Participants were assessed within 48 hours post-extubation for the baseline data, then a 14-day, daily Swallowing and Oral Care (SOC) Program involves toothbrushing/salivary gland massage, oral exercise(i.e., active/resistive range-of-motion\[ROM\] exercises for tongue, lips, and jaw), and advice on safe-swallowing strategies.

Outcome were assessed on 2nd, 7th, 14th, and 21st day post-extubation including oral health status, oral sensation (stereognosis, light touch and two-point discrimination), tongue and lip strength, salivary secretion, body weight. In addition, Three-Step Swallowing Screen (3-SSS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale(FOIS) were assessed daily. The data were analyzed by SPSS 12 software package.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria

* Adult patients (50 years old and older)
* People who had been extubated for over 48 hours and successfully extubated
* People or their legal representative who agree to participate in this study and sign the permit
* People who can communicate with Mandarin or Taiwanese

Exclusion criteria

* People who have diagnosis of neurological diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease or spinal injury, etc.
* People who have abnormal structure or function of oropharynx such as patients with head neck cancer or acquired/ inherited abnormal oropharynx structure
* People who currently have endotracheostomy
* People who are unconscious or have mental disability, having difficulty following the protocol or interacting with others
* People who are absolute quarantined. such as patients with open tuberculosis
* People who had swallowing difficulties before current intubation

Primary outcomes:
measure: Days to reach Oral intake status level 6
timeFrame: 21 days post-extubation
measure: whether return to total oral intake within 21 days post extubation
timeFrame: 21 days post-extubation
measure: pass or fail Three-Step Swallowing Screen at 7th day post-extubation
timeFrame: on 7th day post-extubation
measure: pass or fail Three-Step Swallowing Screen at 14th day post-extubation
timeFrame: on 14th day post-extubation
measure: pass or fail Three-Step Swallowing Screen at 21st day post-extubation
timeFrame: on 21st day post-extubation
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Oral health status
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation
measure: Oral stereognosis
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation
measure: Oral light-touch sensation
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation
measure: Oral two-point discrimination
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation
measure: Tongue and lip strength
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th, and 14th day post-extubation
measure: Salivary secretion
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th, and 14th day post-extubation
measure: Body weight
timeFrame: on the 2nd, 7th, 14th and 21th day post-extubation.
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Taipei
country: Taiwan
facility: National Taiwan University Hospital
Study officials:
affiliation: Nursing Graduate Institute, National Taiwan University
name: Cheryl CH Chen, Professor
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: El Solh A, Okada M, Bhat A, Pietrantoni C. Swallowing disorders post orotracheal intubation in the elderly. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Sep;29(9):1451-5. doi: 10.1007/s00134-003-1870-4. Epub 2003 Aug 2.
citation: Macht M, Wimbish T, Clark BJ, Benson AB, Burnham EL, Williams A, Moss M. Postextubation dysphagia is persistent and associated with poor outcomes in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R231. doi: 10.1186/cc10472. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
citation: Macht M, King CJ, Wimbish T, Clark BJ, Benson AB, Burnham EL, Williams A, Moss M. Post-extubation dysphagia is associated with longer hospitalization in survivors of critical illness with neurologic impairment. Crit Care. 2013 Jun 20;17(3):R119. doi: 10.1186/cc12791.
citation: Kim MJ, Park YH, Park YS, Song YH. Associations Between Prolonged Intubation and Developing Post-extubation Dysphagia and Aspiration Pneumonia in Non-neurologic Critically Ill Patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015 Oct;39(5):763-71. doi: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.5.763. Epub 2015 Oct 26.
citation: Skoretz SA, Flowers HL, Martino R. The incidence of dysphagia following endotracheal intubation: a systematic review. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):665-73. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-1823.
citation: Tsai MH, Ku SC, Wang TG, Hsiao TY, Lee JJ, Chan DC, Huang GH, Chen CC. Swallowing dysfunction following endotracheal intubation: Age matters. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Jun;95(24):e3871. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003871.
citation: Brodsky MB, Huang M, Shanholtz C, Mendez-Tellez PA, Palmer JB, Colantuoni E, Needham DM. Recovery from Dysphagia Symptoms after Oral Endotracheal Intubation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Survivors. A 5-Year Longitudinal Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017 Mar;14(3):376-383. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201606-455OC.
citation: Rassameehiran S, Klomjit S, Mankongpaisarnrung C, Rakvit A. Postextubation Dysphagia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2015 Jan;28(1):18-20. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2015.11929174.
citation: Affoo RH, Trottier K, Garrick R, Mascarenhas T, Jang Y, Martin RE. The Effects of Tooth Brushing on Whole Salivary Flow Rate in Older Adults. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Feb 26;2018:3904139. doi: 10.1155/2018/3904139. eCollection 2018.
citation: Park T, Kim Y. Effects of tongue pressing effortful swallow in older healthy individuals. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016 Sep-Oct;66:127-33. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.05.009. Epub 2016 Jun 3.
citation: Crary MA, Mann GD, Groher ME. Initial psychometric assessment of a functional oral intake scale for dysphagia in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Aug;86(8):1516-20. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.049.
citation: Lopez-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Bermejo-Fenoll A. A simple test for salivary gland hypofunction using Oral Schirmer's test. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006 Apr;35(4):244-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00411.x.
citation: Chen CC, Wu KH, Ku SC, Chan DC, Lee JJ, Wang TG, Hsiao TY. Bedside screen for oral cavity structure, salivary flow, and vocal production over the 14days following endotracheal extubation. J Crit Care. 2018 Jun;45:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.035. Epub 2017 Dec 16.
citation: Heffner JE. Swallowing complications after endotracheal extubation: moving from "whether" to "how". Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):509-10. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2477. No abstract available.
citation: Su H, Hsiao TY, Ku SC, Wang TG, Lee JJ, Tzeng WC, Huang GH, Chen CC. Tongue weakness and somatosensory disturbance following oral endotracheal extubation. Dysphagia. 2015 Apr;30(2):188-95. doi: 10.1007/s00455-014-9594-x. Epub 2015 Feb 8.
citation: Boliek CA, Rieger JM, Li SY, Mohamed Z, Kickham J, Amundsen K. Establishing a reliable protocol to measure tongue sensation. J Oral Rehabil. 2007 Jun;34(6):433-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01735.x.
citation: Rech RS, Baumgarten A, Colvara BC, Brochier CW, de Goulart B, Hugo FN, Hilgert JB. Association between oropharyngeal dysphagia, oral functionality, and oral sensorimotor alteration. Oral Dis. 2018 May;24(4):664-672. doi: 10.1111/odi.12809. Epub 2018 Feb 27.
citation: Wu CP, Xu YJ, Wang TG, Ku SC, Chan DC, Lee JJ, Wei YC, Hsiao TY, Chen CC. Effects of a swallowing and oral care intervention for patients following endotracheal extubation: a pre- and post-intervention study. Crit Care. 2019 Nov 9;23(1):350. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2623-2.