Clinical trial NCT04400396: Effect of Target Fortified Human Milk on the Growth Quality of Very Preterm Infants (TargetFort)
Official title: Effect of Target vs. Standard Human Milk Fortification on the Growth and Body Composition of Predominantly Human Milk Fed Very Preterm Infants
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: UNKNOWN
Conditions: Growth
Body Composition
Prematurity
Breast Milk Collection
Nutrient Deficiency
Feeding Patterns
Adiposity
Lead sponsor: Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Sociedade Portuguesa de Neonatologia
First posted: 2020-05-22
Enrollment: 80
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 1
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Observational model: COHORT
Time perspective: OTHER
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Very preterm newborn infants (born at \<33 weeks) that achieve full enteral feeding exclusively or predominantly with human milk

Brief summary: It is reported that the standard method for fortification of human milk (HM) overestimates the energy and protein densities of HM (Macedo MHNP 2018), thus originating infant undernutrition (Macedo AJP 2018). The target fortification, based on analysis of HM composition, is considered the gold-standard method (Rochow 2015, McLeod 2016). This observational mixed cohort study aims to assess if very preterm infants fed HM with target fortification have greater growth during hospital stay and better body composition at term post-menstrual age (PMA), than those fed HM with standard fortification.

Detailed description: Study design: observational mixed cohort study, comparing growth and body composition in a contemporary cohort of very preterm infants fed HM with target fortification, the currently adopted clinical practice, with a historical cohort of very preterm infants fed HM with standard fortification (Macedo AJP 2018).

Study periods: historical cohort from 1 February 2014 to 28 February 2015; contemporary cohort: start February 2020, estimated recruitment period of 16 months; Settings: Neonatal Care Unit (NICU) and Human Milk Bank at Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa and Nutrition Laboratory at Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central.

Product to be analyzed: HM, including mother's own milk (MOM) and donor's milk (DHM). Donor HM is pasteurized using the Holder method (Peila 2016) which is adopted by the Human Milk Bank of Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa (Macedo MHNP 2018).

Demographic variables: Gestational age, sex, singleton or twin, birth weight, small-, appropriate- or large-for-gestational age (\<3rd percentile, ≥3rd percentile and ≤97th percentile, \>97th percentile, respectively) (Fenton 2013), severity index (SNAPPE II) (Richardson 2001), use of prenatal corticosteroids, diagnosis of late sepsis (Modi 2009), necrotizing enterocolitis (grade ≥ 3) (Bell 1971), intraperiventricular hemorrhage (grade ≥ 3) (Papile 1978), multicystic periventricular leukomalacia (de Vries 1992), and chronic lung disease (Becker 1984).

Method of collection and analysis of HM: as described in a previous study (Macedo MHNP 2018), in order to minimize daily variability of breast milk composition, mothers are asked to save milk collected through 24 hours in the same container. The HM composition (MOM and DHM) are analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer (Miris AB, Uppsala, Sweden), following the method described in a previous study (Macedo MHNP 2018). The composition is expressed in densities: Kcal/dL of energy and g/dl of fat, raw and true protein, carbohydrates and ashes.

Energy and macronutrient composition of the multi-component HM fortifier and modular protein and fat supplements. For this purpose, an Excel program to calculate modular protein and fat supplements to be added to fortified HM was developed and registered (Nona R, Cardoso M, Portuguese Directorate of Intellectual Property Services, IGAC-DSPI, nº 480/2020, 26 February 2020).

Daily intakes of energy (Kcal/kg), protein (g/kg) and protein:energy ratio (P:E), based on administered volume of milk (ml/kg).

Anthropometric and body composition measurements in infants: According to the previously described method (Macedo AJP 2018), during the hospital stay, the same observer (MMC) measures daily the body weight (allowing the calculation of weight gain velocity), and weekly the length and the head circumference. Within the first week after discharge, body composition will be assessed using displacement plethysmography, to evaluate fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), percentage of FM (%FM), percentage of FFM (%FFM) and FM index (FMI), as described in a previous study (Macedo AJP 2018). Both FMI and %FM are used as indicators of adiposity.

Estimate of sample size: The study sample size was calculated to detect a difference of 2 g/kg/day in growth velocity with a standard deviation 2.6 (Macedo, 2018; Tremblay, 2017) for normally distributed variables, a significance level of 0.05, and an 80% power; thus, a required sample of 67 infants (n1=33; n2+20%=34) was estimated.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* newborn infants born at \<33 weeks of gestation,
* admitted to the NICU of Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa (inborns and outborns),
* exclusively or predominantly HM fed (\>87.5% volume per day)
* discharged alive.

Exclusion Criteria:

* multiples of grade \>2
* diagnosis of innate metabolism disorder,
* fed with formula for \>12.5% of the daily volume intake for two or more consecutive full days ,
* discharge with transference to other hospital,
* unavailable for body composition analysis after discharge.

Primary outcomes:
measure: weight gain velocity rate
timeFrame: from baseline (the first day of exclusive or predominantly feeding with fortified human milk) up to 40 weeks postmenstrual age or to home discharge, whatever comes first
measure: length velocity rate
timeFrame: from baseline (the first day of exclusive or predominantly feeding with fortified human milk) up to 40 weeks postmenstrual age or to home discharge, whatever comes first
measure: head circumference velocity rate
timeFrame: from baseline (the first day of exclusive or predominantly feeding with fortified human milk) up to 40 weeks postmenstrual age or to home discharge, whatever comes first
measure: adiposity (fat mass index)
timeFrame: A single measurement performed up to 10 days after home discharge
Secondary outcomes:
measure: adiposity (fat mass percentage)
timeFrame: A single measurement performed up to 10 days after home discharge
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Lisboa
country: Portugal
facility: Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central
Study officials:
affiliation: Universidade Nova de Lisboa
name: Luis Pereira-da-Silva, MD, PhD
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
References:
citation: Macedo I, Pereira-da-Silva L, Cardoso M. The fortification method relying on assumed human milk composition overestimates the actual energy and macronutrient intakes in very preterm infants. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2018 Sep 17;4:22. doi: 10.1186/s40748-018-0090-4. eCollection 2018.
citation: McLeod G, Sherriff J, Hartmann PE, Nathan E, Geddes D, Simmer K. Comparing different methods of human breast milk fortification using measured v. assumed macronutrient composition to target reference growth: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016 Feb 14;115(3):431-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515004614. Epub 2015 Dec 2.
citation: Rochow N, Landau-Crangle E, Fusch C. Challenges in breast milk fortification for preterm infants. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015 May;18(3):276-84. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000167.
citation: Macedo I, Pereira-da-Silva L, Cardoso M. Associations of Measured Protein and Energy Intakes with Growth and Adiposity in Human Milk-Fed Preterm Infants at Term Postmenstrual Age: A Cohort Study. Am J Perinatol. 2018 Jul;35(9):882-891. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1626717. Epub 2018 Feb 2.
citation: Henriksen C, Westerberg AC, Ronnestad A, Nakstad B, Veierod MB, Drevon CA, Iversen PO. Growth and nutrient intake among very-low-birth-weight infants fed fortified human milk during hospitalisation. Br J Nutr. 2009 Oct;102(8):1179-86. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509371755. Epub 2009 May 18.
citation: Maas C, Wiechers C, Bernhard W, Poets CF, Franz AR. Early feeding of fortified breast milk and in-hospital-growth in very premature infants: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2013 Nov 4;13:178. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-178.
citation: Morlacchi L, Mallardi D, Gianni ML, Roggero P, Amato O, Piemontese P, Consonni D, Mosca F. Is targeted fortification of human breast milk an optimal nutrition strategy for preterm infants? An interventional study. J Transl Med. 2016 Jul 1;14(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s12967-016-0957-y.
citation: Polberger S. New approaches to optimizing early diets. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2009;63:195-204; discussion 204-8, 259-68. doi: 10.1159/000209982.
citation: Cardoso M, Virella D, Macedo I, Silva D, Pereira-da-Silva L. Customized Human Milk Fortification Based on Measured Human Milk Composition to Improve the Quality of Growth in Very Preterm Infants: A Mixed-Cohort Study Protocol. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 19;18(2):823. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020823.