Clinical trial NCT01162265: Prognostic Value of Interferon Gamma Release Assays in Predicting Active Tuberculosis Among Individuals With, or at Risk of, Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Official title: Prognostic Value of Interferon Gamma Release Assays in Predicting Active Tuberculosis Among Individuals With, or at Risk of, Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Conditions: Tuberculosis
Latent Tuberculosis
Keywords: Tuberculosis
IGRA
latent
Lead sponsor: Public Health England
Sponsor class: OTHER_GOV
Collaborators: name: Imperial College London
name: Queen Mary University of London
name: University College, London
name: Brunel University
name: University of Birmingham
First posted: 2010-07-14
Enrollment: 10000
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 16
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Observational model: COHORT
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Those who are close contacts of active tuberculosis cases or those who have are new entrants to the UK from high incidence countries (\>40/100000).

Brief summary: The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of the two current TB (tuberculosis) blood tests (Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA)) compared with the standard skin test (Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)), for predicting active tuberculosis among those at increased risk of TB. Those at increased risk are defined as either newly arrived immigrants or people who have been in contact with TB cases. The study will also provide information on the cost effectiveness of different testing strategies, such as the two step testing approach recommended by NICE. The study is to be funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme.

10,000 participants will be recruited from 12 hospitals and a network of GP surgeries in London. All participants will have the skin test and blood taken for both assays. Disease status of participants will then be followed up for an average of 24 months using the national register of clinical reports, a phone call and the national microbiological database. The risk of developing active disease is highest in the first two years after exposure. During followup there will be no additional diagnostic procedures unless symptoms occur, i.e. in line with current NICE policy. A sub group of patients, selected as a random 25% of participants, will have a repeat IGRA test shortly after the first test to investigate whether the skin test affects the result of the blood test.

Detailed description: DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of individuals (\> or = 16 yrs) who are: (a) close contacts of TB cases or (b) new entrants from high incidence countries (\>40/100000). SETTING: London TB clinics. NE London TB Network Primary Care Practices. All study sites will be coordinated from the HPA Centre for Infections.

HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES (LTBI MEASURES):Participants will be tested by Mantoux TST and two IGRA tests(Quantiferon-Gold In Tube ELISA) and ELISpot assay (same as Tspot.TB). A 25ml blood specimen will be collected with the residuum, after IGRA testing, full blood count and repetition of indeterminate assays, being stored for future research.

All tests will be conducted using standardised protocols.(6) ACTION AFTER TESTING: This will follow existing NICE guidance. (1;2) A) If negative by TST and IGRA, follow up only. B) If positive by either TST or IGRA tests, active TB will be excluded. Those without active TB will be followed up. C) If positive by IGRA \& TST test and \> 35 yrs, follow up only and for those 16-34 yrs, chemoprophylaxis will be offered with balanced advice about potential benefits/risks.

PRIMARY OUTCOME: Development of active TB. Prognostic values of tests quantified as incidence rate ratios (RR) among contacts and new entrants. SECONDARY OUTCOME: Side effects from chemoprophylaxis.

FOLLOW UP: average of 24 months from the date of IGRA/TST testing. a) phone call to GP and or patients at 24 months. b) national enhanced TB surveillance. c) national database of culture proven TB. d) Clinic records. ADDITIONAL DATA:

collected on all potential source cases and contacts using a questionnaire and medical records review (see below). HIV status will be determined at the end of the follow-up period through anonymised record linkage with the national HIV surveillance system, which is reliable.(4) DNA finger printing data, from the national strain typing database, will be utilised to ascertain transmission between index cases and subsequent diagnoses among contacts.

ANALYSIS PLAN: The predictive performance of each test (TST, ELISpot and ELISA) will be summarised as the RR of test positives in those developing active TB compared to not (analogous to positive likelihood ratio: TPR/FPR). GEE Poisson regression will compare disease RRs between tests accounting for length of follow-up and exploiting within patient comparisons of tests. Absolute risk of disease in different groups will be described in those with no evidence of LTBI and those with LTBI who have / have not received chemoprophylaxis. Other analyses: HIV infected and risk factors for LTBI.

SAMPLE SIZE: Assuming a LTBI rate of 30%, 5% progressing to active TB in 2 years if untreated and 20% loss to follow-up, simulations indicate a cohort of 5,000 would have 80% power of detecting clinically important differences in predictive performance (P\<0.05) that would arise from differences in sensitivity and specificity of 10% between tests for detecting LTBI. 50% of TB contacts and new entrants are aged \>35yrs, so a cohort of 10,000 identifies 5,000 for the primary analysis of progression without treatment. Testing and follow-up of 10,000 would allow appropriately powered secondary analyses a) comparing contacts and immigrants, b) estimating progression on treatment using regression models to adjust for test dependent treatment decisions.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: The cost-effectiveness of alternative screening strategies for patients with suspected LTBI will be assessed. A decision model will be developed to estimate the costs (£) and health effects (QALYs) of the following strategies: a) no screening, b) TST alone, c) different IGRA tests (ELISA or ELISpot), and d) TST followed by IGRA if positive. These strategies will be compared for: contacts and new entrants stratified by age and baseline risk. The model will use data from the cohort study and the published literature, and will follow the NICE reference case (5). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis will be used to assess uncertainty. Benefits due to prevention of transmission will be estimated.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Contacts of all active TB (pulmonary and extrapulmonary) patients. (Contacts will include all individuals with a cumulative duration of exposure of greater than eight hours to the relevant index case in a confined space during the period of infectiousness (prior to initiation of treatment) who attend designated clinics.
* New entrants from high incidence countries (incidence of TB of \>40/100000) who attend designated clinics

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are unable to give informed consent
* Children under 16 years of age
* Individuals found to have active TB at the time of screening

Primary outcomes:
measure: Development of active TB. Prognostic values of tests quantified as incidence rate ratios (RR) among contacts and new entrants
timeFrame: two years
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Side effects from chemoprophylaxis
timeFrame: two years
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Southall
country: United Kingdom
facility: Ealing Hospital
state: London
city: Tooting
country: United Kingdom
facility: St George's Hospital
state: London
city: London
country: United Kingdom
facility: Homerton Hospital
Study officials:
affiliation: Imperial College London
name: Ajit Lalvani, MD, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
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citation: Katelaris AL, Jackson C, Southern J, Gupta RK, Drobniewski F, Lalvani A, Lipman M, Mangtani P, Abubakar I. Effectiveness of BCG Vaccination Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Adults: A Cross-sectional Analysis of a UK-Based Cohort. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 1;221(1):146-155. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz430.
citation: Abubakar I, Lalvani A, Southern J, Sitch A, Jackson C, Onyimadu O, Lipman M, Deeks JJ, Griffiths C, Bothamley G, Kon OM, Hayward A, Lord J, Drobniewski F. Two interferon gamma release assays for predicting active tuberculosis: the UK PREDICT TB prognostic test study. Health Technol Assess. 2018 Oct;22(56):1-96. doi: 10.3310/hta22560.
citation: Abubakar I, Drobniewski F, Southern J, Sitch AJ, Jackson C, Lipman M, Deeks JJ, Griffiths C, Bothamley G, Lynn W, Burgess H, Mann B, Imran A, Sridhar S, Tsou CY, Nikolayevskyy V, Rees-Roberts M, Whitworth H, Kon OM, Haldar P, Kunst H, Anderson S, Hayward A, Watson JM, Milburn H, Lalvani A; PREDICT Study Team. Prognostic value of interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in predicting the development of active tuberculosis (UK PREDICT TB): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Oct;18(10):1077-1087. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30355-4. Epub 2018 Aug 30.
citation: Jackson C, Southern J, Lalvani A, Drobniewski F, Griffiths CJ, Lipman M, Bothamley GH, Deeks JJ, Imran A, Kon OM, Mpofu S, Nikolayevskyy V, Rees-Roberts M, Sitch A, Sridhar S, Tsou CY, Whitworth H, Abubakar I. Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: baseline analysis of a large UK cohort. Thorax. 2019 Jan;74(1):91-94. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-211124. Epub 2018 May 15.