Clinical trial NCT02409277: Redesigning Ambulatory Care Delivery to Enhance Asthma Control in Children
Official title: Redesigning Ambulatory Care Delivery to Enhance Asthma Control in Children
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Asthma
Keywords: Self-Management
Asthma
Lead sponsor: University of Utah
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
First posted: 2015-04-06
Enrollment: 926
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 2
Maximum age (years): 17
Standard ages: CHILD
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: The investigators have developed a tool to facilitate asthma self-management in children, the electronic-AsthmaTracker (e-AT). The e-AT changes ambulatory asthma care delivery to a new model that is continuous and proactive, focusing on prevention and control, rather than reactive and focusing on management of asthma attacks. The e-AT 1) engages parents in weekly monitoring of their child's chronic asthma symptoms, 2) guides parents to recognize warning signs of asthma attacks in order to prompt appropriate interventions and timely visits to Primary Care Providers, and 3) provides Primary Care Providers with real-time, objective patient data to assess the effectiveness of asthma therapy and prompt adjustments. In a preliminary study of the paper-based version of the AT, frequent users had significantly fewer emergency department (ED) and hospital visits. Parent comments during the e-AT pilot testing revealed that the tool was useful in helping them manage their child's asthma and were interested in assessing the tool's effectiveness and in identifying and addressing barriers to their sustained use of the e-AT.

Improving asthma control in children will be facilitated by broad e-AT dissemination, and by identifying and addressing critical factors that contribute to parent sustained participation in self-management. The investigators propose to assess the effectiveness of the new ambulatory care model supported by the e-AT and conduct an e-AT process evaluation, assessing barriers and facilitators of sustained parent use. The investigators will engage parents throughout this study to identify and address themes that matter to them. The target population is children with persistent asthma, ages 2-17 years. The investigators have engaged 10 parents since conception of this project, from the planning to design and validation of the paper-AT, and the design and pilot testing of the e-AT. Input from parents was received through 3 iterative focus groups (one for the paper-AT and 2 for the e-AT) and facilitated discussions to inform the development of this proposal including research objectives and outcome measures. In addition, the investigators have recruited other key stakeholders for whom the results of the research will be relevant.

Detailed description: Through the following specific aims, the investigators will:

Aim 1: Assess the effectiveness of the new ambulatory care model, by comparing outcomes at the 1.a. child (child's quality of life (QOL), asthma control, missed school days), 1.b.parent (satisfaction, parent missed work days) and 1.c. clinic (ED/hospital visits) levels, between clinics randomly assigned to either the standard e-AT intervention vs. intensive e-AT intervention. 1.d. Use non randomized comparisons to determine the effectiveness of the e-AT relative to a control group (usual care) in which the e-AT was not used

Aim 2: Assess the association of QOL, asthma control, and ED/hospital admissions with the prior frequency of e-AT use and assess if the association differs between parent subgroups (high vs. low literacy, Medicaid vs. private insurance, and frequent vs. less frequent e-AT users).

Aim 3: Determine the association of demographic, socio-economic, behavioral, and technology factors with sustained parent participation in asthma self-management.

The outcome measures are:

Primary Outcome:

1. Child quality of life (QOL)

   Secondary Outcomes:
2. Child asthma control
3. Child interrupted/missed school days
4. Child use of oral steroids (surrogate measure of an asthma exacerbation)
5. Parent satisfaction with care
6. Parent interruption/missed work days
7. Clinics: ED/Hospital admissions

Eligibility criteria: Facility Eligibility

Clinics are eligible for participation if they meet the following criteria:

1. Primary care clinics with the clinical leadership to adopt use of e-AT for asthma management.
2. Have patients between 2 and 17 years of age with persistent asthma.
3. Ability of the facility to accommodate patient enrollment and training about use of e-AT.

Patient Inclusion Criteria

1. Children ages 2 through 17 years and their parents (main parents or caregiver)
2. English speakers
3. Children who received or are receiving asthma treatment (at participating clinics).
4. Parents have Internet access
5. Children with persistent asthma.

Patient Exclusion Criteria:

As this is a pragmatic trial assessing evidence of the e-AT in a real clinical environment, no patients will be excluded as long as they meet inclusion criteria. However, during the time of analysis, we will conduct a sub-analysis, comparing the effectiveness of the new care model among patients with or without co-morbid conditions that may affect measured asthma outcomes. These include patients with a history or increased risk of pulmonary disease (cystic fibrosis, bronco-pulmonary dysplasia, aspiration pneumonia, severe Cerebral Palsy (CP) with aspiration risk, technology dependency (gastrostomy tube, tracheostomy), history of congenital heart disease requiring surgical correction or with complicating congestive heart failure requiring medical management, immunodeficiency (including patients on immunosuppressants), and malignancies.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Patient Quality of Life (QOL), Compared Mean QOL Change From Baseline at Each Follow-up Assessment Between the Clinics Assigned to the Intensive and Standard e-AT Interventions
timeFrame: Quality of Life assessed at baseline, then compared to 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after intervention.
measure: Patient Quality of Life (QOL), Overall Longitudinal Change (From Baseline) Within All Subjects (Who Received the e-AT Intervention)
timeFrame: Average Baseline QOL was compared to QOL scores at 3, 6 and 12 month follow-up QOL
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Parent Satisfaction With Care, Standard vs Intensive
timeFrame: Changes in satisfaction was compared between 12 month follow-up and baseline satisfaction across Standard and Intensive interventions
measure: Child Interrupted/Missed School Days, Standard vs Intensive
timeFrame: Interrupted/missed school days were collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 month follow-ups
measure: Parent Interrupted/Missed Work Days, Standard vs Intensive
timeFrame: Interrupted/missed work days were measured baseline 3, 6, and 12 months
measure: Asthma Control Change, Standard vs Intensive
timeFrame: Average baseline ACT scores compared to average ACT scores at quarter 1, 2, 3 and 4, and between Standard vs. Intensive
measure: Emergency Department (ED)/Hospitalization, Standard vs Intensive
timeFrame: Change in 1 year ED/hospital admission between 12-month prior and 12 month post e-AT use
measure: Parent Satisfaction With Care, Overall (Change Overtime From Baseline to 12 Months)
timeFrame: Satisfaction at 1 year following e-AT use was compared to baseline satisfaction scores
measure: Child Asthma Control Overall (Comparing Change of Asthma Control From Baseline to Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3 and Quarter 4)
timeFrame: baseline ACT scores were compared to quarters 1, 2, 3, 4.
measure: Child Interrupted/Missed School Days, Overall (Longitudinal Changes Overtime)
timeFrame: 1 year
measure: Parent Interrupted/Missed Work Days, Overall (Longitudinal Change Overtime)
timeFrame: 1 year
measure: ED/Hospital Admissions, e-AT Overall (Pre vs. Post e-AT Use Within Subjects That Received the e-AT Intervention)
timeFrame: 1 year
measure: Use of Oral Steroid, Overall
timeFrame: 1 year
measure: ED/Hospital Admission, Early vs. Late Patients
timeFrame: 1 year following e-AT use for early and late starting patients
measure: Oral Steroid Use, Early vs. Late Patients
timeFrame: 1 year
measure: ED/Hospital Admission, Early vs Late Starting Clinics (During the 3 Months When Late Starting Clinics Have Not Used the e-AT)
timeFrame: 3-month period prior to the late clinics starting the e-AT
measure: Oral Steroid Use, Early vs Late Starting Clinics (During the 3 Months When Late Starting Clinics Have Not Started the e-AT)
timeFrame: 3 month period prior to the late clinics starting the e-AT
measure: ED/Hospital Admissions, e-AT vs Usual Care
timeFrame: 1 year
measure: Oral Steroid Use, e-AT vs Usual Care
timeFrame: 1 year
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Salt Lake City
country: United States
facility: University of Utah
state: Utah
Study officials:
affiliation: University of Utah
name: Flory Nkoy, MD, MS, MPH
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: CDC. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Data2009. http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/nhis/09/data.htm
citation: Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Liu X. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009. Natl Health Stat Report. 2011 Jan 12;(32):1-14.
citation: CDC. Healthy Youth! Health Topics, Asthma2009.
citation: Wessel L, Spain J. The Chronic Care Model: A Collaborative Approach to Preventing and Treating Asthma in Infants and Young Children. January 2005. EJ847179
citation: Association AL. Asthma & Children Fact Sheet 2012. http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/asthma/resources/facts-and-figures/asthma-children-fact-sheet.html
citation: Farber HJ. Risk of readmission to hospital for pediatric asthma. J Asthma. 1998;35(1):95-9. doi: 10.3109/02770909809055410.
citation: Minkovitz CS, Andrews JS, Serwint JR. Rehospitalization of children with asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Jul;153(7):727-30. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.153.7.727.
citation: Lieu TA, Quesenberry CP, Sorel ME, Mendoza GR, Leong AB. Computer-based models to identify high-risk children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Apr;157(4 Pt 1):1173-80. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9708124.
citation: Rea HH, Scragg R, Jackson R, Beaglehole R, Fenwick J, Sutherland DC. A case-control study of deaths from asthma. Thorax. 1986 Nov;41(11):833-9. doi: 10.1136/thx.41.11.833.
citation: Weiss KB, Gergen PJ, Hodgson TA. An economic evaluation of asthma in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1992 Mar 26;326(13):862-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199203263261304.
citation: Smith DH, Malone DC, Lawson KA, Okamoto LJ, Battista C, Saunders WB. A national estimate of the economic costs of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Sep;156(3 Pt 1):787-93. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.9611072.
citation: Bloomberg GR, Trinkaus KM, Fisher EB Jr, Musick JR, Strunk RC. Hospital readmissions for childhood asthma: a 10-year metropolitan study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Apr 15;167(8):1068-76. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2201015.
citation: Crane J, Pearce N, Burgess C, Woodman K, Robson B, Beasley R. Markers of risk of asthma death or readmission in the 12 months following a hospital admission for asthma. Int J Epidemiol. 1992 Aug;21(4):737-44. doi: 10.1093/ije/21.4.737.
citation: Li D, German D, Lulla S, Thomas RG, Wilson SR. Prospective study of hospitalization for asthma. A preliminary risk factor model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Mar;151(3 Pt 1):647-55. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.3.7881651.
citation: To T, Dick P, Feldman W, Hernandez R. A cohort study on childhood asthma admissions and readmissions. Pediatrics. 1996 Aug;98(2 Pt 1):191-5.
citation: Chapman KR, Boulet LP, Rea RM, Franssen E. Suboptimal asthma control: prevalence, detection and consequences in general practice. Eur Respir J. 2008 Feb;31(2):320-5. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00039707. Epub 2007 Oct 24.
citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Asthma hospitalizations and readmissions among children and young adults--Wisconsin, 1991-1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997 Aug 8;46(31):726-9.
citation: Mitchell EA, Bland JM, Thompson JM. Risk factors for readmission to hospital for asthma in childhood. Thorax. 1994 Jan;49(1):33-6. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.1.33.
citation: Vargas PA, Perry TT, Robles E, Jo CH, Simpson PM, Magee JM, Feild CR, Hakkak R, Carroll PA, Jones SM. Relationship of body mass index with asthma indicators in head start children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007 Jul;99(1):22-8. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60616-3.
citation: Barnes PJ. Achieving asthma control. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21 Suppl 4:S5-9. doi: 10.1185/030079905X61730.
citation: Bloomberg GR, Banister C, Sterkel R, Epstein J, Bruns J, Swerczek L, Wells S, Yan Y, Garbutt JM. Socioeconomic, family, and pediatric practice factors that affect level of asthma control. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):829-35. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0504.
citation: Bateman ED, Frith LF, Braunstein GL. Achieving guideline-based asthma control: does the patient benefit? Eur Respir J. 2002 Sep;20(3):588-95. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.00294702.
citation: Rabe KF, Adachi M, Lai CK, Soriano JB, Vermeire PA, Weiss KB, Weiss ST. Worldwide severity and control of asthma in children and adults: the global asthma insights and reality surveys. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jul;114(1):40-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.042.
citation: National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov;120(5 Suppl):S94-138. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.043.
citation: Stempel DA, McLaughin TP, Stanford RH, Fuhlbrigge AL. Patterns of asthma control: a 3-year analysis of patient claims. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 May;115(5):935-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.054.
citation: Williams SG, Schmidt DK, Redd SC, Storms W; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Key clinical activities for quality asthma care. Recommendations of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Mar 28;52(RR-6):1-8.
citation: New NHLBI guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Lippincott Health Promot Lett. 1997 Aug;2(7):1, 8-9. No abstract available.
citation: Glauber JH, Farber HJ, Homer CJ. Asthma clinical pathways: toward what end? Pediatrics. 2001 Mar;107(3):590-2. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.3.590. No abstract available.
citation: Ressel GW; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. NAEPP updates guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Jul 1;68(1):169-70. No abstract available.
citation: Jovicic A, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE. Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Nov 2;6:43. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-6-43.
citation: Clark DO, Frankel RM, Morgan DL, Ricketts G, Bair MJ, Nyland KA, Callahan CM. The meaning and significance of self-management among socioeconomically vulnerable older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2008 Sep;63(5):S312-9. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.5.s312.
citation: McGowan P. Self-Managment: A Background Paper. Centre on Aging New Perspectives: International Conference on Patient Self-Management 2006:1-10.
citation: Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. 2002 Oct-Nov;48(2):177-87. doi: 10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00032-0.
citation: Adams WG, Fuhlbrigge AL, Miller CW, Panek CG, Gi Y, Loane KC, Madden NE, Plunkett AM, Friedman RH. TLC-Asthma: an integrated information system for patient-centered monitoring, case management, and point-of-care decision support. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2003;2003:1-5.
citation: Cruz-Correia R, Fonseca J, Lima L, Araujo L, Delgado L, Castel-Branco MG, Costa-Pereira A. Web-based or paper-based self-management tools for asthma--patients' opinions and quality of data in a randomized crossover study. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;127:178-89.
citation: Finkelstein J, Cabrera MR, Hripcsak G. Internet-based home asthma telemonitoring: can patients handle the technology? Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):148-55. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.1.148.
citation: Janson SL, McGrath KW, Covington JK, Cheng SC, Boushey HA. Individualized asthma self-management improves medication adherence and markers of asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Apr;123(4):840-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.053.
citation: Joshi A, Amelung P, Arora M, Finkelstein J. Clinical impact of home automated telemanagement in asthma. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2005;2005:1000.
citation: Ostojic V, Cvoriscec B, Ostojic SB, Reznikoff D, Stipic-Markovic A, Tudjman Z. Improving asthma control through telemedicine: a study of short-message service. Telemed J E Health. 2005 Feb;11(1):28-35. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2005.11.28.
citation: van der Meer V, van Stel HF, Bakker MJ, Roldaan AC, Assendelft WJ, Sterk PJ, Rabe KF, Sont JK; SMASHING (Self-Management of Asthma Supported by Hospitals, ICT, Nurses and General practitioners) Study Group. Weekly self-monitoring and treatment adjustment benefit patients with partly controlled and uncontrolled asthma: an analysis of the SMASHING study. Respir Res. 2010 Jun 10;11(1):74. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-74.
citation: Ahmad E, Grimes DE. The effects of self-management education for school-age children on asthma morbidity: a systematic review. J Sch Nurs. 2011 Aug;27(4):282-92. doi: 10.1177/1059840511403003. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
citation: Bonner S, Zimmerman BJ, Evans D, Irigoyen M, Resnick D, Mellins RB. An individualized intervention to improve asthma management among urban Latino and African-American families. J Asthma. 2002 Apr;39(2):167-79. doi: 10.1081/jas-120002198.
citation: Perneger TV, Sudre P, Muntner P, Uldry C, Courteheuse C, Naef AF, Jacquemet S, Nicod L, Rochat T, Assal JP. Effect of patient education on self-management skills and health status in patients with asthma: a randomized trial. Am J Med. 2002 Jul;113(1):7-14. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01136-1.
citation: Rhee H, Belyea MJ, Hunt JF, Brasch J. Effects of a peer-led asthma self-management program for adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Jun;165(6):513-9. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.79.
citation: Guendelman S, Meade K, Benson M, Chen YQ, Samuels S. Improving asthma outcomes and self-management behaviors of inner-city children: a randomized trial of the Health Buddy interactive device and an asthma diary. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Feb;156(2):114-20. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.156.2.114.
citation: Bheekie A, Syce JA, Weinberg EG. Peak expiratory flow rate and symptom self-monitoring of asthma initiated from community pharmacies. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001 Aug;26(4):287-96. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00361.x.
citation: Thompson R, Delfino RJ, Tjoa T, Nussbaum E, Cooper D. Evaluation of daily home spirometry for school children with asthma: new insights. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006 Sep;41(9):819-28. doi: 10.1002/ppul.20449.
citation: Chan DS, Callahan CW, Hatch-Pigott VB, Lawless A, Proffitt HL, Manning NE, Schweikert M, Malone FJ. Internet-based home monitoring and education of children with asthma is comparable to ideal office-based care: results of a 1-year asthma in-home monitoring trial. Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):569-78. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1884.
citation: de Jongste JC, Carraro S, Hop WC; CHARISM Study Group; Baraldi E. Daily telemonitoring of exhaled nitric oxide and symptoms in the treatment of childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jan 15;179(2):93-7. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1010OC. Epub 2008 Oct 17.
citation: McPherson AC, Glazebrook C, Forster D, James C, Smyth A. A randomized, controlled trial of an interactive educational computer package for children with asthma. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr;117(4):1046-54. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0666.
citation: Willems DC, Joore MA, Hendriks JJ, Nieman FH, Severens JL, Wouters EF. The effectiveness of nurse-led telemonitoring of asthma: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008 Aug;14(4):600-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00936.x. Epub 2008 Jul 9.
citation: Jan RL, Wang JY, Huang MC, Tseng SM, Su HJ, Liu LF. An internet-based interactive telemonitoring system for improving childhood asthma outcomes in Taiwan. Telemed J E Health. 2007 Jun;13(3):257-68. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2006.0053.
citation: Joseph CL, Peterson E, Havstad S, Johnson CC, Hoerauf S, Stringer S, Gibson-Scipio W, Ownby DR, Elston-Lafata J, Pallonen U, Strecher V; Asthma in Adolescents Research Team. A web-based, tailored asthma management program for urban African-American high school students. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 May 1;175(9):888-95. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200608-1244OC. Epub 2007 Feb 8.
citation: NHLBI. So You Have Asthma. 2007(NIH Publication No. 07-5248). https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/public/lung/have_asthma.pdf.
citation: Cuijpers CE, Wesseling GJ, Swaen GM, Sturmans F, Wouters EF. Asthma-related symptoms and lung function in primary school children. J Asthma. 1994;31(4):301-12. doi: 10.3109/02770909409089477.
citation: Davis KJ, Disantostefano R, Peden DB. Is Johnny wheezing? Parent-child agreement in the Childhood Asthma in America survey. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 Feb;22(1 Pt 1):31-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01016.x. Epub 2010 Sep 9.
citation: Halterman JS, Yoos HL, Kitzman H, Anson E, Sidora-Arcoleo K, McMullen A. Symptom reporting in childhood asthma: a comparison of assessment methods. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Sep;91(9):766-70. doi: 10.1136/adc.2006.096123. Epub 2006 May 16.
citation: McQuaid EL, Koinis Mitchell D, Walders N, Nassau JH, Kopel SJ, Klein RB, Wamboldt MZ, Fritz GK. Pediatric asthma morbidity: the importance of symptom perception and family response to symptoms. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007 Mar;32(2):167-77. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj112. Epub 2006 May 22.
citation: Hagmolen Of Ten Have W, van den Berg NJ, van der Palen J, van Aalderen WM, Bindels PJ. Limitations of questioning asthma to assess asthma control in general practice. Respir Med. 2008 Aug;102(8):1153-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.03.008. Epub 2008 Jun 24.
citation: Bridge PD, McKenzie SA. Bronchodilator responsiveness testing in young children. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Jun;84(6):525. doi: 10.1136/adc.84.6.525n. No abstract available.
citation: NHLBI-EPR-3. Guidelines for the diagnosis ane management of asthma. Periodic Assessment and Monitoring: Essential for Asthma Management. 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthsumm.pdf
citation: Tirimanna PR, Den Otter JJ, Van Schayck CP, Van Herwaarden CL, Folgering H, Van Weel C. Evaluation of the suitability of weekly peak expiratory flow rate measurements in monitoring annual decline in lung function among patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis. Br J Gen Pract. 1996 Jan;46(402):15-8.
citation: Frischer T, Meinert R, Urbanek R, Kuehr J. Variability of peak expiratory flow rate in children: short and long term reproducibility. Thorax. 1995 Jan;50(1):35-9. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.1.35.
citation: Goldberg S, Springer C, Avital A, Godfrey S, Bar-Yishay E. Can peak expiratory flow measurements estimate small airway function in asthmatic children? Chest. 2001 Aug;120(2):482-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.2.482.
citation: Liu AH, Zeiger R, Sorkness C, Mahr T, Ostrom N, Burgess S, Rosenzweig JC, Manjunath R. Development and cross-sectional validation of the Childhood Asthma Control Test. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Apr;119(4):817-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.662. Epub 2007 Mar 13.
citation: Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, Murray JJ, Pendergraft TB. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jan;113(1):59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.008.
citation: McGrath AM, Gardner DM, McCormack J. Is home peak expiratory flow monitoring effective for controlling asthma symptoms? J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001 Oct;26(5):311-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00374.x.
citation: Juniper EF, Gruffydd-Jones K, Ward S, Svensson K. Asthma Control Questionnaire in children: validation, measurement properties, interpretation. Eur Respir J. 2010 Dec;36(6):1410-6. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00117509. Epub 2010 Jun 7.
citation: Kattan M. Quality of inpatient care for asthma: challenges and opportunities. Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;122(6):1369-70. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2787. No abstract available.