Clinical trial NCT00106249: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Official title: Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Keywords: TMS, Supplementary Motor Area, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Lead sponsor: New York State Psychiatric Institute
Sponsor class: OTHER
First posted: 2005-03-22
Enrollment: 27
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 70
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: This study will evaluate the clinical efficacy of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) guided 1 Hz repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) applied to the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) in OCD patients who have not fully responded to conventional therapies. The investigators will collect TMS measures of motor cortex excitability to test whether rTMS restores normal levels of intracortical inhibition found to be deficient in OCD. The investigators hypothesize that:

1. Compared to sham (placebo), active rTMS will improve symptoms of OCD as assessed with the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI).
2. Active (but not sham) rTMS will normalize levels of motor cortex excitability, as reflected by increased intracortical inhibition, motor threshold, and cortical silent period, and by decreased intracortical facilitation, relative to pre-treatment baseline.

Detailed description: This study tests the efficacy of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) guided repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This study also examines measures of brain function that may inform us about the brain basis underlying OCD.

Despite major advances in the study and treatment of OCD, patients often do not respond or experience only partial remission from pharmacotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. rTMS is a non-invasive procedure that allows stimulation of the brain using magnetic fields. Some studies have reported that rTMS may be helpful in reducing obsessive and compulsive symptoms. While promising, prior research has several limitations (e.g., relatively small sample sizes, stimulation of sub-optimal target areas, relatively short durations of treatment, and lack of sham (placebo) comparison).

This study addresses the drawbacks of prior work, and will provide data that will be important in determining whether rTMS can be useful for OCD patients resistant to conventional therapies. In this trial, 32 adult outpatients with OCD, that have been only partially responsive to conventional therapies, will be randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (active low frequency (1 Hz) rTMS or sham-placebo) applied to the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) daily for up to four weeks. If rTMS will be added onto ongoing pharmacotherapy, the doses must have been stable for 3 months prior to study entry. The SMA was selected because of its connections with areas of the brain, especially motor areas, implicated in OCD. Pilot work indicates that stimulation of SMA with low frequency rTMS was beneficial in OCD patients. Low frequency rTMS has the added benefit of a better safety profile (i.e. no risk of seizure) compared to high frequency rTMS.

Rating scales for symptom change will be obtained at baseline, during the rTMS course, and at the end of 4 weeks of treatment. Patients who do not meet response criteria after four weeks of sham and partial responders to either active or sham will be offered an open-label, cross-over phase for an additional four weeks of daily active rTMS treatment. Patients who meet response criteria in either the randomized phase or the cross-over phase will continue routine clinical care under the supervision of their treating psychiatrist, and will be invited back for a repeat assessment at 3 and 6 months to determine the persistence of benefit.

Measures of the excitability of the motor cortex have been reported to be abnormal in OCD, and may relate to dysfunction in motor pathways related to OCD circuits. We will collect measures of motor cortex excitability (performed with single pulse TMS) at baseline and after treatment to determine whether changes in these measures may be correlated with clinical improvement.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primary diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, with residual OCD symptoms, defined as a total Y-BOCS score of ≥ 16, despite treatment with an adequate trial of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI), and a duration of the index episode of at least a year will be included. An adequate SRI trial is defined as treatment for at least 12 weeks on the SRI, that meets or exceeds the recommended dosage level for OCD (fluoxetine 60 mg/d, sertraline 200 mg/d, paroxetine 50 mg/d, fluvoxamine 250 mg/d, citalopram 60 mg/d, escitalopram 30 mg/d).
* Individuals who cannot tolerate medications of class and dose at the specified duration as described above will also be included.
* Patients currently on OCD medication must be at the same stable dose(s) and must continue to be under the care of their treating psychiatrist who will be writing prescriptions for concomitant medications through the duration of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Refractory patients, where treatment refractoriness is defined as non-response to Clomipramine, at least 2 SSRIs at adequate dose and duration plus cognitive behavior therapy in the last year, will be excluded. An adequate trial of cognitive behavioral therapy is defined as at least once a week for 8 weeks with clear evidence of exposure during the sessions and homework given. Individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (current) of moderate or severe intensity (CGI ≥ 4), and those with bipolar disorder (lifetime), any psychotic disorder (lifetime), history of substance abuse or dependence within the past year (except nicotine and caffeine), and at significant acute suicide risk will also be excluded.

Other exclusion criteria include those common to every TMS protocol:

* Individuals with a clinically defined neurological disorder, with an increased risk of seizure for any reason, with a history of treatment with TMS, deep brain stimulation for any disorder will be excluded.
* Patients with cardiac pacemakers, implanted medication pumps, intracardiac lines, or acute, unstable cardiac disease, with intracranial implants (e.g. aneurysm clips, shunts, stimulators, cochlear implants, or electrodes) or any other metal object within or near the head, excluding the mouth, that cannot be safely removed will be excluded.
* Current use of any investigational drug will not be permitted.
* If participating in psychotherapy, patients must have been in stable treatment for at least three months prior to entry into the study, with no anticipation of change in frequency therapeutic sessions, or the therapeutic focus over the duration of the TMS trial.
* Finally, current significant laboratory abnormality, known or suspected pregnancy, women who are breast-feeding or women of childbearing potential not using a medically accepted form of contraception when engaging in sexual intercourse will also be excluded.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Clinical Improvement (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale/Y-BOCS)
timeFrame: Through study completion
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Motor Cortex Excitability (Motor Threshold)
timeFrame: Through study completion
measure: Motor Cortex Excitability (Short Intracortical Inhibition)
timeFrame: Through study completion
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: New York
country: United States
facility: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Experimental Therapeutics
state: New York
Study officials:
affiliation: Columbia University
name: Antonio Mantovani, MD, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Maeda F, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying motor neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Aug;168(4):359-76. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1216-x. Epub 2003 Jun 26.
citation: Burt T, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA. Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Mar;5(1):73-103. doi: 10.1017/S1461145702002791.
citation: Rossi S, Bartalini S, Ulivelli M, Mantovani A, Di Muro A, Goracci A, Castrogiovanni P, Battistini N, Passero S. Hypofunctioning of sensory gating mechanisms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 1;57(1):16-20. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.023.
citation: Mantovani A, Simpson HB, Fallon BA, Rossi S, Lisanby SH. Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Mar;13(2):217-27. doi: 10.1017/S1461145709990435. Epub 2009 Aug 20.
citation: Mantovani A, Westin G, Hirsch J, Lisanby SH. Functional magnetic resonance imaging guided transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Apr 1;67(7):e39-40. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.009. Epub 2009 Sep 30. No abstract available.
citation: Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, Ulivelli M, Castrogiovanni P, Rossi S. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Feb;9(1):95-100. doi: 10.1017/S1461145705005729. Epub 2005 Jun 28.