Clinical trial NCT02840942: Robots to Reduce Pain During IV Placement
Official title: Socially Assistive Robots to Reduce Children's Pain During Peripheral IV Placement
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Pain
Anxiety
Keywords: intravenous line
robot
Lead sponsor: Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: University of Southern California
First posted: 2016-07-21
Enrollment: 34
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 4
Maximum age (years): 12
Standard ages: CHILD
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Brief summary: Peripheral intravenous catheters (IVs) are utilized in the majority of hospitalized children. The placement of IVs requires significant staff time, contributes to health care costs, and causes pain and distress in the patients receiving them. Techniques currently used at Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) to reduce children's anxiety and increase success of IV placement center depends on members of the Child Life Department distracting patients during insertion. Recent literature has suggested that humanoid robots can be a powerful form of distraction and lead to decreased pain during painful procedures in children. Work done by the University of Southern California (USC) Interaction Lab has shown that socially assistive robots can use techniques more complex than pure distraction to lead to a human-robot interaction that is perceived as more positive by the human. The investigators propose a project pairing children receiving an IV with either a (1) Child Life staff member only (2) pure distraction robot + Child Life or (3) an robot teaching coping skills + Child Life with a goal of reduced pain. Pain will be measured by participant self-report, family member perceived pain, parasympathetic activation, and pain behaviors as measured by video.

Detailed description: At USC University Park, computer science collaborators have programmed the robot to speak the script which will be used for interaction with participants (see additional supporting documents).

At CHLA, patients arriving to the radiology suite for IV placement prior to MRI and utilizing Child Life Services will be approached and consented for inclusion. No participant will receive a IV purely for the purpose of the study; only participants already ordered to receive IV by the medical team will be included. After consent participants will be randomized in blocks using a random-condition generating document to one of three test conditions: (1) control, with the usual distraction services provided by one of the hospital's child life specialists (2) usual child life + non-coping robot or (2) usual child life + coping robot.

Prior to the procedure participant's parent (or legal guardian) will complete a short survey related to pain with previous IV insertions, anxiety related to procedures, and attitudes toward robots. Participant's parent/guardian will also complete a validated measure of child temperament. Participants will complete a baseline measure of their temperament. Participants will then rate current level of pain using the Wong-Baker FACES scale. Participant's anxiety level will be assessed using the Children's Fear Scale. Participant's baseline heart rate and blood pressure is recorded.

The IV placement itself will be video recorded for all conditions. Independent assessors not aware of the research aims will review the tape to score measures of the strength of robot-child interaction and pain behaviors. One research team member will record the number of attempts needed to place the IV. A trained research team member will be responsible for operating the robot if randomized to that condition.

The robot used is the MAKI - an open-source 3D printable robot designed by Hello Robo Inc. The company has not provided any funding to this project. During the interaction the robot will speak in a child-like, gender neutral voice. It will ask short questions of participants and have pre-recorded response options (see MAKI script in supporting documents). Participants will interact with either child life or the robot by touching tablets. This is a minimum risk study, similar to the risk involved in watching a video on a screen. The robot is small and only moves its facial features, participants are not touching it.

Pre- and post-intervention participants will repeat the FACES and Fear Scales. The participant and parent/guardian will then be given a short post-survey regarding thoughts on the utility of the interaction and the amount of the participant's pain. Heart rate will be monitored continuously throughout the interaction. Videos will be evaluated using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Index and The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Short Form (CAMPIS-SF).

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Speaks English or Spanish
* Age limits
* would be getting IV and child life regardless of participation in study

Exclusion Criteria:

* severe developmental delay (parent assessment)
* afraid of robots

Primary outcomes:
measure: Change in Pain Scale Score from baseline to post-intervention
timeFrame: through study completion, an average of 1 hour
Secondary outcomes:
measure: IV placement attempts
timeFrame: through study completion, an average of 1 hour
measure: Patient/Child satisfaction with robot interaction
timeFrame: Day 1
measure: CAMPIS score
timeFrame: Day 1
measure: mYPAS score
timeFrame: Day 1
measure: Change in Anxiety Scale Score from baseline to post-intervention
timeFrame: through study completion, an average of 1 hour
measure: heart rate
timeFrame: through study completion, an average of 1 hour
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Los Angeles
country: United States
facility: Children's Hospital Los Angeles
state: California
Study officials:
References:
citation: Okita SY. Self-other's perspective taking: the use of therapeutic robot companions as social agents for reducing pain and anxiety in pediatric patients. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2013 Jun;16(6):436-41. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0513. Epub 2013 Mar 18.
citation: Beran TN, Ramirez-Serrano A, Vanderkooi OG, Kuhn S. Reducing children's pain and distress towards flu vaccinations: a novel and effective application of humanoid robotics. Vaccine. 2013 Jun 7;31(25):2772-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.056. Epub 2013 Apr 24.
citation: Trost MJ, Chrysilla G, Gold JI, Mataric M. Socially-Assistive Robots Using Empathy to Reduce Pain and Distress during Peripheral IV Placement in Children. Pain Res Manag. 2020 Apr 9;2020:7935215. doi: 10.1155/2020/7935215. eCollection 2020.