Clinical trial NCT00678145: Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure
Official title: Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: UNKNOWN
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycemia
Autonomic Failure
Keywords: Diabetes
Hypoglycemia
HAAF
Counterregulation
Lead sponsor: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: National Institutes of Health (NIH)
name: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
First posted: 2008-05-15
Enrollment: 116
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 21
Maximum age (years): 60
Standard ages: ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: CROSSOVER
Primary purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE

Brief summary: Intensive glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with clear health benefits (1). However, despite development of insulin analogs, pump/multi-dose treatment and continuous glucose monitoring, maintaining near-normal glycemia remains an elusive goal for most patients, in large part owing to the risk of hypoglycemia. T1DM patients are susceptible to hypoglycemia due to defective counterregulatory responses (CR) characterized by: 1) deficient glucagon release during impending/early hypoglycemia; 2) additional hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) and exercise-associated autonomic failure (EAAF) that blunt the sympathoadrenal responses to hypoglycemia following repeated episodes of hypoglycemia or exercise as well as degrading other CR; and 3) hypoglycemia unawareness (HU), lowering the threshold for symptoms that trigger behavioral responses (e.g. eating). Thus, the risk of hypoglycemia in T1DM impedes ideal insulin treatment and leads to defaulting to suboptimal glycemic control (2). There are two approaches that could resolve this important clinical problem: 1) perfection of glucose sensing and insulin and glucagon delivery approaches (bioengineered or cell-based) that mimic normal islet function and precisely regulate glucose continuously, or 2) a drug to enhance or normalize the pattern of CR to hypoglycemia. Despite much research and important advances in the field, neither islet transplantation nor biosensor devices have emerged as viable long-term solutions for the majority of patients (3, 4). Over the past several years, our lab has explored the approach of enhancing CR by examining mechanisms responsible for HAAF/EAAF and searching for potential pharmacological methods to modulate the CR to hypoglycemia (5-11). Our work has led to a paradigm shift in the field of hypoglycemia, exemplified by the novel hypothesis and published experimental data supporting a role for opioid signaling that resulted in the initiation of exploratory clinical trials by other research groups.

Detailed description: In the prior project period of R01 DK079974, we elucidated the central role played by the opioid signaling system as a mechanism for the development of HAAF/EAAF. We have demonstrated previously that opioid receptor blockade by acute infusion of naloxone during antecedent hypoglycemia can prevent experimentally induced HAAF in nondiabetic and T1DM subjects (JCEM 94:3372-80, 2009; JCEM 96:3424-31, 2011). We have also shown that opioid receptor blockade also abolishes EAAF, and that both effects are regulated by the stress response (hypoglycemia and exercise, respectively). Furthermore, recently we have shown that activation of μ-opioid receptors with IV infusion of morphine reproduces some of the key biochemical and clinical features of HAAF in nondiabetic humans.Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the opioid system plays a central role in hypoglycemia counterregulation and in HAAF.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Non-diabetic individuals

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hypertension
* Hyperlipidemia
* Heart disease
* Cerebrovascular disease
* Seizures
* Bleeding disorders

Primary outcomes:
measure: Change in the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia compared to controls
timeFrame: Measured every 15 minutes at timepoints 0, 15, 30, 45...120 through study completion
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Symptom scores
timeFrame: Measured every 15 minutes at timepoints 0, 15, 30, 45...120 through study completion
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Bronx
country: United States
facility: Albert Einstein College of Medicine / General Clinical Research Center
state: New York
Study officials:
affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
name: Meredith Hawkins, M.D., M.S.
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Carey M, Gospin R, Goyal A, Tomuta N, Sandu O, Mbanya A, Lontchi-Yimagou E, Hulkower R, Shamoon H, Gabriely I, Hawkins M. Opioid Receptor Activation Impairs Hypoglycemic Counterregulation in Humans. Diabetes. 2017 Nov;66(11):2764-2773. doi: 10.2337/db16-1478. Epub 2017 Aug 31.
citation: Milman S, Leu J, Shamoon H, Vele S, Gabriely I. Opioid receptor blockade prevents exercise-associated autonomic failure in humans. Diabetes. 2012 Jun;61(6):1609-15. doi: 10.2337/db11-1622. Epub 2012 Apr 20.