Clinical trial NCT00059540: The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS)
Official title: The Maternal Lifestyle Study
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Conditions: Cocaine
Substance Abuse
Infant, Newborn
Pregnancy
Pregnant Women
Prenatal Care
Keywords: NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Maternal Lifestyle Study
Cocaine abuse
Cocaine dependence
Opiate abuse
Opiate dependence
Follow-up
Neurodevelopmental outcome
Substance-related disorders
Lead sponsor: NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Sponsor class: NETWORK
Collaborators: name: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
name: Children's Bureau - Administration for Children and Families
name: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
name: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
First posted: 2003-04-29
Enrollment: 11811
Sex: ALL
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Observational model: COHORT
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Mother and baby dyads delivered at the 4 participating centers.

Brief summary: This is a longitudinal, multi-site observational study of the long-term effects of a mother's use of cocaine and/or opiates during pregnancy on her infant. This observational study evaluates the medical, developmental, social, environmental, and neurobehavioral outcomes for 1,400 of the original cohort of children. A series of follow-up examinations of these children were conducted in 5 phases: 1-36 months, 3.5-7 years, and 8-11 years. Children are currently being examined at 13 years of age.

Detailed description: Interest in and availability of cocaine, marijuana, and opiates have complicated long-term investigations into the effects of the widespread recreational use of easily accessible substances like alcohol and tobacco. It remains impossible to determine in single site, small number studies what effects may be related to the use of a specific drug. By accessing the large multi-site population of newborn infants and their mothers available in the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, this study is evaluating the short- and long-term effects of mothers' cocaine and/or opiate use during pregnancy on their term or preterm infants.

Maternal practices assessed in this study include the use and abuse of opiates, cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine. This study will address acute perinatal events and long-term medical, developmental, social, environmental, and neurobehavioral outcomes of infants whose mothers engaged in these maternal practices. The study will determine whether specific acute and long-term effects can be attributed to the use and abuse of specific substances.

Over 2 years, approximately 20,000 infants were screened with a goal of enrolling 16,000 infants. It was estimated that approximately 20% of infants would have been exposed to cocaine or opiates. The determination of exposure was based on self-report by the mother or positive meconium assay.

The first phase of the study evaluated the acute effects of maternal practices on infants. This phase involved all mothers who agreed to respond to the initial questionnaire and who allowed the meconium drug screen to be performed on their infants. Acute outcomes are being compared between infants who were exposed to cocaine and opiates through their mothers' use (the exposed group) and infants who were not exposed (the nonexposed group). Acute outcomes include abruptio placenta, fetal growth retardation, non-life threatening congenital malformations, respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease, periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and periventricular leukomalacia.

The second phase of the study compared 1,400 exposed and nonexposed infants with respect to long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. These infants were among the 16,000 infants enrolled in Phase I. It was estimated that 70% of the screened population would consent to participate in Phase II of the study, and 50% of these participants would complete all visits over the initial 3-year study period (2,000 exposed infants enrolled into Phase II and 1,000 exposed infants would complete all follow-up visits). For each exposed infant, an infant of similar age, race, sex, and either alcohol history or maternal age was selected from the nonexposed, screened population. All infants had physical, neurological, gestational age, and growth assessments at birth. The exposed and nonexposed infants were examined at 1, 4, 7, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months corrected age. Follow-up assessments include medical history, and developmental, behavioral, social, and environmental outcomes.

The third phase of the study compared children at ages 4 to 7. The fourth phase is now comparing outcomes in children ages 8 to 11 years old. Assessments include measures of cognition, school performance, antisocial behavior, onset of substance use, psychopathology, neuroendocrine function, and health disorders. Seventy-one percent of the original sample is still enrolled.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria for Mothers:

* 18 years or older
* Live near a study site

Exclusion Criteria for Mothers:

* Identified psychosis or history of institutionalization for retardation or emotional problems
* Language barriers that prevented her from giving informed consent or understanding the study

Inclusion Criteria for Infants:

* Inborn infants
* Birthweight \>501 grams (1.1 lbs)

Exclusion Criteria for Infants:

* One of a multiple gestation
* Gestational age \>42 weeks
* Viability of the infant

Primary outcomes:
measure: Neurodevelopmental impairment
timeFrame: 1 month of age
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Miami
country: United States
facility: University of Miami
state: Florida
city: Detroit
country: United States
facility: Wayne State University
state: Michigan
city: Durham
country: United States
facility: RTI International
state: North Carolina
city: Providence
country: United States
facility: Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
state: Rhode Island
city: Memphis
country: United States
facility: University of Tennessee
state: Tennessee
Study officials:
affiliation: Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
name: Barry M. Lester, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: RTI International
name: Abhik Das, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of Miami
name: Charles R. Bauer, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University of Tennessee
name: Henrietta S. Bada, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Wayne State University
name: Seetha Shankaran, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Lester BM, ElSohly M, Wright LL, Smeriglio VL, Verter J, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Walls HH, Huestis MA, Finnegan LP, Maza PL. The Maternal Lifestyle Study: drug use by meconium toxicology and maternal self-report. Pediatrics. 2001 Feb;107(2):309-17. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.2.309.
citation: Andreozzi L, Flanagan P, Seifer R, Brunner S, Lester B. Attachment classifications among 18-month-old children of adolescent mothers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Jan;156(1):20-6. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.156.1.20.
citation: Bada HS, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Lester B, Wright LL, Das A, Poole K, Smeriglio VL, Finnegan LP, Maza PL. Central and autonomic system signs with in utero drug exposure. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002 Sep;87(2):F106-12. doi: 10.1136/fn.87.2.f106.
citation: Bada HS, Das A, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Lester B, Wright LL, Verter J, Smeriglio VL, Finnegan LP, Maza PL. Gestational cocaine exposure and intrauterine growth: maternal lifestyle study. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov;100(5 Pt 1):916-24. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02199-3.
citation: Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Lester B, Wright LL, Krause-Steinrauf H, Smeriglio VL, Finnegan LP, Maza PL, Verter J. The Maternal Lifestyle Study: drug exposure during pregnancy and short-term maternal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Mar;186(3):487-95. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.121073.
citation: LaGasse LL, Messinger D, Lester BM, Seifer R, Tronick EZ, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Wright LL, Smeriglio VL, Finnegan LP, Maza PL, Liu J. Prenatal drug exposure and maternal and infant feeding behaviour. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 Sep;88(5):F391-9. doi: 10.1136/fn.88.5.f391.
citation: Tronick EZ, Olson K, Rosenberg R, Bohne L, Lu J, Lester BM. Normative neurobehavioral performance of healthy infants on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale. Pediatrics. 2004 Mar;113(3 Pt 2):676-8.
citation: Lester BM, Tronick EZ, LaGasse L, Seifer R, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Wright LL, Smeriglio VL, Lu J. Summary statistics of neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale scores from the maternal lifestyle study: a quasinormative sample. Pediatrics. 2004 Mar;113(3 Pt 2):668-75.
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citation: Lester BM, Lagasse L, Seifer R, Tronick EZ, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Wright LL, Smeriglio VL, Liu J, Finnegan LP, Maza PL. The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS): effects of prenatal cocaine and/or opiate exposure on auditory brain response at one month. J Pediatr. 2003 Mar;142(3):279-85. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2003.112.
citation: Messinger DS, Bauer CR, Das A, Seifer R, Lester BM, Lagasse LL, Wright LL, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Smeriglio VL, Langer JC, Beeghly M, Poole WK. The maternal lifestyle study: cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes of cocaine-exposed and opiate-exposed infants through three years of age. Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1677-85. doi: 10.1542/peds.113.6.1677.
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citation: Shankaran S, Bauer CR, Bada HS, Lester B, Wright LL, Das A. Health-care utilization among mothers and infants following cocaine exposure. J Perinatol. 2003 Jul-Aug;23(5):361-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210946.
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citation: Bada HS, Das A, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Lester B, LaGasse L, Hammond J, Wright LL, Higgins R. Impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior problems through school age. Pediatrics. 2007 Feb;119(2):e348-59. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1404.
citation: Bada HS, Bann CM, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Lester B, LaGasse L, Hammond J, Whitaker T, Das A, Tan S, Higgins R. Preadolescent behavior problems after prenatal cocaine exposure: Relationship between teacher and caretaker ratings (Maternal Lifestyle Study). Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011 Jan-Feb;33(1):78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.005. Epub 2010 Jun 30.
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citation: Bada HS, Das A, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Lester BM, Gard CC, Wright LL, Lagasse L, Higgins R. Low birth weight and preterm births: etiologic fraction attributable to prenatal drug exposure. J Perinatol. 2005 Oct;25(10):631-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211378.
citation: Bada HS, Langer J, Twomey J, Bursi C, Lagasse L, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Lester BM, Higgins R, Maza PL. Importance of stability of early living arrangements on behavior outcomes of children with and without prenatal drug exposure. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008 Jun;29(3):173-82. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181644a79.
citation: Bagner DM, Sheinkopf SJ, Miller-Loncar C, LaGasse LL, Lester BM, Liu J, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada H, Das A. The effect of parenting stress on child behavior problems in high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2009 Mar;40(1):73-84. doi: 10.1007/s10578-008-0109-6. Epub 2008 Jul 15.
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