Clinical trial NCT02458729: The Blood Saving Effect of Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty With Rivaroxaban as Thromboprophylaxis
Official title: The Blood Saving Effect and Wound-related Complications of Tranexamic Acid in Mininally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty With Rivaroxaban as Thromboprophylaxis
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE4
Conditions: Osteoarthritis, Knee
Keywords: Tranexamic Acid
Total Knee Arthroplasty
Rivaroxaban
Lead sponsor: Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Sponsor class: OTHER
First posted: 2015-06-01
Enrollment: 294
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 50
Maximum age (years): 80
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective, randomized, double-blind study and assess the efficacy of and safety for thromboprophylaxis of rivaroxaban in total knee arthroplasty patients when tranexamic acid is used for bleeding prophylaxis.

Detailed description: Total knee arthroplasty is an effective procedure for end-stage arthritis of the knee in terms of pain relief and functional recovery. However, this procedure is associated with a substantial perioperative blood loss. As high as 69% allogeneic blood transfusion rate was reported in patients receiving total knee arthroplasty when preoperative haemoglabin level was \<13 g/dl. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic, given intraoperatively, has been reported to be effective in reducing one third of postoperative blood loss in standard total knee arthroplasty. Our previous study showed that TXA reduced total blood loss from 1453mL to 833mL (p\<0.001) and the need for transfusion from 20% to 4% (p=0.014) in total knee patients with enoxaparin (Clexane; Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Brentford, United Kindom) for thromboprophylaxis.

In recent years, there have been more effective and practical methods for thrombophylaxis in total hip and knee replacement surgeries. Rivaroxaban is one of the first oral factor Xa inhibitors licensed for this regard. The advantages of rivaroxaban include oral administration, no need to monitor blood levels and no dosing adjustments which are convenient for short hospital stay in contemporary total knee arthroplasty. Its efficacy in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) after total knee arthroplasty have been extensitvely investigated in RECORD (Regulation of Coagulation in Orthopaedic surgery to prevent Deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) 3 and 4 studies, and the results showed that rivaroxaban 10mg once daily was superior to enoxaparin 40mg subcutaneously once daily or 30mg every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days. Despite of its clinical efficacy in VTE prophylaxis, orthopaedic surgeons are still sceptic in routine use of rivaroxaban in knee and hip surgery and concerned about the increased risk of bleeding complications. A higher reoperation rate regarding wound complications within 30 days of hip and knee replacement in the rivaroxaban group than the tinzaparin group (2.94% versus 1.8%) was reported recently. Similar event has been reported in other studies. However, all these studies did not use TXA as bleeding prophylaxis after hip and knee replacement surgery. The risk of increasing VTE by use of TXA, owing to its antifibrinolytic effects, is the cause of concern.

The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective, randomized, double-blind study and assess the efficacy of and safety for thromboprophylaxis of rivaroxaban in total knee arthroplasty patients when TXA is used for bleeding prophylaxis.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* End-stage arthritis of the knee
* Failure of medical treatment or rehabilitation
* Hemoglobin \> 10g/dl
* No use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent one week before operation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Preoperative Hemoglobin ≦10 g/dl
* History of infection or intraarticular fracture of the affective knee
* Renal function deficiency (GFR \< 55 ml/min/1.73m2)which is relative contraindicated for venography
* Elevated liver enzyme, history of liver cirrhosis, impaired liver function and coagulopathy (including long-term use anticoagulant)
* History of deep vein thrombosis, ischemic heart disease or stroke

Primary outcomes:
measure: Incidence of any deep-vein thrombosis, non-fatal pulmonary embolism, or all-cause mortality
timeFrame: within 15 days after surgery (2 days after the last dose of rivaroxaban )
measure: Incidence of major bleeding after the first dose of rivaroxaban and all death related to postoperative bleedings
timeFrame: within 15 days after surgery (2 days after the last dose of rivaroxaban )
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Incidence of major venous thromboembolism
timeFrame: within 15 days after surgery (2 days after the last dose of rivaroxaban
measure: Secondary safety outcome was composite of any non-major bleeding and all wound complications after operation
timeFrame: within 15 days after surgery (2 days after the last dose of rivaroxaban
measure: Incidence of wound complications after surgery
timeFrame: within 30 days of the procedure
measure: Total blood loss after surgery
timeFrame: From the operation to the postoperative day 4
Other outcomes:
measure: Incidence of venographic positive deep-vein thrombosis (any, proximal, distal)
timeFrame: on the second day after last dose of rivaroxaban (POD 15)
measure: Incidence of positive finding of pulmonary embolism by computed tomography
timeFrame: on the second day after last dose of rivaroxaban (POD 15)
Locations:
city: Koahsiung
country: Taiwan
facility: Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Study officials:
affiliation: Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
name: Jun-Wen Wang, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
References:
citation: Petaja J, Myllynen P, Myllyla G, Vahtera E. Fibrinolysis after application of a pneumatic tourniquet. Acta Chir Scand. 1987 Nov-Dec;153(11-12):647-51.
citation: Kambayashi J, Sakon M, Yokota M, Shiba E, Kawasaki T, Mori T. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during surgery, analyzed by molecular markers. Thromb Res. 1990 Oct 15;60(2):157-67. doi: 10.1016/0049-3848(90)90294-m.
citation: Hiippala S, Strid L, Wennerstrand M, Arvela V, Mantyla S, Ylinen J, Niemela H. Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) reduces perioperative blood loss associated with total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth. 1995 May;74(5):534-7. doi: 10.1093/bja/74.5.534.
citation: Bierbaum BE, Callaghan JJ, Galante JO, Rubash HE, Tooms RE, Welch RB. An analysis of blood management in patients having a total hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Jan;81(1):2-10. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199901000-00002.
citation: Tanaka N, Sakahashi H, Sato E, Hirose K, Ishima T, Ishii S. Timing of the administration of tranexamic acid for maximum reduction in blood loss in arthroplasty of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 Jul;83(5):702-5. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.83b5.11745.
citation: Prevention of venous thromboembolism. International Consensus Statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence). Int Angiol. 1997 Mar;16(1):3-38. No abstract available.
citation: Clagett GP, Anderson FA Jr, Geerts W, Heit JA, Knudson M, Lieberman JR, Merli GJ, Wheeler HB. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 1998 Nov;114(5 Suppl):531S-560S. doi: 10.1378/chest.114.5_supplement.531s. No abstract available.
citation: Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Davidson BL, Bauer KA, Gent M, Kwong LM, Cushner FD, Lotke PA, Berkowitz SD, Bandel TJ, Benson A, Misselwitz F, Fisher WD; RECORD4 Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 May 16;373(9676):1673-80. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60734-0. Epub 2009 May 4.
citation: Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, Lieberman JR, Rosencher N, Bandel TJ, Misselwitz F, Turpie AG; RECORD3 Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 26;358(26):2776-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa076016.
citation: Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, Colwell CW. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):381S-453S. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0656.
citation: Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett GP, Pineo GF, Colwell CW, Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2001 Jan;119(1 Suppl):132S-175S. doi: 10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.132s. No abstract available.
citation: Jameson SS, Bottle A, Malviya A, Muller SD, Reed MR. The impact of national guidelines for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism on the complications of arthroplasty of the lower limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Jan;92(1):123-9. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.92B1.22751.
citation: Patel VP, Walsh M, Sehgal B, Preston C, DeWal H, Di Cesare PE. Factors associated with prolonged wound drainage after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jan;89(1):33-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00163.
citation: Lotke PA. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 13;359(20):2174; author reply 2175-6. No abstract available.
citation: Jensen CD, Steval A, Partington PF, Reed MR, Muller SD. Return to theatre following total hip and knee replacement, before and after the introduction of rivaroxaban: a retrospective cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Jan;93(1):91-5. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.93B1.24987.
citation: Ido K, Neo M, Asada Y, Kondo K, Morita T, Sakamoto T, Hayashi R, Kuriyama S. Reduction of blood loss using tranexamic acid in total knee and hip arthroplasties. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120(9):518-20. doi: 10.1007/s004029900132.
citation: Lin PC, Hsu CH, Chen WS, Wang JW. Does tranexamic acid save blood in minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Jul;469(7):1995-2002. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-1789-y. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
citation: Friedman RJ, Gallus AS, Cushner FD, Fitzgerald G, Anderson FA Jr; Global Orthopaedic Registry Investigators. Physician compliance with guidelines for deep-vein thrombosis prevention in total hip and knee arthroplasty. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan;24(1):87-97. doi: 10.1185/030079908x242746.
citation: Warwick D, Dahl OE, Fisher WD; International Surgical Thrombosis Forum. Orthopaedic thromboprophylaxis: limitations of current guidelines. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Feb;90(2):127-32. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.90B2.20106.
citation: Haas SB, Cook S, Beksac B. Minimally invasive total knee replacement through a mini midvastus approach: a comparative study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Nov;(428):68-73. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000147649.82883.ca.
citation: Nadler SB, Hidalgo JH, Bloch T. Prediction of blood volume in normal human adults. Surgery. 1962 Feb;51(2):224-32. No abstract available.
citation: Lin PC, Hsu CH, Huang CC, Chen WS, Wang JW. The blood-saving effect of tranexamic acid in minimally invasive total knee replacement: is an additional pre-operative injection effective? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Jul;94(7):932-6. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B7.28386.
citation: Jameson SS, Rymaszewska M, Hui AC, James P, Serrano-Pedraza I, Muller SD. Wound complications following rivaroxaban administration: a multicenter comparison with low-molecular-weight heparins for thromboprophylaxis in lower limb arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Sep 5;94(17):1554-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00521.