Clinical trial NCT03020381: Gait as Predictor of Dementia and Falls. The Gait and Brain Cohort Study
Official title: Gait as Predictor of Cognitive Decline, Dementia, and Risk of Falls in MCI. A Cohort Study
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: RECRUITING
Conditions: Gait Apraxia
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Subjective Cognitive Impairment
Cerebral Atrophy
Alzheimer Disease
Dementia
Lead sponsor: London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's
Sponsor class: OTHER
First posted: 2017-01-13
Enrollment: 600
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 60
Maximum age (years): 85
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Observational model: COHORT
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Participants 60 years or older are being recruited from the community, our Geriatrics and Memory Clinics at University of Western Ontario affiliated hospitals, from advertisements placed in local (London, ON) newspapers, and referrals from family physicians or community partners. Participants are being followed-up for up to 25 years after baseline measurements (twice annual or annual follow-up visits).

Brief summary: Motor slowing and cognitive slowing are more prevalent as we age. Importantly, the presence of both in an older person increases their risk of having dementia by ten times. Currently, there are no clinically meaningful predictors of progression to dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The main hypothesis is that subtle variations in gait while performing a simple cognitive task is a reliable, easy to perform, and feasible methodology to detect those older adults at higher risk of progression to dementia and also, at higher risk of further mobility decline and falls.

Rationale. The Canadian population is aging. According to recent estimates, the proportion of the population aged 65 and older will increase rapidly from 13% in 2005 to 25% by 2031. This increase in proportion is accompanied by a considerable amount of disability and subsequent dependency which has major effects on both the quality of life of older adults and their caregivers, and on the Canadian health care system. An important goal of geriatric medicine is to reduce the gap between life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy by reducing disability and dependency in the later years of life. A substantial portion of this disability stems from two major geriatric syndromes: cognitive impairment and mobility limitation. The ultimate manifestations of these syndromes are dementia and falls. Interestingly, these manifestations often coexist in elderly people: falling is a common geriatric syndrome affecting about a third of older adults each year, and dementia affects about a third of Canadians aged 80 and over. Together, dementia and falls are responsible for much of the discomfort, disability, and health care utilization in older adults and each will become more prevalent as older Canadians are expected to number approximately $9 million by 2031. The combined direct cost of dementia and falls for the Canadian Health System is over $4.9 billion per year.

Establishing reliable and easy to obtain predictors to accurately identify MCI patients at highest risk of progressing to dementia is essential first, to determine who will benefit from additional and/or invasive testing and second, to implement preventative strategies, including cognitive training, physical exercises, and aggressive vascular risk factors correction to delay progression. Even a modest one-year delay in dementia incidence could save Canada $109 billion over 30 years.

Detailed description: This longitudinal cohort study started in 2007 and is aiming to assess 600 older persons (60 y/o to 85 y/o) at risk of development cognitive impairment and dementia, during a 25 year of follow-up, since we expanded the study to recruit more participants, which was approved by our Institutional Research Board. The follow-up period was selected in order to cover the potential progression to dementia of at least two-third of the participants. From 2007 to 2023, for the first five years of follow up, assessments were conducted at baseline and every 6 months; since 2023, this was changed by which assessments are being conducted every 12-months along with performing a virtual assessment of outcomes only, every 6-months. After the visit at 60 months, participants will then be followed once a year for 20 years. The six months period between assessments during the first 5 years was selected since it is the minimum time required for detecting significant changes between assessments in cognitive measurements and for avoiding testing learning effects. If changes are not noted within the first five years, then the annual follow-up period will provide sufficient time periods to detect significant changes in cognition, gait, and balance measures.

Blood test for genotyping (ApoE4 carrier) is being performed only at baseline assessments. Cognitive, gait and balance assessments are being performed in all 12-month follow-up visits. From 2010 to 2021, 3Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (structural and functional -resting state-) and MRI spectroscopy are being performed at four different time points: at baseline, month 18 and month 36, and month 60, following the Canadian Dementia Imaging protocol (http://www.cdip-pcid.ca.). Since 2021, the 18-month MRI timepoint changed to be performed at 12-month visit to align MRI timepoints with blood draw, which allows analysis of MRI and biomarker comparisons over time. For the 20-month Follow-Up period, MRI was performed at Year-2, Year-5 and Year-7 until 2018. Since 2018, the 20-Year Follow-Up MRI timepoints changed to Year-3, Year-5, Year-7 and Year-10. Blood and brain imaging were added after the second wave of the study, in 2010.

Eligibility criteria: General Inclusion Criteria:

* Absence of Dementia (DSM IV-TR or DSM V criteria)
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk independently 10 meters without any gait aid (for example: walker, cane);

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to understand English;
* Parkinsonism or any neurological disorder with residual motor deficit (e.g.: stroke, epilepsy);
* Musculoskeletal disorder detected by clinical examination which affects gait performance;
* Active osteoarthritis affecting the lower limbs at clinical evaluation
* Use of psychotropics which can affect motor performance (e.g. neuroleptics and benzodiazepines)
* Severe Depression (score \> 12/15 on the Geriatric Depression Scale).

Primary outcomes:
measure: Progression to Dementia
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
measure: Type of Dementia
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Development of Mobility Decline
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
measure: Incidence of Falls
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
measure: Brain anatomical changes (grey matter)
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
measure: Brain anatomical changes (white matter)
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
measure: Brain anatomical changes (ventricular volume)
timeFrame: 25 years of follow-up
measure: Mortality
timeFrame: 25 years of follow up
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: London
country: Canada
facility: Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute
state: Ontario
Study officials:
affiliation: Director, Gait and Brain Lab
name: Dr. Manuel Montero Odasso, M.D.
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Pieruccini-Faria F, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Montero-Odasso M. Mild Cognitive Impairment Affects Obstacle Negotiation in Older Adults: Results from "Gait and Brain Study". Gerontology. 2019;65(2):164-173. doi: 10.1159/000492931. Epub 2018 Oct 12.
citation: Pieruccini-Faria F, Muir-Hunter SW, Montero-Odasso M. Do depressive symptoms affect balance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? Results from the "gait and brain study". Exp Gerontol. 2018 Jul 15;108:106-111. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.004. Epub 2018 Apr 10.
citation: Montero-Odasso M, Speechley M, Muir-Hunter SW, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Sposato LA, Hachinski V, Borrie M, Wells J, Black A, Sejdic E, Bherer L, Chertkow H; Canadian Gait and Cognition Network. Motor and Cognitive Trajectories Before Dementia: Results from Gait and Brain Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Sep;66(9):1676-1683. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15341. Epub 2018 Apr 2.
citation: Montero-Odasso M, Speechley M. Falls in Cognitively Impaired Older Adults: Implications for Risk Assessment And Prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Feb;66(2):367-375. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15219. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
citation: Montero-Odasso M, Camicioli R, Muir-Hunter SW. Dual-Task Gait And Incident Dementia-A Step Forward, But Not There Yet-Reply. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Nov 1;74(11):1380-1381. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2880. No abstract available.
citation: Sakurai R, Montero-Odasso M. Apolipoprotein E4 Allele and Gait Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results From the Gait and Brain Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Nov 9;72(12):1676-1682. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx075.
citation: Montero-Odasso MM, Barnes B, Speechley M, Muir Hunter SW, Doherty TJ, Duque G, Gopaul K, Sposato LA, Casas-Herrero A, Borrie MJ, Camicioli R, Wells JL. Disentangling Cognitive-Frailty: Results From the Gait and Brain Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016 Nov;71(11):1476-1482. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw044. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
citation: Montero-Odasso M, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Song HY, Bray NW, Pieruccini-Faria F, Speechley M. Polypharmacy, Gait Performance, and Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Results from the Gait and Brain Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Jun;67(6):1182-1188. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15774. Epub 2019 Jan 30.
citation: Pieruccini-Faria F, Montero-Odasso M. Obstacle Negotiation, Gait Variability, and Risk of Falling: Results From the "Gait and Brain Study". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019 Aug 16;74(9):1422-1428. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly254.
citation: Pieruccini-Faria F, Hassan Haddad SM, Bray NW, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Bartha R, Montero-Odasso M. Brain Structural Correlates of Obstacle Negotiation in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results from the Gait and Brain Study. Gerontology. 2023;69(9):1115-1127. doi: 10.1159/000530796. Epub 2023 Apr 25.
citation: Pieruccini-Faria F, Black SE, Masellis M, Smith EE, Almeida QJ, Li KZH, Bherer L, Camicioli R, Montero-Odasso M. Gait variability across neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders: Results from the Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) and the Gait and Brain Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2021 Aug;17(8):1317-1328. doi: 10.1002/alz.12298. Epub 2021 Feb 16.
citation: Montero-Odasso M, Oteng-Amoako A, Speechley M, Gopaul K, Beauchet O, Annweiler C, Muir-Hunter SW. The motor signature of mild cognitive impairment: results from the gait and brain study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014 Nov;69(11):1415-21. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu155. Epub 2014 Sep 2.
citation: Osman A, Speechley M, Ali S, Montero-Odasso M. Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs and Gait Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Exploratory Results from the Gait and Brain Study. Drugs Aging. 2023 Aug;40(8):721-730. doi: 10.1007/s40266-023-01045-1. Epub 2023 Jun 22.
citation: Sakurai R, Bartha R, Montero-Odasso M. Entorhinal Cortex Volume Is Associated With Dual-Task Gait Cost Among Older Adults With MCI: Results From the Gait and Brain Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019 Apr 23;74(5):698-704. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly084.
citation: Montero-Odasso MM, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Speechley M, Borrie MJ, Hachinski VC, Wells J, Riccio PM, Schapira M, Sejdic E, Camicioli RM, Bartha R, McIlroy WE, Muir-Hunter S. Association of Dual-Task Gait With Incident Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results From the Gait and Brain Study. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):857-865. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0643.
citation: Snir JA, Bartha R, Montero-Odasso M. White matter integrity is associated with gait impairment and falls in mild cognitive impairment. Results from the gait and brain study. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:101975. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101975. Epub 2019 Aug 6.
citation: Montero-Odasso M, Annweiler C, Hachinski V, Islam A, Yang N, Vasudev A. Vascular burden predicts gait, mood, and executive function disturbances in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: results from the gait and brain study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Oct;60(10):1988-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04180.x. No abstract available.
citation: Annweiler C, Beauchet O, Bartha R, Montero-Odasso M; WALK Team-Working group Angers-London for Knowledge. Slow gait in MCI is associated with ventricular enlargement: results from the Gait and Brain Study. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2013 Jul;120(7):1083-92. doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0926-4. Epub 2012 Nov 30.
citation: Figgins E, Choi YH, Speechley M, Montero-Odasso M. Associations Between Potentially Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors and Gait Speed in Middle- and Older-Aged Adults: Results From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021 Sep 13;76(10):e253-e263. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glab008.