Clinical trial NCT03122431: Relevance of Monitoring Blood and Salivar Levels of Drugs Used in Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases
Official title: Relevance of Monitoring Blood Levels Compared to Salivar Levels of Drugs Used in Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases: Adherence and Understanding the Possible Underlying Mechanisms Involved in Effectiveness and in Adverse Effects
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE4
Conditions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Juvenile SLE
Cutaneous Lupus
Lead sponsor: University of Sao Paulo General Hospital
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
First posted: 2017-04-20
Enrollment: 93
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 5
Maximum age (years): 64
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Intervention model description: This study includes 3 subprojects that will assess serum drug levels for efficacy and toxicity. In the first two subprojects, hydroxychloroquine will be studied in SLE population. In the third subproject, thalidomide and SLE and cutaneous lupus will be studied.
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: No drug treatment is completely free of risk and lack of response, adverse events and poor adherence may affect its effectiveness. Within this context, this project aims to evaluate the importance of monitoring blood levels and salivary drug used in rheumatic autoimmune diseases in the monitoring of adherence to therapy. In addition, this project intends to use the monitoring of drug levels, based on pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics modeling, to broaden the understanding of the possible cellular, tissue and immunological mechanisms involved in efficacy and adverse effects of these drugs with the prospect of reducing the damage and maintain therapeutic efficacy. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry, which will be used to evaluate hydroxychloroquine, thalidomide, glucocorticoids, is considered the gold standard technology to qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in blood and its comparison with the dosage in the saliva is an improvement in simplification of the process. For biological agents the focus will be on the understanding the loss of efficacy and the possible role of anti-TNF antibodies using ELISA capture methodology.This project will be divided into four sections with their respective sub-projects according to the medications that will be studied: hydroxychloroquine, thalidomide, biologic agents and glucocorticoids.

Detailed description: No drug treatment is completely free of risk and lack of response, adverse events and poor adherence may affect its effectiveness. There is also a large inter-individual variability in response to treatments with regard to efficacy and toxicity, and for many drugs, there is also a period of weeks to months to establish its efficacy. Within this context, this project aims to evaluate the importance of monitoring blood levels and salivary drug used in rheumatic autoimmune diseases in the monitoring of adherence to therapy. In addition, this project intends to use the monitoring of drug levels, based on pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics modeling, to broaden the understanding of the possible cellular, tissue and immunological mechanisms involved in efficacy and adverse effects of these drugs with the prospect of reducing the damage and maintain therapeutic efficacy. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry, which will be used to evaluate hydroxychloroquine, thalidomide, glucocorticoids, is considered the gold standard technology to qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in blood and its comparison with the dosage in the saliva is an improvement in simplification of the process. The implementation of this methodology dedicated to research in our center, with the necessary training of human resources, will enable the standardization and availability of this advanced technology to other muldisciplinary projects in various areas of science. For biological agents the focus will be on the understanding the loss of efficacy and the possible role of anti-TNF antibodies using ELISA capture methodology.This thematic project will be divided into four sections with their respective sub-projects according to the medications that will be studied: hydroxychloroquine, thalidomide, biologic agents and glucocorticoids.

Eligibility criteria: Thalidomide subproject:

Inclusion Criteria:

* SLE diagnosis according to 1997 ACR criteria
* Active and refractory cutaneous lupus lesions
* Male gender (using contraceptive barrier method) or confirmed infertility for female gender
* Normal electroneuromyography at study entry

Exclusion Criteria:

* Alcoholism
* History of peripheral neuropathy
* Previous history of thrombophilia or positive antiphospholipid antibodies
* Renal and/or central nervous system and/or hematological activity

HCQ reduced subproject:

Inclusion Criteria:

* SLE diagnosis according to 1997 ACR criteria
* Use of hydroxychloroquine (5 to 6.5mg/kg/day) for ≥5 years
* SLEDAI-2K \<4

Exclusion Criteria:

* Alcoholism
* Renal dialysis
* Concomitant infectious process
* Acute and chronic liver diseases
* Concomitant use of some drugs that interact with HCQ (cimetidine, antacids, digoxin, aminoglycosides, penicillamine, neostigmine, pyridostigmine)
* Signs of Retinopathy

HCQ high subproject:

Inclusion Criteria:

* SLE diagnosis according to 1997 ACR criteria
* No use of hydroxychloroquine for ≥ 6 months
* LES/LESJ in activity (SLEDAI≥6)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Alcoholism
* Renal dialysis
* Concomitant infectious process
* Acute and chronic liver diseases
* Concomitant use of some drugs that interact with HCQ (cimetidine, antacids, digoxin, aminoglycosides, penicillamine, neostigmine, pyridostigmine)
* Signs of Retinopathy

Primary outcomes:
measure: Serum Levels of Thalidomide
timeFrame: 12 months
measure: Serum Levels of Hydroxycloroquine
timeFrame: 12 months
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: São Paulo
country: Brazil
facility: Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP
Study officials:
affiliation: University of Sao Paulo
name: Eloisa Bonfa, MD, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Albrecht J, Taylor L, Berlin JA, Dulay S, Ang G, Fakharzadeh S, Kantor J, Kim E, Militello G, McGinnis K, Richardson S, Treat J, Vittorio C, Van Voorhees A, Werth VP. The CLASI (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index): an outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Nov;125(5):889-94. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23889.x.
citation: Bai N, Cui XY, Wang J, Sun CG, Mei HK, Liang BB, Cai Y, Song XJ, Gu JK, Wang R. Determination of thalidomide concentration in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exp Ther Med. 2013 Feb;5(2):626-630. doi: 10.3892/etm.2012.847. Epub 2012 Nov 30.
citation: Bernstein HN. Ocular safety of hydroxychloroquine. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991 Aug;23(8):292-6.
citation: Briani C, Zara G, Rondinone R, Della Libera S, Ermani M, Ruggero S, Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Doria A. Thalidomide neurotoxicity: prospective study in patients with lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2004 Jun 22;62(12):2288-90. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000130499.91775.2c.
citation: Coelho A, Souto MI, Cardoso CR, Salgado DR, Schmal TR, Waddington Cruz M, de Souza Papi JA. Long-term thalidomide use in refractory cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus: a 65 series of Brazilian patients. Lupus. 2005;14(6):434-9. doi: 10.1191/0961203305lu2124oa.
citation: Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Hulot JS, Hammoud HA, Aymard G, Cacoub P, Frances C, Wechsler B, Huong du LT, Ghillani P, Musset L, Lechat P, Piette JC. Low blood concentration of hydroxychloroquine is a marker for and predictor of disease exacerbations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct;54(10):3284-90. doi: 10.1002/art.22156.
citation: Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pouchot J, Guettrot-Imbert G, Le Guern V, Leroux G, Marra D, Morel N, Piette JC. Adherence to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Jun;27(3):329-40. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.001.
citation: Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Dunogue B, Morel N, Le Guern V, Guettrot-Imbert G. Hydroxychloroquine: a multifaceted treatment in lupus. Presse Med. 2014 Jun;43(6 Pt 2):e167-80. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.03.007. Epub 2014 May 19.
citation: Cuadrado MJ, Karim Y, Sanna G, Smith E, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Thalidomide for the treatment of resistant cutaneous lupus: efficacy and safety of different therapeutic regimens. Am J Med. 2005 Mar;118(3):246-50. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.030.
citation: Frances C, Cosnes A, Duhaut P, Zahr N, Soutou B, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Bessis D, Chevrant-Breton J, Cordel N, Lipsker D, Costedoat-Chalumeau N. Low blood concentration of hydroxychloroquine in patients with refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a French multicenter prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2012 Apr;148(4):479-84. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.2558.
citation: Giannini F, Volpi N, Rossi S, Passero S, Fimiani M, Cerase A. Thalidomide-induced neuropathy: a ganglionopathy? Neurology. 2003 Mar 11;60(5):877-8. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000049462.03800.b1. No abstract available.
citation: Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2):288-91.
citation: Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Sep;40(9):1725. doi: 10.1002/art.1780400928. No abstract available.
citation: Jallouli M, Galicier L, Zahr N, Aumaitre O, Frances C, Le Guern V, Liote F, Smail A, Limal N, Perard L, Desmurs-Clavel H, Le Thi Huong D, Asli B, Kahn JE, Pourrat J, Sailler L, Ackermann F, Papo T, Sacre K, Fain O, Stirnemann J, Cacoub P, Leroux G, Cohen-Bittan J, Sellam J, Mariette X, Blanchet B, Hulot JS, Amoura Z, Piette JC, Costedoat-Chalumeau N; Plaquenil Lupus Systemic Study Group. Determinants of hydroxychloroquine blood concentration variations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 May;67(8):2176-84. doi: 10.1002/art.39194.
citation: Knop J, Bonsmann G, Happle R, Ludolph A, Matz DR, Mifsud EJ, Macher E. Thalidomide in the treatment of sixty cases of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Apr;108(4):461-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04600.x.
citation: Kyriakis KP, Kontochristopoulos GJ, Panteleos DN. Experience with low-dose thalidomide therapy in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Int J Dermatol. 2000 Mar;39(3):218-22. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00953.x.
citation: Michaelides M, Stover NB, Francis PJ, Weleber RG. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Jan;129(1):30-9. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.321.
citation: Morita S, Takahashi T, Yoshida Y, Yokota N. Population Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxychloroquine in Japanese Patients With Cutaneous or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Ther Drug Monit. 2016 Apr;38(2):259-67. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000261.
citation: Tsakonas E, Joseph L, Esdaile JM, Choquette D, Senecal JL, Cividino A, Danoff D, Osterland CK, Yeadon C, Smith CD. A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. Lupus. 1998;7(2):80-5. doi: 10.1191/096120398678919778.
citation: Zanetti CB, Pedrosa T, Kupa LVK, Aikawa NE, Borba EF, Vendramini MBG, Silva CA, Pasoto SG, Bonfa E. Hydroxychloroquine blood levels in stable lupus nephritis under low dose (2-3 mg/kg/day): 12-month prospective randomized controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol. 2021 Jul;40(7):2745-2751. doi: 10.1007/s10067-021-05600-2. Epub 2021 Jan 24.