Clinical trial NCT04449614: A Review of Surgical Management of Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations (CPAM): A Decade of Experience
Official title: A Review of Surgical Management of Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations (CPAM): A Decade of Experience
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Conditions: Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Congenital Disorders
Lead sponsor: King's College Hospital NHS Trust
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: King's College London
First posted: 2020-06-29
Enrollment: 72
Sex: ALL
Maximum age (years): 16
Standard ages: CHILD
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Observational model: COHORT
Time perspective: RETROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: All infants and children who had undergone thoracoscopic surgery for a CPAM from 2008 to 2017 at a regional centre

Brief summary: Congenital pulmonary malformation in children is a rare abnormality mostly diagnosed before birth during antenatal ultrasound examinations. These lesions may expand to form lung cysts in children, cause recurrent lung infections and has a potential for malignant change. Therefore, surgical removal in childhood is favoured as the treatment of choice.

The surgical correction may involve 'open' surgery or 'key hole' surgery. There is, however, a variation in surgical and anaesthetic techniques and timing of this surgery and subsequent complications reported post-surgery.

The purpose of this investigation is to review anaesthetic and surgical case notes and the subsequent well-being of all children who underwent lung surgery to remove above lung lesions over the last 10 years (2008-2017) at a regional centre. The aim is to look at the current status of these children in relation to their health, growth and development evaluated via a 20-minute structured telephone interview with prior consent.

Detailed description: Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) (previously named congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation) is a rare abnormality, first described in 1949. CPAM results from adenomatoid proliferation of the terminal bronchioles causing cyst formation, which may impair normal alveolar growth. It occurs more commonly in males and has an estimated incidence of 1:11000 to 1:35000. Most are diagnosed on routine antenatal ultrasonography. Most involve lower lobes, occasionally lesions are bilateral. CPAM lesions are usually managed by surgical removal in childhood due to the risk of serious infection, and potential for malignant change. A recent meta-analysis has favoured surgical management.

Historically, correction of CPAM was by open thoracotomy and surgical resection. This has evolved, however, and since 2008 more than 50 surgical corrections have been carried out thoracoscopically at King's College Hospital. The perioperative anaesthetic management of these children has also evolved, with the increasing use of selective lung ventilation.

The age range at surgery is variable, usually 1 - 14 years, and just over half being asymptomatic. Anaesthetic techniques are variable: for example, the deployment of selective lung ventilation techniques, the choice of anaesthetic agents and the types of invasive monitoring. Surgical duration is typically 3-4 hours. A degree of hypercarbia occurs in most cases during the procedure because of reduced minute ventilation to facilitate surgical access, and the absorption of carbon dioxide insufflated into the pleural space. Around 1/3rd receive blood transfusions. Perioperative complications include: respiratory problems causing hypoxia, requirement for re-intubation, conversion to open thoracotomy, bradycardia, surgical emphysema and sometimes the requirement for prolonged post-operative respiratory support including ventilation, CPAP and chest drain management, bronchopulmonary fistulae, and chylothorax and rarely seizures and cerebral infarction.

In general, post-operative care includes at least 24 hours critical care and another 6-7 days in hospital. The mainstay of early post-operative pain control is either with morphine using a nurse controlled intravenous analgesia system, or with epidural analgesia. These are supplemented with oral analgesic regimens. Children who were preoperatively symptomatic seem more likely to develop perioperative complications.

Objective The purpose of this investigation is to review all children who underwent CPAM surgery over the last 10 years at a single regional centre and carry out a descriptive evaluation of pre-operative factors, anaesthetic and surgical factors, peri- and post-operative morbidity, mortality and subsequent long term outcome.

Methods A retrospective review of all CPAM resections performed since 2008 at a single centre. The data will be retrieved from electronic and paper based medical records, anaesthetics records and operation notes. A prospective analysis of the post-operative course and events will be undertaken. A detailed evaluation of these children in relation to their health, growth and development will be carried out via a structured 20-minute telephone interview with prior consent.

Analysis Outcomes will be compared across preoperatively symptomatic and asymptomatic groups using Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon test or Student t test for continuous data or the chi square for categorical data. All tests were 2-tailed, and P\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

All children undergoing surgery for a CPAM removal between 2008 - 2017 at a regional hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

Lack of informed consent. Inability to contact parents/guardian for the required post-operative interview

Primary outcomes:
measure: Perioperative morbidity associated with the CPAM removal surgical episode
timeFrame: 28 days postoperative
measure: Perioperative mortality associated the CPAM removal surgical episode
timeFrame: 28 days postoperative
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Post surgery long-term well being as reported by parents/guardian
timeFrame: A prospective 1 year to complete a telephone follow-up of all participant children who had their surgery performed between 2007-2017
measure: Post surgery long-term development and growth of children as reported by parent/guardian
timeFrame: A prospective 1 year to complete a telephone follow-up of all participant children who had their surgery performed between 2007-2017
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: London
country: United Kingdom
facility: Kings College Hospital NHS Trust
Study officials:
affiliation: Consultant Anaesthetist
name: Chulananda Goonasekera
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
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citation: Khan H, Kurup M, Saikia S, Desai A, Mathew M, Sheikh A, Goonasekera CDA. Morbidity after thoracoscopic resection of congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM): single center experience over a decade. Pediatr Surg Int. 2021 May;37(5):549-554. doi: 10.1007/s00383-020-04801-1. Epub 2021 Jan 3.