Clinical trial NCT05596773: Community-Based Chronic Disease Care in Rural Lesotho
Official title: Community-Based Chronic Disease Care in Rural Lesotho: The ComBaCaL Cohort Study
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: RECRUITING
Conditions: Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Keywords: Community-Based Chronic Disease Care Lesotho (ComBaCaL)
Chronic Care Village Health Worker (CC-VHWs)
eHealth application (ComBaCaL app)
Lesotho
low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
Arterial hypertension (aHT)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Lead sponsor: University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
name: World Diabetes Foundation (WDF)
name: SolidarMed
First posted: 2022-10-27
Enrollment: 16000
Sex: ALL
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Observational model: COHORT
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Inhabitants of around 100 (range 90-110) randomly selected villages in rural Lesotho. The estimated mean number of inhabitants per village is 200. All inhabitants will be approached for consent and all consenting individuals (assent plus guardian consent for adolescents (10-17 years), guardian consent for children \<10 years) will be enrolled into the ComBaCaL cohort.

Brief summary: This ComBaCaL cohort study is to assess the impact of community-based, lay-led chronic disease screening and care interventions in rural Lesotho. It aims to establish a prospective research and service delivery platform in rural Lesotho that is managed by eHealth-supported Chronic Care Village Health Worker (CC-VHWs) providing regular chronic disease screening, monitoring and referral services. The implementation outcomes of the cohort as well as the effect of the cohort activities on disease-specific care cascades will be assessed. Subsequently, nested trials to assess the effectiveness of specific chronic disease control interventions will be developed. Measurements and data entry will be conducted by CC-VHWs. The CC-VHWs will be equipped with the essential tools required for chronic disease monitoring in the community (i.e. BP machines, scales, measuring band, glucometers, and urine dipsticks). They will undergo a theoretical and practical training covering all aspects required for correct data collection and chronic disease screening, diagnosing, referral and counselling services. At every visit, the CC-VHW will screen participants for warning signs and symptoms (i.e. shortness of breath, severe headache, chest pain, new-onset confusion, impaired consciousness, severely impaired general state of health) and refer participants to the closest health centre in case of any danger-sign. The CC-VHWs will be continuously monitored and supervised by health centre nurses of the respective village's catchment area, mainly through direct interaction during monthly VHW meetings and by CC nurses through field visits, remote interaction via phone calls or messages sent via the ComBaCaL app and through direct contact during the monthly VHW meetings at the health centre. The CC-VHWs are embedded within the Lesotho MoH VHW program and may during the project period be trained and equipped to provide further routine services in their communities.

Detailed description: Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability with a particularly high burden in Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where more than 75% of all premature NCD deaths occur. Lesotho is a typical example of an African LMIC where NCDs are overtaking Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and other infectious diseases as major cause of disability, morbidity and early death. HIV and NCDs are chronic diseases and share several characteristics such as the asymptomatic initial phase, progression to complications with disability and early death, and need for life-long treatment. The Ministry of Health (MoH) of Lesotho has therefore proposed in its NCD strategic plan that lessons learnt from the HIV program should be taken up to similarly reduce the existing access barriers to NCD care. Two scoping reviews have shown that the evidence on how and to what extent task shifting to lay workers can successfully be implemented for NCDs in sub-Sahara Africa is very limited. This open, prospective cohort study aims at generating evidence on community-based screening, diagnosis and management of uncomplicated arterial hypertension (aHT), Diabetes mellitus (DM) and other chronic diseases by lay Village health worker (VHWs) in a rural sub-Saharan African setting. It is to establish an observational cohort (ComBaCaL cohort) with regular monitoring of chronic disease indicators and risk factors in Butha-Buthe and Mokhothlong districts in Lesotho that will be managed by lay Chronic Care Village Health Workers (CC-VHWs), supported by a dedicated tablet-based eHealth application. The prevalence of common chronic diseases and associated risk factors in the cohort population and will be assessed and their development over time will be monitored. Initial focus will be on aHT, DM, cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) and HIV. Other conditions may be included at a later stage. The effect of the ComBaCaL activities on condition- specific care cascade outcomes, such as screening coverage, disease awareness, linkage to care, engagement in care and disease control rates will be analyzed. Cohort variables will be assessed at baseline and pre-specified analyses to assess the effect of the ComBaCaL on chronic disease care cascades will be conducted at six months (range 150-240 days) and twelve months (range 300-480 days) after enrolment. Variables which may change over time will be reassessed during follow-up visits at intervals of around six months.

The ComBaCaL cohort will be a platform for nested pragmatic trials (Trials within a Cohort, TwiCs) assessing chronic disease care interventions.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria village level:

* Village size of 40 to 100 households
* Village consent obtained from village chief
* Possibility to identify or recruit a CC-VHW from the village population meeting the following requirements which are largely in line with the criteria of the Lesotho VHW Program Policy:

  o Criteria of the Lesotho Village Health Program Policy:
* Having primary residence in the village (according to village chief)
* Having a proven record of trustworthiness in the resident village
* Having proven ability to maintain confidentiality on public matters
* Being aged between 20 and 50 years
* Being able to provide written reports and being able to do basic mathematical calculations
* Having at least educational level equivalent to high school leaving certificate (Junior Certificate)

  o Additional ComBaCaL criteria:
* Having the ability and willingness to work with a tablet-based eHealth tool
* Having good social and communication skills
* Having the ability and willingness to interact with health professionals and the village population
* Being able to speak, understand and write in English-
* Having successfully completed the ComBaCaL CC-VHW training including final assessment

Inclusion criteria individual level:

* Having primary residence in the village (self-reported at time of enrolment)
* Being able and willing to consent to participation or in case of individuals aged below 18

Primary outcomes:
measure: Screening coverage
timeFrame: At baseline
measure: Disease awareness
timeFrame: At baseline
measure: Linkage to care
timeFrame: Up to 3 years after enrolment
measure: Engagement in care
timeFrame: Up to 3 years after enrolment
measure: Disease control level
timeFrame: Up to 3 years after enrolment
measure: Occurrence of clinically relevant events (number)
timeFrame: Up to 3 years after enrolment
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
measure: Feasibility of ComBaCaL's communitybased chronic disease care activities among participants, CC-VHWs and involved healthcare professionals using mixed-methods assessments
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Acceptability of ComBaCaL's communitybased chronic disease care activities among participants, CC-VHWs and involved healthcare professionals using mixed-methods assessments
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Satisfaction of ComBaCaL's communitybased chronic disease care activities among participants, CC-VHWs and involved healthcare professionals using mixed-methods assessments
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Perceived appropriateness of ComBaCaL's communitybased chronic disease care activities among participants, CC-VHWs and involved healthcare professionals using mixed-methods assessments
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Number of households visited by CC-VHW
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Number of individuals monitored by one CC-VHW
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Number of individuals newly diagnosed with a chronic condition
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Number of villages inhabitants refusing community-based chronic disease screening or referral to health facility for further management after diagnosis
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Resource use of the ComBaCaL activities, including time-and-motion studies among CCVHWs
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Cost of the ComBaCaL activities, including time-and-motion studies among CCVHWs
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Completeness of the data collected by CC-VHWs
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
measure: Adherence to clinical algorithms provided via the eHealth application
timeFrame: Up to 3 years
Locations:
city: Maseru
country: Lesotho
facility: Solidarmed Lesotho
city: Basel
country: Switzerland
facility: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel
Study officials:
affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel
name: Niklaus Labhardt, Prof. Dr. med.
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel
name: Alain Amstutz, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
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