Clinical trial NCT03281876: A Study to Test if the Vaccine is Working Well in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients Aged 40 to 80 Years Old to Reduce Episodes of Worsening Symptoms and to Gather Further Information on Safety and Immune Response.
Official title: An Observer-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the GSK Biologicals' Investigational Vaccine GSK3277511A When Administered to COPD Patients
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Respiratory Disorders
Keywords: Immunogenicity
Vaccination
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
Acute exacerbation of COPD
Moraxella catarrhalis
Efficacy
Safety
Lead sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline
Sponsor class: INDUSTRY
First posted: 2017-09-13
Enrollment: 606
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 40
Maximum age (years): 80
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Intervention model description: Phase IIB, randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centric study with two parallel groups.
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: The purpose of this study is to test if the vaccine is working well in COPD patients aged 40 to 80 years old to reduce episodes of worsening symptoms ("exacerbations") and to gather further information on safety and immune response.

In the current study, COPD patients with a history of acute exacerbations will receive 2 doses of the investigational vaccine or placebo intramuscularly according to a 0, 2 month vaccination schedule, in addition to standard care.

The effect of vaccination against two pathogens known to cause exacerbations (Non-typeable Haemophilus influenza \[NTHi\] and Moraxella catarrhalis \[Mcat\]) will be evaluated at pre-defined timepoints (scheduled study visits).

In addition to the scheduled study visits, additional study visit(s) and/ or phone contact(s) will take place for each acute exacerbation of COPD occurring from first vaccination up to study conclusion.

Detailed description: The purpose of this Phase IIB proof-of-concept (POC) study in moderate to very severe COPD patients (i.e. GOLD grade 2, 3 and 4) aged 40 to 80 years with a history of moderate or severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) in the previous 12 months is to evaluate whether the NTHi-Mcat vaccine can reduce the frequency of AECOPD in this population and to assess the vaccine's safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity.

Several formulations of a vaccine containing the NTHi antigens (low or high formulation) either non-adjuvanted or combined with different adjuvants (aluminium \[Al\], adjuvant system) were already evaluated in two previous Phase I clinical trials (NTHI-002 in healthy adults aged 18 - 40 years and NTHI-003 in current and former healthy smokers of 50-70 years old). The investigational vaccines were well-tolerated, with an acceptable safety and reactogenicity profile. These studies allowed the dose selection of the NTHi antigens (low formulation) and the adjuvant system currently evaluated for the first time in moderate and severe COPD patients aged 45 - 81 years in the Phase II study NTHI-004.

The safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of different formulations of the NTHi-Mcat investigational vaccine have been evaluated in the Phase I study in healthy adults aged 19 - 40 years and in current and former smokers aged 50 - 70 years (study NTHI MCAT-001). Based on results obtained up to 30 days post-Dose 2 from this study, the adjuvanted formulation containing NTHi proteins PD and PE-PilA and of UspA2 has been selected for evaluation in the current NTHI MCAT-002 study. Placebo will be used as a control. The NTHi-Mcat investigational vaccine and placebo will be given on top of standard of care to subjects in the respective study groups.

In the current study, moderate, severe and very severe COPD patients (i.e. GOLD grade 2, 3 and 4) with a history of AECOPD will receive 2 doses of the NTHi-Mcat investigational vaccine or placebo intramuscularly (IM) according to a 0, 2 month vaccination schedule, in addition to standard care.

Scheduled study visits, during which the effect of immunisation against NTHi and Mcat will be evaluated, will take place at pre-defined timepoints.

In addition to the scheduled study visits, ad hoc AECOPD-driven study visit(s) and/ or phone contact(s) will take place for each AECOPD occurring from first vaccination up to study conclusion:

* An AECOPD visit will be scheduled as soon as possible after the onset of the AECOPD symptoms (maximum 96 hours after the onset of the symptoms).
* Follow-up visit(s) and/or phone call(s) will take place to determine the end of the AECOPD.

Rationale for the protocol amendment:

* CD8+ T cell component was removed from the secondary endpoint, but kept in the exploratory/tertiary endpoint. Previous clinical studies have shown that the investigational NTHi and NTHi-Mcat vaccines do not induce CD8+ T cell responses. This was observed in all studies performed with the NTHi vaccine and seen in the interim analysis of NTHi Mcat-001 study.
* An exclusion criterion was updated to clarify that only subjects with clinically significant respiratory diseases other than COPD (e.g. clinically significant lung fibrosis, clinically significant pulmonary embolism) need to be excluded from study participation.
* The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for sputum samples was not designed to discriminate amongst Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) serotypes. Results from AERIS epidemiological study \[Wilkinson, 2017\] showed that more than 99% of these bacteria would be Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Therefore, the protocol was updated to clarify that the presence of Hi bacteria in sputum during exacerbation will be used to determine AECOPD associated to NTHi.
* The list of potential immune mediated diseases was updated (effective June 30th 2017).
* The 87% confidence interval (CI) was removed from all secondary analyses. This confidence interval will only be maintained for the primary analysis because the 95% CIs are underpowered for this study. All other sensitivity analyses on different cohorts will be described using 95% CIs. As the primary objective will have both 87% and 95%, the sensitivity analyses can be interpreted with 95% CIs.
* A Full-Analysis Set (FAS) that corresponds to an intent-to-treat analysis was added. The FAS will include all randomized subjects who will receive at least 1 vaccine administration and, as per intention-to-treat principle, a subject in the FAS will be analysed "as randomized" (i.e. according to the vaccine a subject was planned to receive irrespectively of his/her real exposure).
* Cut-off values for anti-PE, anti-PilA and anti-UspA2 antibody ELISAs were updated following the re-set up of the assays.
* Additional minor updates were based on the scientific and operational experience gained from current COPD studies.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects who, in the opinion of the investigator, can and will comply with the requirements of the protocol.
* Written informed consent obtained from the subject prior to performing any study specific procedure.
* A male or female between, and including, 40 and 80 years of age at the time of the first vaccination.
* Confirmed diagnosis of COPD with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) over forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (FEV1/FVC) \< 0.7, AND FEV1 \< 80% predicted (GOLD 2, 3 and 4).
* Current or former smoker with a cigarette smoking history of ≥ 10 pack-years.
* Stable COPD patient\* with documented history\*\* of at least 1 moderate or severe AECOPD within the 12 months before Screening.

  * Patient for whom the last episode of AECOPD is resolved for at least 30 days at the time of first vaccination.

    * A documented history of a COPD exacerbation is a medical record of worsening COPD symptoms that required systemic/oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics (for a moderate exacerbation) or hospitalization (for a severe exacerbation). Prior use of antibiotics alone does not qualify as an exacerbation history unless the use was associated with treatment of worsening symptoms of COPD, such as increased dyspnea, sputum volume, or sputum purulence. Subject verbal reports are not acceptable.
* Capable of complying with the daily electronic Diary Card completion throughout the study period, according to investigator's judgement at Visit 1.
* Female subjects of non-childbearing potential may be enrolled in the study. Non-childbearing potential is defined as pre-menarche, current bilateral tubal ligation or occlusion, hysterectomy, bilateral ovariectomy or post-menopause.
* Female subjects of childbearing potential may be enrolled in the study, if the subject:

has practiced adequate contraception for 30 days prior to vaccination, and has a negative pregnancy test on the day of vaccination, and has agreed to continue adequate contraception during the entire treatment period and for 2 months after completion of the vaccination series.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Use of any investigational or non-registered product other than the study vaccine during the period starting 30 days before the first dose of study vaccine (Day -29 to Day 1), or planned use during the study period.
* Any medical condition that in the judgment of the investigator would make intramuscular injection unsafe.
* Administration of immunoglobulins or any blood products within the 3 months preceding the first dose of study vaccine or planned administration during the study period.
* Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient condition, based on medical history and physical examination.
* Planned administration/ administration of a vaccine not foreseen by the study protocol in the period starting 30 days before the first dose and ending 30 days after the last dose of vaccine, with the exception of any influenza or pneumococcal vaccine which may be administered ≥15 days preceding or following any study vaccine dose.
* Concurrently participating in another clinical study, at any time during the study period, in which the subject has been or will be exposed to an investigational or a non-investigational vaccine/product.
* Chronic administration of immunosuppressants or other immune-modifying drugs during the period starting six months prior to the first vaccine dose (e.g. methotrexate).
* Administration of systemic corticosteroids within the 30 days before first vaccination.

Subjects who received systemic corticosteroids within this period may be enrolled at a later date if enrolment is still open.

Inhaled and topical steroids are allowed.

• Administration of systemic antibiotics within the 30 days before first vaccination.

Subjects who received systemic antibiotics within this period may be enrolled at a later date if enrolment is still open.

* Chronic use of antibiotics for prevention of AECOPD (e.g. azithromycin).
* Acute disease and/or fever at the time of first vaccination. Fever is defined as temperature ≥37.5°C. The preferred location for measuring temperature in this study will be the oral cavity or the axilla.

Subjects with a minor illness (such as mild diarrhoea, mild upper respiratory infection) without fever may be enrolled at the discretion of the investigator.

* Oxygen therapy: Use of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) described as resting oxygen therapy \>3L/min (Oxygen use ≤3L/min flow is not exclusionary).
* Planned lung transplantation.
* Lung resection: Subjects with planned lung volume reduction surgery during the study or within the 12 months prior to first vaccination.
* Diagnosis of α-1 antitrypsin deficiency as the underlying cause of COPD.
* Diagnosed with a respiratory disorder other than COPD at time of enrolment (such as sarcoidosis, active tuberculosis, clinically significant bronchiectasis, clinically significant lung fibrosis, clinically significant pulmonary embolism, clinically significant pneumothorax, current diagnosis of asthma in the opinion of the investigator), or chest X-ray/ CT scan revealing evidence of clinically significant abnormalities not believed to be due to the presence of COPD. Subjects with allergic rhinitis do not need to be excluded and may be enrolled at the discretion of the investigator.
* History of immune-mediated disease other than COPD. If the subject has any condition on the non-exhaustive list of potential immune-mediated diseases defined in the protocol, they must be excluded unless the aetiology is clearly documented to be non-immune mediated.
* Previous vaccination with any vaccine containing NTHi and/ or Mcat antigens.
* History of any reaction or hypersensitivity likely to be exacerbated by any component of the vaccines and/ or the bronchodilator used for spirometry assessment during the study.
* Contraindication for spirometry testing.
* Unstable or life threatening cardiac disease: subjects with any of the following at Screening (Visit 1) would be excluded:

Myocardial infarction or unstable angina in the last 6 months. Unstable or life threatening cardiac arrhythmia requiring intervention in the last 3 months NYHA Class IV Heart failure

* Malignancies within the previous 5 years or lymphoproliferative disorder.
* Any known disease or condition likely to cause death during the study period.
* Pregnant or lactating female.
* Current alcoholism and/or drug abuse.
* Other condition which the investigator judges may put the safety of the subject at risk through study participation or which may interfere with the study findings.
* Planned move to a location that will complicate participation in the trial through study end.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Rate of Moderate and Severe AECOPD (Any Cause)-Analysis (87% Confidence Interval [CI]), Post-dose 2 and Lasting for 1 Year
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Rate of Moderate and Severe AECOPD (Any Cause) -Analysis (95% CI), Post-dose 2 and Lasting for 1 Year
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Number of Subjects Reported With Each Solicited Local Adverse Event (AE)
timeFrame: During the 7-day follow-up period (the day of vaccination + 6 days) after each vaccination administered approximately at Day 1 and Day 61
measure: Number of Subjects Reported With Each Solicited General AE
timeFrame: During the 7-day follow-up period (the day of vaccination + 6 days) after each vaccination administered approximately at Day 1 and Day 61
measure: Number of Subjects Reported With Any Unsolicited Adverse Event (AE)
timeFrame: During the 30-day follow-up period (the day of vaccination + 29 days) after each vaccination administered approximately at Day 1 and Day 61
measure: Number of Subjects Reported With Any Potential Immune-mediated Diseases (pIMDs)
timeFrame: From first vaccination (Day 1) up to Study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Subjects Reported With Any Serious Adverse Event (SAE)
timeFrame: From first vaccination (Day 1) up to Study end (at Day 451)
measure: Rate of Moderate and Severe AECOPD in Vaccinated and Control Subjects, One Year Follow up Starting 1 Month Post Dose 2, by 3 Months Period
timeFrame: During following periods: from 0 to 3 months, from 3 to 6 months, from 6 to 9 months, from 9 to 12 months (observation starting 1 month post-Dose 2)
measure: Rate of Any AECOPD Case in Vaccinated and Control Subjects, One Year Follow up Starting 1 Month Post Dose 2, by 3 Months Period
timeFrame: During following periods: from 0 to 3 months, from 3 to 6 months, from 6 to 9 months, from 9 to 12 months, 0-12 months (observation starting 1 month post-Dose 2)
measure: Exacerbation Rate of Any AECOPD Cases, Classified by Severity, One Year Follow up Starting 1 Month Post Dose 2, by 3 Months Period
timeFrame: During following periods: from 0 to 3 months, from 3 to 6 months, from 6 to 9 months, from 9 to 12 months (observation starting 1 month post-Dose 2)
measure: Number of Subjects With First Moderate or Severe AECOPD
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Subjects With First AECOPD of Any Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Subjects With First AECOPD Classified by Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Days With Moderate and Severe AECOPDs
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Days With AECOPDs of Any Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Days With AECOPDs Classified by Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Rate of Non-Typeable Haemophilus Influenzae (NTHi)-Associated and/ or Moraxella Catarrhalis (Mcat)-Associated Moderate and Severe AECOPD
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Rate of NTHi-associated and/ or Mcat-associated AECOPD of Any Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Exacerbation Rate of Any NTHi-associated and/ or Mcat-associated AECOPD Cases, Classified by Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Subjects With First Moderate or Severe NTHi-associated and/or Mcat-associated AECOPD
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Subjects With First NTHi-associated and/or Mcat-associated AECOPD of Any Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Subjects With First NTHi-associated and/or Mcat-associated AECOPD, Classified by Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Days With Moderate and Severe NTHi-associated and Mcat-associated AECOPD
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Days With NTHi-associated and/or Mcat-associated AECOPDs of Any Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Number of Days With NTHi-associated and/or Mcat-associated AECOPD, Classified by Severity
timeFrame: From 1-month post-Dose 2 (at Day 91) up to study end (at Day 451)
measure: Anti-PD Antibody Concentrations as Measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 31, Day 61, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Anti-PE Antibody Concentrations as Measured by ELISA
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 31, Day 61, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Anti-PilA Antibody Concentrations as Measured by ELISA
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 31, Day 61, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Anti-UspA2 Antibody Concentrations as Measured by ELISA
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 31, Day 61, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Frequency of PD Specific Cluster of Differentiation (CD)4+ T-cells Expressing at Least 2 Markers Among CD40L, IL2, TNF-Alpha, IFN-Gamma, IL-13 and IL-17 Using Background Reduced Frequency Data
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Frequency of PE Specific (CD)4+ T-cells Expressing at Least 2 Markers Among CD40L, IL2, TNF-Alpha, IFN-Gamma, IL-13 and IL-17 Using Background Reduced Frequency Data
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Frequency of PilA Specific CD4+ T-cells Expressing at Least 2 Markers Among CD40L, IL2, TNF-Alpha, IFN-Gamma, IL-13 and IL-17 Using Background Reduced Frequency Data
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
measure: Frequency of UspA2 Specific CD4 + T-cells Expressing at Least 2 Markers Among CD40L, IL2, TNF-Alpha, IFN-Gamma, IL-13 and IL-17 Using Background Reduced Frequency Data
timeFrame: At Day 1, Day 91, Day 271 and at Day 451
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Mesa
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Arizona
city: Phoenix
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Arizona
city: Phoenix
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Arizona
city: Palm Springs
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: California
city: Clearwater
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Florida
city: Jacksonville
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Florida
city: Jacksonville
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Florida
city: Council Bluffs
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Iowa
city: Wichita
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Kansas
city: Missoula
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Montana
city: Neptune
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: New Jersey
city: Charlotte
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: North Carolina
city: Mooresville
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: North Carolina
city: Winston-Salem
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: North Carolina
city: Columbus
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Ohio
city: Corvallis
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Oregon
city: Medford
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Oregon
city: Erie
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Pennsylvania
city: Gaffney
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: South Carolina
city: Mount Pleasant
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: South Carolina
city: Spartanburg
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: South Carolina
city: Union
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: South Carolina
city: Abingdon
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Virginia
city: Richmond
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Virginia
city: Wenatchee
country: United States
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Washington
city: Brussels
country: Belgium
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Genk
country: Belgium
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Gent
country: Belgium
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Kortrijk
country: Belgium
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Leuven
country: Belgium
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Liège
country: Belgium
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Edmonton
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Alberta
city: Vancouver
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: British Columbia
city: Halifax
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Nova Scotia
city: Truro
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Nova Scotia
city: Montreal
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Quebec
city: St-Charles-Borromée
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Quebec
city: Quebec
country: Canada
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Brest Cedex
country: France
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Créteil cedex
country: France
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Marseille cedex 08
country: France
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Montpellier cedex 5
country: France
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Frankfurt
country: Germany
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Hessen
city: Frankfurt
country: Germany
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Hessen
city: Immenhausen
country: Germany
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Hessen
city: Grosshansdorf
country: Germany
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Schleswig-Holstein
city: Luebeck
country: Germany
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Schleswig-Holstein
city: Magdeburg
country: Germany
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Cona (FE)
country: Italy
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Emilia-Romagna
city: Parma
country: Italy
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Emilia-Romagna
city: Milano
country: Italy
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Lombardia
city: Milano
country: Italy
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Lombardia
city: Monza
country: Italy
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Lombardia
city: Negrar
country: Italy
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Veneto
city: Barcelona
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Centelles (Barcelona)
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Elda
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: La Roca Del Valles (Barcelona)
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Madrid
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Pozuelo De Alarcón/Madrid
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Vic
country: Spain
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Portsmouth
country: United Kingdom
facility: GSK Investigational Site
state: Hampshire
city: Bradford
country: United Kingdom
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Dundee
country: United Kingdom
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Edinburgh
country: United Kingdom
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: High Heaton, Newcastle Upon Tyne
country: United Kingdom
facility: GSK Investigational Site
city: Southampton
country: United Kingdom
facility: GSK Investigational Site
Study officials:
affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline
name: GSK Clinical Trials
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
References:
citation: Arora AK, Chinsky K, Keller C, Mayers I, Pascual-Guardia S, Vera MP, Lambert C, Lombardi S, Rondini S, Tian S, Ulloa-Montoya F, Moraschini L, Casula D; NTHi-Mcat-002 study group. A detailed analysis of possible efficacy signals of NTHi-Mcat vaccine against severe COPD exacerbations in a previously reported randomised phase 2b trial. Vaccine. 2022 Sep 29;40(41):5924-5932. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.053. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
citation: Andreas S, Testa M, Boyer L, Brusselle G, Janssens W, Kerwin E, Papi A, Pek B, Puente-Maestu L, Saralaya D, Watz H, Wilkinson TMA, Casula D, Di Maro G, Lattanzi M, Moraschini L, Schoonbroodt S, Tasciotti A, Arora AK, Maltais F; NTHi-Mcat-002 study group. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine for the prevention of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, proof-of-concept, phase 2b trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 May;10(5):435-446. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00502-6. Epub 2022 Jan 10.