Clinical trial NCT00002514: Stem Cell Transplantation Compared With Standard Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in First Remission
Official title: Phase III Randomized Trial of Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Versus Intensive Conventional Chemotherapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in First Remission
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE3
Conditions: Leukemia
Keywords: adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission
Lead sponsor: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Sponsor class: NETWORK
Collaborators: name: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
name: Medical Research Council
First posted: 2003-01-27
Enrollment: 1929
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 15
Maximum age (years): 65
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation may allow the doctor to give higher doses of chemotherapy drugs and kill more cancer cells. It is not yet known whether stem cell transplantation is more effective than standard chemotherapy in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial is studying how well stem cell transplantation works compared to standard combination chemotherapy in treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission.

Detailed description: OBJECTIVES:

* Compare the duration of complete remission (CR) and survival in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission treated with allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) vs conventional consolidation and maintenance chemotherapy.
* Compare the overall treatment outcomes in patients treated with these regimens.
* Determine the effect of imatinib mesylate given after induction therapy in Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive patients in CR.
* Determine the benefit of allogeneic or autologous SCT after imatinib mesylate in Ph chromosome-positive patients.
* Determine the benefit of additional imatinib mesylate administered after allogeneic or autologous SCT in Ph chromosome-positive patients.
* Determine the minimal residual disease in Ph chromosome-positive patients before and after treatment with imatinib mesylate.
* Determine the clinical resistance to imatinib mesylate caused by BCR-ABL gene amplification or mutation in Ph chromosome-positive patients.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to age (50 and under vs over 50), time to achieve complete remission (CR) (4 weeks or less vs more than 4 weeks), and Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome status (positive vs negative).

* First induction therapy: Patients receive daunorubicin (DNR) IV over 15-30 minutes and vincristine (VCR) IV over 3-5 minutes on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; oral prednisone (PRED) once daily on days 1-28; and asparaginase (ASP) IV over 30 minutes or intramuscularly on days 17-28. Patients with CNS leukemia at presentation also receive methotrexate (MTX) intrathecally (IT) via an Ommaya reservoir weekly until the CSF is clear. Patients without CNS leukemia at presentation receive MTX IT on day 23 only.
* Second induction therapy: Beginning immediately after first induction therapy, patients receive cyclophosphamide (CTX) IV over 30 minutes on days 1, 15, and 29; cytarabine (ARA-C) IV over 30 minutes on days 1-4, 8-11, 15-18, and 22-25; and oral mercaptopurine (MP) once daily on days 1-28. Patients with CNS leukemia at presentation also undergo concurrent craniospinal irradiation. Patients without CNS leukemia at presentation receive MTX IT on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. Patients with Ph chromosome-positive status receive oral imatinib mesylate once daily for at least 28 days (days 1-28).

Patients with Ph chromosome-positive status and CR after second induction therapy proceed to group I for autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Patients with Ph chromosome-negative status and CR after second induction therapy proceed to group II.

* Group I (Ph chromosome-positive patients):

  * Autologous SCT: Patients receive high-dose consolidation/mobilization chemotherapy comprising ARA-C IV over 3 hours on days 1-3 and mitoxantrone IV immediately after ARA-C administration on days 1 and 2. Patients also receive filgrastim (G-CSF) subcutaneously (SC) once daily beginning on day 5 and continuing until blood counts recover.

Patients then undergo peripheral blood stem cell collection or bone marrow harvesting.

Patients receive preparative therapy comprising total body irradiation twice daily (5-10 hours apart) on days -6 to -4 and high-dose etoposide (VP-16) IV over 4 hours on day -3. Male patients also undergo radiotherapy boost to the testes on day -6.

Patients undergo autologous SCT on day 0 and receive sargramostim (GM-CSF) SC once daily beginning 6 hours after the completion of SCT and continuing until blood counts recover.

* Allogeneic SCT: Patients receive the preparative regimen as in autologous SCT and then undergo allogeneic SCT on day 0. Patients receive GM-CSF as in autologous SCT.
* Post-SCT imatinib mesylate therapy: After recovery from autologous or allogeneic SCT, patients receive oral imatinib mesylate once daily. Imatinib mesylate therapy continues in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

  * Group II (Ph chromosome-negative patients):
* Intensification therapy: Beginning 4 weeks after the completion of the second induction therapy, patients receive high-dose MTX IV over 2 hours on days 1, 8, and 22; leucovorin calcium IV every 6 hours for 4 doses and then orally every 6 hours for 12 doses beginning 22-24 hours after each MTX infusion; and ASP IV over 30 minutes on days 2, 9, and 23.

Patients who are ≤ 50 years of age with a histocompatible donor proceed to allogeneic SCT and undergo allogeneic SCT as in group I. Patients who are ≤ 50 years of age without an appropriate donor are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

* Arm I (conventional consolidation/maintenance therapy):

  * Conventional consolidation therapy: During course 1, patients receive ARA-C IV over 30 minutes and VP-16 IV over 1 hour on days 1-5; VCR IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; and oral dexamethasone on days 1-28. During course 2 (which begins 4 weeks after initiation of course 1 or when blood counts recover), patients receive ARA-C and VP-16 as in course 1. During course 3 (which begins 4 weeks after initiation of course 2 or when blood counts recover), patients receive DNR IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; CTX IV over 30 minutes on day 29; ARA-C IV over 30 minutes on days 31-34 and 38-41; and oral thioguanine on days 29-42. During course 4 (which begins 8 weeks after initiation of course 3 or when blood counts recover), patients receive treatment as in course 2.
  * Maintenance therapy: Beginning 4 weeks after initiation of course 4 of consolidation therapy or when blood counts recover, patients receive oral MP daily; MTX orally or IV once weekly; VCR IV once every 12 weeks; and oral PRED for 5 days every 12 weeks. Maintenance therapy continues for 2.5 years after initiation of intensification therapy.
* Arm II (autologous SCT): Patients undergo autologous SCT as in group I with the exception of high-dose consolidation/mobilization chemotherapy.

Patients are followed every 6 months for 2 years.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: Approximately 40 patients per year will be accrued for group I (Philadelphia \[Ph\] chromosome-positive patients) of this study. Approximately 550 patients will be accrued for group II (Ph chromosome-negative patients) of this study within 5 years.

Eligibility criteria: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Histologically confirmed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

  * More than 25% lymphoblasts in bone marrow

    * Patients with myeloid antigen expression AND unequivocal lymphoid immunophenotype are eligible
* Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome status determined by cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and/or RNA analysis

  * Patients determined to be Ph chromosome negative by cytogenetics, but positive for BCR-ABL by FISH or polymerase chain reaction are considered Ph chromosome positive
  * Patients with Ph chromosome-positive disease may be up to age 65
* No myelodysplasia or other antecedent hematologic disorder
* Patients age 50 and under must be HLA typed during induction therapy of study treatment OR provide a written explanation for not undergoing HLA typing

  * A and B typing required
  * C and DR typing done if feasible
* Allogeneic stem cell transplantation patients must meet the following criteria:

  * Appropriate HLA histocompatible donor available

    * Ph chromosome-negative patients must have HLA identical sibling
    * Ph chromosome-positive patients must have HLA identical, HLA-matched unrelated, or haploidentical related donor
* Postinduction therapy:

  * CSF negative for leukemia
  * No occult or overt leukemic meningitis
  * Documented complete remission

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

Age:

* 15 to 65

Performance status:

* Induction therapy:

  * Not specified
* Postinduction therapy:

  * 0-1

Life expectancy:

* Not specified

Hematopoietic:

* See Disease Characteristics

Hepatic:

* Induction therapy:

  * Direct bilirubin ≤ 2.0 mg/dL
* Postinduction therapy:

  * Direct bilirubin \< 2.0 mg/dL
  * SGPT or SGOT \< 3 times normal

Renal:

* Induction therapy:

  * Creatinine \< 2 mg/dL
* Postinduction therapy:

  * Creatinine ≤ 2 mg/dL
  * Creatinine clearance ≥ 60 mL/min

Cardiovascular:

* Induction and postinduction therapy:

  * No significant cardiac disease requiring digoxin and/or diuretics
  * No major ventricular dysrhythmia requiring medication
  * No ischemic heart disease requiring medication
* Postinduction therapy:

  * Cardiac ejection fraction ≥ 50% for patients under consideration for transplantation

Pulmonary:

* Induction therapy:

  * Not specified
* Postinduction therapy:

  * FEV_1 ≥ 60% of predicted for patients under consideration for transplantation
  * DLCO ≥ 50% of predicted for patients under consideration for transplantation

Other:

* Induction and postinduction therapy:

  * HIV negative
  * No concurrent organ damage or other medical problem (e.g., psychiatric disorder or drug abuse) that would preclude study therapy
  * Not pregnant
* Postinduction therapy:

  * No persistent infection

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

Biologic therapy:

* No concurrent umbilical cord allogeneic transplantation

Chemotherapy:

* Not specified

Endocrine therapy:

* Prior corticosteroids for ALL allowed

Radiotherapy:

* Not specified

Surgery:

* Not specified

Other:

* Induction and postinduction therapy:

  * No other prior therapy for ALL
* Postinduction therapy:

  * No concurrent antibiotics

Primary outcomes:
measure: Overall Survival
timeFrame: All patients were followed for 2 years
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Aurora
country: United States
facility: Aurora Presbyterian Hospital
state: Colorado
city: Boulder
country: United States
facility: Boulder Community Hospital
state: Colorado
city: Colorado Springs
country: United States
facility: Penrose Cancer Center at Penrose Hospital
state: Colorado
city: Denver
country: United States
facility: Porter Adventist Hospital
state: Colorado
city: Denver
country: United States
facility: Presbyterian - St. Luke's Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Denver
country: United States
facility: St. Joseph Hospital
state: Colorado
city: Denver
country: United States
facility: Rose Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Denver
country: United States
facility: CCOP - Colorado Cancer Research Program
state: Colorado
city: Englewood
country: United States
facility: Swedish Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Grand Junction
country: United States
facility: St. Mary's Regional Cancer Center at St. Mary's Hospital and Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Lone Tree
country: United States
facility: Sky Ridge Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Longmont
country: United States
facility: Hope Cancer Care Center at Longmont United Hospital
state: Colorado
city: Pueblo
country: United States
facility: St. Mary - Corwin Regional Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Thornton
country: United States
facility: North Suburban Medical Center
state: Colorado
city: Farmington
country: United States
facility: Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center
state: Connecticut
city: New Britain
country: United States
facility: George Bray Cancer Center at the Hospital of Central Connecticut - New Britain Campus
state: Connecticut
city: Aurora
country: United States
facility: Rush-Copley Cancer Care Center
state: Illinois
city: Evanston
country: United States
facility: Evanston Northwestern Healthcare - Evanston Hospital
state: Illinois
city: Hinsdale
country: United States
facility: Hinsdale Hematology Oncology Associates
state: Illinois
city: Joliet
country: United States
facility: Joliet Oncology-Hematology Associates, Limited - West
state: Illinois
city: Urbana
country: United States
facility: Carle Cancer Center at Carle Foundation Hospital
state: Illinois
city: Urbana
country: United States
facility: CCOP - Carle Cancer Center
state: Illinois
city: Indianapolis
country: United States
facility: Methodist Cancer Center at Methodist Hospital
state: Indiana
city: Michigan City
country: United States
facility: Saint Anthony Memorial Health Centers
state: Indiana
city: Cedar Rapids
country: United States
facility: Cedar Rapids Oncology Associates
state: Iowa
city: Sioux City
country: United States
facility: Siouxland Hematology-Oncology Associates, LLP
state: Iowa
city: Sioux City
country: United States
facility: Mercy Medical Center - Sioux City
state: Iowa
city: Sioux City
country: United States
facility: St. Luke's Regional Medical Center
state: Iowa
city: Boston
country: United States
facility: Tufts-NEMC Cancer Center
state: Massachusetts
city: Boston
country: United States
facility: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
state: Massachusetts
city: Springfield
country: United States
facility: Baystate Regional Cancer Program at D'Amour Center for Cancer Care
state: Massachusetts
city: Ann Arbor
country: United States
facility: Saint Joseph Mercy Cancer Center
state: Michigan
city: Ann Arbor
country: United States
facility: CCOP - Michigan Cancer Research Consortium
state: Michigan
city: Dearborn
country: United States
facility: Oakwood Cancer Center at Oakwood Hospital and Medical Center
state: Michigan
city: Flint
country: United States
facility: Genesys Hurley Cancer Institute
state: Michigan
city: Flint
country: United States
facility: Hurley Medical Center
state: Michigan
city: Grosse Pointe Woods
country: United States
facility: Van Elslander Cancer Center at St. John Hospital and Medical Center
state: Michigan
city: Jackson
country: United States
facility: Foote Hospital
state: Michigan
city: Kalamazoo
country: United States
facility: Borgess Medical Center
state: Michigan
city: Kalamazoo
country: United States
facility: West Michigan Cancer Center
state: Michigan
city: Kalamazoo
country: United States
facility: Bronson Methodist Hospital
state: Michigan
city: Lansing
country: United States
facility: Sparrow Regional Cancer Center
state: Michigan
city: Saginaw
country: United States
facility: Seton Cancer Institute - Saginaw
state: Michigan
city: Warren
country: United States
facility: St. John Macomb Hospital
state: Michigan
city: Bemidji
country: United States
facility: MeritCare Bemidji
state: Minnesota
city: Burnsville
country: United States
facility: Fairview Ridges Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Coon Rapids
country: United States
facility: Mercy and Unity Cancer Center at Mercy Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Duluth
country: United States
facility: Duluth Clinic Cancer Center - Duluth
state: Minnesota
city: Duluth
country: United States
facility: CCOP - Duluth
state: Minnesota
city: Duluth
country: United States
facility: Miller - Dwan Medical Center
state: Minnesota
city: Edina
country: United States
facility: Fairview Southdale Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Fridley
country: United States
facility: Mercy and Unity Cancer Center at Unity Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Hutchinson
country: United States
facility: Hutchinson Area Health Care
state: Minnesota
city: Litchfield
country: United States
facility: Meeker County Memorial Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Maplewood
country: United States
facility: HealthEast Cancer Care at St. John's Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Maplewood
country: United States
facility: Minnesota Oncology Hematology, PA - Maplewood
state: Minnesota
city: Minneapolis
country: United States
facility: Virginia Piper Cancer Institute at Abbott - Northwestern Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Minneapolis
country: United States
facility: Hennepin County Medical Center - Minneapolis
state: Minnesota
city: Robbinsdale
country: United States
facility: Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center at North Memorial Outpatient Center
state: Minnesota
city: Saint Louis Park
country: United States
facility: CCOP - Metro-Minnesota
state: Minnesota
city: Saint Louis Park
country: United States
facility: Park Nicollet Cancer Center
state: Minnesota
city: Saint Paul
country: United States
facility: Regions Hospital Cancer Care Center
state: Minnesota
city: Saint Paul
country: United States
facility: HealthEast Cancer Care at St. Joseph's Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Saint Paul
country: United States
facility: United Hospital
state: Minnesota
city: Shakopee
country: United States
facility: St. Francis Cancer Center at St. Francis Medical Center
state: Minnesota
city: Waconia
country: United States
facility: Ridgeview Medical Center
state: Minnesota
city: Woodbury
country: United States
facility: HealthEast Cancer Care at Woodwinds Health Campus
state: Minnesota
city: Woodbury
country: United States
facility: Minnesota Oncology Hematology, PA - Woodbury
state: Minnesota
city: Fargo
country: United States
facility: CCOP - MeritCare Hospital
state: North Dakota
city: Fargo
country: United States
facility: MeritCare Broadway
state: North Dakota
city: Canton
country: United States
facility: Mercy Cancer Center at Mercy Medical Center
state: Ohio
city: Canton
country: United States
facility: Aultman Cancer Center at Aultman Hospital
state: Ohio
city: Cincinnati
country: United States
facility: Jewish Hospital Cancer Center
state: Ohio
city: Cleveland
country: United States
facility: Case Comprehensive Cancer Center
state: Ohio
city: Cleveland
country: United States
facility: MetroHealth Cancer Care Center at MetroHealth Medical Center
state: Ohio
city: Lima
country: United States
facility: St. Rita's Medical Center
state: Ohio
city: Tulsa
country: United States
facility: Natalie Warren Bryant Cancer Center at St. Francis Hospital
state: Oklahoma
city: Danville
country: United States
facility: Geisinger Medical Center
state: Pennsylvania
city: Hershey
country: United States
facility: Penn State Cancer Institute at Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
state: Pennsylvania
city: Philadelphia
country: United States
facility: Drexel University College of Medicine - Center City Hahnemann Campus
state: Pennsylvania
city: Philadelphia
country: United States
facility: Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
state: Pennsylvania
city: State College
country: United States
facility: Geisinger Medical Group - Scenery Park
state: Pennsylvania
city: Wilkes-Barre
country: United States
facility: Frank M. and Dorothea Henry Cancer Center at Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center
state: Pennsylvania
city: Sioux Falls
country: United States
facility: Avera Cancer Institute
state: South Dakota
city: Sioux Falls
country: United States
facility: Medical X-Ray Center, PC
state: South Dakota
city: Sioux Falls
country: United States
facility: Sanford Cancer Center at Sanford USD Medical Center
state: South Dakota
city: Nashville
country: United States
facility: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
state: Tennessee
city: La Crosse
country: United States
facility: Gundersen Lutheran Cancer Center at Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center
state: Wisconsin
city: Madison
country: United States
facility: Dean Medical Center - Madison
state: Wisconsin
city: Madison
country: United States
facility: University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
state: Wisconsin
city: Marshfield
country: United States
facility: Marshfield Clinic - Marshfield Center
state: Wisconsin
city: Milwaukee
country: United States
facility: Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin
state: Wisconsin
city: Milwaukee
country: United States
facility: Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center
state: Wisconsin
city: Rice Lake
country: United States
facility: Marshfield Clinic - Indianhead Center
state: Wisconsin
Study officials:
affiliation: Rambam Health Care Campus
name: Jacob M. Rowe, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Mayo Clinic
name: Mark R. Litzow, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: University College London Hospitals
name: Antony H. Goldstone, FRCP
role: STUDY_CHAIR
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