Clinical trial NCT05319262: Metabolic and Cognitive Consequences of Noise-induced Sleep Disturbance
Official title: Metabolic and Cognitive Consequences of Noise-induced Sleep Disturbance
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Noise Exposure
Sleep Disturbance
Sleep Hygiene
Metabolic Disturbance
Cognitive Change
Keywords: neurobehavioral performance
white noise
auditory fatigue
polysomnography
metabolomics
Lead sponsor: Göteborg University
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: University of Pennsylvania
name: University of Manitoba
First posted: 2022-04-08
Enrollment: 12
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 30
Standard ages: ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: CROSSOVER
Intervention model description: All participants will be exposed to each of the different noise exposure conditions. Each study night is treated as a separate arm of the crossover study. The order of the noise exposure conditions will be be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to one night of each of the following:

Quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Traffic noise night to determine consequences of noise-disrupted sleep; Pink noise night: To determine impact of continuous pink noise on sleep; Traffic + pink noise night: simultaneous traffic and pink noise at the same sound pressure levels as in the traffic-only and pink noise-only nights, to determine sleep-protecting effects of pink noise in the face of traffic noise.
Primary purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE

Brief summary: This study will investigate the biological mechanisms linking sleep disruption by noise and the development of disease. In a laboratory sleep study, we will play traffic sounds of different types (road, rail and air) and noise levels during the night. We will also have nights with sound from so-called "white noise machines". These generate a low-level and continuous noise that may improve sleep by "masking" the traffic noises that would otherwise disturb sleep. We will also measure objective sleep quality and quantity, cognitive performance across multiple domains, self-reported sleep and wellbeing outcomes, and blood samples. Blood samples will be analysed to identify metabolic changes in different nights. Identifying biomarkers that are impacted by sleep fragmentation will establish the currently unclear pathways by which chronic noise exposure at night can lead to the development of diseases in the long term, especially cardiometabolic disorders.

Detailed description: The experimental sleep study has the overarching goal of deepening our understanding of experimentally-induced disruption of sleep and changes in metabolic and cognitive function, and to determine the efficacy of a potential non-pharmacological intervention to promote sleep. To this end, the study will address the following independent aims:

Aim 1: Determine associations between novel physiologic markers of sleep and metabolic and cognitive function. We will measure the sleep of healthy volunteers using novel and classical indictors of sleep architecture. Each morning we will obtain blood samples for metabolomics analysis and administer a neurocognitive test battery.

Aim 2: Determine the biological and neurobehavioral consequences of noise-disrupted sleep. We will compare effects on sleep, metabolomics and cognitive function between quiet nights and nights with traffic noise.

Aim 3: Evaluate the effects of continuous pink noise throughout the night. Sub-aim 1: To determine if continuous noise (pink noise) per se improves or disturbs sleep, we will investigate changes in novel and classical indictors of sleep architecture and disturbance induced by pink noise relative to quiet baseline nights. Sub-aim 2: To determine if pink noise reduces sleep disturbance by traffic noise, we will investigate changes in sleep fragmentation and continuity, and cortical and autonomic arousal, from nights with both traffic noise and pink noise compared to nights with traffic noise only.

The study will be conducted at in the University of Gothenburg sound environment laboratory (SEL). The SEL is a high fidelity research laboratory equipped to simulate a typical apartment, including three individually light-, sound- and vibration-isolated private bedrooms. Ceiling mounted speakers in each room allow us to create a realistic acoustic environment by transmitting sound exposures from the control room to each bedroom individually.

This study has a prospective within-subjects cross-over design. Participants (N=12) will each spend five consecutive nights in the SEL with a sleep opportunity between 23:00-07:00. Daytime sleep will be prohibited, confirmed with measures of daytime activity via wrist actigraphy monitors worn continuously throughout the study. Three subjects will take part concurrently, in separate bedrooms. The first night is a habituation period to the study protocol and for familiarisation with the test procedures. Study nights 2-5 are the experimental nights and will be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to one night of each of the following:

Quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Traffic noise night to determine consequences of noise-disrupted sleep; Pink noise night: To determine impact of continuous pink noise on sleep; Traffic + pink noise night: simultaneous traffic and pink noise at the same sound pressure levels as in the traffic-only and pink noise-only nights, to determine sleep-protecting effects of pink noise in the face of traffic noise.

Each night we will record physiologic sleep with polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG). Each study morning, subjects will provide a 2ml blood sample, complete cognitive testing and answer questionnaires and will depart the SEL to follow their normal daytime routine. They will return to the SEL at 20:00 each evening to prepare for sleep measurements. Caffeine will be prohibited after 15:00 and alcohol will be prohibited at all times. Because sound-induced auditory fatigue may be affected by noise exposure during participant's normal routines,60 they will wear a noise dosimeter during the week of the study to record their daytime noise exposure. Because extreme and/or variable dietary behaviour can affect the metabolome/lipoprotein profile, participants will be given guidance that they should eat a similar evening meal on each day of the laboratory study, confirmed with a food diary, The actual meal itself can be different for different study participants, because the study has a within-subjects design.

Sleep will be recorded with ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG) and finger pulse photoplethysmogram. Data are recorded offline onto the sleep recorder, and will be downloaded and checked every study morning to ensure data quality. In addition to traditional sleep analysis performed by the research group at the University of Gothenburg, raw PSG data will be used to calculate the Odds Ratio Project, a novel metric of sleep depth and stability.

Each study morning subjects will provide a 2 ml blood sample for plasma metabolomics analysis. To ensure reliable data, blood samples will be taken at the same time every day to mitigate circadian effects, before eating or drinking anything except water, and each sample will be handled in the same way i.e. centrifuged, aliquoted and stored in -80C freezers. Subjects will eat the same food each study evening to mitigate within-subject dietary effects on the blood metabolome.

Each morning, subjects will complete a computerised cognitive test battery taking approximately 20 minutes, that includes 10 tests across a range of cognitive domains (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance). Cognition data will be analysed to determine key measures of cognitive speed and accuracy, adjusting for practice effects and the difficulty of the stimulus set.

Subjects will complete a battery of one-time validated questionnaires to measure their general health (SF-36), chronotype, noise sensitivity, habitual sleep quality, environmental sensitivity, and annoyance and sleep disturbance by noise. Subjects will also answer a questionnaire each study evening and morning, involving questions on sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), auditory fatigue, sleep disturbance by noise, and validated sleep and disturbance questions.

Subjects will wear a noise dosimeter during the week of the study to record their daytime noise exposure (sound pressure level only, no actual sound recordings).

Participants will wear a wrist actigraphy monitor continuously throughout the study period, and also for the week before the study, to confirm habitual sleep-wake times and to measure physical activity levels.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

1) live in or around the city of Gothenburg area (Sweden)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. aged \<18 or \>30 years;
2. habitual sleep and wake timings more than ±1 hour different from the study sleep times (i.e. habitual sleep time should be 22:00-00:00 and habitual wake time should be 06:00-08:00);
3. BMI\>25 kg/m2;
4. regular sleep medication use (prescribed or "over-the-counter");
5. poor hearing acuity (measured during screening via pure tone audiometry);
6. diagnosed with sleep disorders;
7. indications of sleep apnea on the STOP-BANG questionnaire;
8. shift work;
9. smoking, vaping, snus, or other nicotine use;
10. pre-existing use of "white noise machines" as a sleep aid.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Metabolomics and lipids
timeFrame: On each of the five study mornings
measure: Baseline total sleep time
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the traffic noise night
measure: Total sleep time during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the pink noise night
measure: Total sleep time during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Total amount of baseline N1 sleep
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Total amount of baseline N2 sleep
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Total amount of baseline N3 sleep
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Total amount of baseline rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the traffic noise night
measure: Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the traffic noise night
measure: Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the traffic noise night
measure: Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the traffic noise night
measure: Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the pink noise night
measure: Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the pink noise night
measure: Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the pink noise night
measure: Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the pink noise night
measure: Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO)
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise night
measure: Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the Pink noise night
measure: Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline number of awakenings
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise night
measure: Number of awakenings during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the Pink noise night
measure: Number of awakenings during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline sleep onset latency (SOL)
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise night
measure: Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the Pink noise night
measure: Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + Pink noise night
measure: Baseline sleep efficiency
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise night
measure: Sleep efficiency during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the Pink noise night
measure: Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP)
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise night
measure: Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the Pink noise night
measure: Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise and pink noise
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Spontaneous maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP)
timeFrame: During the Control night
measure: Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise events
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise night
measure: Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise events
timeFrame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Spontaneous change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: During the Pink noise night
measure: Baseline morning neurobehavioural speed
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline morning neurobehavioural accuracy
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline evening neurobehavioural speed
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Control night
measure: Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise night
measure: Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Pink noise night
measure: Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline evening neurobehavioural accuracy
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Control night
measure: Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise night
measure: Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to pink noise
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Pink noise night
measure: Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Baseline Ethanol concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline 2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Alanine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Asparagine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Creatine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Creatinine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Glutamine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Glycine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Histidine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Leucine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Lysine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Methionine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Ornithine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Proline concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Threonine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Valine concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline 2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Citric acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Formic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Choline concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline 2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline 3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Acetone concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Glucose concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Glycerol concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Baseline Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L)
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
measure: Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: 2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: 2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: 2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: 3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
measure: Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: 2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: 2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: 2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: 3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
measure: Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: 2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: 2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: 2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: 3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
measure: Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
timeFrame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Cardiovascular activation in response to noise
timeFrame: Event-related, occurring within the time window of each discrete noise event, during each of the five study nights (23:00 to 07:00)
measure: Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
timeFrame: Every study evening
measure: Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
timeFrame: Every study morning
measure: Evening auditory fatigue
timeFrame: Every study evening
measure: Morning auditory fatigue
timeFrame: Every study morning
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Gothenburg
country: Sweden
facility: University of Gothenburg
state: Västra Götaland
Study officials:
affiliation: Göteborg University
name: Michael G Smith, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References: