Clinical trial NCT05266976: Mode of Exercise and Bone Biomarkers in Older Veterans
Official title: Anabolic Versus Catabolic Skeletal Effects of Endurance or Resistance Exercise in Older Veterans
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: RECRUITING
Phase: NA
Conditions: Aging
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Osteoporosis
Lead sponsor: VA Office of Research and Development
Sponsor class: FED
Collaborators: name: University of Colorado, Denver
First posted: 2022-03-04
Enrollment: 120
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 60
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Intervention model description: Parallel Design with 2 study arms: endurance exercise and resistance exercise
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: Adults are often encouraged to exercise to maintain or improve bone health. However, there is evidence that exercise does not always lead to increases in bone mass, and exercise could lead to bone loss under certain conditions. Endurance exercise can increase bone resorption following an exercise bout, which may explain why bone does not always favorably adapt to exercise, but it is unclear if this also happens with resistance exercise. Further, it is not known how exercise training influences blood markers of bone resorption for either endurance or resistance exercise. The purpose of this study is to determine 1) if resistance exercise causes a similar increase in bone resorption as endurance exercise; and 2) if exercise training influences the increase in bone resorption following exercise for both endurance and resistance exercise.

Detailed description: Exercise is frequently recommended to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fracture. However, bone does not always result in the expected improvements in bone mass, and there is evidence that endurance exercise may lead to bone loss under certain conditions. It is the contention that disruptions in calcium homeostasis during exercise, resulting in a decrease in serum ionized calcium (iCa) and increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and c-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX; a marker of bone resorption) that occur shortly after the start of exercise, may be responsible for the lack of the expected improvements in bone mineral density. The iCa, PTH, and CTX responses to exercise have been well-characterized for both young and older adults in response to a single endurance exercise bout, but it is unclear if resistance training (e.g., weightlifting) results in the same exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis. Further, it is unclear how the iCa, PTH, and CTX response to exercise may change with exercise training, and if a bone anabolic response to exercise can be detected after repeat exercise bouts. The bone anabolic response to exercise (assessed by procollagen of type I terminal propeptide, P1NP; a marker of bone formation) has yet to be fully characterized, but that may be due to the testing of single exercise bouts and the short sampling timeline following exercise. To address these gaps in knowledge, up to 60 Veterans (30 men, 30 women), aged 60-80 years, will be randomized to 1) stationary cycling; or 2) resistance training and will complete 10 weeks of supervised exercise training 3x/week (30 total exercise training sessions). This number of exercise visits was due to the demonstrated increase in P1NP after 28 doses of teriparatide, a PTH analog, that results in bone formation. During the 1st, 15th, and 30th exercise training session, participants will undergo an acute exercise testing bout with pre- and post-exercise sampling up to 48 hours after exercise. Blood samples will be collected to measure iCa, PTH, CTX and P1NP. The primary aims are 1) to determine if resistance exercise results in a different bone biomarker response compared to what the investigators have observed during endurance exercise in older adults; 2) determine if resistance and/or endurance exercise result in an increase in P1NP over 10 weeks of exercise training. Exploratory outcomes related to changes in fitness and functional status will address how Veteran health is impacted by each exercise type, which will be used to inform future applications. The biomarker and functional outcomes information are the next step in determining the appropriate "dose" of exercise, consisting of factors such as exercise type, frequency, duration, and intensity (which will be explored in future research), can be used to enhance Veteran health. Exercise should continue to be recommended for overall health, but future interventions could incorporate what is known about the dose of exercise that is needed for cardiometabolic health and the emerging data on the dose of exercise needed to preserve bone health to create personalized exercise prescriptions to improve multiple components of Veteran health. The proposed research is significant because it is investigating several knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to design future, larger exercise and lifestyle interventions aimed at preserving multiple components of Veteran health, which could have a lasting impact on Veteran quality of life and functional independence. The proposed research is innovative because it is testing novel hypotheses, the mode of exercise on the disruption in calcium homeostasis and the role of exercise training, in a population that could greatly benefit from the knowledge to be gained. Long-term, information gleaned from this research will help to define personalized exercise prescriptions to improve cardiometabolic health without compromising bone health in aging Veterans.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy older (60+ y) Veteran women and men in the Denver Metro Area
* Normally active (e.g., recreational cycling or walking exercise)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Impaired renal function, defined as an eGRF of \<60 mL/min/1.73m2
* Hepatobiliary disease, defined as liver function tests (AST, ALT) \>1.5 times the upper limit of normal
* Thyroid dysfunction, defined as an ultrasensitive thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) \<0.5 or \>5.0 mU/L
* Serum Ca \<8.5 or \>10.3 mg/dL
* Serum 25(OH)D \<20 ng/mL
* Uncontrolled hypertension, defined as resting systolic blood pressure (BP) \>150 mmHg or diastolic BP \>90 mmHg;
* History of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
* Cardiovascular disease, defined as subjective or objective indicators of ischemic heart disease (e.g., angina, ST segment depression) or serious arrhythmias at rest or during the graded exercise test (GXT). Volunteers who have a positive GXT can be re-considered after follow-up evaluation, which must include diagnostic testing (e.g., stress echocardiogram or thallium stress test) with interpretation by a cardiologist
* Anemia, defined as a serum hemoglobin \<12.1 g/dL for women and \<14.3 g/dL for men
* Fracture in the past 6 months
* Current diagnosis or symptoms of COVID-19

In the event of abnormal BP, live function, TSH, 25(OH)D, or hemoglobin values, volunteers can be reassessed, including after appropriate follow-up evaluation and treatment by a primary care provider. Those who have experienced symptoms of COVID-19 or have been formally diagnosed will be allowed to participate once symptoms have resolved and they are approved to return to exercise by their primary care provider.

Primary outcomes:
measure: c-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) change
timeFrame: Before exercise to up to 48 hours after each exercise bout
measure: Procollagen 1 intact N-terminal propeptide (P1NP)
timeFrame: The primary outcome for Specific Aim 2 is the change in pre-exercise P1NP from the 1st to the 3rd exercise test (approximately 10 weeks apart).
measure: Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)
timeFrame: Change in Short Physical Performance Battery score from the beginning to the end of the 10 week exercise intervention.
measure: 6-minute walk test
timeFrame: Change in the distance covered in the 6-minute walk test from the beginning to the end of the10 week exercise intervention.
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
timeFrame: The change in serum PTH from before exercise to the peak following exercise following each exercise test. Peak could occur up to 48 hours following exercise.
measure: Ionized calcium (iCa)
timeFrame: Serum iCa is measured before exercise (-15, 0 minutes) and after exercise (60, 120, 300 minutes and 24 and 48 hours),
measure: Total calcium (tCa)
timeFrame: Serum tCa is measured before exercise (-15, 0 minutes) and after exercise (60, 120, 300 minutes and 24 and 48 hours).
Other outcomes:
measure: VO2peak from graded exercise test (GXT)
timeFrame: Change in VO2 peak from the beginning to the end of the 10 week exercise intervention.
measure: 1-repetition maximum (1RM)
timeFrame: Change in leg press 1RM from the beginning to the end of the 10 week exercise intervention.
Locations:
city: Aurora
country: United States
facility: Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
state: Colorado
Study officials:
affiliation: Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
name: Sarah J Wherry, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References: