Clinical trial NCT00000960: The Safety and Effectiveness of Zidovudine in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Their Infants
Official title: A Phase III Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerance of Oral Zidovudine (AZT) in Pregnant HIV Infected Women and Their Infants
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE3
Conditions: HIV Infections
Pregnancy
Keywords: Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Administration, Oral
AIDS-Related Complex
Zidovudine
Lead sponsor: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Sponsor class: NIH
Collaborators: name: Glaxo Wellcome
First posted: 2001-08-31
Enrollment: 1496
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 1
Maximum age (years): 60
Standard ages: CHILD
ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: To determine whether the rate of HIV transmission from mother to infant can be reduced by continuous oral zidovudine (AZT) treatment to HIV infected pregnant women, intravenous AZT during childbirth, and oral AZT treatment of the newborn infant from birth to six weeks of age. The study is also designed to evaluate the safety of AZT for both the pregnant woman and the newborn infant.

No method exists to prevent transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her newborn infant. Giving an antiviral agent (such as AZT) to the mother and to the newborn could in theory decrease the risk of infection to the newborn by reducing the exposure of the fetus to maternal virus, or by preventive treatment of the fetus before exposure.

Detailed description: No method exists to prevent transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her newborn infant. Giving an antiviral agent (such as AZT) to the mother and to the newborn could in theory decrease the risk of infection to the newborn by reducing the exposure of the fetus to maternal virus, or by preventive treatment of the fetus before exposure.

Patients are enrolled during their pregnancy, between 14 and 34 weeks of gestation. They are chosen by random selection to receive AZT or placebo. Treatment continues until labor at which time they begin to receive continuous intravenous study drug. Study drug treatment is discontinued after the umbilical cord is clamped. AZT is then offered all women as per labeled indications for 6 weeks postpartum, while appropriate medical followup is being arranged. Mothers who develop an AIDS defining illness or whose CD4+ cell counts decrease to less than 200 cells/mm3 during pregnancy are offered open-label drug at that time. The mother is followed by her primary obstetrician at an AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (ACTU) or subunit facility. The mother may deliver at the ACTU or a non-ACTU site. Treatment of the infant is started in the newborn nursery and continues on an outpatient basis. Infants receive the same study treatment as the mother for 6 weeks, and are monitored to week 78.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria

Concurrent Medication:

Allowed for infants:

* Treatment for signs of drug withdrawal (e.g., phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, tincture of opium, paregoric, or Valium).
* Treatment for nonserious conditions (e.g., syphilis treatment, hepatitis B vaccine).
* All essential supportive treatment for conditions that are nonlife threatening as deemed by the on-site pediatrician.
* Acetaminophen.
* Standard immunizations.
* Allowed for women:
* All medications/treatments as required for normal OB care of HIV+ women, except as noted under exclusions.
* Pneumocystis prophylaxis as indicated.
* Topical steroids. Parenteral and oral steroids for 6 or fewer days.

Concurrent Treatment:

Allowed for pregnant woman:

Blood transfusion for anemia (hemoglobin less than 7 g/dl).

Allowed for infant:

- Blood transfusions for anemia except if attributed to study drug.

-

Patients must:

* Have HIV infection.
* Intend to carry pregnancy to term.
* Be willing to be followed by a participating ACTG center for duration of the study.
* Be able to provide informed consent (if available, father of the fetus must also provide informed consent).
* Infants may enroll simultaneously in other pediatric protocols after completing the initial 6 weeks of study treatment.
* Inclusion age for women is 13 years old or more or IRB local age of consent.
* Inclusion age for infants is 0 to 20 months.

Exclusion Criteria

Co-existing Condition:

Infants with the following conditions or symptoms are excluded:

* Requiring treatment for hyperbilirubinemia (except phototherapy).

Concurrent Medication:

Excluded:

* Infants:
* Antiretroviral drugs or vaccines.
* Excluded during current pregnancy:
* Zidovudine (AZT).
* Other antiretroviral agents (e.g., rCD4, CD4-IgG, d4T, didanosine (ddI), dideoxycytidine (ddC)), passive immunotherapy (e.g., HIVIG), anti-HIV vaccines, cytolytic chemotherapeutic agents.
* Corticosteroids for equal to or more than 7 days.

Patients with the following are excluded:

* Evidence of preexisting fetal anomalies that may (1) result in a high probability that the fetus/infant will not survive to the end of the study period (e.g., anencephaly, renal agenesis, or Potter's syndrome); or (2) increase the fetal tissue concentration of zidovudine (AZT) or its metabolites to a toxic level (e.g., neural tube or ventral wall defects).
* Baseline sonogram completed within 28 days prior to randomization that demonstrates 2nd trimester findings of anencephaly or oligohydramnios, or 3rd trimester findings of unexplained polyhydramnios, fetal hydrops, ascites or other evidence of preexisting in-utero anemia.
* History of intolerance to AZT dose of 500 or less mg/day prior to this pregnancy that resulted in discontinuation of treatment for more than 4 weeks.
* Recipient of AZT during current pregnancy for any indication or meet criteria for AZT as defined by this protocol (CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/mm3 or AIDS).
* Infants not having parent/guardian available to give informed consent if necessary.

Prior Treatment:

Excluded during current pregnancy:

* Radiation therapy.

Primary outcomes:
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Birmingham
country: United States
facility: Univ of Alabama at Birmingham Schl of Med / Pediatrics
state: Alabama
city: Birmingham
country: United States
facility: Univ of Alabama at Birmingham
state: Alabama
city: La Jolla
country: United States
facility: UCSD Med Ctr / Pediatrics / Clinical Sciences
state: California
city: Los Angeles
country: United States
facility: Los Angeles County - USC Med Ctr
state: California
city: Los Angeles
country: United States
facility: UCLA Med Ctr / Pediatric
state: California
city: Los Angeles
country: United States
facility: Harbor - UCLA Med Ctr / UCLA School of Medicine
state: California
city: San Francisco
country: United States
facility: San Francisco Gen Hosp
state: California
city: Denver
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp of Denver
state: Colorado
city: Farmington
country: United States
facility: Univ of Connecticut / Farmington
state: Connecticut
city: Farmington
country: United States
facility: Univ of Connecticut Health Ctr
state: Connecticut
city: Washington
country: United States
facility: Howard Univ Hosp
state: District of Columbia
city: Miami
country: United States
facility: Univ of Miami (Pediatric)
state: Florida
city: Chicago
country: United States
facility: Northwestern Univ Med School
state: Illinois
city: Chicago
country: United States
facility: Cook County Hosp
state: Illinois
city: Chicago
country: United States
facility: Univ of Illinois College of Medicine / Pediatrics
state: Illinois
city: Chicago
country: United States
facility: Chicago Children's Memorial Hosp
state: Illinois
city: Chicago
country: United States
facility: Univ of Chicago Children's Hosp
state: Illinois
city: New Orleans
country: United States
facility: Tulane Univ / Charity Hosp of New Orleans
state: Louisiana
city: Baltimore
country: United States
facility: Univ of Maryland at Baltimore / Univ Med Ctr
state: Maryland
city: Baltimore
country: United States
facility: Johns Hopkins Hosp - Pediatric
state: Maryland
city: Baltimore
country: United States
facility: Johns Hopkins Hosp
state: Maryland
city: Boston
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp of Boston
state: Massachusetts
city: Boston
country: United States
facility: Boston City Hosp / Pediatrics
state: Massachusetts
city: Boston
country: United States
facility: Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr
state: Massachusetts
city: Springfield
country: United States
facility: Baystate Med Ctr of Springfield
state: Massachusetts
city: Worcester
country: United States
facility: Univ of Massachusetts Med Ctr
state: Massachusetts
city: Detroit
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp of Michigan
state: Michigan
city: Newark
country: United States
facility: UMDNJ - New Jersy Med School
state: New Jersey
city: Newark
country: United States
facility: Univ of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey / Univ Hosp
state: New Jersey
city: Newark
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp of New Jersey / UMDNJ - New Jersey Med Schl
state: New Jersey
city: Albany
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp at Albany Med Ctr
state: New York
city: Bronx
country: United States
facility: Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr
state: New York
city: Bronx
country: United States
facility: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
state: New York
city: Brooklyn
country: United States
facility: SUNY - Brooklyn
state: New York
city: Brooklyn
country: United States
facility: SUNY / Health Sciences Ctr at Brooklyn / Pediatrics
state: New York
city: New York
country: United States
facility: Beth Israel Med Ctr / Pediatrics
state: New York
city: New York
country: United States
facility: Bellevue Hosp / New York Univ Med Ctr
state: New York
city: New York
country: United States
facility: Cornell Univ Med College
state: New York
city: New York
country: United States
facility: Mount Sinai Med Ctr / Pediatrics
state: New York
city: New York
country: United States
facility: Columbia Presbyterian Med Ctr
state: New York
city: Rochester
country: United States
facility: Univ of Rochester Medical Center
state: New York
city: Stony Brook
country: United States
facility: State Univ of New York at Stony Brook
state: New York
city: Syracuse
country: United States
facility: SUNY Health Sciences Ctr at Syracuse / Pediatrics
state: New York
city: Valhalla
country: United States
facility: Westchester Hosp
state: New York
city: Chapel Hill
country: United States
facility: Univ of North Carolina
state: North Carolina
city: Charlotte
country: United States
facility: Carolinas Med Ctr
state: North Carolina
city: Durham
country: United States
facility: Duke Univ Med Ctr
state: North Carolina
city: Cincinnati
country: United States
facility: Univ of Cincinnati
state: Ohio
city: Philadelphia
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp of Philadelphia
state: Pennsylvania
city: Philadelphia
country: United States
facility: Hosp of the Univ of Pennsylvania
state: Pennsylvania
city: Philadelphia
country: United States
facility: Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp
state: Pennsylvania
city: Providence
country: United States
facility: Rhode Island Hosp / Brown Univ
state: Rhode Island
city: Charleston
country: United States
facility: Med Univ of South Carolina
state: South Carolina
city: Memphis
country: United States
facility: Saint Jude Children's Research Hosp of Memphis
state: Tennessee
city: Dallas
country: United States
facility: Children's Med Ctr of Dallas
state: Texas
city: Houston
country: United States
facility: Lyndon Baines Johnson Gen Hosp
state: Texas
city: Houston
country: United States
facility: Texas Children's Hosp / Baylor Univ
state: Texas
city: Seattle
country: United States
facility: Children's Hosp of Seattle
state: Washington
city: Bayamon
country: Puerto Rico
facility: Ramon Ruiz Arnau Univ Hosp / Pediatrics
city: San Juan
country: Puerto Rico
facility: Univ of Puerto Rico / Univ Children's Hosp AIDS
city: San Juan
country: Puerto Rico
facility: UPR Children's Hosp / UPR School of Medicine
city: San Juan
country: Puerto Rico
facility: San Juan City Hosp
Study officials:
name: E Connor
role: STUDY_CHAIR
name: R Sperling
role: STUDY_CHAIR
References:
citation: Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, Todd JA, Herman SA, McSherry GD, O'Sullivan MJ, Van Dyke RB, Jimenez E, Rouzioux C, Flynn PM, Sullivan JL. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Nov 28;335(22):1621-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199611283352201.
citation: Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan MJ, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson RL, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 3;331(18):1173-80. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199411033311801.
citation: Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, McSherry GD, Britto P, Cunningham BE, Culnane M, Coombs RW, Scott G, Van Dyke RB, Shearer WT, Jimenez E, Diaz C, Harrison DD, Delfraissy JF. Safety of the maternal-infant zidovudine regimen utilized in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group 076 Study. AIDS. 1998 Oct 1;12(14):1805-13. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199814000-00012.
citation: Wiznia AA, Crane M, Lambert G, Sansary J, Harris A, Solomon L. Zidovudine use to reduce perinatal HIV type 1 transmission in an urban medical center. JAMA. 1996 May 15;275(19):1504-6.
citation: Rouzioux C. Prevention of maternal HIV transmission. Practical guidelines. Drugs. 1995;49 Suppl 1:17-24; discussion 38-40. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199500491-00006.
citation: Dickover RE, Garratty EM, Herman SA, Sim MS, Plaeger S, Boyer PJ, Keller M, Deveikis A, Stiehm ER, Bryson YJ. Identification of levels of maternal HIV-1 RNA associated with risk of perinatal transmission. Effect of maternal zidovudine treatment on viral load. JAMA. 1996 Feb 28;275(8):599-605.
citation: Culnane M, Fowler M, Lee SS, McSherry G, Brady M, O'Donnell K, Mofenson L, Gortmaker SL, Shapiro DE, Scott G, Jimenez E, Moore EC, Diaz C, Flynn PM, Cunningham B, Oleske J. Lack of long-term effects of in utero exposure to zidovudine among uninfected children born to HIV-infected women. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 219/076 Teams. JAMA. 1999 Jan 13;281(2):151-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.2.151.
citation: Shearer WT, Quinn TC, LaRussa P, Lew JF, Mofenson L, Almy S, Rich K, Handelsman E, Diaz C, Pagano M, Smeriglio V, Kalish LA. Viral load and disease progression in infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 May 8;336(19):1337-42. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199705083361901.
citation: Frenkel LM, Cowles MK, Shapiro DE, Melvin AJ, Watts DH, McLellan C, Mohan K, Murante B, Burchett S, Bryson YJ, O'Sullivan MJ, Mitchell C, Landers D. Analysis of the maternal components of the AIDS clinical trial group 076 zidovudine regimen in the prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 1997 Apr;175(4):971-4. doi: 10.1086/514003.
citation: Newell ML, Gray G, Bryson YJ. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 1997;11 Suppl A:S165-72. No abstract available.
citation: Edathodu J, Halim MM, Dahham MB, Alrajhi AA. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: experience at a referral hospital in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2010 Jan-Feb;30(1):15-7. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.59367.