Clinical trial NCT04623450: Macronutrients and Satiety in Older and Younger Adults
Official title: The Effect of Different Macronutrients on Appetite and Satiety in Older and Younger Adults
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: UNKNOWN
Phase: NA
Conditions: Appetitive Behavior
Gastric Emptying
Keywords: younger adults
older adults
appetite
satiety
macronutrients
Lead sponsor: University of Reading
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Ministry of National Education, Turkey
First posted: 2020-11-10
Enrollment: 40
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: CROSSOVER
Primary purpose: OTHER

Brief summary: This study aims to compare the effect of meals high in protein, fat and carbohydrate but equal in energy and volume on energy intake, perceived appetite and gastric emptying in younger (\<40 years) and older (\> 65 years) people living in the United Kingdom (UK).

Detailed description: To assess if increasing protein intake in older adults will have a compensatory decrease in energy intake due to protein's satiating effects.

To compare the effect of meals high in protein, fat and carbohydrate but equal in energy and volume on energy intake and perceived appetite in younger (\<40 years) and older adults (\>65 years).

To compare the effect of meals high in protein, fat and carbohydrate but equal in energy and volume on gastric emptying in younger (\<40 years) and older adults (\>65 years).

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* either aged \>65 years or \<40 years
* healthy

Exclusion Criteria:

* having a disease and/or using a medication that can impact on appetite in the past three months;
* having an allergy to any of the test foods;
* disliking or cannot eat any of the test foods;
* being pregnant or breastfeeding;
* being obese (BMI \> 30 kg/m2);
* being on a weight loss diet;
* smoking more than 10 cigarettes a day.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Ad-libitum meal consumption
timeFrame: 3 days in total
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Ratings of appetite
timeFrame: 3 days in total
measure: Gastric Emptying
timeFrame: 3 days in total
measure: Ratings of palatability
timeFrame: 3 days in total
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Reading
country: United Kingdom
facility: University of Reading
Study officials:
References:
citation: Deutz NE, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy-Westphal A, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Krznaric Z, Nair KS, Singer P, Teta D, Tipton K, Calder PC. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr. 2014 Dec;33(6):929-36. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
citation: Clarkston WK, Pantano MM, Morley JE, Horowitz M, Littlefield JM, Burton FR. Evidence for the anorexia of aging: gastrointestinal transit and hunger in healthy elderly vs. young adults. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jan;272(1 Pt 2):R243-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.1.R243.
citation: Blundell JE, Burley VJ, Cotton JR, Lawton CL. Dietary fat and the control of energy intake: evaluating the effects of fat on meal size and postmeal satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 May;57(5 Suppl):772S-777S; discussion 777S-778S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/57.5.772S.
citation: Rolls BJ, Kim-Harris S, Fischman MW, Foltin RW, Moran TH, Stoner SA. Satiety after preloads with different amounts of fat and carbohydrate: implications for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct;60(4):476-87. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/60.4.476.
citation: Clegg ME, Williams EA. Optimizing nutrition in older people. Maturitas. 2018 Jun;112:34-38. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.04.001. Epub 2018 Apr 4.
citation: Giezenaar C, Trahair LG, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hausken T, Standfield S, Jones KL, Lange K, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Effects of randomized whey-protein loads on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying, and plasma gut-hormone concentrations in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Sep;106(3):865-877. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.154377. Epub 2017 Jul 26.
citation: Appleton KM. Limited compensation at the following meal for protein and energy intake at a lunch meal in healthy free-living older adults. Clin Nutr. 2018 Jun;37(3):970-977. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.032. Epub 2017 Apr 7.
citation: Beelen J, de Roos NM, de Groot LC. Protein Enrichment of Familiar Foods as an Innovative Strategy to Increase Protein Intake in Institutionalized Elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(2):173-179. doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0733-y.