Clinical trial NCT01362790: SS1P and Pentostatin Plus Cyclophosphamide for Mesothelioma
Official title: A Pilot/ Phase 2 Study of Pentostatin Plus Cyclophosphamide Immune Depletion to Decrease Immunogenicity of SS1P in Patients With Mesothelioma, Lung Cancer or Pancreatic Cancer
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE1
PHASE2
Conditions: Mesothelioma
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Keywords: Immune Therapy
Immunotoxin
T-Cell Depletion
Mesothelioma
Lead sponsor: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
Sponsor class: NIH
First posted: 2011-05-30
Enrollment: 55
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 99
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: Background:

* Malignant mesothelioma is a form of cancer that develops on the protective lining that covers the body's internal organs. It most often occurs on the lining of the lungs and chest wall or the lining of the abdomen. There is no known cure for malignant mesothelioma, so researchers are searching for new ways to treat it.
* Mesothelin is a protein that is found in mesothelioma and other types of cancer cells. An experimental cancer drug called SS1P is designed to attack cells that have mesothelin while leaving healthy cells alone. Researchers want to test how effective SS1P is when it is given with pentostatin and cyclophosphamide. These drugs help suppress the immune system and may make the SS1P more effective.

Objectives:

- To study the effectiveness of SS1P plus two drugs that suppress the immune system to treat malignant mesothelioma.

Eligibility:

- Individuals at least 18 years of age who have malignant mesothelioma in the chest or abdomen.

Design:

* Participants will be screened with a physical exam, medical history, and blood tests. They will also have imaging studies.
* The first treatment cycle will last 30 days. Up to three 21-day cycles of treatment will follow.
* In the first cycle, participants will have pentostatin on days 1, 5, and 9. They will have cyclophosphamide on days 1 through 12. They will have SS1P on days 10, 12, and 14.
* On the next three cycles, participants will have pentostatin on day 1.They will have cyclophosphamide on days 1 through 4. They will have SS1P on days 2, 4, and 6.
* Participants will have frequent blood tests and other studies. They will receive all four cycles of treatment as long as there are no severe side effects.
* Participants will have regular followup visits as directed by the study doctors.

Detailed description: BACKGROUND:

Mesothelin is a cell surface glycoprotein present on normal mesothelial cells that is highly expressed in many human cancers including mesothelioma, lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. SS1 (dsFv) PE38 is a recombinant anti-mesothelin immunotoxin that has undergone phase I testing and has been evaluated in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. SS1 (dsFv)PE38 is highly immunogenic and the majority of patients develop antibodies to it at end of one cycle. Pre-clinical studies demonstrate that SS1(dsFv)PE38 may be administered multiple times in combination with an immune-depleting regimen consisting of pentostatin and cyclophosphamide.

OBJECTIVES:

Mesothelioma Pilot Objective

-To assess the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of a conditioning regimen of pentostatin

and cyclophosphamide in combination with SS1(dsFv)PE38

-To monitor antibody formation to SS1(dsFv)PE38 and to assess the impact of the conditioning regimen on the formation of these antibodies

Mesothelioma Positive Cancers Dose De-escalation Pilot Objective

-To determine the safety profile and recommended phase 2 dose of SS1P (dsFv)PE38 in

drug lot FIL129J01 using dosing regimen A in patients with mesothelioma, lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Phase 2 and Lung and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Expansion Pilot Objective

-To evaluate objective tumor response in subjects with pleural mesothelioma, peritoneal

mesothelioma, lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma using Regimen A

ELIGIBILITY:

* Patients with one of the following histologically confirmed malignancies:

  * malignant pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma with epithelial or biphasic tumors having less than a 50% sarcomatoid component who have previously been treated on at least one platinum-containing chemotherapy regimen with progressive disease documented prior to study entry
  * advanced (Stage IIIB/IV) lung adenocarcinoma who have had at least one prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. Patients who received an approved targeted therapy as first-line treatment should have also received chemotherapy prior to study entry.
  * recurrent, locally advanced unresectable or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
* Measurable disease by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria for pleural mesothelioma or by RECIST criteria for peritoneal mesothelioma, lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma

  * Adequate renal, hepatic and hematopoietic function
  * No major surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or biologic therapy within 28 days of therapy

DESIGN:

-During the mesothelioma pilot phase of this study, the first eleven mesothelioma patients

enrolled in this study received a conditioning regimen of pentostatin on days 1, 5 and 9 of the first cycle and day 1 of subsequent cycles in combination with cyclophosphamide on days 1 through 12 of the first cycle and days 1 through 4 of subsequent cycles (Regimen A) while the next 8 mesothelioma patients received conditioning regimen of pentostatin on days 1, 5, 9, 13 and 17 of the first cycle and day 1 and 5 of subsequent cycles in combination with cyclophosphamide on days 1 through 20 of the first cycle and days 1 through 8 of subsequent cycles (Regimen B). SS1P was administered every other day for six days (3 doses) beginning on the day after the last pentostatin dose in each cycle for both regimens.

* In the mesothelin positive cancers dose de-escalation pilot study, a maximum of 12 patients with mesothelioma or lung or pancreatic adenocarcinoma will be enrolled in a 3+3 design to test up to 2 decreasing dose levels of SS1P administered in combination with cyclophosphamide and pentostatin on the Regimen A schedule for safety.
* In the phase 2 mesothelioma and pancreatic and lung adenocarcinoma pilot expansion portions of the study, a two-stage Minimax phase II trial design will be used to enroll up to 16 evaluable subjects with pleural mesothelioma (cohort 1), up to 10 evaluable subjects with peritoneal mesothelioma (cohort 2), up to 10 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (cohort 3)and up to 10 evaluable subjects with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cohort 4) who will receive treatment on Regimen A.
* Treatment cycles will be repeated for up to four cycles if patients do not develop neutralizing antibodies, which will be assessed by a biological assay 14 and 20 days (+/- 2 days) following the first dose of SS1P in each cycle (corresponding to Days 24 and 30 of Cycle 1, and Days 16 and 22 of Cycles 2 through 4)
* Toxicity will be assessed by the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) Version 4.0 of Common Terminology Criteria in Adverse Events (CTCAE)
* Tumor response assessments will be performed at the end of 2 cycles and at the end of treatment
* Tumor biopsies will be performed before treatment, after 2 cycles, and after the last cycle or at follow-up.

Eligibility criteria: * INCLUSION CRITERIA: Mesothelioma Cohorts (Cohorts 1 and 2 Only)
* Subjects must have histologically confirmed epithelial or biphasic mesothelioma not amenable to potentially curative surgical resection. However, patients with biphasic tumors that have a less than or equal to 50% sarcomatoid component will be excluded. The diagnosis will be confirmed by the Laboratory of Pathology / Center for Cancer Research (CCR) / National Cancer Institute (NCI).
* Patients must have had at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved regimen of a platinum-based therapy in combination with pemetrexed being preferred unless there was a specific contraindication for an individual patient. There is no limit to the number of prior chemotherapy regimens received.
* Total Bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)

INCLUSION CRITERIA: Lung Adenocarcinoma Cohort (Cohort 3) Only

* Subjects must have histologically confirmed advanced (Stage IIIB/IV) lung adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis will be confirmed by the Laboratory of Pathology/CCR/NCI.
* Patients must have had at least one prior therapy for advanced disease \[platinum containing chemotherapy or one of the approved targeted therapies (an approved estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for EGFR mutant tumors or crizotinib and ceritinib for ALK translocated tumors)\]. There is no limit to the number of prior chemotherapy regimens received.
* Mesothelin expression in at least 5% of cells as assessed in archival tumor tissue samples, determined by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay performed at Laboratory of Pathology / CCR / NCI. Archival samples must be available for eligibility.
* Total Bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)

INCLUSION CRITERIA: Pancreatic Cancer Cohort (Cohort 4) Only

* Subjects with recurrent, locally advanced unresectable or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The diagnosis will be confirmed by the Laboratory of Pathology/CCR/NCI.
* Patients must have had at least one prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. There is no limit to the number of prior chemotherapy regimens received.
* Total Bilirubin less than or equal to 2 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)

INCLUSION CRITERIA: All Subjects

* Patients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as \>20 mm with conventional techniques or as \>10 mm with spiral CT scan. See Section 11 for the evaluation of measurable disease.
* Patients must not have had major surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biologic therapy (including any investigational agents), or hormonal therapy (other than replacement), within 4 weeks prior to entering the study and must have evidence of stable or progressive disease to be eligible.
* Age greater than or equal to 18 years. Since the study diseases are extremely rare in children they are excluded from this study.
* Performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)) less than or equal to 1
* Patients must have adequate organ and marrow function (as defined below).

  * leukocytes less than or equal to 3,000/mm\^3
  * absolute neutrophil count less than or equal to 1,500/mm\^3
  * hemoglobin less than or equal to 9 g/dL
  * platelets less than or equal to 90,000/ mm\^3
  * total bilirubin See guidelines for individual cohorts in sections 3.1.1.3, 3.1.2.4 and 3.1.3.3
  * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT))/alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)) less than or equal to 3 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (5x if liver function test (LFT) elevations due to liver metastases)
  * creatinine less than or equal to 1.5 X institutional ULN

OR

--creatinine clearance greater than or equal to 45 mL/min/1.73 m\^2 for patients with creatinine levels above institutional normal, obtained through calculated or measured Creatinine Clearance

Patients may be transfused to obtain a hemoglobin of less than or equal to 9 g/Dl.

* The effects of SS1(dsFv)PE38, pentostatin, and cyclophosphamide on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (barrier method of birth control; abstinence) for the duration of study therapy and for 3 months after the last dose of therapy. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. While hormonal methods of birth control are effective, we ask that female patients who are participating in the study cease hormonal forms of birth control, as these methods of birth control (birth control pills, injections, or implants) may affect the study drug. Patients must be off hormonal forms of birth control for at least 4 weeks prior to initiating the study.
* Ability to comply with intravenous administration schedule, and the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA: (All Subjects)

* Patients with symptomatic brain metastases should be excluded from this clinical trial because of their poor prognosis and because they often develop progressive neurologic dysfunction that would confound the evaluation of neurologic and other adverse events. However, patients who have had treatment for their brain metastases and whose brain metastatic disease status has remained stable for at least 4-6 weeks without steroids may be enrolled at the discretion of the principal investigator.
* Uncontrolled medical illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or uncontrolled, symptomatic congestive heart failure (American Heart Association (AHA) Class II or worse), uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients will be excluded due to a theoretical concern that the degree of immune suppression associated with the treatment may result in progression of HIV infection.
* Patients with Hepatitis B and C will be excluded.
* Serum neutralization antibody assay shows greater than or equal to 75% neutralization of the SS1 (dsFv) PE38 activity at 200 ng/ml.
* Patients may not be receiving any other investigational agents.
* History of another invasive malignancy in the last two years. Adequately treated noninvasive, non-melanoma skin cancers as well as in situ carcinoma of the cervix will be allowed.
* Prior treatment with drugs of the immunotoxin class.
* Patients with tumor amenable to potentially curative therapy as assessed by the investigator.
* Pregnant women are excluded from this study because SS1(dsFv)PE38, pentostatin, and cyclophosphamide have the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects. The agents in the trial may also potentially be secreted in milk and therefore breastfeeding women should be excluded. Because of the potential of teratogenic or abortifacient effects women of childbearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (barrier methods) before, during the study and for a period of 3 months after the last dose of the investigational agent.
* History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to SS1(dsFv)PE38.

INCLUSION CRITERIA: WOMEN AND MINORITIES

-Both men and women and members of all races and ethnic groups are eligible for this trial. Every effort will be made to recruit women and minorities in this study.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Response Assessment
timeFrame: 52 months and 4 days
measure: Count of Participants With SS1P Antibody Formation
timeFrame: On last day of last dosing cycle, end of cycle 1 (day 30)
measure: Count of Participants With Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events Assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria in Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0) Who Were Administered SS1P and Pentostatin or Cyclophosphamide
timeFrame: Date treatment consent signed to date off study, approximately 64 months and 26 days
measure: Recommended Phase 2 Dose (RP2D) in Drug Lot FIL129J01
timeFrame: Days 1, 3, and 5 of a 21 day cycle
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Overall Survival
timeFrame: 36 months
measure: Progression-free Survival
timeFrame: 36 months
measure: Duration of Response
timeFrame: up to 2.5 years
Other outcomes:
measure: Count of Participants SS1P Cycles Received Following Onstudy
timeFrame: Cycles 1-6, up to 180 days
Locations:
city: Bethesda
country: United States
facility: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike
state: Maryland
Study officials:
affiliation: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
name: Raffit Hassan, M.D.
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Hassan R, Bullock S, Premkumar A, Kreitman RJ, Kindler H, Willingham MC, Pastan I. Phase I study of SS1P, a recombinant anti-mesothelin immunotoxin given as a bolus I.V. infusion to patients with mesothelin-expressing mesothelioma, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Sep 1;13(17):5144-9. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0869.
citation: Kay NE, Geyer SM, Call TG, Shanafelt TD, Zent CS, Jelinek DF, Tschumper R, Bone ND, Dewald GW, Lin TS, Heerema NA, Smith L, Grever MR, Byrd JC. Combination chemoimmunotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab shows significant clinical activity with low accompanying toxicity in previously untreated B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2007 Jan 15;109(2):405-11. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-033274. Epub 2006 Sep 28.
citation: Zhang Y, Xiang L, Hassan R, Paik CH, Carrasquillo JA, Jang BS, Le N, Ho M, Pastan I. Synergistic antitumor activity of taxol and immunotoxin SS1P in tumor-bearing mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 1;12(15):4695-701. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0346.