Clinical trial NCT01954472: Enhanced Multicenter Dietary Portfolio Study
Official title: The Effect of an Enhanced Dietary Portfolio Plus Exercise on Cardiovascular Risk in High Risk Individuals.
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: WITHDRAWN
Phase: NA
Conditions: Cardiovascular Diseases
Type 2 Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia
Keywords: Portfolio diet
dietary modification
hypercholesterolemia
diabetes
Exercise
CVD risk
glycemic index
inflammatory biomarkers
monounsaturated fat
saturated fat
nuts
plant sterols
vegetable protein
viscous fiber
soy
Lead sponsor: Unity Health Toronto
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
name: University of Toronto
name: Laval University
name: University of Manitoba
name: University of British Columbia
First posted: 2013-10-01
Enrollment: 0
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 50
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: "Is it possible to recruit and retain up to 200 participants in a Randomize Control Trial (RCT) of high impact lifestyle approach of diet and exercise designed to significantly reduce cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older men and women at high risk of such events?" To address this question, we propose a pilot study of 3 years in duration: 1 year recruitment and randomization, a full year of intervention for all recruited participants, and the last 6 months to assess the one year data and prepare and submit the full trial application, informed by the pilot study outcomes in terms of retention rate. The pilot will then continue on for the full 9 years of intervention and be rolled into the main study involving additional Canadian centers and collaborating international centers in the US, Britain, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa.

Detailed description: There is a major need for a large RCT to demonstrate the effect of lifestyle modification (diet and exercise) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. The pilot study will demonstrate the feasibility as a prerequisite for continuing on to the large RCT. Large RCT: This trial will test the effect of a high impact dietary approach combining foods with functional effects, including LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood pressure (BP) reduction, together with an exercise program which has been associated with reduction in carotid atheroma assessed by MRI. The combined approach will have a more significant effect on CVD risk factors than previous trials and will be compared with a high cereal fibre diet and exercise advice, consistent with good clinical practice, in a randomized parallel trial of 9 years duration. \~6,000 high risk participants will be recruited comprising individuals with 1) type 2 diabetes, 2) post myocardial infarction (MI), and 3) Statin intolerant individuals. The primary outcome will be CVD event (MI, and stroke, fatal and non-fatal) (1). We believe we will achieve a 20% reduction in CVD events with \~10% related to diet reflected in reduction in traditional risk factors (LDL-C, BP) and 10% to exercise and increased cardiovascular fitness at year 9.

Pilot Study: We therefore propose to undertake a 1 year pilot study with 200 participants to demonstrate feasibility: 1) Successful recruitment (200 participants/year) and 2) retention (\>90%)

Background: We have demonstrated the specific CVD reducing potential of the proposed components of our dietary intervention in a series of CIHR funded studies. The core dietary components (dietary portfolio of FDA approved cholesterol-lowering foods) in our recent CIHR-funded trial reduced LDL-C by 13-14% (JAMA 2011) with reductions also in diastolic blood pressure over 6 months. The CVD risk score was reduced by \~10% on the treatment. This approach will be combined with increased levels of monounsaturated fat (MUFA) which in a further CIHR-funded portfolio study raised HDL-C and reduced the total:HDL-C ratio (CMAJ 2010) resulting in an \~11% CVD risk score reduction on the high MUFA compared to the low MUFA portfolio. Low glycemic index foods will be selected which in our CIHR-funded trial in type 2 diabetes increased HDL-C and reduced HbA1c, the total:HDL-C ratio (JAMA 2008) and, with the added emphasis on legumes (dried peas, beans, lentils), significantly reduced BP leading to a CVD risk score reduction of \~5% (Arch Intern Med 2012). We consider this dietary package to have major potential in CVD risk reduction with a possible reduction in relative risk of 24% in the absence of negative or positive interactions.

The physical activity/exercise intervention is the end-product of a 25 year cumulative experience of investigators of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute regarding physical activity/exercise prescriptions to various types of individuals/patients. Our program has also been recently tested in high risk patients with documented coronary artery disease managed by coronary artery bypass graft procedure (with/without type 2 diabetes). Unpublished preliminary results from this latter intervention in high risk patients indicate that our program not only induces substantial improvements in the CVD risk factor profile beyond clinical guidelines-aligned with optimal pharmacotherapy but that such an intervention appears to induce a significant reduction in carotid artery atherosclerosis assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. The latest meta-analysis estimated that only 150 min/week of moderate exercise reduced CHD risk by 14%. Our Laval program with a 420 min/wk of moderate exercise plus additional structured exercise would therefore also reduce CVD risk by at least 14% (or as much as 39% if the relationship between exercise time and CVD risk reduction were linear). The program aims to reduce sedentary behavior. It is safe and affordable in clinical practice. At a cost of about $900 per patient in the first year where the major training takes place, it is considerably less expensive than the DPP, DPS and Look AHEAD trials.

The research questions are therefore:

1. What is the feasibility in terms of recruitment and retention of implementing a high impact diet and physical activity/exercise program for CVD prevention in high risk or statin-intolerant individuals?
2. Based on the observed retention in the pilot study, the required recruitment for the large trial can be refined, if necessary.

Eligibility criteria: A) Inclusion Criteria:

Eligible participants will be:

1. men, over 50
2. postmenopausal women, over 60 or
3. postmenopausal women under 60 with a family history of hypercholesterolemia and 1 CVD risk factor.

Participants will have the following characteristics:

* BMI 25-40 kg/m2 with body weight that has remained constant (within ±3%) over the last 3 months preceding the onset of the study
* Plus at least 1 of the following 3 criteria:

  1. have type 2 diabetes with one of the following:

     * raised LDL-C(in accordance with the 2012 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines)
     * raised BP (\> 130/80mmHg), or
     * active smoking;
  2. be non-diabetic subjects post MI or post percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty) on statin therapy; and
  3. have a modified Framingham risk score \>20% (CCS 2012) and are unable (intolerant) or unwilling to take statin drugs.

B) Exclusion Criteria:

Individuals with the following conditions will be excluded:

* cardiovascular disease that precludes exercise e.g.

  * recent stroke or
  * myocardial infarction, or
* cardiac condition that compromises normal function

  * mitral valve disease,
  * heart failure--grades 2-4 (New York Heart Association classification),
  * severe angina or
  * other conditions preventing exercise,
* secondary causes of hypercholesterolemia

  * hypothyroidism, (unless treated and on a stable dose of L-thyroxine)
  * renal or liver disease
* uncontrolled blood pressure
* major disability
* disorder requiring continuous medical attention and treatment:

  * chronic heart failure,
  * liver disease,
  * renal failure or
  * cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer--basal cell, squamous cell),
* chronic infections (bacterial or viral)
* chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g. lupus, ulcerative colitis)
* other autoimmune diseases
* major surgery \<6 months prior to randomization
* alcohol consumption \>2 drinks/d.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Feasibility measured by recruitment and retention rates
timeFrame: 1 year in a 9 year study
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Serum lipids: total cholesterol, LDL-chol, HDL-chol and Triglycerides
timeFrame: At months -3, -2, -1 and then at months 0, 3, 6 and 12
measure: C-reactive protein
timeFrame: At months -3, -2, -1 and then at months 0, 3, 6 and 12
measure: Hemoglobin A1c
timeFrame: At months -3, -2, -1 and then at months 0, 3, 6 and 12
measure: Glucose
timeFrame: At months -3, -2, -1 and then at months 0, 3, 6 and 12
measure: Blood Pressure
timeFrame: At months -3, -2, -1 and then at months 0, 3, 6 and 12
measure: treadmill testing
timeFrame: At months 0 and 12
measure: diet history
timeFrame: At months -3, -2, -1 and then at months 0, 3, 6 and12
measure: Pedometer records
timeFrame: At months 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12
measure: Exercise history
timeFrame: At months 0, 3, 6, and 12
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Vancouver
country: Canada
facility: Healthy Heart Lipid Clinic, St. Paul's Hospital
state: British Columbia
city: Winnipeg
country: Canada
facility: Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals and the St. Boniface Hospital Cardiovascular Center, University of Manitoba
state: Manitoba
city: Toronto
country: Canada
facility: Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital
state: Ontario
city: Quebec City
country: Canada
facility: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods and the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University
state: Quebec
Study officials:
affiliation: St. Michael's Hospital / University of Toronto
name: David J Jenkins, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Laval University
name: Benoit lamarche, PhD
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
affiliation: University of Manitoba
name: Peter Jones, PhD
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
affiliation: University of British Columbia
name: Jiri Frohilich, MD
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
References:
citation: Jenkins DJ, Jones PJ, Lamarche B, Kendall CW, Faulkner D, Cermakova L, Gigleux I, Ramprasath V, de Souza R, Ireland C, Patel D, Srichaikul K, Abdulnour S, Bashyam B, Collier C, Hoshizaki S, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW, Frohlich J. Effect of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods given at 2 levels of intensity of dietary advice on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011 Aug 24;306(8):831-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1202.
citation: Jenkins DJ, Chiavaroli L, Wong JM, Kendall C, Lewis GF, Vidgen E, Connelly PW, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Lamarche B. Adding monounsaturated fatty acids to a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. CMAJ. 2010 Dec 14;182(18):1961-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.092128. Epub 2010 Nov 1.
citation: Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Mitchell S, Sahye-Pudaruth S, Blanco Mejia S, Chiavaroli L, Mirrahimi A, Ireland C, Bashyam B, Vidgen E, de Souza RJ, Sievenpiper JL, Coveney J, Leiter LA, Josse RG. Effect of legumes as part of a low glycemic index diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Nov 26;172(21):1653-60. doi: 10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.70.
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citation: Borel AL, Nazare JA, Smith J, Almeras N, Tremblay A, Bergeron J, Poirier P, Despres JP. Improvement in insulin sensitivity following a 1-year lifestyle intervention program in viscerally obese men: contribution of abdominal adiposity. Metabolism. 2012 Feb;61(2):262-72. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.024. Epub 2011 Aug 23.
citation: Pelletier-Beaumont E, Arsenault BJ, Almeras N, Bergeron J, Tremblay A, Poirier P, Despres JP. Normalization of visceral adiposity is required to normalize plasma apolipoprotein B levels in response to a healthy eating/physical activity lifestyle modification program in viscerally obese men. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Apr;221(2):577-82. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.023. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
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citation: Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Trautwein EA, Parker TL, Marchie A, Koumbridis G, Lapsley KG, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 2002 Dec;51(12):1596-604. doi: 10.1053/meta.2002.35578.
citation: Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Faulkner DA, Nguyen T, Kemp T, Marchie A, Wong JM, de Souza R, Emam A, Vidgen E, Trautwein EA, Lapsley KG, Holmes C, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW, Singer W. Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):582-91. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.582.
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