Clinical trial NCT03460002: Vaccine Campaign Effects on General Hospital Admissions and Mortality Among Children
Official title: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial on the Campaign Effect of Measles Vaccine and Oral Polio Vaccine on General Hospital Admissions and Mortality Among Children
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE4
Conditions: Measles Vaccination
Oral Polio Vaccine
Non-specific/Heterologous Effects of Vaccines
Mortality
Morbidity
Children
Keywords: Measles vaccine
Oral polio vaccine
Campaign
Child mortality
Child morbidity
Non-specific effects
Lead sponsor: Bandim Health Project
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: Statens Serum Institut
name: Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines
First posted: 2018-03-09
Enrollment: 28612
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 0
Maximum age (years): 59
Standard ages: CHILD
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Intervention model description: The RECAMP trials test two separate hypotheses relating to the potential beneficial non-specific effects of providing live vaccines in general vaccination campaigns.

The RECAMP-MV trial tests the effect of a Measles Vaccination campaign among children aged 9-59 months The RECAMP-OPV trial tests the effect of an Oral Polio Vaccination campaign in children aged 0-8 months
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: The world is set on eradicating measles and polio infections in the coming decade. Once both infections are under control, campaigns with measles and oral polio vaccines will be phased out. This might do more harm than good for child survival in low-income countries. Studies from the Bandim Health Project in Guinea-Bissau, and elsewhere, have revealed, that the live measles and oral polio vaccines have beneficial non-specific effects, i.e. effects on child morbidity and mortality unrelated to prevention of the targeted diseases.

The campaigns are presumed to be most beneficial for children not reached by routine vaccination programs, as they are not already protected. However, studies show that prior routine or campaign vaccination may boost resistance against unrelated infections. If we phase out measles and oral polio campaigns after eradicating their target infections without considering the impact on child survival, the drastic decline in child mortality since 1990 could change direction. We will conduct the first cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of measles and oral polio campaigns on general child morbidity and mortality via the Bandim Health Project. Bandim Health Project runs a Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Guinea-Bissau since 1978 and assesses child health interventions' real-life effects, via continuous registration of all interventions given to all children, and follow-up of individuals. We will conduct the trials in rural Guinea-Bissau monitoring all nine health regions.

The hypotheses are:

RECAMP-MV: Measles vaccination campaign in Guinea-Bissau reduce morbidity and mortality among children between 9 and 59 months of age by 80% during the subsequent 18 months in a context of limited measles infection.

RECAMP-OPV: Oral polio vaccination campaigns in Guinea-Bissau reduce morbidity and mortality among children between 0 and 8 months of age by 25% during the subsequent 12 months in a context with no polio infection.

Originally, the trials were meant to be implemented in 182 clusters, enrolling 21000 children. Following revised sample size calculations and discussions with the Data Safety and Monitoring Board, the number of clusters were increased to 222 and the planned number of enrolments increased from 21,000 to 28,000 (RECAMP-MV: 18000, RECAMP-OPV: 10000).

To explore the hypothesis that at least part of the beneficial non-specific effects of OPV is driven by changes in the gut and/or respiratory microbiome, we will collect microbiome samples in a sub-group:

A nasal swab and a rectal swab will be collected from 50 infants allocated to the intervention group, and 50 infants allocated to the control group. Two sample will be collected for each infant one when recruited for RECAMP-OPV and a second two months later.


Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria: Children aged 0-59 months living with families registered in the rural Bandim Health Project Health and Demographic Surveillance Site are included, provided a parent/guardian consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* the child has temperature \> 39.0◦C or a severe acute illness as defined by the examining nurse

OR

* the child has as a mid upper arm circumference \< 110 mm and is older than 6 months (most feasible local indicator of AIDS and chronic immunosuppressive disease)

OR

* the child has experienced a severe allergic reaction after previous vaccination, drug or food.

OR

* the child is enrolled in an ongoing study of Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine and is \< 2 months old

OR

* For the RECAMP-MV trial: the child is enrolled in RECAMP-OPV

Primary outcomes:
measure: Composite outcome: mortality and hospital admission (measured as a rate)
timeFrame: Enrolment to end of study (longest follow-up 2 years)
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Nutritional status
timeFrame: Enrolment to end of study (longest follow-up 2 years)
measure: Mortality
timeFrame: Enrolment to end of study (longest follow-up 2 years)
measure: Hospital admission
timeFrame: Enrolment to end of study (longest follow-up 2 years)
Other outcomes:
measure: Acute adverse reactions
timeFrame: One-two months after a child is included in the study
measure: Changes to the Respiratory and Gut Microbiome
timeFrame: Two months after a child is included in the study
Locations:
city: Bissau
country: Guinea-Bissau
facility: Bandim Health Project
Study officials:
affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Guinea-Bissau and Statens Serum Institute, Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project
name: Ane Fisker, MD, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Guinea-Bissau and Statens Serum Institute, Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project
name: Peter Aaby, DMSc,Professor
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Statens Serum Institute, Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project
name: Aksel Jensen, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Statens Serum Institute, Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project
name: Anshu Varma, MSc
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Guinea-Bissau
name: Amabelia Rodrigues, Ph
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: World Health Organization. Global measles and rubella strategic plan: 2012-2020. 2012.
citation: World Health Organization. Polio eradication and endgame strategic plan: 2013-2018. 2013.
citation: Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, October 2015 - conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015 Dec 11;90(50):681-99. No abstract available. English, French.
citation: Kristensen I, Aaby P, Jensen H. Routine vaccinations and child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. BMJ. 2000 Dec 9;321(7274):1435-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1435.
citation: Aaby P, Samb B, Simondon F, Seck AM, Knudsen K, Whittle H. Non-specific beneficial effect of measles immunisation: analysis of mortality studies from developing countries. BMJ. 1995 Aug 19;311(7003):481-5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7003.481.
citation: Aaby P, Garly ML, Bale C, Martins C, Jensen H, Lisse I, Whittle H. Survival of previously measles-vaccinated and measles-unvaccinated children in an emergency situation: an unplanned study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Sep;22(9):798-805. doi: 10.1097/01.inf.0000083821.33187.b5.
citation: Aaby P, Martins CL, Garly ML, Bale C, Andersen A, Rodrigues A, Ravn H, Lisse IM, Benn CS, Whittle HC. Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Nov 30;341:c6495. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6495.
citation: Lund N, Andersen A, Hansen AS, Jepsen FS, Barbosa A, Biering-Sorensen S, Rodrigues A, Ravn H, Aaby P, Benn CS. The Effect of Oral Polio Vaccine at Birth on Infant Mortality: A Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 15;61(10):1504-11. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ617. Epub 2015 Jul 28.
citation: Lund N, Biering-Sorensen S, Andersen A, Monteiro I, Camala L, Jorgensen MJ, Aaby P, Benn CS. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation associated with a cluster of deaths and poor early growth in a randomised trial among low-birth-weight boys of vitamin A versus oral polio vaccine at birth. BMC Pediatr. 2014 Aug 28;14:214. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-214.
citation: Martins CL, Benn CS, Andersen A, Bale C, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Do VA, Rodrigues A, Aaby P, Ravn H, Whittle H, Garly ML. A randomized trial of a standard dose of Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine given at 4.5 months of age: effect on total hospital admissions. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 1;209(11):1731-8. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit804. Epub 2014 Jan 16.
citation: Sorup S, Benn CS, Poulsen A, Krause TG, Aaby P, Ravn H. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. JAMA. 2014 Feb 26;311(8):826-35. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.470.
citation: Sorup S, Stensballe LG, Krause TG, Aaby P, Benn CS, Ravn H. Oral Polio Vaccination and Hospital Admissions With Non-Polio Infections in Denmark: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 17;3(1):ofv204. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofv204. eCollection 2016 Jan.
citation: Aaby P, Hedegaard K, Sodemann M, Nhante E, Veirum JE, Jakobsen M, Lisse I, Jensen H, Sandstrom A. Childhood mortality after oral polio immunisation campaign in Guinea-Bissau. Vaccine. 2005 Feb 25;23(14):1746-51. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.054.
citation: Andersen A, Fisker AB, Rodrigues A, et al. National immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine (OPV) reduce the general all-cause mortality rate: An analysis of the effect of campaign-OPV on child mortality within seven randomised trials (submitted). 2016.
citation: Fisker AB, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Ravn H, Byberg S, Thysen S, Storgaard L, Pedersen M, Fernandes M, Benn CS, Aaby P. Reduced All-cause Child Mortality After General Measles Vaccination Campaign in Rural Guinea-Bissau. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Dec;34(12):1369-76. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000896.
citation: Benn CS, Netea MG, Selin LK, Aaby P. A small jab - a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines. Trends Immunol. 2013 Sep;34(9):431-9. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2013.04.004. Epub 2013 May 14.
citation: Byberg S, Thysen SM, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Cabral C, Careme M, Aaby P, Benn CS, Fisker AB. A general measles vaccination campaign in urban Guinea-Bissau: Comparing child mortality among participants and non-participants. Vaccine. 2017 Jan 3;35(1):33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.049. Epub 2016 Nov 24.
citation: Aaby P, Andersen M, Sodemann M, Jakobsen M, Gomes J, Fernandes M. Reduced childhood mortality after standard measles vaccination at 4-8 months compared with 9-11 months of age. BMJ. 1993 Nov 20;307(6915):1308-11. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6915.1308.
citation: World Bank. World Bank Countries and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519 (accessed 01-07-2016).
citation: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. http://www.childmortality.org/index.php?r=site/graph#ID=GNB_Guinea-Bissau (accessed 01-07-2016)
citation: INDEPTH network. Indepth Verbal Autopsy. http://www.indepth-network.org/resources/tools (accessed 25-07-2016).
citation: Desgrees du Lou A, Pison G, Aaby P. Role of immunizations in the recent decline in childhood mortality and the changes in the female/male mortality ratio in rural Senegal. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Sep 15;142(6):643-52. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117688.
citation: Aaby P, Jensen H, Samb B, Cisse B, Sodemann M, Jakobsen M, Poulsen A, Rodrigues A, Lisse IM, Simondon F, Whittle H. Differences in female-male mortality after high-titre measles vaccine and association with subsequent vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliovirus: reanalysis of West African studies. Lancet. 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2183-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13771-3.
citation: Benn CS, Rodrigues A, Yazdanbakhsh M, Fisker AB, Ravn H, Whittle H, Aaby P. The effect of high-dose vitamin A supplementation administered with BCG vaccine at birth may be modified by subsequent DTP vaccination. Vaccine. 2009 May 11;27(21):2891-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.080. Epub 2009 Mar 9.
citation: Benn CS, Fisker AB, Whittle HC, Aaby P. Revaccination with Live Attenuated Vaccines Confer Additional Beneficial Nonspecific Effects on Overall Survival: A Review. EBioMedicine. 2016 Aug;10:312-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
citation: World Health Organization. Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines. 2014. http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_ information_sheet.pdf (accessed 01-07-2016).
citation: World Health Organization. Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions Polio Vaccines. 2014. http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/Polio_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf (accessed 01-07-2016).
citation: Chuang SK, Lau YL, Lim WL, Chow CB, Tsang T, Tse LY. Mass measles immunization campaign: experience in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(7):585-91. Epub 2002 Jul 30.
citation: Abedi GR, Mutuc JD, Lawler J, Leroy ZC, Hudson JM, Blog DS, Schulte CR, Rausch-Phung E, Ogbuanu IU, Gallagher K, Kutty PK. Adverse events following a third dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in a mumps outbreak. Vaccine. 2012 Nov 19;30(49):7052-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.053. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
citation: Arruda WO, Kondageski C. Aseptic meningitis in a large MMR vaccine campaign (590,609 people) in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, 1998. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001 Sep-Oct;43(5):301-2. doi: 10.1590/s0036-46652001000500012.
citation: Roberts RJ, Sandifer QD, Evans MR, Nolan-Farrell MZ, Davis PM. Reasons for non-uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella catch up immunisation in a measles epidemic and side effects of the vaccine. BMJ. 1995 Jun 24;310(6995):1629-32. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6995.1629.
citation: Strebel PM, Papania MJ, Dayan GH, Halsey NA. Measles Vaccine. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines: Saunders; 2008: 353-98.
citation: Fisker AB, Bale C, Jorgensen MJ, Balde I, Hornshoj L, Bibby BM, Aaby P, Benn CS. High-dose vitamin A supplementation administered with vaccinations after 6 months of age: sex-differential adverse reactions and morbidity. Vaccine. 2013 Jun 28;31(31):3191-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.072. Epub 2013 May 14.
citation: Sugawara T, Ohsuka Y, Taya K, Yasui Y, Wada N, Sakano M, Koshida R, Fujii F, Shibata S, Hashimoto G, Utsumi H, Sumitomo M, Ishihara M, Kondo H, Sato H, Ueno K, Araki K, Okabe N. Diarrhea as a minor adverse effect due to oral polio vaccine. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009 Jan;62(1):51-3.
citation: Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, April 2013 - conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013 May 17;88(20):201-6. No abstract available. English, French.
citation: Higgins JPT, Soares-Weiser K, Reingold A. Systematic review of the non-specific effects of BCG, DTP and measles containing vaccines . Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings /2014/april/3_NSE_Epidemiology_review_Report_to_SAGE_14_Mar_FINAL.pdf?ua=1, 2014.
citation: Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, April 2014 -- conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014 May 23;89(21):221-36. No abstract available. English, French.
citation: Aaby P, Gustafson P, Roth A, Rodrigues A, Fernandes M, Sodemann M, Holmgren B, Benn CS, Garly ML, Lisse IM, Jensen H. Vaccinia scars associated with better survival for adults. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau. Vaccine. 2006 Jul 17;24(29-30):5718-25. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.045. Epub 2006 May 6.
citation: Jensen ML, Dave S, Schim van der Loeff M, da Costa C, Vincent T, Leligdowicz A, Benn CS, Roth A, Ravn H, Lisse IM, Whittle H, Aaby P. Vaccinia scars associated with improved survival among adults in rural Guinea-Bissau. PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20;1(1):e101. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000101.
citation: Rieckmann A, Villumsen M, Sorup S, Haugaard LK, Ravn H, Roth A, Baker JL, Benn CS, Aaby P. Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long-term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971-2010. Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Apr 1;46(2):695-705. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw120.
citation: Varma A, Aaby P, Thysen SM, Jensen AKG, Fisker AB. Reduction in Short-term Outpatient Consultations After a Campaign With Measles Vaccine in Children Aged 9-59 Months: Substudy Within a Cluster-Randomized Trial. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020 Nov 10;9(5):535-543. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa091.
citation: Varma A, Jensen AKG, Thysen SM, Pedersen LM, Aaby P, Fisker AB. Research protocol of two concurrent cluster-randomized trials: Real-life Effect of a CAMPaign with Measles Vaccination (RECAMP-MV) and Real-life Effect of a CAMPaign with Oral Polio Vaccination (RECAMP-OPV) on mortality and morbidity among children in rural Guinea-Bissau. BMC Public Health. 2019 Nov 11;19(1):1506. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7813-y.