Clinical trial NCT02557984: Dopamine and Opioid Receptor Antagonists Reduce Cue-induced Reward Responding and Reward Impulsivity
Official title: Dopamine D2/3- and μ-opioid Receptor Antagonists Reduce Cue-induced Reward Responding and Reward Impulsivity in Healthy Volunteers
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Addiction
Keywords: Dopamine
Opioid
Reward
Lead sponsor: University of Zurich
Sponsor class: OTHER
First posted: 2015-09-23
Enrollment: 121
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 35
Standard ages: ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary: The purpose of this study is to determine how the dopamine and opioid system is involved in reward processing, specifically in cue-induced reward responding and reward impulsivity, using dopamine and opioid receptor antagonists in healthy participants. The investigators predict that particularly the dopamine challenge should alter cue-induced reward responding and reward impulsivity. Such effects would be of high interest for the treatment of disorders which involve impairments of reward processing such as addiction.

Detailed description: In this study the investigators use amisulpride and naltrexone to elucidate what function the dopamine and opioid system have in the processing of reward. Amisulpride \[Solian®; sanofi-aventis\] is an atypical antipsychotic and acts as an antagonist at dopamine D2 and D3 (D2/D3) receptors with very high specificity. Amisulpride has been used in numerous past studies to study the role of dopamine in the brain, for example in studies on reinforcement learning, memory, and attentional bias in stimulant dependence. Naltrexone \[Naltrexin®; OrPha Swiss GmbH\] is an opioid antagonist and is clinically used in the management of alcohol and opioid dependence. It has been used to investigate the role of opioid in pain perception, taste detection and recognition, and smoking behavior. The investigators were interested in particular how amisulpride and naltrexone influence cue-induced reward responding and reward impulsivity.

Study Aims

A) Investigating the role of the dopamine system in cue-induced reward responding; B) Investigating the role of the dopamine system in reward impulsivity; C) Investigating the role of the opioid system in cue-induced reward responding; A) Investigating the role of the opioid system in reward impulsivity.

Study Design

This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, between-subject blocker study. 121 participants received either placebo, the dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist amisulpride (400 mg), or the unselective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (50 mg), 3h before the experimental tasks. Subjective effects on mood were assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS). Cue-induced reward responding was measured using a standard Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task, where participants press a button for reward in the presence of a stimulus predicting that reward. Reward impulsivity was measured using a Delay Discounting (DD) Task, in which participants choose between smaller, immediate rewards and larger, delayed rewards.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Physically and psychiatrically healthy men and women

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serious past brain disease or injury
* Pacemaker or neurostimulator
* Hearing aid
* Surgery to head or heart
* Potential metal parts in body (metal splinters, gun wounds, shrapnel or surgical clips)
* Neurological or psychiatric problems (including alcoholism, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorder, claustrophobia, or parkinsonian symptoms)
* High blood pressure, low blood pressure, cardiac attack in anamnesis, irregular heart rate
* Epilepsy
* Emphysema, chest problems, or multiple sclerosis
* Respiratory problems (including difficulty breathing through the nose)
* Pregnancy, nursing, or planning pregnancy
* Diabetes
* Acute Hepatitis
* Allergy or sensitivity to lactose
* Allergy or sensitivity to amisulpride or naltrexone
* Breast cancer or current tumors
* Insufficiency of liver or kidney
* Past use of opiates or other drugs that may interact with amisulpride or naltrexone (such as stimulants)
* Currently taking medications known to interact with amisulpride or naltrexone (including medicines used to treat irregular heart rhythm such as quinidine, disopyramide, amiodarone and sotalol, cisapride, antibiotics such as erythromycin and pentamidine, levodopa, thioridazone (an antipsychotic), or methadone)

Primary outcomes:
measure: Cue-Induced Reward Responding Measure
timeFrame: 1 day
measure: Reward Impulsivity Measure
timeFrame: 1 day
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Mood
timeFrame: 1 day
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Zurich
country: Switzerland
facility: University Hospital
Study officials:
affiliation: University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich
name: Boris B Quednow, Prof
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich
name: Philippe N Tobler, Prof
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
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