Clinical trial NCT00518440: A Multi-Center Trial to Study Acute Liver Failure in Adults
Official title: A Multi-Center Trial to Study Acute Liver Failure in Adults
Study type: OBSERVATIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Conditions: Acute Liver Failure
Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Acute Liver Injury
Keywords: Liver disease
Liver injury
Lead sponsor: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Sponsor class: OTHER
Collaborators: name: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
First posted: 2007-08-20
Enrollment: 3488
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Standard ages: ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Observational model: OTHER
Time perspective: PROSPECTIVE
Sampling method: NON_PROBABILITY_SAMPLE
Study population: Patients who have acute liver injury or acute liver failure and meet inclusion and exclusion criteria

Brief summary: The purpose of this study is to collect clinical and epidemiological data as well as serum, plasma, urine, tissue and DNA samples on individuals who have acute liver failure and on individuals who have acute liver injury, a less severe group of patients who have coagulopathy but do not reach the threshold of encephalopathy.

Detailed description: Although ALF is truly an orphan disease affecting only about 2,000 persons per year, its severity, its frequency among young adults, and its high resource utilization justifies the attention paid to it. In addition, ALF has captured the interest and attention of researchers because of its unique pathogenesis and extreme severity, encouraging us to understand the processes underlying all forms of liver injury, by focusing on this most lethal manifestation.

The etiologies associated with ALF have continued to change further over the years with an apparent decline in viral hepatitis, and a remarkable increase in acetaminophen toxicity to its current level of \~44-50% of cases. A further problem in studying ALF is that the number of cases of a specific etiology observed at any one institution are vanishingly small. The earliest goals of the ALF Study then were to more carefully define the etiologies of ALF on a national scale, and to finally allow in-depth study of specific ALF causes such as autoimmune ALF, viral hepatitis and Wilson disease (WD).

A second group of patients worthy of study are those with acute liver injury.It would be of value to study patients destined to possibly have ALF earlier in their illness for several reasons: first, we might be able to better predict who will progress to full liver failure; second, the current definition requiring encephalopathy limits the number of patients available for study at any site; finally, therapeutic trials might have greater efficacy if begun at earlier disease stages.

Patients who are enrolled are referred to ALFSG clinical sites by gastroenterologist/hepatologist and fellows. Detailed clinical data and bio-specimen (sera, urine, plasma, DNA and tissue if available) are collected. Subjects are followed long-term at 6 months and 12 months. Detailed clinical data and sera are collected.

Eligibility criteria: ALF Inclusion Criteria:

* Written Informed consent from patient's next of kin
* Altered mentation of any degree (encephalopathy)
* Evidence of moderately severe coagulopathy (INR ≥ 1.5)
* A presumed acute illness onset of less than 26 weeks
* The NIH guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research will be observed

ALF Exclusion Criteria:

* Cirrhosis patients
* Alcohol induced liver failure
* Known pre-existing chronic liver disease

ALI Inclusion Criteria:

Acetaminophen (APAP) etiology: acute illness \< 2 wks

* INR ≥ 2.0, ALT ≥ 10X ULN Non-acetaminophen etiology: acute illness \< 26 wks
* INR≥ 2.0, ALT≥ 10X ULN, TBili ≥ 3 mg/dl

ALI Exclusion Criteria:

• Altered mentation of any degree (encephalopathy)

Primary outcomes:
measure: Overall Survival
timeFrame: 1 Year
Secondary outcomes:
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Birmingham
country: United States
facility: University of Alabama at Birmingham
state: Alabama
city: San Francisco
country: United States
facility: University of California, San Francisco
state: California
city: New Haven
country: United States
facility: Yale Medical School
state: Connecticut
city: Chicago
country: United States
facility: Northwestern University Medical School
state: Illinois
city: Kansas City
country: United States
facility: Kansas University Medical Center
state: Kansas
city: Ann Arbor
country: United States
facility: University of Michigan Medical Center
state: Michigan
city: Columbus
country: United States
facility: The Ohio State University
state: Ohio
city: Charleston
country: United States
facility: Medical University of South Carolina
state: South Carolina
city: Dallas
country: United States
facility: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
state: Texas
city: Richmond
country: United States
facility: Virginia Commonwealth University
state: Virginia
city: Seattle
country: United States
facility: University of Washington
state: Washington
city: Edmonton
country: Canada
facility: University of Alberta
state: Alberta
Study officials:
affiliation: University of Southwestern Medical Center
name: William M Lee, MD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
References:
citation: Vaquero J, Fontana RJ, Larson AM, Bass NM, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, Han S, Harrison ME, Stravitz TR, Munoz S, Brown R, Lee WM, Blei AT. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy. Liver Transpl. 2005 Dec;11(12):1581-9. doi: 10.1002/lt.20625.
citation: Fontana RJ, Shakil AO, Greenson JK, Boyd I, Lee WM. Acute liver failure due to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Oct;50(10):1785-90. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2938-5.
citation: Schiodt FV, Balko J, Schilsky M, Harrison ME, Thornton A, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Thrombopoietin in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2003 Mar;37(3):558-61. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50113.
citation: Schiodt FV, Atillasoy E, Shakil AO, Schiff ER, Caldwell C, Kowdley KV, Stribling R, Crippin JS, Flamm S, Somberg KA, Rosen H, McCashland TM, Hay JE, Lee WM. Etiology and outcome for 295 patients with acute liver failure in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg. 1999 Jan;5(1):29-34. doi: 10.1002/lt.500050102.
citation: Metushi IG, Sanders C; Acute Liver Study Group; Lee WM, Uetrecht J. Detection of anti-isoniazid and anti-cytochrome P450 antibodies in patients with isoniazid-induced liver failure. Hepatology. 2014 Mar;59(3):1084-93. doi: 10.1002/hep.26564. Epub 2014 Jan 27.
citation: Karvellas CJ, Cavazos J, Battenhouse H, Durkalski V, Balko J, Sanders C, Lee WM; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Effects of antimicrobial prophylaxis and blood stream infections in patients with acute liver failure: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Nov;12(11):1942-9.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.03.011. Epub 2014 Mar 25.
citation: Lee WM. Acetaminophen and the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group: lowering the risks of hepatic failure. Hepatology. 2004 Jul;40(1):6-9. doi: 10.1002/hep.20293.
citation: Vaquero J, Jordano Q, Lee WM, Blei AT; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Serum protein S-100b in acute liver failure: Results of the US Acute Liver Failure Study group. Liver Transpl. 2003 Aug;9(8):887-8. doi: 10.1053/jlts.2003.50172. No abstract available.
citation: The acute liver failure study group. Hepatology. 2002 Dec;36(6):1326. doi: 10.1002/hep.510360603. No abstract available.
citation: Murphy EJ, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, Shick L, Masharani U, Chow H, Freise C, Lee WM, Bass NM. Troglitazone-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Dig Dis Sci. 2000 Mar;45(3):549-53. doi: 10.1023/a:1005405526283.
citation: Fontana RJ, McCashland TM, Benner KG, Appelman HD, Gunartanam NT, Wisecarver JL, Rabkin JM, Lee WM. Acute liver failure associated with prolonged use of bromfenac leading to liver transplantation. The Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Liver Transpl Surg. 1999 Nov;5(6):480-4. doi: 10.1002/lt.500050607.
citation: Leung PS, Rossaro L, Davis PA, Park O, Tanaka A, Kikuchi K, Miyakawa H, Norman GL, Lee W, Gershwin ME; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Antimitochondrial antibodies in acute liver failure: implications for primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007 Nov;46(5):1436-42. doi: 10.1002/hep.21828.
citation: Moller HJ, Gronbaek H, Schiodt FV, Holland-Fischer P, Schilsky M, Munoz S, Hassanein T, Lee WM; U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Soluble CD163 from activated macrophages predicts mortality in acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2007 Nov;47(5):671-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.05.014. Epub 2007 Jun 21.
citation: Schiodt FV, Ostapowicz G, Murray N, Satyanarana R, Zaman A, Munoz S, Lee WM. Alpha-fetoprotein and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2006 Dec;12(12):1776-81. doi: 10.1002/lt.20886.
citation: Rutherford A, Davern T, Hay JE, Murray NG, Hassanein T, Lee WM, Chung RT; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Influence of high body mass index on outcome in acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Dec;4(12):1544-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.07.014. Epub 2006 Sep 25.
citation: Lee WM, Brown KE, Young NS, Dawson GJ, Schlauder GG, Gutierrez RA, Fontana R, Rossaro L, Davern T, Lalani E; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Brief report: no evidence for parvovirus B19 or hepatitis E virus as a cause of acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Oct;51(10):1712-5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-9061-5.
citation: James LP, Alonso EM, Hynan LS, Hinson JA, Davern TJ, Lee WM, Squires RH; Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Detection of acetaminophen protein adducts in children with acute liver failure of indeterminate cause. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):e676-81. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0069.
citation: Davern TJ 2nd, James LP, Hinson JA, Polson J, Larson AM, Fontana RJ, Lalani E, Munoz S, Shakil AO, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Measurement of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar;130(3):687-94. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.01.033.
citation: Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, Davern TJ, Lalani E, Hynan LS, Reisch JS, Schiodt FV, Ostapowicz G, Shakil AO, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2005 Dec;42(6):1364-72. doi: 10.1002/hep.20948.
citation: Schiodt FV, Rossaro L, Stravitz RT, Shakil AO, Chung RT, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Gc-globulin and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2005 Oct;11(10):1223-7. doi: 10.1002/lt.20437.
citation: Wai CT, Fontana RJ, Polson J, Hussain M, Shakil AO, Han SH, Davern TJ, Lee WM, Lok AS; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Clinical outcome and virological characteristics of hepatitis B-related acute liver failure in the United States. J Viral Hepat. 2005 Mar;12(2):192-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00581.x.
citation: Lee WM. Acute liver failure in the United States. Semin Liver Dis. 2003 Aug;23(3):217-26. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-42641.
citation: Vaquero J, Polson J, Chung C, Helenowski I, Schiodt FV, Reisch J, Lee WM, Blei AT. Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2003 Sep;125(3):755-64. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)01051-5.
citation: Schiodt FV, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, McGuire B, Samuel G, Lee WM. Viral hepatitis-related acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):448-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.t01-1-07223.x.
citation: Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM; U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Dec 17;137(12):947-54. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00007.
citation: Teo EK, Ostapowicz G, Hussain M, Lee WM, Fontana RJ, Lok AS; US ALF Study Group (Acute Liver Failure). Hepatitis B infection in patients with acute liver failure in the United States. Hepatology. 2001 Apr;33(4):972-6. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2001.23065.
citation: Taylor RM, Davern T, Munoz S, Han SH, McGuire B, Larson AM, Hynan L, Lee WM, Fontana RJ; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Fulminant hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: Incidence, prognosis, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2006 Dec;44(6):1589-97. doi: 10.1002/hep.21439.
citation: Parekh NK, Hynan LS, De Lemos J, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Elevated troponin I levels in acute liver failure: is myocardial injury an integral part of acute liver failure? Hepatology. 2007 Jun;45(6):1489-95. doi: 10.1002/hep.21640.
citation: Schiodt FV, Bangert K, Shakil AO, McCashland T, Murray N, Hay JE, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Predictive value of actin-free Gc-globulin in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2007 Sep;13(9):1324-9. doi: 10.1002/lt.21236.
citation: Rutherford AE, Hynan LS, Borges CB, Forcione DG, Blackard JT, Lin W, Gorman AR, Shaikh OS, Reuben A, Harrison E, Reddy KR, Le WM, Chung RT; ALF Study Group. Serum apoptosis markers in acute liver failure: a pilot study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Dec;5(12):1477-83. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.08.007. Epub 2007 Oct 29.
citation: Levitsky J, Duddempudi AT, Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ, Luby JP, Lee WM, Fontana RJ, Blei AT, Ison MG; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Detection and diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection in adults with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2008 Oct;14(10):1498-504. doi: 10.1002/lt.21567.
citation: Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, Webster J, Schiodt FV, Squires RH Jr, Fontana RJ, Lee WM, Schilsky ML; Pediatric and Adult Acute Liver Failure Study Groups. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: a comparison of currently available diagnostic tests. Hepatology. 2008 Oct;48(4):1167-74. doi: 10.1002/hep.22446.
citation: Polson J, Wians FH Jr, Orsulak P, Fuller D, Murray NG, Koff JM, Khan AI, Balko JA, Hynan LS, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. False positive acetaminophen concentrations in patients with liver injury. Clin Chim Acta. 2008 May;391(1-2):24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.01.018. Epub 2008 Jan 26.
citation: Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, Doo E, Hoofnagle JH. Acute liver failure: Summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 2008 Apr;47(4):1401-15. doi: 10.1002/hep.22177.
citation: Li J, Zhu X, Liu F, Cai P, Sanders C, Lee WM, Uetrecht J. Cytokine and autoantibody patterns in acute liver failure. J Immunotoxicol. 2010 Jul-Sep;7(3):157-64. doi: 10.3109/15476910903501748.
citation: James LP, Letzig L, Simpson PM, Capparelli E, Roberts DW, Hinson JA, Davern TJ, Lee WM. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen-protein adducts in adults with acetaminophen overdose and acute liver failure. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Aug;37(8):1779-84. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.026195. Epub 2009 May 13.
citation: Schiodt FV, Chung RT, Schilsky ML, Hay JE, Christensen E, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Outcome of acute liver failure in the elderly. Liver Transpl. 2009 Nov;15(11):1481-7. doi: 10.1002/lt.21865.
citation: Forde KA, Reddy KR, Troxel AB, Sanders CM, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Racial and ethnic differences in presentation, etiology, and outcomes of acute liver failure in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Oct;7(10):1121-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.05.029. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
citation: Lee WM, Hynan LS, Rossaro L, Fontana RJ, Stravitz RT, Larson AM, Davern TJ 2nd, Murray NG, McCashland T, Reisch JS, Robuck PR; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2009 Sep;137(3):856-64, 864.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.006. Epub 2009 Jun 12.
citation: Cote GA, Gottstein JH, Daud A, Blei AT; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. The role of etiology in the hyperamylasemia of acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):592-7. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2008.84. Epub 2009 Feb 17.
citation: Strnad P, Zhou Q, Hanada S, Lazzeroni LC, Zhong BH, So P, Davern TJ, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group; Omary MB. Keratin variants predispose to acute liver failure and adverse outcome: race and ethnic associations. Gastroenterology. 2010 Sep;139(3):828-35, 835.e1-3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.007. Epub 2010 Jun 9.
citation: Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology. 2010 Dec;52(6):2065-76. doi: 10.1002/hep.23937. Epub 2010 Oct 14.
citation: Gregory B, Larson AM, Reisch J, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Acetaminophen dose does not predict outcome in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. J Investig Med. 2010 Jun;58(5):707-10. doi: 10.231/JIM.0b013e3181db8764.
citation: Stravitz RT, Lefkowitch JH, Fontana RJ, Gershwin ME, Leung PS, Sterling RK, Manns MP, Norman GL, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Autoimmune acute liver failure: proposed clinical and histological criteria. Hepatology. 2011 Feb;53(2):517-26. doi: 10.1002/hep.24080. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
citation: Khandelwal N, James LP, Sanders C, Larson AM, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Unrecognized acetaminophen toxicity as a cause of indeterminate acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2011 Feb;53(2):567-76. doi: 10.1002/hep.24060. Epub 2011 Jan 10.
citation: Ajmera V, Xia G, Vaughan G, Forbi JC, Ganova-Raeva LM, Khudyakov Y, Opio CK, Taylor R, Restrepo R, Munoz S, Fontana RJ, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. What factors determine the severity of hepatitis A-related acute liver failure? J Viral Hepat. 2011 Jul;18(7):e167-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01410.x. Epub 2010 Dec 8.
citation: Rutherford A, King LY, Hynan LS, Vedvyas C, Lin W, Lee WM, Chung RT; ALF Study Group. Development of an accurate index for predicting outcomes of patients with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012 Nov;143(5):1237-1243. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.113. Epub 2012 Aug 8.
citation: Chung RT, Stravitz RT, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, Mehal WZ, Reddy KR, Lee WM. Pathogenesis of liver injury in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012 Sep;143(3):e1-e7. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.011. Epub 2012 Jul 13. No abstract available.
citation: Lee WM, Stravitz RT, Larson AM. Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Position Paper on acute liver failure 2011. Hepatology. 2012 Mar;55(3):965-7. doi: 10.1002/hep.25551. No abstract available.
citation: Dao DY, Seremba E, Ajmera V, Sanders C, Hynan LS, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Use of nucleoside (tide) analogues in patients with hepatitis B-related acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 May;57(5):1349-57. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-2013-3. Epub 2011 Dec 25.
citation: Dao DY, Hynan LS, Yuan HJ, Sanders C, Balko J, Attar N, Lok AS, Word RA, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Two distinct subtypes of hepatitis B virus-related acute liver failure are separable by quantitative serum immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis B core antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA levels. Hepatology. 2012 Mar;55(3):676-84. doi: 10.1002/hep.24732. Epub 2012 Jan 31.
citation: Taylor RM, Tujios S, Jinjuvadia K, Davern T, Shaikh OS, Han S, Chung RT, Lee WM, Fontana RJ. Short and long-term outcomes in patients with acute liver failure due to ischemic hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Mar;57(3):777-85. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1918-1. Epub 2011 Sep 27.
citation: Stravitz RT, Lisman T, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Puri P, Fuchs M, Ibrahim A, Lee WM, Sanyal AJ. Minimal effects of acute liver injury/acute liver failure on hemostasis as assessed by thromboelastography. J Hepatol. 2012 Jan;56(1):129-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.04.020. Epub 2011 May 19.
citation: Court MH, Freytsis M, Wang X, Peter I, Guillemette C, Hazarika S, Duan SX, Greenblatt DJ, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A polymorphism c.2042C>G (rs8330) is associated with increased human liver acetaminophen glucuronidation, increased UGT1A exon 5a/5b splice variant mRNA ratio, and decreased risk of unintentional acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 May;345(2):297-307. doi: 10.1124/jpet.112.202010. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
citation: Singh S, Hynan LS, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Improvements in hepatic serological biomarkers are associated with clinical benefit of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2013 May;58(5):1397-402. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2512-x. Epub 2013 Jan 17.
citation: Rangnekar AS, Ellerbe C, Durkalski V, McGuire B, Lee WM, Fontana RJ. Quality of life is significantly impaired in long-term survivors of acute liver failure and particularly in acetaminophen-overdose patients. Liver Transpl. 2013 Sep;19(9):991-1000. doi: 10.1002/lt.23688. Epub 2013 Aug 18.
citation: Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ, Reisch J, Bajaj JS, Mirshahi F, Cheng J, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on cytokines in non-acetaminophen acute liver failure: potential mechanism of improvement in transplant-free survival. Liver Int. 2013 Oct;33(9):1324-31. doi: 10.1111/liv.12214. Epub 2013 Jun 19.
citation: Court MH, Peter I, Hazarika S, Vasiadi M, Greenblatt DJ, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Candidate gene polymorphisms in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jan;42(1):28-32. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.053546. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
citation: Karkhanis J, Verna EC, Chang MS, Stravitz RT, Schilsky M, Lee WM, Brown RS Jr; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Steroid use in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2014 Feb;59(2):612-21. doi: 10.1002/hep.26678. Epub 2013 Dec 24.
citation: Karvellas CJ, Fix OK, Battenhouse H, Durkalski V, Sanders C, Lee WM; U S Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Outcomes and complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in acute liver failure: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2014 May;42(5):1157-67. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000144.
citation: Dubin PH, Yuan H, Devine RK, Hynan LS, Jain MK, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Micro-RNA-122 levels in acute liver failure and chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol. 2014 Sep;86(9):1507-14. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23987. Epub 2014 Jun 4.
citation: McGill MR, Staggs VS, Sharpe MR, Lee WM, Jaeschke H; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Serum mitochondrial biomarkers and damage-associated molecular patterns are higher in acetaminophen overdose patients with poor outcome. Hepatology. 2014 Oct;60(4):1336-45. doi: 10.1002/hep.27265. Epub 2014 Aug 25.
citation: Mellinger JL, Rossaro L, Naugler WE, Nadig SN, Appelman H, Lee WM, Fontana RJ. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related acute liver failure: a case series from the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Jul;59(7):1630-7. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3029-2. Epub 2014 Jan 25.
citation: Long D, Fix OK, Deng X, Seielstad M, Lauring AS; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Whole genome sequencing to identify host genetic risk factors for severe outcomes of hepatitis a virus infection. J Med Virol. 2014 Oct;86(10):1661-8. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24007. Epub 2014 Jun 30.
citation: Tujios SR, Hynan LS, Vazquez MA, Larson AM, Seremba E, Sanders CM, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Feb;13(2):352-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.011. Epub 2014 Jul 11.
citation: Fontana RJ, Ellerbe C, Durkalski VE, Rangnekar A, Reddy RK, Stravitz T, McGuire B, Davern T, Reuben A, Liou I, Fix O, Ganger DR, Chung RT, Schilsky M, Han S, Hynan LS, Sanders C, Lee WM; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Two-year outcomes in initial survivors with acute liver failure: results from a prospective, multicentre study. Liver Int. 2015 Feb;35(2):370-80. doi: 10.1111/liv.12632. Epub 2014 Jul 28.
citation: Laursen TL, Sandahl TD, Stoy S, Schiodt FV, Lee WM, Vilstrup H, Thiel S, Gronbaek H; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Circulating mannan-binding lectin, M-, L-, H-ficolin and collectin-liver-1 levels in patients with acute liver failure. Liver Int. 2015 Mar;35(3):756-63. doi: 10.1111/liv.12682. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
citation: Woolbright BL, McGill MR, Staggs VS, Winefield RD, Gholami P, Olyaee M, Sharpe MR, Curry SC, Lee WM, Jaeschke H; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Glycodeoxycholic acid levels as prognostic biomarker in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure patients. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Dec;142(2):436-44. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu195. Epub 2014 Sep 19.
citation: Rich NE, Sanders C, Hughes RS, Fontana RJ, Stravitz RT, Fix O, Han SH, Naugler WE, Zaman A, Lee WM. Malignant infiltration of the liver presenting as acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 May;13(5):1025-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.09.040. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
citation: Karvellas CJ, Todd Stravitz R, Battenhouse H, Lee WM, Schilsky ML; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Therapeutic hypothermia in acute liver failure: a multicenter retrospective cohort analysis. Liver Transpl. 2015 Jan;21(1):4-12. doi: 10.1002/lt.24021.
citation: Speiser JL, Durkalski VL, Lee WM. Random forest classification of etiologies for an orphan disease. Stat Med. 2015 Feb 28;34(5):887-99. doi: 10.1002/sim.6351. Epub 2014 Nov 3.
citation: Foureau DM, Walling TL, Maddukuri V, Anderson W, Culbreath K, Kleiner DE, Ahrens WA, Jacobs C, Watkins PB, Fontana RJ, Chalasani N, Talwalkar J, Lee WM, Stolz A, Serrano J, Bonkovsky HL. Comparative analysis of portal hepatic infiltrating leucocytes in acute drug-induced liver injury, idiopathic autoimmune and viral hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015 Apr;180(1):40-51. doi: 10.1111/cei.12558.
citation: Srungaram P, Rule JA, Yuan HJ, Reimold A, Dahl B, Sanders C, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Plasma osteopontin in acute liver failure. Cytokine. 2015 Jun;73(2):270-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.021. Epub 2015 Mar 21.
citation: Basta G, Del Turco S, Navarra T, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Circulating levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and ligands of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in patients with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2015 Jun;21(6):847-54. doi: 10.1002/lt.24129.
citation: Speiser JL, Lee WM, Karvellas CJ; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Predicting outcome on admission and post-admission for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure using classification and regression tree models. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 17;10(4):e0122929. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122929. eCollection 2015.
citation: Serper M, Wolf MS, Parikh NA, Tillman H, Lee WM, Ganger DR. Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Outcomes in Overdose With Acetaminophen Alone or With Combination Products: Results From the Acute Liver Failure Study Group. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan;50(1):85-91. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000378.
citation: Rule JA, Hynan LS, Attar N, Sanders C, Korzun WJ, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Procalcitonin Identifies Cell Injury, Not Bacterial Infection, in Acute Liver Failure. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 22;10(9):e0138566. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138566. eCollection 2015.
citation: Kaur G, Leslie EM, Tillman H, Lee WM, Swanlund DP, Karvellas CJ; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Detection of Ophthalmic Acid in Serum from Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure Patients Is More Frequent in Non-Survivors. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 25;10(9):e0139299. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139299. eCollection 2015.
citation: Reddy KR, Ellerbe C, Schilsky M, Stravitz RT, Fontana RJ, Durkalski V, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Determinants of outcome among patients with acute liver failure listed for liver transplantation in the United States. Liver Transpl. 2016 Apr;22(4):505-15. doi: 10.1002/lt.24347.
citation: Stravitz RT, Ellerbe C, Durkalski V, Reuben A, Lisman T, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Thrombocytopenia Is Associated With Multi-organ System Failure in Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Apr;14(4):613-620.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.09.029. Epub 2015 Dec 10.
citation: Rosen HR, Biggins SW, Niki T, Gralla J, Hillman H, Hirashima M, Schilsky M, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Association Between Plasma Level of Galectin-9 and Survival of Patients With Drug-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Apr;14(4):606-612.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.09.040. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
citation: Karvellas CJ, Tillman H, Leung AA, Lee WM, Schilsky ML, Hameed B, Stravitz RT, McGuire BM, Fix OK; United States Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Acute liver injury and acute liver failure from mushroom poisoning in North America. Liver Int. 2016 Jul;36(7):1043-50. doi: 10.1111/liv.13080. Epub 2016 Mar 4.
citation: Reuben A, Tillman H, Fontana RJ, Davern T, McGuire B, Stravitz RT, Durkalski V, Larson AM, Liou I, Fix O, Schilsky M, McCashland T, Hay JE, Murray N, Shaikh OS, Ganger D, Zaman A, Han SB, Chung RT, Smith A, Brown R, Crippin J, Harrison ME, Koch D, Munoz S, Reddy KR, Rossaro L, Satyanarayana R, Hassanein T, Hanje AJ, Olson J, Subramanian R, Karvellas C, Hameed B, Sherker AH, Robuck P, Lee WM. Outcomes in Adults With Acute Liver Failure Between 1998 and 2013: An Observational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Jun 7;164(11):724-32. doi: 10.7326/M15-2211. Epub 2016 Apr 5.
citation: Hillman L, Gottfried M, Whitsett M, Rakela J, Schilsky M, Lee WM, Ganger D. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Induced Acute Liver Failure and Injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul;111(7):958-65. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.114. Epub 2016 Apr 5.
citation: Koch DG, Tillman H, Durkalski V, Lee WM, Reuben A. Development of a Model to Predict Transplant-free Survival of Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Aug;14(8):1199-1206.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.03.046. Epub 2016 Apr 13.
citation: Fontana RJ, Engle RE, Scaglione S, Araya V, Shaikh O, Tillman H, Attar N, Purcell RH, Lee WM; US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. The role of hepatitis E virus infection in adult Americans with acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2016 Dec;64(6):1870-1880. doi: 10.1002/hep.28649. Epub 2016 Jun 23.
citation: Fix OK, Liou I, Karvellas CJ, Ganger DR, Forde KA, Subramanian RM, Boylan A, Hanje J, Stravitz RT, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Development and Pilot of a Checklist for Management of Acute Liver Failure in the Intensive Care Unit. PLoS One. 2016 May 13;11(5):e0155500. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155500. eCollection 2016.
citation: Rao A, Rule JA, Cerro-Chiang G, Stravitz RT, McGuire BM, Lee G, Fontana RJ, Lee WM. Role of Hepatitis C Infection in Acute Liver Injury/Acute Liver Failure in North America. Dig Dis Sci. 2023 Jan;68(1):304-311. doi: 10.1007/s10620-022-07524-6. Epub 2022 May 11.
citation: Rao A, Rule JA, Hameed B, Ganger D, Fontana RJ, Lee WM. Secular Trends in Severe Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury in North America: An Update From the Acute Liver Failure Study Group Registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Apr 1;117(4):617-626. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001655.
citation: Zechner C, Adams-Huet B, Gregory B, Neyra JA, Rule JA, Li X, Rakela J, Moe OW, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Hypophosphatemia in acute liver failure of a broad range of etiologies is associated with phosphaturia without kidney damage or phosphatonin elevation. Transl Res. 2021 Dec;238:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.07.003. Epub 2021 Jul 21.
citation: Davis BC, Tillman H, Chung RT, Stravitz RT, Reddy R, Fontana RJ, McGuire B, Davern T, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Heat stroke leading to acute liver injury & failure: A case series from the Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Liver Int. 2017 Apr;37(4):509-513. doi: 10.1111/liv.13373. Epub 2017 Feb 17.