Clinical trial NCT03871491: Azithromycin-Prevention in Labor Use Study (A-PLUS)
Official title: Prevention of Maternal and Neonatal Death/Infections With a Single Oral Dose of Azithromycin in Women in Labor (in Low- and Middle-income Countries): a Randomized Controlled Trial
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE3
Conditions: Maternal Death
Maternal Infections Affecting Fetus or Newborn
Neonatal SEPSIS
Maternal Sepsis During Labor
Neonatal Death
Postpartum Sepsis
Keywords: maternal sepsis
maternal death
neonatal sepsis
neonatal death
azithromycin
Democratic Republic of Congo
Zambia
Guatemala
Bangladesh
India
Pakistan
Kenya
COVID-19
Lead sponsor: NICHD Global Network for Women's and Children's Health
Sponsor class: NETWORK
Collaborators: name: University of Alabama at Birmingham
name: University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
name: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
name: Kinshasa School of Public Health
name: University of Colorado, Denver
name: Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama
name: University of Virginia
name: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
name: Thomas Jefferson University
name: Columbia University
name: Aga Khan University
name: Boston University
name: Lata Medical Research Foundation, Nagpur
name: Indiana University School of Medicine
name: Moi Univeristy
name: RTI International
name: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
name: Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
name: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
First posted: 2019-03-12
Enrollment: 58747
Sex: FEMALE
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 45
Standard ages: ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Intervention model description: Randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel multicenter clinical trial. Women in labor will be randomized with one-to-one ratio to intervention/placebo.
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: Maternal and neonatal infections are among the most frequent causes of maternal and neonatal deaths, and current antibiotic strategies have not been effective in preventing many of these deaths. Recently, a randomized clinical trial conducted in a single site in The Gambia showed that treatment with oral dose of 2 g azithromycin vs. placebo for all women in labor reduced selected maternal and neonatal infections. However, it is unknown if this therapy reduces maternal and neonatal sepsis and mortality. The A-PLUS trial includes two primary hypotheses, a maternal hypothesis and a neonatal hypothesis. First, a single, prophylactic intrapartum oral dose of 2 g azithromycin given to women in labor will reduce maternal death or sepsis. Second, a single, prophylactic intrapartum oral dose of 2 g azithromycin given to women in labor will reduce intrapartum/neonatal death or sepsis.

Detailed description: The A-PLUS Trial is a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel multicenter clinical trial. The study intervention is a single, prophylactic intrapartum oral dose of 2 g azithromycin, with a comparison with a single intrapartum oral dose of an identical appearing placebo. For the A-PLUS randomized control trial (RCT), a total of 34,000 laboring women from eight research sites in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America will be randomized with one-to-one ratio to intervention/placebo. In response to the global coronavirus pandemic, research sites will also collect data on COVID-19 signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in order to estimate the incidence of infection and evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the target population.

Prior to the initiation of the A-PLUS RCT, research sites will conduct an observational pilot study using the RCT's planned infrastructure in order to characterize the current practices at participating research facilities and optimize the identification of suspected infection for the RCT. The information obtained in the pilot study will be used to validate estimates of intrapartum deaths, maternal sepsis, and neonatal sepsis used in the sample size calculations for the RCT. Finally, the pilot study will allow the research sites to inventory and upgrade local capacity to conduct routine cultures during the RCT.

A maximum of 16,000 women, separate from the sample for the main trial, will be enrolled in the pilot, across all eight research sites, with no more than 2000 women enrolled at any individual site. Research sites will be eligible to transition to the RCT when a minimum of 600 participants have been enrolled in the pilot study with evidence of (a) high rates of follow-up; (2) acceptable data quality and completeness; and (3) there are no concerns about identification and reporting of infection.

Given the clinical benefits of intrapartum azithromycin so far reported in two trials and the likelihood that it may become the usual practice if the investigator's large RCT confirms the reported benefits, it is important to monitor antibiotic resistance to determine the safety of azithromycin prophylaxis. Therefore, the RCT will also include an ancillary study (referred to as the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) sub-study) to monitor antimicrobial resistance and maternal and newborn microbiome effects of the single dose of prophylactic azithromycin using the following methodology

1. For all mothers enrolled in the RCT and their infants:

   a. Routine clinical monitoring at baseline and three post-partum time points (3 days, 7 days, and 42 days), with culture and sensitivity testing in cases of suspected bacterial infections;
2. Among a subset of 1000 randomly selected maternal-infant dyads:

   1. Serial susceptibility monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns (including azithromycin resistance) from selected maternal and newborn flora through culture and sensitivity testing. Serial monitoring will be conducted at baseline and three post-partum time points (1 week, 6 weeks, and 3 months).
   2. Serial microbiome collection and storage of specimens for future testing to monitor maternal and newborn microbiome status of selected sites.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women in labor ≥28 weeks Gestational Age (GA) (by best estimate) with a pregnancy with one or more live fetuses who plan to deliver vaginally in a facility.
* Admitted to health facility with clear plan for spontaneous or induced delivery.
* Live fetus must be confirmed via a fetal heart rate by Doptone prior to randomization.
* ≥18 years of age or minors 14-17 years of age in countries where married or pregnant minors (or their authorized representatives) are legally permitted to give consent.
* Have provided written informed consent.
* Pregnant women in labor ≥28 weeks GA (by best estimate) with a pregnancy with one or more live fetuses who plan to deliver vaginally in a facility.
* Admitted to health facility with clear plan for spontaneous or induced delivery.
* Live fetus must be confirmed via presence of a fetal heart rate prior to randomization.
* ≥18 years of age or minors 14-17 years of age in countries where married or pregnant minors (or their authorized representatives) are legally permitted to give consent.
* Have provided written informed consent \[Note: written informed consent may be obtained during antenatal care, but verbal re-confirmation may be needed (per local regulations) at the time of randomization\].

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-emancipated minors (as per local regulations)
* Evidence of chorioamnionitis or other infection requiring antibiotic therapy at time of eligibility (however, women given single prophylactic antibiotics with no plans to continue after delivery should not be excluded).
* Arrhythmia or known history of cardiomyopathy.
* Allergy to azithromycin or other macrolides that is self-reported or documented in the medical record.
* Any use of azithromycin, erythromycin, or other macrolide in the 3 days or less prior to randomization.
* Plan for cesarean delivery prior to randomization.
* Preterm labor undergoing management with no immediate plan to proceed to delivery.
* Advanced stage of labor (\>6 cm or 10 cm cervical dilation per local standards) and pushing or too distressed to understand, confirm, or give informed consent regardless of cervical dilation.
* Are not capable of giving consent due to other health problems such as obstetric emergencies (for example, antepartum hemorrhage) or mental disorder.
* Any other medical conditions that may be considered a contraindication per the judgment of the site investigator.
* Previous randomization in the trial.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Maternal Death or Sepsis Within 6 Weeks (42 Days) Post-delivery in Intervention vs. Placebo Group.
timeFrame: Within 6 weeks (42 days)
measure: Intrapartum/Neonatal Death or Sepsis Within 4 Weeks (28 Days) Post-delivery in Intervention vs. Placebo Group
timeFrame: Within 4 weeks (28 days) post-delivery
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Maternal Sepsis
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Maternal Death Due to Sepsis
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Chorioamnionitis
timeFrame: Between date/time of randomization and date/time of delivery (up to 120 hours before delivery)
measure: Endometritis
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Cesarean Wound Infection
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Perineal Wound Infection
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Other Infections
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Use of Subsequent Maternal Antibiotic Therapy
timeFrame: After randomization to 42 days post-delivery. Randomization occurs between labor onset and delivery (0 to 120 hours before delivery). 42 participants were randomized >120 hours before delivery due to false labor.
measure: Maternal Initial Hospital Length of Stay
timeFrame: Time from drug administration (which occurs between onset of labor and delivery) and discharge from delivery hospital (0 to 45 days)
measure: Maternal Readmissions
timeFrame: After delivery discharge and within 42 days post-delivery
measure: Maternal Admission to Special Care Units
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery (reported during study)
measure: Maternal Unscheduled Visit for Care
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery (reported during study)
measure: Maternal GI Symptoms
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery (reported during study)
measure: Neonatal Sepsis
timeFrame: Within 28 days post-delivery
measure: Neonatal Death Due to Sepsis
timeFrame: Within 28 days post-delivery
measure: Other Neonatal Infections
timeFrame: Within 28 days post-delivery
measure: Neonatal Initial Hospital Length of Stay
timeFrame: Time from delivery to discharge from delivery hospital (0 to 62 days)
measure: Neonatal Readmissions
timeFrame: After delivery discharge and within 42 days of delivery
measure: Neonatal Admission to Special Care Units
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery (reported during study)
measure: Neonatal Unscheduled Visit for Care
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery (reported during study)
measure: Pyloric Stenosis Within 42 Days of Delivery
timeFrame: Within 42 days post-delivery
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Dhaka
country: Bangladesh
facility: ICDDRB
city: Kinshasa
country: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the
facility: Kinshasa School of Public Health
city: Guatemala City
country: Guatemala
facility: Institute for Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP)
city: Belagam
country: India
facility: Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
city: Nagpur
country: India
facility: Lata Medical Research Foundation
city: Eldoret
country: Kenya
facility: Moi University School of Medicine
city: Karachi
country: Pakistan
facility: The Aga Khan University
city: Lusaka
country: Zambia
facility: University Teaching Hospital
Study officials:
affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
name: Marion Koso-Thomas, MD
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
References:
citation: WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Peripartum Infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327079/
citation: Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Perin J, Rudan I, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet. 2015 Jan 31;385(9966):430-40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61698-6. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
citation: African Neonatal Sepsis Trial (AFRINEST) group; Tshefu A, Lokangaka A, Ngaima S, Engmann C, Esamai F, Gisore P, Ayede AI, Falade AG, Adejuyigbe EA, Anyabolu CH, Wammanda RD, Ejembi CL, Ogala WN, Gram L, Cousens S. Simplified antibiotic regimens compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not possible: a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial. Lancet. 2015 May 2;385(9979):1767-1776. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62284-4. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
citation: Baqui AH, Saha SK, Ahmed AS, Shahidullah M, Quasem I, Roth DE, Samsuzzaman AK, Ahmed W, Tabib SM, Mitra DK, Begum N, Islam M, Mahmud A, Rahman MH, Moin MI, Mullany LC, Cousens S, El Arifeen S, Wall S, Brandes N, Santosham M, Black RE; Projahnmo Study Group in Bangladesh. Safety and efficacy of alternative antibiotic regimens compared with 7 day injectable procaine benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for outpatient treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of severe infection when referral is not possible: a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2015 May;3(5):e279-87. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70347-X. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
citation: Mir F, Nisar I, Tikmani SS, Baloch B, Shakoor S, Jehan F, Ahmed I, Cousens S, Zaidi AK. Simplified antibiotic regimens for treatment of clinical severe infection in the outpatient setting when referral is not possible for young infants in Pakistan (Simplified Antibiotic Therapy Trial [SATT]): a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Feb;5(2):e177-e185. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30335-7. Epub 2016 Dec 15.
citation: Zaidi AK, Tikmani SS, Sultana S, Baloch B, Kazi M, Rehman H, Karimi K, Jehan F, Ahmed I, Cousens S. Simplified antibiotic regimens for the management of clinically diagnosed severe infections in newborns and young infants in first-level facilities in Karachi, Pakistan: study design for an outpatient randomized controlled equivalence trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Sep;32 Suppl 1(Suppl 1 Innovative Treatment Regimens for Severe Infections in Young Infants):S19-25. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31829ff7aa.
citation: Gibbs RS. Clinical risk factors for puerperal infection. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 May;55(5 Suppl):178S-184S. doi: 10.1097/00006250-198003001-00045.
citation: World Health Organization. (2015). WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/cs-statement/en/
citation: Mackeen AD, Packard RE, Ota E, Berghella V, Baxter JK. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Dec 5;2014(12):CD009516. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009516.pub2.
citation: Smaill FM, Grivell RM. Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;2014(10):CD007482. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007482.pub3.
citation: Gyte GM, Dou L, Vazquez JC. Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 17;2014(11):CD008726. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008726.pub2.
citation: Tita ATN, Rouse DJ, Blackwell S, Saade GR, Spong CY, Andrews WW. Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar;113(3):675-682. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318197c3b6.
citation: Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Abramovici A, Ambalavanan N, Cutter G, Andrews W; C/SOAP Trial Consortium. Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 29;375(13):1231-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602044.
citation: Oluwalana C, Camara B, Bottomley C, Goodier S, Bojang A, Kampmann B, Ceesay S, D'Alessandro U, Roca A. Azithromycin in Labor Lowers Clinical Infections in Mothers and Newborns: A Double-Blind Trial. Pediatrics. 2017 Feb;139(2):e20162281. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2281.
citation: World Health Organization. (2017). Statement on maternal sepsis. Retrieved Ausust 22, 2018, from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/maternalsepsis-statement/en/
citation: Reinhart K, Daniels R, Kissoon N, Machado FR, Schachter RD, Finfer S. Recognizing Sepsis as a Global Health Priority - A WHO Resolution. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 3;377(5):414-417. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1707170. Epub 2017 Jun 28. No abstract available.
citation: van Dillen J, Zwart J, Schutte J, van Roosmalen J. Maternal sepsis: epidemiology, etiology and outcome. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010 Jun;23(3):249-54. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328339257c.
citation: Roca A, Oluwalana C, Bojang A, Camara B, Kampmann B, Bailey R, Demba A, Bottomley C, D'Alessandro U. Oral azithromycin given during labour decreases bacterial carriage in the mothers and their offspring: a double-blind randomized trial. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Jun;22(6):565.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.03.005. Epub 2016 Mar 26.
citation: Harper LM, Kilgore M, Szychowski JM, Andrews WW, Tita ATN. Economic Evaluation of Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):328-334. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002129.
citation: Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, Savage K, Goldenberg RL. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1183-9. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00016-4.
citation: Tita AT, Hauth JC, Grimes A, Owen J, Stamm AM, Andrews WW. Decreasing incidence of postcesarean endometritis with extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan;111(1):51-6. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000295868.43851.39.
citation: Tita AT, Owen J, Stamm AM, Grimes A, Hauth JC, Andrews WW. Impact of extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis on incidence of postcesarean surgical wound infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;199(3):303.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.068.
citation: Watts DH, Eschenbach DA, Kenny GE. Early postpartum endometritis: the role of bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Jan;73(1):52-60.
citation: Hoyme UB, Kiviat N, Eschenbach DA. Microbiology and treatment of late postpartum endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Aug;68(2):226-32.
citation: Emmons SL, Krohn M, Jackson M, Eschenbach DA. Development of wound infections among women undergoing cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Oct;72(4):559-64.
citation: Roberts S, Maccato M, Faro S, Pinell P. The microbiology of post-cesarean wound morbidity. Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Mar;81(3):383-6.
citation: Rosene K, Eschenbach DA, Tompkins LS, Kenny GE, Watkins H. Polymicrobial early postpartum endometritis with facultative and anaerobic bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis: treatment with piperacillin or cefoxitin. J Infect Dis. 1986 Jun;153(6):1028-37. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.6.1028.
citation: Andrews WW, Shah SR, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Hauth JC, Cassell GH. Association of post-cesarean delivery endometritis with colonization of the chorioamnion by Ureaplasma urealyticum. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Apr;85(4):509-14. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00436-H.
citation: Keski-Nisula L, Kirkinen P, Katila ML, Ollikainen M, Suonio S, Saarikoski S. Amniotic fluid U. urealyticum colonization: significance for maternal peripartal infections at term. Am J Perinatol. 1997 Mar;14(3):151-6. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-994117.
citation: Yoon BH, Romero R, Park JS, Chang JW, Kim YA, Kim JC, Kim KS. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with a robust host response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Nov;179(5):1254-60. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70142-5.
citation: Ledger WJ. Prophylactic antibiotics in obstetrics-gynecology: a current asset, a future liability? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006 Dec;4(6):957-64. doi: 10.1586/14787210.4.6.957.
citation: Guideline: Managing Possible Serious Bacterial Infection in Young Infants When Referral Is Not Feasible. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321136/
citation: Sutton AL, Acosta EP, Larson KB, Kerstner-Wood CD, Tita AT, Biggio JR. Perinatal pharmacokinetics of azithromycin for cesarean prophylaxis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;212(6):812.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.015. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
citation: Eberly MD, Eide MB, Thompson JL, Nylund CM. Azithromycin in early infancy and pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics. 2015 Mar;135(3):483-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2026.
citation: Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Stein CM. Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 17;366(20):1881-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003833.
citation: Svanstrom H, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of azithromycin and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 2;368(18):1704-12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1300799.
citation: Hoffman MK, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, Goco N, Koso-Thomas M, Miodovnik M, McClure EM, Wallace DD, Hemingway-Foday JJ, Tshefu A, Lokangaka A, Bose CL, Chomba E, Mwenechanya M, Carlo WA, Garces A, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM, Saleem S, Goldenberg RL, Patel A, Hibberd PL, Esamai F, Liechty EA, Silver R, Derman RJ. A description of the methods of the aspirin supplementation for pregnancy indicated risk reduction in nulliparas (ASPIRIN) study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 May 3;17(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1312-x.
citation: Goldenberg RL, Saleem S, Ali S, Moore JL, Lokangako A, Tshefu A, Mwenechanya M, Chomba E, Garces A, Figueroa L, Goudar S, Kodkany B, Patel A, Esamai F, Nsyonge P, Harrison MS, Bauserman M, Bose CL, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM, Derman RJ, Hibberd PL, Liechty EA, Wallace DD, Belizan JM, Miodovnik M, Koso-Thomas M, Carlo WA, Jobe AH, McClure EM. Maternal near miss in low-resource areas. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017 Sep;138(3):347-355. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12219. Epub 2017 Jun 13.
citation: Bonet M, Souza JP, Abalos E, Fawole B, Knight M, Kouanda S, Lumbiganon P, Nabhan A, Nadisauskiene R, Brizuela V, Metin Gulmezoglu A. The global maternal sepsis study and awareness campaign (GLOSS): study protocol. Reprod Health. 2018 Jan 30;15(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s12978-017-0437-8.
citation: Albright CM, Has P, Rouse DJ, Hughes BL. Internal Validation of the Sepsis in Obstetrics Score to Identify Risk of Morbidity From Sepsis in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Oct;130(4):747-755. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002260.
citation: Bowyer L, Robinson HL, Barrett H, Crozier TM, Giles M, Idel I, Lowe S, Lust K, Marnoch CA, Morton MR, Said J, Wong M, Makris A. SOMANZ guidelines for the investigation and management sepsis in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Oct;57(5):540-551. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12646. Epub 2017 Jul 3.