Clinical trial NCT00288626: High-Dose Immunosuppression and Autologous Transplantation for Multiple Sclerosis (HALT MS) Study
Official title: A Phase II Study of High-Dose Immunosuppressive Therapy Using Carmustine, Etoposide, Cytarabine, Melphalan, Thymoglobulin and Autologous CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for the Treatment of Poor Prognosis Multiple Sclerosis
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Keywords: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
HCT- autologous hematopoietic cell transplant
HDIT-high-dose immunosuppressive therapy
BEAM -Carmustine (BCNU), Etoposide (VP-16), Cytarabine (ara-C), and Melphalan
Lead sponsor: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Sponsor class: NIH
Collaborators: name: Immune Tolerance Network (ITN)
First posted: 2006-02-08
Enrollment: 25
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 18
Maximum age (years): 60
Standard ages: ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: no
Allocation: NA
Intervention model: SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose: TREATMENT

Brief summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a new treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), a serious disease in which the immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord. MS can be progressive and severe and lead to significant disability. The study treatment involves the use of high-dose chemotherapeutic drugs to suppress the immune system. The participant's own (autologous) blood-forming (hematopoietic, CD34+) stem cells are collected before the chemotherapy is given, and then transplanted back into the body following treatment. Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells is required to prevent very prolonged periods of low blood cell counts after the high-dose chemotherapy.

Detailed description: MS is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which myelin, the protective coat that surrounds nerve cells, is damaged or destroyed by autoimmune T cells and macrophages, leading to an eventual loss of neurologic function. In a pilot study in Europe using high-dose chemotherapy, it was observed that 18 of 19 MS patients stabilized or improved clinically, and only one patient showed a new lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain at 4.5 years after treatment. Improvement was seen in quality-of-life assessments.

In ITN033AI, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous CD34-selected hematopoietic cell transplantation will be given to confirm the results from the pilot study and to offer therapy to patients with early MS and a poor prognosis. Research studies will be performed in addition to clinical assessments to better understand the effect of the treatment on the activity of MS. High-dose chemotherapy will be used to deplete autoreactive immune cells. These regimens also deplete the bone marrow, the source of blood-forming CD34+ stem cells which causes very low blood counts. Therefore, the participant's autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells will be collected before high dose immunosuppressive therapy is given and then returned as a transplant post-chemotherapy. Patients will be followed closely after the autologous transplantation since they will be at risk for infections after treatment.

At the beginning of the study, participants will undergo a number of screening and baseline procedures, including a physical exam, blood collection, MS-confirming neurology exams and questionnaires, and MRI procedures. Participants will be given prednisone and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. When the peripheral blood CD34+ cell count reaches 20,000 cells/ml or greater, these cells will be collected by leukapheresis. In this process, a catheter is placed into a large blood vessel, peripheral blood is withdrawn, and a high speed sedimentation (leukapheresis) device is used to separate and retain the cells required for autologous transplantation. Other blood cells are then returned to the participant's body. In the laboratory, the CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell graft will be selected and prepared from the leukapheresis collection, and stored until needed for transplant. Seven or more days following the collection of their autologous graft, participants will be hospitalized and receive high-dose chemotherapy consisting of carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) and thymoglobulin. This is followed by transplantation of the autologous hematopoietic cell graft. Participants will remain in the hospital for observation during recovery of their peripheral blood cell counts, as described in the protocol. Participants will receive G-CSF and blood transfusions, if needed, and will be monitored for infections. Following discharge from the hospital, eight study visits will occur over sixty months (five years). During these visits, participants will undergo blood and urine collection, MRI studies, leukapheresis, and MS neurology exams and will complete questionnaires.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of relapsing-remitting or progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis for less than 15 years using McDonald Criteria. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol
* Score between 3.0 and 5.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
* T2 abnormalities on brain MRI consistent with MS
* Two or more relapses in 18 months time on interferon (IFN), glatiramer acetate (GA), natalizumab or cytotoxic therapy with EDSS increase of 1.0 or greater for participants with EDSS at screening of 3.0 to 3.5 (0.5 or greater for participants with EDSS at screening of 4.0 to 5.5) sustained at least 4 weeks after at least one of these relapses OR one relapse on IFN, GA, natalizumab or cytotoxic therapy with EDSS increase of 1.5 or greater (1.0 for subjects with EDSS at screening of 5.5) sustained at least 4 weeks, together with MRI changes consistent with poor prognosis. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* On IFN or GA for at least 6 months before the relapses occur that are counted to satisfy previous inclusion criterion OR have received adequate doses of natalizumab or cytotoxic therapy on a treatment schedule before the relapses occur that are counted to satisfy previous inclusion criterion
* Approval by an MS Review Panel to participate in the study. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol
* In good clinical condition with adequate organ function and without coexisting medical problems that would increase the risk to the participant
* Willing to use acceptable methods of contraception
* Willing and able to comply with all study requirements and
* Willing to accept and comprehend irreversible sterility as side effect of therapy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Primary progressive MS
* Secondary progressive MS without relapses (i.e., progression without exacerbations or relapses) for 12 or more months
* Neuromyelitis optica, a disease similar to MS
* Initiation of new immunosuppressant treatment after the participant becomes eligible for the protocol or continuance of immunosuppressant drugs after the participant is screened for the protocol. Treatment with IFN, GA, or corticosteroids is permitted after the participant becomes eligible for the protocol.
* Lapse of greater than 6 months between the time a participant is eligible for the protocol and initiation of protocol treatment except when judged acceptable by the MS Review Panel
* Prior treatment with investigational immunosuppressive agents within 3 months of study eligibility
* Positive baseline plasma and CSF testing for JC virus or a brain MRI that has changes consistent with a diagnosis of progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML)
* History of cytopenia consistent with the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
* Active hepatitis B or C infection, cirrhosis, or HIV infection
* Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
* Uncontrolled viral, fungal, or bacterial infection. Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria are not excluded
* Any illness that would jeopardize the ability to tolerate aggressive chemotherapy
* Prior history of malignancy, except localized basal cell or squamous skin cancer. Other malignancies for which the subject is judged cured by the administered therapy will be considered on an individual basis.
* Hypersensitivity to mouse, rabbit, or Escherichia coli-derived proteins or to iron compounds/medications
* Metallic objects implanted in the body that would affect MRI exams
* Psychiatric illness, mental deficiency, or cognitive dysfunction or
* Pregnancy.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Event-Free Survival Probability During the 5 Years After Transplant
timeFrame: 5 years
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Event-Free Survival Probability During the 3 Years After Transplant
timeFrame: 3 years
measure: Survival From Treatment-Related Mortality
timeFrame: From study entry to death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study, whichever came first, up to 6 years
measure: Overall Survival
timeFrame: From study entry to death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study, whichever came first, up to 6 years
measure: Survival From MS-Related Mortality
timeFrame: From study entry to death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study, whichever came first, up to 6 years
measure: Percent of Participants Who Experienced All-Cause Morbidity
timeFrame: From the time of enrollment until completion of the 5-year follow-up, an average of 6 years.
measure: Percent of Participants Who Experienced All-Cause Morbidity Within 12 Months of Post-HCT
timeFrame: From the time of Autologous CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HCT) to 1 year after HCT.
measure: Time to Neutrophil Engraftment
timeFrame: From time of graft infusion to time of engraftment, up to 6 years
measure: Time to Platelet Engraftment
timeFrame: From time of graft infusion to time of engraftment, up to 6 years
measure: Event-Free Survival Probability After Transplant
timeFrame: 1, 2, and 4 years after HCT
measure: MS Progression-Free Survival Probability After Transplant
timeFrame: 1 to 5 years after HCT
measure: MRI Activity-Free Survival Probability After Transplant
timeFrame: 1 to 5 years after HCT
measure: MS Relapse-Free Survival Probability After Transplant
timeFrame: 1 to 5 years after HCT
measure: Disease-Modifying Therapy Survival Probability After Transplant
timeFrame: 1 to 5 years after HCT
measure: Change From Baseline in Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
timeFrame: 6 months to 5 years after HCT
measure: Change From Baseline in Number of Gadolinium-Enhanced Lesions
timeFrame: 8 weeks to 5 years after HCT
measure: Number of New T2-Weighted Lesions From Baseline
timeFrame: 6 Months to 5 years after HCT
measure: Change From Baseline in T2-Weighted Lesion Volume
timeFrame: 8 weeks to 5 years after HCT
measure: Change From Baseline in T1-Weighted Lesion Volume
timeFrame: 8 weeks to 5 years after HCT
measure: Percent Change From Screening in Brain Volume
timeFrame: 8 weeks to 5 years after HCT
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Columbus
country: United States
facility: Ohio State University School of Medicine
state: Ohio
city: Houston
country: United States
facility: Baylor College of Medicine
state: Texas
city: Houston
country: United States
facility: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Transplant site, please contact Baylor College of Medicine
state: Texas
city: Seattle
country: United States
facility: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
state: Washington
Study officials:
affiliation: Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Colorado Blood Cancer Institute, Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver
name: Richard A. Nash, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington
name: James D. Bowen, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
name: George H. Kraft, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: The Maxine Messinger Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, The Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine
name: George J. Hutton, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
name: Uday Popat, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ohio State University Medical Center
name: Michael K. Racke, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ohio State University Medical Center
name: Steven M. Devine, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Washington
name: Annette Wundes, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, University of Washington
name: George E. Georges, MD
role: STUDY_CHAIR
References:
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citation: Muraro PA, Douek DC. Renewing the T cell repertoire to arrest autoimmune aggression. Trends Immunol. 2006 Feb;27(2):61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2005.12.003. Epub 2006 Jan 6.
citation: Muraro PA, Douek DC, Packer A, Chung K, Guenaga FJ, Cassiani-Ingoni R, Campbell C, Memon S, Nagle JW, Hakim FT, Gress RE, McFarland HF, Burt RK, Martin R. Thymic output generates a new and diverse TCR repertoire after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis patients. J Exp Med. 2005 Mar 7;201(5):805-16. doi: 10.1084/jem.20041679. Epub 2005 Feb 28.
citation: Saccardi R, Mancardi GL, Solari A, Bosi A, Bruzzi P, Di Bartolomeo P, Donelli A, Filippi M, Guerrasio A, Gualandi F, La Nasa G, Murialdo A, Pagliai F, Papineschi F, Scappini B, Marmont AM. Autologous HSCT for severe progressive multiple sclerosis in a multicenter trial: impact on disease activity and quality of life. Blood. 2005 Mar 15;105(6):2601-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3205. Epub 2004 Nov 16.
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citation: Mancardi G, Saccardi R. Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Jul;7(7):626-36. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70138-8.
citation: Nash RA, Hutton GJ, Racke MK, Popat U, Devine SM, Griffith LM, Muraro PA, Openshaw H, Sayre PH, Stuve O, Arnold DL, Spychala ME, McConville KC, Harris KM, Phippard D, Georges GE, Wundes A, Kraft GH, Bowen JD. High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (HALT-MS): a 3-year interim report. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Feb;72(2):159-69. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3780.
citation: Muraro PA, Robins H, Malhotra S, Howell M, Phippard D, Desmarais C, de Paula Alves Sousa A, Griffith LM, Lim N, Nash RA, Turka LA. T cell repertoire following autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2014 Mar;124(3):1168-72. doi: 10.1172/JCI71691. Epub 2014 Feb 17.
citation: Nash RA, Hutton GJ, Racke MK, Popat U, Devine SM, Steinmiller KC, Griffith LM, Muraro PA, Openshaw H, Sayre PH, Stuve O, Arnold DL, Wener MH, Georges GE, Wundes A, Kraft GH, Bowen JD. High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous HCT for relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology. 2017 Feb 28;88(9):842-852. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003660. Epub 2017 Feb 1.
citation: Keever-Taylor CA, Heimfeld S, Steinmiller KC, Nash RA, Sullivan KM, Czarniecki CW, Granderson TC, Goldstein JS, Griffith LM. Manufacture of Autologous CD34+ Selected Grafts in the NIAID-Sponsored HALT-MS and SCOT Multicenter Clinical Trials for Autoimmune Diseases. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017 Sep;23(9):1463-1472. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.05.018. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
citation: Harris KM, Lu T, Lim N, Turka LA. Challenges and Opportunities for Biomarkers of Clinical Response to AHSCT in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2018 Feb 2;9:100. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00100. eCollection 2018.