Clinical trial NCT01403857: Evaluating Liking, Acceptability and Health Benefits of Grain Products
Official title: Evaluating Liking, Acceptability and Health Benefits of Grain Products
Study type: INTERVENTIONAL
Overall status: COMPLETED
Phase: NA
Conditions: Food Preferences
Keywords: Acceptability
liking
Lead sponsor: USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Sponsor class: FED
First posted: 2011-07-27
Enrollment: 45
Sex: ALL
Minimum age (years): 20
Maximum age (years): 45
Standard ages: ADULT
Accepts healthy volunteers: yes
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Intervention model: PARALLEL
Primary purpose: PREVENTION

Brief summary: The specific aims of the Grain Study are to determine if exposure to different types of grain products, over a period of 6 weeks, changes liking and acceptability and to determine if the gut microbiota, bacterial fermentation products, or gastrointestinal function changes with consumption of whole grains or refined grains.

Detailed description: Subjects will be recruited in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria listed below. Subjects will be assigned to one of two different grain product 'exposure' groups - Group 1 will receive predominantly Whole Grain (WG) products and Group 2 will receive predominantly Refined Grain (RG) products (ratio of WG to RG assignment will be 2:1). For a 6-week exposure period, subjects will receive weekly market baskets of grain products consisting of breakfast cereals, breads, snack items, and side dishes with the target of providing whole grains at a level of 85% of grain intake for the WG group (this exceeds the current Dietary Guideline recommendation of 50%) and 15% for the RG group (this is the current estimated intake for U.S. adults). Before and after grain exposure, subjects will rate the acceptability and liking of numerous grain products. To accomplish this, subjects will participate in sensory evaluation tests using these products, and they will provide information using validated questionnaires and take implicit association tests. During the 6-week study period, subjects will record use of the market basket grain products, and provide subjective scores for taste, convenience, nutrition, and general liking. The quality of the total dietary intake will be assessed using unannounced 24-h recalls. Biological samples will also be collected from subjects. Blood and urine samples will be collected to evaluate risk factors of chronic disease, and biomarkers of whole grain intake, fruits and vegetables. Saliva and fecal samples will be collected to measure changes in gut microbiota and to measure metabolites of bacterial fermentation. Breath hydrogen tests will be conducted to measure bacterial fermentation. Two weeks after the end of the intervention period, subjects will participate in a nominal group session to identify significant barriers and facilitators to inclusion of grain products into their diets.

Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria:

* 20-45 years of age
* male or female
* consumers of 1 or fewer whole grain products per day

Exclusion Criteria:

* Type I or II Diabetes or glucose intolerance
* Preference for whole grains
* Do not cook at home
* Pregnant or planning to be pregnant
* Smoking
* Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
* colorectal cancer
* Celiac disease or gluten sensitivity
* Crohn's disease
* Regular use of colonics and/or laxatives
* body weight change of \>3% in last 6 months
* use of antibiotics, appetite suppressants, mood altering medications, and regular tobacco use.

Primary outcomes:
measure: Change in the acceptability and liking of grain products
timeFrame: 0, 6 weeks
measure: Change in the gut microbiota and their fermentation products
timeFrame: 0, 6 weeks
Secondary outcomes:
measure: Change in gastrointestinal function
timeFrame: 0, 6 weeks
measure: Liking the taste of grain products
timeFrame: 0, 6 weeks
Other outcomes:
Locations:
city: Davis
country: United States
facility: Western Human Nutrition Research Center
state: California
Study officials:
affiliation: USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
name: Nancy Keim, PhD
role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
affiliation: USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
name: William Horn, MS
role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
References:
citation: Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR. Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Aug;85(2):197-216. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197.
citation: Cooper DN, Kable ME, Marco ML, De Leon A, Rust B, Baker JE, Horn W, Burnett D, Keim NL. The Effects of Moderate Whole Grain Consumption on Fasting Glucose and Lipids, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Microbiota. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 21;9(2):173. doi: 10.3390/nu9020173.
citation: Cooper DN, Martin RJ, Keim NL. Does Whole Grain Consumption Alter Gut Microbiota and Satiety? Healthcare (Basel). 2015 May 29;3(2):364-92. doi: 10.3390/healthcare3020364.
citation: De Leon A, Burnett DJ, Rust BM, Casperson SL, Horn WF, Keim NL. Liking and Acceptability of Whole Grains Increases with a 6-Week Exposure but Preferences for Foods Varying in Taste and Fat Content Are Not Altered: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020 Mar 9;4(3):nzaa023. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa023. eCollection 2020 Mar.