Question: What critic is credited with the theory of altermodern?

Answer: Nicolas Bourriaud

Recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". <hl> A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), Nicolas Bourriaud (altermodern), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). <hl> None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. The exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970–1990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement.

Recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), <hl> Nicolas Bourriaud <hl> (altermodern), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. The exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970–1990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement.


Question: In what museum was the exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970-1990?

Recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), Nicolas Bourriaud (altermodern), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. The exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970–1990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement.

Answer: Victoria and Albert Museum

Recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), Nicolas Bourriaud (altermodern), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. <hl> The exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970–1990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement. <hl>

Recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), Nicolas Bourriaud (altermodern), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. The exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970–1990 at the <hl> Victoria and Albert Museum <hl> (London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement.


Question: Critics assert that postmodernism promotes what?

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."

Answer: obscurantism

<hl> Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism . <hl> For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?... If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes <hl> obscurantism <hl>. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes <hl> obscurantism <hl> .


Question: Who suggested the recourse of 'to the flames'?

Answer: Hume

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?... <hl> If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume 's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'." <hl>

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to <hl> Hume <hl>'s advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."

If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to <hl> Hume <hl> 's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."


Question: Who argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge?

Answer: Noam Chomsky

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. <hl> For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. <hl> He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?... If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, <hl> Noam Chomsky <hl> has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."


Question: Noam Chomsky asks why what type of intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked about the principles of their theories?

Answer: postmodernist

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. <hl> He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?... <hl> If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why <hl> postmodernist <hl> intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc.?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'."


Question: How have American academics tended to label continental philosophy?

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "postmodernist", especially practitioners of "French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

Answer: postmodernist

<hl> However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it " postmodernist ", especially practitioners of "French Theory". <hl> Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "<hl> postmodernist <hl>", especially practitioners of "French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it " <hl> postmodernist <hl> ", especially practitioners of "French Theory".


Question: What was Felix Guattari often considered to be?

Answer: postmodernist

<hl> However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it " postmodernist ", especially practitioners of "French Theory". <hl> Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "<hl> postmodernist <hl>", especially practitioners of "French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it " <hl> postmodernist <hl> ", especially practitioners of "French Theory".


Question: The trend to label continental philosophy as postmodernism might derive from what U.S. Departments?

Answer: Comparative Literature

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "postmodernist", especially practitioners of "French Theory". <hl> Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature . <hl> It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "postmodernist", especially practitioners of "French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of <hl> Comparative Literature <hl>. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time.

Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of <hl> Comparative Literature <hl> .


Question: Felix Guattari argued that structuralists and postmodernist visions were not flexible enough seek explanation is psychological, social and what other domain at the same time?

Answer: environmental

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "postmodernist", especially practitioners of "French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. <hl> It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental domains at the same time. <hl>

However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "postmodernist", especially practitioners of "French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature. It is interesting to note that Félix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and <hl> environmental <hl> domains at the same time.


Question: What is the purpose of a structual design for a buiding?

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.

Answer: to stand up safely

<hl> The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely , able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. <hl> It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able <hl> to stand up safely <hl>, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able <hl> to stand up safely <hl> , able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants.


Question: What else must a structual design do in regards to the building process?

Answer: ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. <hl> It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. <hl> It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also <hl> ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing <hl> tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.


Question: What are some examples of structual damage?

Answer: cracking or failure of fixtures

<hl> The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures , fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. <hl> It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, <hl> cracking or failure of fixtures <hl>, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, <hl> cracking or failure of fixtures <hl> , fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants.


Question: Would you consider the structual desgin a simple or complex process?

Answer: extremely complex

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). <hl> The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex , and often requires a large team to complete. <hl>

The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be <hl> extremely complex <hl>, and often requires a large team to complete.

The structural design of a modern building can be <hl> extremely complex <hl> , and often requires a large team to complete.


Question: What is earthquake engineering?

Answer: interaction of structures with the shaking ground,

<hl> The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake. <hl>

The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the <hl> interaction of structures with the shaking ground, <hl> foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake.


Question: What else does earthquake engineering help discover?

Answer: foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes

<hl> The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes , and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake. <hl>

The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, <hl> foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes <hl>, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake.

The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, <hl> foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes <hl> , and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake.


Question: What do earthquake engineers do?

Answer: design and construct the structures

<hl> The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake. <hl>

The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and <hl> design and construct the structures <hl> to perform during an earthquake.


Question: What is the goal of an engineer's structure?

Answer: to perform during an earthquake.

<hl> The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake. <hl>

The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures <hl> to perform during an earthquake. <hl>


Question: What is an example of an earthquake strong structure?

Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.

Answer: El Castillo

<hl> Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. <hl> In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.

Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the <hl> El Castillo <hl> pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.


Question: Are all earthquake proofed structures strong?

Answer: Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong

<hl> Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. <hl> In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.

<hl> Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong <hl> like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.


Question: Where is the El Castillo?

Answer: Chichen Itza

<hl> Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. <hl> In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.

Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at <hl> Chichen Itza <hl> shown above. In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance.


Question: What does it mean for a structure if it is stiff?

Answer: poor seismic performance.

Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. <hl> In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in poor seismic performance. <hl>

Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. In fact, many structures considered strong may in fact be stiff, which can result in <hl> poor seismic performance. <hl>


Question: What role does a structual engineer play?

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).

Answer: lead designer on these structures

<hl> The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures , and often the sole designer. <hl> In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).

The structural engineer is the <hl> lead designer on these structures <hl>, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).

The structural engineer is the <hl> lead designer on these structures <hl> , and often the sole designer.


Question: Can a structual engineer work alone?

Answer: often the sole designer

<hl> The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer . <hl> In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and <hl> often the sole designer <hl>. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and <hl> often the sole designer <hl> .


Question: What is the most imporant thing when designing a structure?

Answer: structural safety

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. <hl> In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer). <hl>

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, <hl> structural safety <hl> is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).


Question: What is an example of structual desgin?

Answer: designs for dams

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. <hl> In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams , nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer). <hl>

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, <hl> designs for dams <hl>, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).

In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, <hl> designs for dams <hl> , nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).


Question: What kinds of forces can structures become subject to?

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Answer: temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic

<hl> Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic , or high pressures from water or compressed gases. <hl> They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in <hl> temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic <hl>, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in <hl> temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic <hl> , or high pressures from water or compressed gases.


Question: What structual issues would an underground facility have?

Answer: high pressures from water or compressed gases

<hl> Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases . <hl> They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or <hl> high pressures from water or compressed gases <hl>. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or <hl> high pressures from water or compressed gases <hl> .


Question: What category of elements would freezing temperatures be categorized in?

Answer: extreme forces

<hl> Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces , such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. <hl> They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very <hl> extreme forces <hl>, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very <hl> extreme forces <hl> , such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases.


Question: What are some examples of corrosive environments?

Answer: such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. <hl> They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground . <hl>

Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, <hl> such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground <hl>.

They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, <hl> such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground <hl> .


Question: What are basic terms for the two types of truss components?

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements.  Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.

Answer: struts and ties

struts and ties ).

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. <hl> struts and ties ). <hl> Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. <hl> struts and ties <hl>). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.


Question: What is an essential engineering element composed of tension and compression members?

Answer: A truss

<hl> A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). <hl> Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.

<hl> A truss <hl> is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.


Question: What component joins converging portions of a truss?

Answer: Gusset plates

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. <hl> Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression. <hl>

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. <hl> Gusset plates <hl> are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.


Question: Which qualities make the gusset plate exceptional as a truss connection?

Answer: flexible and minimize bending

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. <hl> Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression. <hl>

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively <hl> flexible and minimize bending <hl> moments at the connections, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.


Question: At which locations in a truss structure are deformations most an issue?

Answer: at the connections

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. <hl> Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments at the connections , thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression. <hl>

A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural elements; compression members and tension members (i.e. struts and ties). Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments <hl> at the connections <hl>, thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.

Gusset plates are relatively flexible and minimize bending moments <hl> at the connections <hl> , thus allowing the truss members to carry primarily tension or compression.


Question: What does structural engineering history contain?

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures.  Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

Answer: many collapses and failures

<hl> The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures . <hl> Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

The history of structural engineering contains <hl> many collapses and failures <hl>. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

The history of structural engineering contains <hl> many collapses and failures <hl> .


Question: What was the fault of the Petionvile school collapse?

Answer: obvious negligence

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. <hl> Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence , as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. <hl> The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to <hl> obvious negligence <hl>, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

Sometimes this is due to <hl> obvious negligence <hl> , as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing.


Question: Who constructed the Petionville school?

Answer: Rev. Fortin Augustin

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. <hl> Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. <hl> The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which <hl> Rev. Fortin Augustin <hl> "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.


Question: How many stories was the Petionville school?

Answer: three

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. <hl> Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three -story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. <hl> The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the <hl> three <hl>-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.

Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the <hl> three <hl> -story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing.


Question: How many did the final Petionville school collapse kill?

Answer: 94 people

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. <hl> The final collapse killed 94 people , mostly children. <hl>

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétionville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin "constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed <hl> 94 people <hl>, mostly children.

The final collapse killed <hl> 94 people <hl> , mostly children.


Question: In how many directions do plates relay deformation?

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.

Answer: two

Plates carry bending in two directions.

<hl> Plates carry bending in two directions. <hl> A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.

Plates carry bending in <hl> two <hl> directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.


Question: What is an archetype of a plate in engineering?

Answer: concrete flat slab

Plates carry bending in two directions. <hl> A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. <hl> Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.

Plates carry bending in two directions. A <hl> concrete flat slab <hl> is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.


Question: Which form of mechanics is best utilized to comprehend plates?

Answer: continuum

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. <hl> Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis. <hl>

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using <hl> continuum <hl> mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.


Question: What method is effective in assisting plate design or application?

Answer: computer analysis

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. <hl> Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis . <hl>

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or <hl> computer analysis <hl>.

Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or <hl> computer analysis <hl> .


Question: What term describes an engineering approach to interpreting complex systems?

Answer: codified empirical

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. <hl> Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis. <hl>

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a <hl> codified empirical <hl> approach, or computer analysis.


Question: What does failure of structures require?

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering.  Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated.  A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.

Answer: careful study

<hl> In other cases structural failures require careful study , and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. <hl> Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.

In other cases structural failures require <hl> careful study <hl>, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.

In other cases structural failures require <hl> careful study <hl> , and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering.


Question: In addition to improved practices, what has been brought forth as a result of structural failures?

Answer: greater understanding of the science of structural engineering

<hl> In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering . <hl> Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and <hl> greater understanding of the science of structural engineering <hl>. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and <hl> greater understanding of the science of structural engineering <hl> .


Question: During the 1970s, what collapsed in Australia?

Answer: box girders

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. <hl> A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s. <hl>

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving <hl> box girders <hl> which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.


Question: The series of failures involving box girders helped to increase what?

Answer: structural knowledge and practice

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. <hl> A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s. <hl>

In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of <hl> structural knowledge and practice <hl> being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.


Question: What field of engineering is related to the design of buildings?

Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.

Answer: building engineering

<hl> Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. <hl> It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.

Structural <hl> building engineering <hl> includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.


Question: All structural engineering related to building design encompasses what?

Answer: Structural building engineering

<hl> Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. <hl> It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.

<hl> Structural building engineering <hl> includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.


Question: What facet of building engineering deals with structures?

Answer: Structural building engineering

<hl> Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. <hl> It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.

<hl> Structural building engineering <hl> includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.


Question: What is structural building engineering closely affiliated with?

Answer: architecture

Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. <hl> It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture . <hl>

Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with <hl> architecture <hl>.

It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with <hl> architecture <hl> .


Question: The fuel that is creative manipulation of materials drives what in regard to functional requirements and safety?

Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.

Answer: Structural building engineering

<hl> Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. <hl> This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.

<hl> Structural building engineering <hl> is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.


Question: Structural building enginnering is different to that of architectural design by means of what?

Answer: an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic

Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. <hl> This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic . <hl>

Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve <hl> an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic <hl>.

This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve <hl> an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic <hl> .


Question: Structural building engineering ensures that buildings are structurally safe when subject to what?

Answer: loads

<hl> Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. <hl> This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.

Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the <hl> loads <hl> it could reasonably be expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.


Question: What other facet of ideas does structural building engineering use besides that of scientific ideas?

Answer: mathematical

<hl> Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. <hl> This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.

Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying <hl> mathematical <hl> and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.


Question: Which theoretical construct aids design in collapse modeling?

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). This technique is used in practice  but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.

Answer: yield line theory

<hl> They can also be designed with yield line theory , where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). <hl> This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.

They can also be designed with <hl> yield line theory <hl>, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.

They can also be designed with <hl> yield line theory <hl> , where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity).


Question: What is a that term describes structural deformation bounds?

Answer: Plasticity

<hl> They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity ). <hl> This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see <hl> Plasticity <hl>). This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see <hl> Plasticity <hl> ).


Question: What is a significant limitation of Yield Line Theory in anticipating collapse loading?

Answer: an unsafe prediction

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. <hl> an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic. <hl>

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. <hl> an unsafe prediction <hl> of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.


Question: Why is cautious consideration required in utilizing mean collapse mechanisms?

Answer: ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). <hl> This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic . <hl>

They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to <hl> ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic <hl>.

This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to <hl> ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic <hl> .


Question: The lead designer on buildings is usually who?

The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.

Answer: The architect

<hl> The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. <hl> The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.

<hl> The architect <hl> is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.


Question: Who is employed by the lead designer as a sub-consultant?

Answer: a structural engineer

<hl> The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. <hl> The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.

The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with <hl> a structural engineer <hl> employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.


Question: A multi-storey office building can be described as simple in what way?

Answer: structurally

The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. <hl> Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect. <hl>

The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are <hl> structurally <hl> simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.


Question: What are tensile structures dependent on for their strength?

Answer: their form

The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. <hl> Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect. <hl>

The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on <hl> their form <hl> for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.


Question: From what do shells derive their inherent durability?

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Answer: their form

<hl> Shells derive their strength from their form , and carry forces in compression in two directions. <hl> A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Shells derive their strength from <hl> their form <hl>, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Shells derive their strength from <hl> their form <hl> , and carry forces in compression in two directions.


Question: What are shells capable of bearing in multiple axes?

Answer: forces in compression

<hl> Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. <hl> A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry <hl> forces in compression <hl> in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.


Question: What is one specimen of a shell?

Answer: A dome

A dome is an example of a shell.

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. <hl> A dome is an example of a shell. <hl> They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. <hl> A dome <hl> is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.


Question: Which engineering model can be utilized in the composition of a dome?

Answer: hanging-chain

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. <hl> They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression. <hl>

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a <hl> hanging-chain <hl> model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.


Question: Which term implying interconnection can describe tensity in dome design?

Answer: catenary

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. <hl> They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression. <hl>

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a <hl> catenary <hl> in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.


Question: What are the two types of building loading?

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified.
Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers.
Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

Answer: static and dynamic

<hl> The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. <hl> The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both <hl> static and dynamic <hl> loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.


Question: Structural engineers need what type of degree?

Answer: a four or five year undergraduate degree,

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. <hl> A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. <hl> Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have <hl> a four or five year undergraduate degree, <hl> followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.


Question: On top of education, these engineers need  what else?

Answer: three years of professional practice

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. <hl> A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. <hl> Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of <hl> three years of professional practice <hl> before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.


Question: What is the UK regulatory organization for structural engineers?

Answer: Institution of Structural Engineers

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. <hl> Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). <hl> Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the <hl> Institution of Structural Engineers <hl> in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.


Question: IABSE is what kind of Structural engineering orginization?

Answer: international

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. <hl> Another international organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). <hl> The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another <hl> international <hl> organisation is IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.


Question: When was structural engineering started?

Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).

Answer: 2700 B.C.E.

<hl> Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. <hl> Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).

Structural engineering dates back to <hl> 2700 B.C.E. <hl> when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).


Question: This first structure that needed engineering was what?

Answer: the step pyramid

<hl> Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. <hl> Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).

Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when <hl> the step pyramid <hl> for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).