diff --git "a/reference_files/answer-test.new_wiki.txt" "b/reference_files/answer-test.new_wiki.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/reference_files/answer-test.new_wiki.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,7938 @@ +Each brotherhood elects two delegates who take part in the National Ecclesiastical Assembly +The brotherhood makes decisions concerning the inner affairs of the monastery +Each Armenian celibate priest becomes a member of the brotherhood in which he has studied and ordained in or under the jurisdiction of which he has served +the celibate clergy of the monastery who are led by an abbot +Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the brotherhood of St. James at the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the brotherhood of the See of Cilicia +after the fall of Ani and the Armenian Kingdom of the Bagradits in 1045, masses of Armenians migrated to Cilicia and the Catholicossate settled there +The seat of the church (now known as the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia) was first established in Sivas (AD 1058) +in 1293 and continuing for more than six centuries, the city of Sis (mode +to Sis (1293), then-capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Beginning in 1293 and continuing for more than six centuries +the city of Sis (modern-day Kozan, Adana, Turkey) +The division between the two sees intensified during the Soviet period and to some extent reflected the politics of the Cold War +clergy were reluctant to participate in nationalist events and memorials that could be perceived as anti-Soviet +On December 24, 1933, a group of assassins attacked Eastern Diocese Archbishop Levon Tourian as he walked down the aisle of Holy Cross Armenian Church +The incident divided the Armenian community, as ARF sympathizers established congregations independent of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin +The division was formalized in 1956 when the Antelias (Cilisian) See broke away from the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin See. +the Church has much in common both with the Latin Rite in its externals, +Armenian bishops wear mitres almost identical to those of Western bishops. +They usually do not use a full iconostasis, but rather a sanctuary veil +The liturgical music is Armenian chant +Many of the Armenian churches also have pipe organs to accompany their chant +The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within the Republic of Armenia is defined in the country's constitution +Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia +"The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church +in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia. +Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church". +506 +Armenian, Georgian, and Caucasian Albanian bishops +to make clear the position of the churches concerning the Council of Chalcedon. +20 +609–610 +Prince Smbat Bagratuni, with clergymen and laymen +the Armenian Church having approved the christology of Chalcedon. +the Armenian Church +clarify the relationship between the Armenian and Georgian churches +the identification as "monophysitism" is an incorrect description of its position. +only disagrees with the formula defined by the Council of Chalcedon +the doctrine defined by Cyril of Alexandria +miaphysitism +Catholicoi +'Patriarch +in the Armenian Apostolic Church hierarchy, the position of the Catholicos is higher than that of the Patriarch. +two catholicoi +two patriarchs, plus primates, archbishops and bishops, lower clergy and laity serving the Church. +Gevorkian Theological Seminary at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, and the Vaskenian Theological Academy at Lake Sevan +6-year course +bachelor's degree and a master's degree in Theology +Seminary of Antelias at Bikfaya +religious minorities and human rights groups +2009 +Armenian Apostolic Church +"the Armenian Apostolic Church today wants to have a monopoly on religion". +Armenian Apostolic Church +the U.S.S.R +the Bolshevik revolution +all functioning religious institutions in Armenia and NKAO +Armenian Apostolic Church since 1989 +more than 30 churches. +Armenian Apostolic Church +endangered historic churches +Prime Minister +Large-scale construction of new churches +Hrant Bagratyan +high-profile leaders +34% +the Archbishop of the Araratian Diocese and Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan +Bentley +2013 +Father Asoghik Karapetyan +Father Asoghik Karapetyan +Aram Abrahamyan +Father Asoghik Karapetyan +Aram Abrahamyan +The Armenian Apostolic Church +Oriental Orthodoxy +adopt Christianity as its official religion +4th century +The Armenian Apostolic Church +Bartholomew and Thaddeus. +Abgar V of Edessa +leprosy +30 AD +Bartholomew +kings Axidares, Khosrov I, and Tiridates III +Ancient Armenia's adoption of Christianity as a state religion +Ancient Armenia's +Sassanids +Tiridates III +Gregory +Tiridates +Caesarea +the king +Christ's coming to the earth to strike it with a hammer +373 +Christianity +the Bible +406 +Liturgy +another one further down a hierarchy +"Regional Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service" +ATOVS +multiply +RARS +Colonial and Indian Exposition +20th-century +1886 +London +Linguist +Franklin D. Roosevelt +U.S. Navy +yet another bloody acronym +alphabet soup +commander +Suneung +Gyowondae +Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology +Seoul National, Korea, and Yonsei Universities +first letter of their English names +Short Message Systems +160 +GF +laughing out loud +DL +Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China +proper nouns +four parts +Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China +skimming +redundant to such readers +sequentially +print +folk etymology +constable on patrol +Taboo words +golf +Geheime Staatspolizei +Abkürzungsfimmel +syllabic +German +military and law enforcement services +Indonesian military +ranks, units, divisions, procedures +Akmil +random-access memory +personal identification number +automated teller machine +human immunodeficiency virus +stop/period/point +the deleted part to show the ellipsis of letters +the presence of all-capital letters +an abbreviation of a separate word +colon and apostrophe +phrase that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word +Box Of Organized Knowledge +Local Integrated Software Architecture +Steve Jobs' daughter +i18n +the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in internationalization +Localization +x +Crxn +deliberately designed to be especially apt for the thing being named +clothing company +fcuk +French Connection United Kingdom. +add an 's' following an apostrophe +only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters +Ph.D.'s +DVDs +do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation +The US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency +In July 2010 +transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science +BATMAN and ROBIN +developing contrived acronyms to name projects +(trying to thrust the reader's attention toward where the letters are coming from +this has no basis in standard English orthography, which reserves capitals for maintaining the common-versus-proper distinction +Enforcing the latter, most professional editors case-fold such expansions to their standard orthography when editing manuscripts for publication. +common nouns do not take capital initials in standard English orthography +to avoid a name considered undesirable +Alles nur aus Liebe +ANAL +CLaIT +disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals +U.S., U.S.'s +possessive abbreviations are often foregone +This is not the case +C.D.'s, C.D.s, or CDs +C.D.'s' +SOSes +the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations +At the copyediting end +official style guide +some publishers choose to use cap/lowercase (c/lc) styling for acronyms +the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme +initial letters +initialisms +an abbreviation that is pronounced as a word +as a word +as individual letters +cardinal and ordinal +by digits rather than initial letters +Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions +metric prefixes, +M's P +Ben Chifley +Australian Prime Minister +s +lead to redundant acronym syndrome +A few high-tech companies +the television shows CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Navy: NCIS +to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for +There is no rule +what to call abbreviations that some speakers pronounce as letters and others pronounce as a word +JPEG /ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/ and MS-DOS /ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/ +as individual letters: /ˌjuːˌɑːrˈɛl/ and /ˌaɪˌɑːrˈeɪ/, respectively; or as a single word: /ˈɜːrl/ and /ˈaɪərə/ +abbreviating corporation names in places where space was limited for writing +Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad +AT&T +space was limited for writing +Sunoco +frequent use of acronyms across the whole range of registers +1899 +became increasingly convenient +OED +1965 +awol +acronym +Greek +a word made from the initial letters or syllables of other words +UNIVersal Automatic Computer. +precipitation increases +dry steppe +woods +the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers +cold, windy and wet +deciduous woodland +hyperarid +virtually lifeless +30,000 +accelerated +Cinchona pubescens +tobacco and potatoes +Queñua +Altiplano +chinchillas +very low +Andean condor +hillstars +Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog +mammals +cloud forests +6,961 m +The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes +the Andes +Andes +6,893 m +the northern part of the Andes +"cordel" +"rope" +200 km +640 kilometres +a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. +due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate +the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean +iron ore +several sedimentary basins, such as Orinoco, Amazon Basin, Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco, +The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau +"Arica Elbow". +Patagonian orocline. +crustal shortening. +15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively +The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau +"Arica Elbow". +Patagonian orocline. +crustal shortening. +15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively +The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic +several rifts developed. +uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. +different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and erosion. +Pangaea +the construction of aqueducts and roads +15th century +north-south +north-south axis +aqueducts and roads +1532 +Francisco Pizarro +Machu Picchu +Quechua and Aymara +1826 to 1827 +Paso Internacional Los Libertadores +building highways and railroads +aircraft +between Argentina and Chile +recently +eastern side +The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy +1870 +1978 +Chile +irrigation +over 6,000 years +potato +Maize +chicha +Tectonic forces +orogenic event +a major transform fault +1,000 km (620 mi) +the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula +Parts of the Sunsás Orogen +The Sierras de Córdoba +Amazonian craton +the onset of the Andean orogeny +in the Mesozoic +The Andes +The Andean volcanism +volcanic gaps +there are significant differences inside volcanic zones +the Andean Volcanic Belt +eastern fold and thrust belt +dry +Chile +disturbing actions of meteoric water +extensive saltpeter deposits +varies greatly +latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea +rainy and warm +Rainforests +elevations +transatlantic slave trade +West Africans +the 15th through to the 19th centuries +other western Africans +western European slave traders +The Portuguese +1526 +indentured servants +markets +merchandise +on the African coast +local African leaders +the New World +a factory +about 12 million +tidal currents +the 15th century +approximately 300,000 +Pierre Chaunu +the consequences of European navigation +technical and geographical factors +Historian John Thornton +gold +the Muslim Empire of the Middle East +technical and geographical factors +12.5% +2.2 million +Meltzer +600 +350 +economics +mortality rates among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade +decreased +eighteenth century +nineteenth century +the coast of West Africa +Portuguese +Spaniards +1501 +1630 +Britain +London +1689 +Birmingham +slaves +January 1526 +1533 +300 +1563 +El Salvador +to opposing the slave trade and working for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire +an overwhelming 283 votes for to 16 against +1807 +1807 +the 1860s +Walter Rodney +John Thornton +led to Africa being underdeveloped +that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade +exchanging raw materials and human resources (i.e. slaves) for manufactured goods +The First Atlantic system +awarding merchants (mostly from other countries) the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies +started (on a significant scale) in about 1502 and lasted until 1580 +Spanish empire +slightly more than 3% +Royal Navy +2,000 officers +over 50 African rulers +150,000 Africans +approximately 1,600 +a variety of goods from Europe +Sir John Hawkins +Americas and the Caribbean Islands +cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum +1440 to about 1833 +labour shortage +Native peoples +the Slave Coast +failed to provide a sufficient workforce +exploit New World land and resources +in 1859 +Cudjoe Lewis, who died in 1935 +Brazil in 1831 +1888 +until the 1860s, when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic trade. +selling their captives or prisoners of war +no longer commit crimes in that area +King Jaja of Opobo +kidnappings +neighbouring or enemy ethnic groups +Britain +President James Madison +historian +changes in productivity, technology and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation +In 1809 +that it was neither a matter of strictly economics nor of morals. +moral arguments did play a secondary role +the Haitian Revolution. +an "ideological" apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society. +capitalism, providing not only influx of capital, but also disciplining hardship into workers (a form of "apprenticeship" to the capitalist industrial plant). +the significant decline in population +Portuguese controlled Angola +military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. +African scholar +the Kingdom of Benin +Angola, +saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders. +the significant decline in population, +The benefit derived from trading slaves for European goods +£250,000 per year +52,000 +18th century +the Kongo Civil War +French +the New World +Africa +West Africa +European colonies +11 million people +about 1.5 million +4 million +10.5 million +the presence of European slavers +50% +tribal and state warfare +Western and West Central Africa +Dahomey +16th and 17th centuries +the slave trade +Slave Coast +increase in shipments +seven years +to Belize +Irish immigrants +1656, and in 1662 +1656 +partus sequitur ventrem +seven +indentured servants +Montserrat +United Kingdom +France +St. Domingue +cheaper +ship building +profits from slavery +industrial revolution +steam engine +Eric Williams +Joseph C. Miller +West Central Africa +estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed. +Joseph Inikori +Rodney +Archibald Dalzel +African societies +David Livingstone +slave trade +Roots: The Saga of an American Family +1976 +January 1977 +ABC +Roots Homecoming Festival +1816 +1877 +1820 +around two thousand +Durban, South Africa +fear of monetary compensation +apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries +United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States +24 February 2007 +Governor of Alabama +Virginia General Assembly +31 May 2007 +Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria +2009 +African traditional rulers ... [can] accept blame +cannot continue to blame the white men +Europeans +"a truly international exercise +Iberian monarchs. +"the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration". +Portugal, Spain, the Italian kingdoms, England, France and the Netherlands. +were captured in endemic warfare between African states +capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them. +European demand for slaves +those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa. +not only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves, but that they are fomented by Europeans +Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations +Kingdom of Castile, +15th century +they also captured native Canary Islanders, the Guanches, to use as slaves +wine and sugar. +was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities" +primarily Portuguese traders +a naval base +African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers +boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems +1494 +Kingdom of Kongo +Bissagos Islands +Kongolese king, Afonso I +Portugal, +“Williams thesis” +1% +less than 5% of the British economy +occurred after emancipation, +shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs +Walter Rodney +the export of so many people +Africa's population stagnated during this period +top merchants abandoned traditional industries to pursue slaving, +slaving itself. +Joseph E. Inikori +could not sustain such population losses +Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, +prior to the introduction of modern medicines +widespread problems +(Quakers) +Denmark +1807, +Slave Trade Act of 1794 +1807 +In the very elderly, age-related large artery pulsatility and stiffness is more pronounced among women than men. +This may be caused by the women's smaller body size and arterial dimensions +Among men and women, there are notable differences in body weight, height, body fat distribution, heart rate, stroke volume, and arterial compliance +In the very elderly +independent of menopause +Cigarettes +from exposure to second-hand smoke. +10% +age 30 +from direct consumption of tobacco +A diet high in fruits and vegetables +diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) +A high fiber diet appears to lower the risk. +Mediterranean diet may be more effective than a low-fat diet +reduce blood pressure, lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve metabolic syndrome +defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week +Insufficient physical activity +31.3% +a third +assists weight loss and improves blood glucose control, blood pressure, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity +High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish +1.7 million deaths +Frequent consumption of high-energy foods, such as processed foods that are high in fats and sugars, promotes obesity +There is evidence that higher consumption of sugar is associated with higher blood pressure and unfavorable blood lipids +processed meats +Total fat intake does not appear to be an important risk factor +recommend a reduction in saturated fat +omega 6 linoleic acid +does not appear to have an effect +Replacement of saturated fats with carbohydrates does not change or may increase risk. +depend on the amount of alcohol consumed +Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease +Overall alcohol consumption at the population level is associated with multiple health risks that exceed any potential benefits. +There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. +complex +a low-salt diet may be harmful in those with congestive heart failure +for not excluding a trial in heart failure where people had low-salt and -water levels due to diuretics. +Moderate evidence was found that high salt intake increases cardiovascular mortality +there is strong evidence that high dietary salt intake increases blood pressure and worsens hypertension +Aspirin has been found to be of only modest benefit in those at low risk of heart +those at really low risk it is not recommended +the risk of serious bleeding +Statins are effective in preventing further cardiovascular disease in people with a history of cardiovascular disease +the event rate is higher in men than in women +In those without cardiovascular disease but risk factors statins appear to also be beneficial with a decrease in the risk of death and further heart disease +those who have a 12% or greater risk of cardiovascular disease over the next ten years. +each decade +82 percent +Age +Coronary fatty streaks +age 55 +cardiovascular/heart diseases +Multiple +age 45 to 50 +age 60 to 65 +serum total cholesterol level +mechanical and structural properties +arterial elasticity +arterial compliance +Aging +coronary artery disease +Men +pre-menopausal women +menopause +female +male +Cardiovascular disease +a cause and effect relationship +relatively little +The Commission on Social Determinants of Health +non-communicable +Cardiovascular disease +relatively little +a cause and effect relationship +The Commission on Social Determinants of Health +non-communicable +2 to 5 times +men +Estrogen +HDL cholesterol +estrogen +Particulate matter +PM2.5 is the major focus, in which gradients are used to determine CVD risk +Women +PM2.5 +atherosclerosis and inflammation +Particulate matter +PM2.5 is the major focus, in which gradients are used to determine CVD risk +Women +PM2.5 +atherosclerosis and inflammation +childhood +the major precursor of cardiovascular disease +The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study +7–9 years +Population +1 in 3 +cardiovascular disease +education +extremely +greatest +a previous cardiovascular event +merits are debated +diabetes +lack clear-cut evidence +myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). +coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina +Cardiovascular disease (CVD) +Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction +Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction +two- to four-fold +cardiovascular disease +Obesity and diabetes mellitus +chronic kidney disease and hypercholesterolaemia +High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths +Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis +Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat. +obesity 5% +tobacco results in 9% +not recommended +not recommended +inconclusive +either at rest or with exercise +not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms +not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms +not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms +not recommended +90% +rheumatic heart disease +55 +45 +The United States Preventive Services Task Force +questionable +predicting the risk of future cardiovascular disease +biomarkers +questionable +Exercise in those who are at high risk of heart disease +has not been found to significantly alter behavior +hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia +unclear +Africa +Cardiovascular diseases +85% +older adults +men +raised blood pressure +raised blood cholesterol +age, gender or family history +raised blood sugar +HDL cholesterol +HDL cholesterol +one year +statins +lipids +HDL cholesterol +one year +HDL cholesterol +statins +lipids +niacin, fibrates and CETP Inhibitors +do not affect +one year +death appears to be long +in year 1949 +by Jerry Morris +were published in year 1958 +The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease +biomedical research, +1949 +Jerry Morris +occupational health data +1958 +a weekly basis +a common inflammatory marker +in patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease +key inflammatory transcription factor +risk factor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. +a major cause of pneumonia +coronary artery disease +absence of improvement after antibiotic use +Chlamydia +pineal gland secretion +Melatonin +when pharmacological doses are applied +lower total cholesterol +vasoactive agents +pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease +hypoxemic lung diseases +harm and unnecessary expense +vitamin E, vitamin C +not been found to be useful +has not been shown to protection against +vitamin B3 +lowers high blood pressure +Cardiovascular diseases +30% +23 million people +low- and middle-income countries +60% +World Heart Federation +Indian Heart Association +genetic predisposition and environmental factors +1895 +the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy +Army Institute of Heraldry +no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe +1835 +year-round +Memorial Day +small +3 by 5 feet +civic holidays +United States Flag Code +Martin Sheridan +1908 Summer Olympics +American +the flag should be repaired or replaced +burning +American Legion +June 14 +hazardous gases +horizontal atmospheric flight +stripes running horizontally +Apollo +Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo +mounted cavalry and infantry units +right shoulder +to the right, while the stripes flew to the left +flight suits +November 21, 2008 +Eben Appleton +conservation purposes +10 degree +1907 +respect or mourning +March 1, 1954 +President Dwight D. Eisenhower +the governor +the governor +the "union" +thirteen equal horizontal stripes +fifty small, white, five-pointed stars +the 50 states +the thirteen British colonies +August 3, 1777 +Capt. Abraham Swartwout +Fort Schuyler +Congress +flannel petticoats +a naval ensign +the Marine Committee +its regimental standard +Richard Peters +the maker of the flag +John Trumbull +1792 +The Flag Resolution +its initial +individually crafted +blue stripes +John Paul Jones +George Hasting +Francis Hopkinson +New Jersey +1776 +Quarter Cask of the Public Wine +Betsy Ross +William Canby +1870 +1776 +an upholstery business +1795 +15 +Francis Scott Key +The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem +Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History +the original colonies +July 4 +1960 +1959 +1959 +Hoa Kỳ +1902 +Flower Flag +flower flag ginseng +guó +"G-spec" (for "government specification") flags +Representatives or Senators +2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5), 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667) +flags made for or by the U.S. federal government +government specification +"White", "Old Glory Red", and "Old Glory Blue" +1946 +there is no perfect way to convert them +by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag's "white" +official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government +using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new +mass-market flags, printed reproductions, and other products +1950 +Pantone Matching System (PMS) +1998 +193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) +In 2001 +website of the U.S. embassy in London +Robert G. Heft +17-year-old +B– +his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project +Fort McHenry on Independence Day one year apart, 1959 +250,000 +63 +overpopulation +Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island +their land +250,000 +375,000 +63 +overpopulation +their land +250,000 +375,000 +overpopulation +subdivide their land between farmers +63 +land grants +speculators +plots of land +nutritious English grass +red clover and timothy-grass +a variety of artisans, shopkeepers, and merchants +shops +Stores selling English manufactures such as cloth, iron utensils, and window glass as well as West Indian products like sugar and molasses +crops and other local products +port towns +molasses, sugar, gold coins, and bills of exchange (credit slips) +the West Indies +raw sugar was turned into granulated sugar and the molasses distilled into rum +The gold and credit slips +by providing their goods to the agricultural population +elegant ​2 1⁄2-story houses +Georgian houses +library +yeoman houses +1763 +Havana, Cuba +the Seven Years' War +1783 +1810 +Francisco Coronado +1680 +1692 +223 years +third of the population +Father Junípero Serra +150,000 +1830s +European technology, livestock, and crops +The Royal Road +French fur trappers, missionaries, and military detachments +1783 +1,400 +1701 +around 1700 +French immigrants +1718 +7,000 +Mississippi River +1763 +Mississippi +Spain +Napoleon +1803 +Nieuw-Nederland +1664 +New York +1625 +Manhattan +Nya Sverige +1638 +Fort Christina +1655 +Wilmington, Delaware +Lutheranism +1630s +Gibbstown, New Jersey +Nothnagle Log House +log cabin +1799 +Second Kamchatka +1867 +Nikolay Rezanov +Grigory Shelikhov +the Province of Carolina +a group of English Lords Proprietors +1670 +food +rice +English +King William's War and Queen Anne's War +French +Yamasee War +1729 +the Georgia Colony +debtors +1733 +Spain +provide her with a base from which to attack Florida +Slavery was officially forbidden +their colony could not compete economically with the Carolina rice plantations +the restrictions were lifted, slavery was allowed +Georgia never had an established religion. +strict moralistic principles +the monarch +The governor +the freeholders and planters +The governor's council +The governor +cradle scythe +Virginia and Maryland +cows +rice and indigo +northern Ireland +fur-pelt +wheat +flax +West Indies +twice as much as it did in 1720 +ethnic background and wealth +wool and flax +German and Irish +spinning the materials into yarn and cloth +smaller farms +40 percent +Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina +African slaves +tobacco, indigo and rice +vote +young, single, white indentured servants +1700 +1619 +high mortality rates for newcomers and a very high ratio of men to women +teenage girls who were indentured servants +New England +Chesapeake region +Puritan New England +New England +New England +Plymouth, Massachusetts +Plymouth Colony +Narragansett sachem, Canonicus +egalitarian +Protestant +Province of Massachusetts Bay +England's Glorious Revolution +1684 +1691 +Massachusetts and Plymouth +planters +Pennsylvania +60 percent +iron ores +planters +Horse racing +competitiveness, individualism, and materialism +horse racing and high-stakes gambling +armed gameskeepers +Everyone +Spanish invasion +Queen Elizabeth +indentured servants +50,000 +17th century +George Washington +a sense of American unity +British military and civilian officials +American Revolution +major military resources needed to be devoted to North America +African slaves +indentured servants +1676 +tobacco +May 14, 1607 +Quebec +eastern part +Spanish Florida +Mississippi River +colonial protection. +High +very young +England +cash crop +royally appointed governor +Connecticut +1629 +400 +Church of England +20,000 +troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain +The British elite +the American Revolution +each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other +their sons +Church of England +Puritans +Rhode Island Colony +Europe +England +fewer than 1% +majority +property +vibrant political culture +politics +property +British men +political culture +social elites +suffrage +Enlightenment +furniture designs +Charleston +seaport cities +styles of dress, dance, and etiquette +1770s +high +local judges and juries +assemblies and county governments +assemblies and county governments +sued each other +local judges and juries +involvement of lawyers in politics +lawyers +different interest groups +90 +England +aristocratic +interest groups +aristocratic families and the established church +religious +social +Elected representatives +directly from English law +political representation +king +republicanism +English common law +David Rittenhouse +Benjamin Franklin +botanist +colonial Americans +Benjamin Franklin +arts +Literature +major news, advertisements, and business reports +mid-century +William Byrd +New Englanders +religious +Jonathan Edwards +First Great Awakening +minister +Art and drama +London +Pennsylvania +New England +South Carolina +Pennsylvania +English +New England +expelled +Georgia +the Frontier +the eastern seaboard +ravaged by new diseases +around 1600–1650 +explorers and sailors +English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a base of merchant-based investment that seemed to need much less government +1625 +Commission of Trade +Portugal and Spain +1768 +Mercantilism +smuggling +London-based merchants +New Amsterdam (New York) +600,000 +sugarcane-growing colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil +because of better food, less disease, lighter work loads, and better medical care +4 million +nearly twice as rapid +the Chesapeake region +the Chesapeake region +About 170,000 more +the Carolinas +half the slaves +religious congregations of farmers, or yeomen, and their families +indentured or criminally bonded +indentured or criminally bonded +Every male citizen +levied taxes, built roads, and elected officials who managed town affairs +the property and his wife +the property and his wife +own property, file lawsuits, or participate in political life +three +spinning yarn from wool and knitting sweaters and stockings, making candles and soap from ashes, and churning milk into butter +the abundance of trees +cooking facilities and warmth during the winter +wooden clapboard siding +a general-purpose room where the family worked and ate meals +entertain guests that contained the family's best furnishings and the parent's bed +The Great Awakening +New Lights +Jonathan Edwards +Old Lights +Princeton +Mid-Atlantic Region +Irish +William Penn +Scotch Irish +the colony of Pennsylvania +Dutch +timber +octagon +stone +log cabins +simple +German +Philadelphia +furniture-making +governors +Sir Edmund Andros +Francis Nicholson +New England +Indians, the French, and the Dutch +"country" and "court" +Massachusetts +None +shifting factions +appointed governor and the elected assembly +Protestant +Maryland +port cities +Freedom of religion +Britain and the Continent +German +English law +English +Puritan +The First Great Awakening +Jonathan Edwards +1730s and 1740s +personal guilt and redemption by Christ +George Whitefield +New England +Baptist and Methodist +Anglicans and Quakers +The Awakening +new lights +the unchurched +study the Bible at home +old lights +people who were already church members +late eighteenth century +John Locke +New England +their property +German and Dutch immigrants +360% +British merchants +17th +18th +Britain +Indians +Furstenberg +Benjamin Franklin +Philadelphian +Benjamin Franklin +1765 +1775 +1765 +British tea +13 +1775 +13 colonies +13 +Intolerable Acts +1773 +18th +Malaria +over one-fourth +diphtheria +local healers +Constantinople +Turks +Beyoğlu +across +Greek +Medieval +Constantinople +the first and third syllables +Turkish folk +the 17th +the 7th millennium BCE +5500 to 3500 BCE +the Fikirtepe mound +near the point +Thracian +660 BCE +Megara +the European side of the Bosphorus +73 CE +Byzantium +eastward +Christianity +Byzantine +tens of thousands +Hagia Sophia +structural change +1940s and early 1950s +Ankara +1970s +sharp rise in the city's population +Marmara Region +The Bosphorus +Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn +5,343 +Black Sea +24 April 1915 +Mehmed VI +November 1922 +British, French, and Italian +Treaty of Lausanne +imperial mosques +Black Sea +Çamlıca Hill +steps +Topkapı Palace +African and Eurasian Plates +1509 +10,000 +18,000 +North Anatolian Fault +between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea +ranks as world's 6th-largest city proper +Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side +historically also known as Constantinople and Byzantium +straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea +Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side +Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as world's 6th-largest city proper +The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province) +Founded under the name of Byzantium on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, +After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE +it served as an imperial capital +It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity +Founded under the name of Byzantium on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, +After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE +it served as an imperial capital +It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times +Emirgan Park +Topkapı Palace and Yıldız Palace +Yıldız Palace +Ottoman leaders +Belgrad Forest +Fethi Paşa Korusu +Emirgan Park +its diversity of plants and an annual tulip festival +the early decades of the Turkish Republic +47-hectare (120-acre) +Byzantine and Ottoman +obelisk +Theodosius +Valens Aqueduct +to mark the new Roman capital +the late 4th century +Fatih district +the classical Greek period +Byzantine and Ottoman +Sultanahmet Square +Istanbul's strategic position on the historic Silk Road +the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 +migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them +Arts, Music, Film and Cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century +Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE +Constantinopolis" (Constantinople), which, as the Latinized form of "Κωνσταντινούπολις" (Konstantinoúpolis), means the "City of Constantine". +Nova Roma" and its Greek version "Νέα Ῥώμη" Nea Romē (New Rome), +The use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect +Basil II +1025 +1204 +Latin +catholic +14th-century +eight-week +Constantine XI +Mehmed II +Kaysar-i Rûm +Istanbul +Anatolia +five thousand +Sürgün +1459 +1517 +four +1520 +570,000 +Mimar Sinan +19th +Golden Horn +Tanzimat period +the 1880s +Mahmud II +Monastery of Stoudios +the Imrahor Mosque +Chora Church and Pammakaristos Church +Hagia Sophia +31 meters (102 ft) in diameter +1261 +classical Roman +a museum +Monastery of Stoudios +Hagia Sophia +powerful mayor, weak council +powerful mayor, weak council +the Metropolitan Executive Committee +appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the Council +as head +Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı fortresses +Baroque +European styles +Neoclassical, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau styles +Dolmabahçe Palace +Topkapı +Sultan Ahmed Mosque +the 16th and 17th centuries +the Tanzimat reforms +Nuruosmaniye Mosque +District councils +the metropolitan mayor +One-fifth +five-year terms +Kadir Topbaş +1461 +Galleria Ataköy +Akmerkez +Kanyon +Abdi İpekçi Street in Nişantaşı and Bağdat Avenue on the Anatolian side +Tanzimat period of reform +French cities +Beyoğlu +1908 +1957 +Paris +Beyoğlu +1876 +nine +the Grand Vizier +the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province +the MMI +the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration +building and maintenance of schools +Hüseyin Avni Mutlu +500 CE +Baghdad +1500 to 1750 +London +historic seafood restaurants +The Princes' Islands +kebab +Istanbulites and foreign tourists +the shores of the Bosphorus +14,377,019 +14,025,646 +89% +5th +3.45 percent +Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue +İstiklal Avenue +pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music +Beyoğlu, Beşiktaş, Şişli and Kadıköy districts +2004 +Recep Tayyip Erdoğan +2013 and 2014, +3 electoral districts +Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu +29th +Since the mid-1990s +two-fifths +37 +Beşiktaş J.K. +Galatasaray S.K. and Fenerbahçe S.K. +seven +Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe +Galatasaray S.K. +olive oil, tobacco, vehicles, and electronics. +high-value-added work +$69.9 billion +$41.4 billion +Ottoman Stock Exchange +1866 +Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) +1995 +Borsa Istanbul +sports facilities +Atatürk Olympic Stadium +the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final +Türk Telekom Arena +Bosphorus +more than 200 million tonnes +the Port of Haydarpaşa, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu +Haydarpaşa +Ambarlı +2.4 million +12.56 +Sarayburnu +Topkapı Palace Museum +64 +after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara +musical traditions +in the new capital +Istanbul +The Silahtarağa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant +1914 +1952 +120 megawatts +1983 +1453 +law, medicine, and science departments +the founding of the Turkish Republic +1773 +eight +the government +1982 +Bio Istanbul +Robert College +Christopher Robert +4,350 +instruction in foreign languages +688 +1481 +Liceo Italiano +the shores of the Bosphorus in Çengelköy +three military academies +free +fourth grade +sixth grade +Kırkçeşme water supply network +4,200 +public demand +the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration +1840 +1876 +1994 +1909 +1995 +By the end of the 19th century +1980s +abroad +Beyoğlu +2000s +Istanbul had 137 hospitals, of which 100 were private. +public hospitals tend to be overcrowded +Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals +Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the U.S.-based Joint Commission than any other country in the world +upsurge in medical tourism to Turkey +Yıldız Palace +İstiklal Avenue +Istanbul and its picturesque skyline +1950s +The World Is Not Enough +O-1, O-2, O-3 and O-4 +400,000 vehicles each day +14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) +2013 +2015 +Istanbul Festival +1973 +music and dance +Istanbul Biennial +every two years since 1987 +Fares across modes are integrated, using the contactless Istanbulkart +2009 +265,000 passengers each day +1875 +1872 +three lines +by the Marmaray tunnel +(the M1 and M2 on the European side +in Karaköy +about half a million foreign tourists enter the city by sea each year. +The Sinan Erdem Dome +Abdi İpekçi Arena +Ülker Sports Arena +13,800 +bids for UEFA Euro 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016 +1889 +economic problems in Greece +1908 +construction of Marmaray and the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed line +600,000 passengers +Turkish Grand Prix +1952 +Turkish Offshore Racing Club +race for the Marine Forces Trophy +2000 +Most nationwide newspapers +1961 +1986 +Zaman +more than one million, +1927 +Turkish Radio and Television Corporation +Central Post Office in Eminönü +four +Radio 2 +Star TV +Samanyolu TV, +a mix of news and series +MSNBC +1999 +Istanbul Atatürk, +2001 +51.2 million +2009 +150 million passengers per year. +between 1950 and 2000 +between 1980 and 1985 +seeking employment and improved living conditions +28 percent +Üsküdar +the end of the Ottoman Empire +Islam +the Hanafi school of Islamic thought +approximately 10 percent +the Alevis +300 million +in Istanbul's Church of St. George +in the city +decreased substantially +Christians +the Kurdish community +About two to three million +Bayrampaşa +The neighborhood of Balat +1 percent +the right-wing Justice and Development Party (AKP) +Recep Tayyip Erdoğan +Kemalist center-left Republican People's Party (CHP) +in the west +39 districts +transitional climatic zone +Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb) +in summer months, ranges from 20 to 65 mm (1 to 3 in) +warmer, drier and less affected by humidity +80 percent most mornings +29 °C (84 °F) +about fifteen days +between June and August +averaging 1–4 °C (34–39 °F) +annual average of 130 days +mild, but often wet and unpredictable; chilly winds from the northwest and warm gusts from the south +810 millimeters (31.9 in) per year +seat of government during the late Ottoman period, +Beşiktaş, just south of Beyoğlu, across from BJK İnönü Stadium +"Sublime Porte" or BaabiAli +19th-century +suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul +a third of the city's population +built overnight +1.5 million people +postal services, schools, garbage collection +through privatization of public owned functions and businesses +private companies and corporations +non-profit organizations or associations +the 1970s +more competition and lower prices +Cato Institute +the electricity industry +2007–2008 +Emmanuelle Auriol and Michel Benaim +if public safety is at stake +because "regulators or 'experts' might misrepresent consumers' tastes and needs." +As long as companies are averse to incompatible standards +Central governments +through government operations or leasing them to private businesses +through land-use, zoning, environmental and other regulations +Selling off or leasing lands +Devolution of control to regional or local governments +Libertarian socialism +converting present-day private productive property into common or public goods +Libertarian socialism is opposed +left anarchism +free association +No one is in charge of internet, and everyone is. +Voluntary boards +No one is in charge of internet, and everyone is. +Wikis +Smartphones +Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller +egalitarian and free-market libertarian +free software and creative commons +"electronic frontier" +1960s +Bruce M. Owen +goods and services +work very efficiently +regulation +usually, but not always +the exercise of power +the legitimacy of most forms of economically significant private property +direct democracy +capitalist property relations +anarchism +E. F. Schumacher +"design for the other 90 percent" +1977 +capital-intensive +"intermediate technology" +most varieties of anarchism +the peasantry and yeomanry +Thomas Muenzer +Gerrard Winstanley +1642 +"industrial democracy," +democratically organised workers' associations +"Representative government +Figueras +the First Spanish Republic +Gabriel Kolko +The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 +the big New York City firms +Theodore Roosevelt +Woodrow Wilson +inadequate financial resources +too complex +higher enforcement costs +standardized, routine +If there is a loss of economies of scale +1961 +Cities and the Wealth of Nations +secede +The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty +large-scale redevelopment projects +most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia, as well as in the stronghold of Anarchist Catalonia +the anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution and the Free Territory during the Russian Revolution +Free Territory of Ukraine +1936 +autocratic elite +corrupt local elites +civil servants +patronage +hidden decision-making +centralized power +19th century +Friedrich von Hayek +Adam Smith +without explicit agreement or coordination by individuals who use prices as their guide +The individual right to property +decentralized manner, +Advancing technology +auto +infrastructure planning +Advancing technology +Executives and managers +centralizing and decentralizing information technology +centralizing +decentralizing +analysis of the specific situation +Stephen Cummings +1983 +Cornell University +devolving responsibilities to regional or local governments +"welfarist" +systems theory +United Nations Development Programme +the people themselves +synergistic processes of interaction +Norman Johnson +Los Alamos National Laboratory +connectivity +1999 +If each agent is connected +problems of centralized systems +government, +economic decline +minorities +international pressure +the principle of subsidiarity +the lowest or least centralized +a system of co-responsibility +overall quality and effectiveness +the democratic voice +local representative authorities with actual discretionary powers +local efficiency, equity and development +Earth Institute +with new forms of participation, consultation, and partnerships +diversity +Norman L. Johnson +decentralized +Diversity +Decentralized +An OECD study +because different studies of it use different definitions and measurements +amount of decentralization, especially politically +single dimension of autonomy, interrelationships of various dimensions of decentralization +efficiency +long term strategics +hands on training +by having the freedom to exercise their own initiative and creativity +profitable +in terms of centralization and decentralization +1910 +Yildiz Atasoy +Persian king Darius +Christopher K. Chase-Dunn and Thomas D. Hall +Economic and/or political decentralization +prevent or reduce conflict +Dawn Brancati +peace +decentralization, management by objectives, contracting out, competition within government and consumer orientation. +Government decentralization +territorial +divesting of the function entirely through privatization. +pluralistic politics and representative government +giving citizens, or their representatives, more influence in the formulation and implementation of laws and policies +may require constitutional or statutory reforms +to give citizens or their elected representatives more power. +decentralizing revenue raising and/or expenditure of moneys to a lower level of government while maintaining financial responsibility +fiscal federalism +unitary, federal and confederal governments +where the central government gives too much or too little money to the lower levels +The processes of decentralization +costs and benefits +the United Nations Development Programme +The processes of decentralization +chart-formatted +top-down +bottom-up +political values +shift deficits downwards +top-down +bottom-up +increase +mutually desired +mutually desired +decentralisation is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority +centralization, especially in the governmental sphere, is widely studied +The meaning of decentralization may vary in part because of the different ways it is applied. +group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, economics and technology +The word "centralization" came into use in France in 1794 +The word "decentralization" came into usage in the 1820s. +"Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s +a push towards decentralization...[but became,]in the end, an extension of centralization. +In 1863 retired French bureaucrat Maurice Block wrote an article called “Decentralization” for a French journal +anti-state political activists calling themselves "anarchists", "libertarians," and even decentralists +Ideas of liberty and decentralization were carried to their logical conclusions during the 19th and 20th centuries +Tocqueville was an advocate +it increases the opportunities for citizens to take interest in public affairs +Decentralization +large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers +The decentralist movement attracted Southern Agrarians like Robert Penn Warren, as well as journalist Herbert Agar +Ralph Borsodi, Wendell Berry, Paul Goodman, Carl Oglesby, Karl Hess, Donald Livingston, Kirkpatrick Sale +increased property ownership and a return to small scale living +Leopold Kohr, author of the 1957 book The Breakdown of Nations +“Whenever something is wrong, something is too big” +“anticipatory democracy.” +Alvin Toffler published Future Shock (1970) and The Third Wave (1980) +Naisbitt's 1982 book “Megatrends” was on The New York Times Best Seller list for more than two years and sold 14 million copies. +Project and program planners +planning, financing, and management +national and local managers and officials +centralization and decentralization +There is no one blueprint +careful, rational, and orderly +whether they support or oppose decentralization +during times of economic and political crisis +explicit +silent decentralization +policy innovations +China and Russia +asymmetric +political, economic and administrative +provinces or states +ethnic +bicameral +The composition and powers of the Senate +Australian Senate +There is no constitutional requirement for the election of senators to take place at the same time as those for members of the House of Representatives +election of senators +the Liberal/National Coalition government +25 seats +six +the Palmer United Party, the Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party, the Liberal Democrats, the Family First Party +18 +the Abbott Liberal government +Turnbull Liberal government +the Liberal/National Coalition, the Australian Greens, and Nick Xenophon +18 March 2016 +the Senate +group voting tickets +optional preferential voting, along with party logos on the ballot paper +first 12 +informal +as many boxes as they wish +Australia +Australia Constitution Act +the Senate +the Senate +two +the Senate and House of Representatives +1949 +1911 +1909 +abandon the bill or continue to revise it +section 57 +the entirety +the entirety +1974 +the Australian Constitution +reject supply bills or defer their passage +contentious and powerful +the Australian Constitution +revenue appropriated through taxation +1975 +The ability to block supply +Gough Whitlam +November +Governor-General +over 80 +computer +Above the line voting +three +98% +to scrutinise government activity +2005 +The vigour of this scrutiny has been fuelled +it sparked a debate +The Australian Democrats, a minor party +bells ring throughout the parliament building for four minutes +the doors are locked +according to the side of the chamber on which they sit +around eight minutes +their absence does not affect the outcome of the vote. +a tied vote is a real prospect +the question is resolved in the negative +the Clerk of the Senate decides the outcome by the drawing of lots +Section 23 of the Constitution +conventions +party discipline +a conscience vote +highlighted by the rarity +party whip +more likely in the Senate than in the House of Representatives +1996 +the importance of backbenchers in party policy deliberations +the government withdrew its Migration Amendment +several government senators had been critical +increased emphasis on internal differences +most Senate votes cast in Western Australia were subject to a formal recount +5 April +3 Liberal, 1 Labor, 1 Green, 1 Palmer +28 February 2014 +changed the last two predicted WA Senate spots +State Parliament +the same party +proceed +State Governor +fourteen days +equal +"one vote one value" +smaller states +Prime Minister Paul Keating +Senate +House +51% +57% +House +House +50 to 60 +sitting fortnights +autumn +winter +the first sitting day of May +three +the government's budget and operations +all senators +files and records of previous governments +committees +before the Pleistocene, instead of the Baltic Sea, there was a wide plain around a great river +the Eridanos +Several Pleistocene glacial episodes scooped out the river bed into the sea basin +the Eemian Sea +was caused by the weight of ice +The uplift is about eight millimetres per year +depth of the sea are diminishing +In the area, the former seabed is only gently sloping +post-glacial rebound +the ASCOBANS +Atlantic white-sided dolphins and harbor porpoises inhabit the sea +bottlenose dolphins, orcas, and beaked whales +humpback whales +Atlantic grey whales +Approximately 100,000 km2 (38,610 sq mi +The more saline (and therefore denser) water remains on the bottom +This leads to decreased oxygen concentrations +It is mainly bacteria that grow in it +hydrogen sulfide +the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark (completed 1997) and the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel +the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel provides for navigation of large ships +The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for export of Russian petroleum. +the slow exchange of water +international environmental and maritime law +1992 +17 January 2000 +all the states bordering on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community +Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution +1304 +the Baltic Sea +2.83 m (9 ft 3 in) +2002 +1872 +fast ice +icebreakers +15 m +Offshore of the landfast ice +fast ice +east of the Hel Peninsula on the Polish coast and west of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad Oblast +The Bay of Pomerania +Between Falster and the German coast +the Kattegat and Skagerrak strait in the North Sea +underneath the ice +Baltic ringed seal (Pusa hispida botnica) +algae +The ice cover +reproducing +Danish straits +brackish water +salinity permeation principle +anti-clockwise +40 to 70 m +William Derham +This description meant that the whole of the Baltic Sea was covered with ice. +ice formation around southern Sweden and even in the Danish straits +the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland are frozen, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga +the 18th-century +45% of its surface area +70 cm (28 in) for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases farther south. +February or March +The remainder of the Baltic does not freeze during a normal winter, with the exception of sheltered bays and shallow lagoons such as the Curonian Lagoon. +3.5% +much lower than that of ocean water (which averages 3.5%) +one-fortieth +hydrate +1.0% and 1.5% +Świnoujście harbour +315,000 km2 (122,000 sq mi) +20 +1987 +400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) +two-hundred +South +decreases +Gulf of Bothnia +temperature gradient +the eighteenth century +Sweden's defeat +the Great Northern War +Baltic +Russia's Peter the Great +the Crimean War +Saint Petersburg +Helsinki +in the Åland Islands +1871 +1945 +The sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff +retreating soldiers and refugees +(very roughly) 9,000 +airplane wrecks, sunken warships, and other material +chemical weapons +fishermen +231 lb +the Helsinki Commission +2,450 lb +After 1945 +in the late 1980s +the Danish isles +Poles and Russians +eastern +Ostsee +Atlantic +66°N +30°E +Danish islands +Adam of Bremen +a belt +Indo-European root via a Baltic language +Nordic +Basilia +Roman +Tacitus +Suebi tribe +Rhineland area of modern Germany, +brackish +eastern shore +Northern Crusades +The Teutonic Order +Lithuania +Swedes +eastern shore +Northern Crusades +The Teutonic Order +Lithuania +Swedes +Hanseatic League +Lordship over the Baltic Sea +Poland, Denmark, and Sweden +Sweden +Riga +government +The National Association of Insurance Commissioners +insurance providers +standard policy forms and rating loss costs +Insurance Services Office +insurance +How much risk a contract actually transfers +reinsurance +insurer balance +FAS 113 +the National Association of Insurance Commissioners +statutory +Paragraph 12 +10 +discount rate +reasonable or significant +10 +an SEC official +lunch +10/10 +Excess of loss +liability +as a percentage +rate on line +London +Entire Agreement +oral +rights, obligations or benefits +contract +reasonableness and significance +a car or a house +insurance premium +the insured, the policyholder or a beneficiary +insurance policy +the insurance premium +1735 +Charleston +South Carolina +fire insurance +the Philadelphia Contributionship +1792 +Insurance Company of North America +state commissioner of insurance +Formal regulation of the insurance industry +New Hampshire +writing more than one line of insurance +multi-line charters +the 1950s +small, local, single-line mutual companies +laws +United States Supreme Court +1944 +1945 +The United States Congress +the Commerce Clause +new legislation for a dual state and federal system of insurance solvency regulation. +(NAIC) adopted several model reforms for state insurance regulation +risk-based capital requirements, financial regulation accreditation standards and an initiative to codify accounting principles. +waned. +The NAIC acts as a forum for the creation of model laws and regulations. +Each state decides whether to pass each NAIC model law or regulation +each state may make changes in the enactment process +NAIC model acts and regulations provide some degree of uniformity between states +these models do not have the force of law and have no effect unless they are adopted by a state. +The idea of an optional federal charter was first raised after a spate of solvency and capacity +capacity issues plagued property and casualty insurers +in the 1970s. +This OFC concept was to establish an elective federal regulatory scheme that insurers could opt into from the traditional state system +In 2010 +for the insurance industry. +The FIO is authorized to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry and identify any gaps in the state-based regulatory system. +Title V of created the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) in the Department of the Treasury. +the dichotomy between admitted and surplus insurers. +meaning that they have been formally admitted to a state's insurance market by the state insurance commissioner +meaning that they are nonadmitted in a particular state but are willing to write coverage there. +Surplus line insurers are supposed to underwrite only very unusual or difficult-to-insure risks. +maintain "export lists" of risks +Texas +immediately "export" them to the out-of-state surplus market +no coverage available whatsoever from any admitted insurer in the state. +Although surplus line insurers are still regulated by the states in which they are actually admitted +the policy will usually be written on a nonstandard form +not from the Insurance Services Office +its insureds in states in which it is nonadmitted will not enjoy certain types of protection available to insureds in states in which the insurer is admitted. +the choice is usually between a surplus line insurer or no coverage at all +Only the smallest insurers +as insurance groups +they consist of holding companies which own several admitted and surplus insurers +There are dramatic variations from one insurance group to the next +GEICO's seven insurance companies +deposited with one of those seven insurance companies (the one that actually wrote their policy) +Similarly, any claims against the policy are charged to the issuing company +But as far as most layperson customers know, they are simply dealing with GEICO +it is more difficult to operate an insurance group +employees must be painstakingly trained to observe corporate formalities so that courts will not treat the entities in the group as alter egos of each other. +all insurance policies and all claim-related documents must consistently reference the relevant company within the group +claim payments must be carefully recorded against the books of the correct company. +is completely formal +so that it can be mechanically determined whether a given expression is legal +terms +formulas +strings of symbols +logical symbols +always have the same meaning +non-logical symbols +meaning varies by interpretation +and +there is a unique parse tree +readability of formulas +colons +proof of unique readability +Polish notation +punctuation symbols +it is hard for humans to read +compact and elegant +infix +first-order +∀x∃y L(x,y) +8 +9 and 10 +used to demonstrate, on a purely syntactic basis +one formula is a logical consequence of another formula. +Hilbert-style deductive systems, natural deduction, the sequent calculus, the tableaux method +are often called derivations in proof theory +They are also often called proofs +one common rule of inference is the rule of substitution +then φ[t/x] (often denoted φ[x/t]) +one can conclude φ[t/x] from φ provided that no free variable of t becomes bound +If some free variable of t becomes bound, then to substitute t for x it is first necessary to change the bound variables of φ +by renaming the bound variable x of φ to something else, say z +which will be false in many interpretations. The problem is that the free variable x of t became bound during the substitution. +The intended replacement can be obtained by renaming the bound variable x of φ to something else, say z +The substitution rule +It is entirely syntactical +It has (syntactically defined) limitations on when it can be applied +because of interactions between free and bound variables that occur during syntactic manipulations of the formulas involved in the inference rule. +a list of formulas, each of which is a logical axiom +a hypothesis that has been assumed for the derivation at hand, or follows from previous formulas via a rule of inference +The logical axioms consist of several axiom schemas of logically valid formulas +The rules of inference enable the manipulation of quantifiers. +Typical Hilbert-style systems have a small number of rules of inference, along with several infinite schemas of logical axioms. +First-order logic +first-order predicate calculus +(non-logical) objects +the use of sentences that contain variables +quantification theory +quantified variables +First-order logic +first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus +quantification theory, and predicate logic +does not use quantifiers +quantification theory +propositional logic +variables +linguistics +quantified variables +a collection of formal systems +mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science +first-order predicate calculus +It allows the use of sentences that contain variables +does not use quantifiers +LHS +RHS +satisfy also formula 5 +formula 5 is not a logical consequence of formula 2 +denotation to all non-logical constants in that language +It also determines a domain of discourse that specifies the range of the quantifiers +formal semantics +Tarskian semantics +a set of n-tuples of elements of the domain of discourse +given an interpretation, a predicate symbol, and n elements of the domain of discourse +an interpretation I(P) of a binary predicate symbol P +if its first argument is less than the second. +does not rely on variable assignment functions +syntactically +so that each new constant symbol is assigned to its corresponding element of the domain +one first adds to the signature a collection of constant symbols +because an interpretation on its own does not determine the truth value of such a formula +a formula with free variables is said to be satisfied by an interpretation if the formula remains true +regardless which individuals from the domain of discourse are assigned to its free variables +saying that a formula is satisfied if and only if its universal closure is satisfied. +Infinitary logic +infinite conjunctions and disjunctions +admit generalized signatures +a tree +with their parse trees +The set of free variables in a formula of Lκω +In other infinitary logics +only finitely +Lκ∞ +Lκλ +first-order logic +several +additional quantifiers and the full semantics +full semantics +no effective deduction system +second-order logic +nodes +compactness theorem +no formula φ(x,y) +directed edges +compactness theorem +Connectedness +more subtle limitations +nodes +directed edges +bad +connected graphs +second +Second-order logic +axiom systems +fewer attractive metalogical properties +the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem +compactness theorem of first-order logic +semidecidable +1937 +1936 +David Hilbert +a negative answer +1937 +David Hilbert +halting +1928 +Alonzo Church +Automated theorem +formal proofs +because the search space can be very large; +computationally infeasible +heuristic functions +Metamath +Mizar and Isabelle +doing simple proof searches +"kernel". +lemmas +The Löwenheim–Skolem theorem +infinitary logics and higher-order logics +categorical +Lindström's theorem +Löwenheim–Skolem theorem +first-order +categorical +metalogical +first-order +Restrictions +a trade-off +derivations in the limited systems +shorter proofs of metalogical results +deductive +shorter +restrictions +deductive +limited +deductive systems +sound +complete +semidecidable +automated theorem +(all provable statements are true in all models +(all statements which are true in all models are provable). +semidecidable +Löwenheim–Skolem theorem +much progress has been made in automated theorem proving +No first-order theory +mathematics +Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory +second-order logic +formalization of mathematics into axioms and is studied in the foundations of mathematics +Peano arithmetic +Zermelo–Fraenkel +categorical axiom systems) +second-order logic. +predicate +denoted +takes an entity or entities in the domain of discourse as input and outputs either True or False. +by variables such as p and q +distinguishes first-order logic from propositional logic. +True or False. +these sentences are viewed as being unrelated +(or model) +what each predicate means +of discourse or universe +usually required to be a nonempty set. +entities that can instantiate the variables +arities of function symbols and predicate symbols +2 +1 +ordered pair +two +many-sorted +axiom +unary predicate symbol +domain of discourse +unary predicates +first +first +full first-order +full first-order +first-order theory of cardinality λ +infinite model +models of every infinite cardinality greater than or equal to λ +first-order +Löwenheim–Skolem +nonstandard +continuum +Skolem's paradox +first +finite +Kurt Gödel +model theory +compactness theorem +100 mph +specialty goalie skates +side to side +leg pads +fewer goals in each game and many official rule changes +contact with other skaters, sticks, pucks, the boards, and the ice itself +Blade length, thickness (width), and curvature (rocker/radius (front to back) and radius of hollow (across the blade width) +the overall maneuverability of the skate +1/8 of an inch thick +The curve +easier backhand shots +lifting the puck easier +a long, relatively wide, and slightly curved flat blade +a stronger player +high risk +body check +physical contact +concussions, broken bones, hyperextensions, and muscle strains +20 – 30 mph +Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face +direct trauma +delivering a check from behind +a check to the head +concussion +defensive +attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play +Stick checking, sweep checking, and poke checking +Body checking +body checking +2006 +to score a goal by taking a shot. +shoot +Offensive tactics +a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player +one-timer +Headmanning +Headmanning +Loafing +the act of attacking the opposition in their defensive zone +shooting the puck into the offensive zone and then chasing after it +2–1–2, 1–2–2, and 1–4 +The 1–4 +The 2–1–2 +offensive +Cycling +Pinching +saucer +British +John Franklin +lieutenant governor +soldiers and immigrants +New Brunswick +paintings +the Mi'kmaq +Ottawa +St. Lawrence River +dehuntshigwa'es +King's College School +1844 +chapter XI +1773 +Windsor, Nova Scotia +March 3, 1875 +Victoria Skating Rink +Montreal +nine +2.4 m +1876 +seven +1880 +twelve +field hockey +National teams representing the member federations of the IIHF compete annually in the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championships. +the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs +For many years, the tournament was an amateur-only tournament, but this restriction was removed, beginning in the 1970s. +Since it is held in the spring, the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs +Players are not paid to play in the tournament, but insurance and expenses are covered from the tournament revenues. +The 1972 Summit Series and 1974 Summit Series, two series pitting the best Canadian and Soviet players without IIHF restrictions were major successes, +In the spirit of best-versus-best without restrictions on amateur or professional status, the series were followed by five Canada Cup tournaments, +The United States won in 1996 +the 1979 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous '87. +Canada won in 2004. +age 20 and under +Davos, Switzerland +between Christmas and New Year's Day +European Trophy, Tampere Cup and the Pajulahti Cup +annually +1917 +the Boston Bruins +The Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Americans +1924 +30 +these teams were divided into two conferences and four divisions +1967 +World Hockey Association +12 +2004-2005 +rapidly rising payroll costs +The owners insisted on the players accepting a salary cap that would slow the rising payroll. +the end of the collective bargaining agreement on September 16, 2012. +"Locked Out." +"The A," +30 +Southern Professional Hockey League +mid-level minor league in the United States with a few players under contract to NHL or AHL teams +the United States and Canada +shinny +2002 +Roulston Lake in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, Canada +lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter +no hitting and very little shooting, placing a greater emphasis on skating, puckhandling and passing abilities +104,173 +the University of Michigan +113,411 +The Big Chill at the Big House +to reserve remaining tickets for students +infractions of the rules +penalty box +two minutes +five minutes +short-handed +2005–2006 season +four-minute +major penalty +boarding +visible injury (such as bleeding) +two players being assessed five-minute fighting majors +least three skaters +offending player is ejected from the game +nineteen minutes +both teams will have only four skating players +on a "breakaway" +A penalty shot +penalty shot +A penalty shot +centre red-line +two-line offside pass +play was stopped +centre line +1998 +Montreal +1883 +McGill +Carnival Cup +1886 +1885 +Oxford Dark Blues +6–0 +1895 +Carr-Harris Cup +Players are permitted to "bodycheck +boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck +Markings on the ice indicate the locations for the faceoff and guide the positioning of players. +Play can be stopped if the goal is knocked out of position. +Lord Stanley of Preston +silver bowl +1893 +Montreal Hockey Club +Stanley Cup +ball +1893 +Malcolm Greene Chace +Baltimore +1896 +five-team +Great Britain +Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace +bandy +International Ice Hockey Federation +three major +offside", "icing", and the puck going out of play. +A player is "offside" if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself. +whistles. +sudden death overtime +single five-minute sudden death period +twenty-minute periods +two points +four players (plus a goalie) +two points +one point +three players plus a goalie. +1862 +Windsor, Nova Scotia +The Stannus Street Rink +1897 +The Aberdeen Pavilion +penalty shootout +team with the most goals +sudden death format +two points +Ties no longer occur in the NHL +Boston's Matthews Arena +Northeastern University +Boston Bruins +Madison Square Garden +1968 +the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL) +Western Pennsylvania Hockey League +1904 +1907 +Michigan and Ontario +forward passes +only backward passes were allowed +Before the 1930s +offside rules +six +a line change +three +at any time during the game +changing on the fly +74 +National Hockey League +The Kontinental Hockey League +The International Ice Hockey Federation +Canada +simple stick and ball games +Montreal +1880s +March 3, 1875 +Canada +The "Big Six" +five +177 +Canadian national team or the United States national team +69 +cheer +fighting +players gets hit hard +10-minute +ice hockey +fighting +amateur +10-minute +ice hockey +cheer +1773 +King Edward III +John Strype +1363 +Juvenile Sports and Pastimes +350 percent +350 percent +Canada +Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League +Ice hockey +women +350 percent +Canadian Women's Hockey League +The IIHF +1902 +Montreal and Trois-Rivieres +1920s +1960s +two +shinty +IJscolf +knattleikr +colf or kolf +bandie ball +1969–70 +Lightning +goaltender +Karen Koch +Several +1924 +six +Canada +The United States +The 2010 games +penalties +speed up the game of hockey +United States amateur hockey +provides more protection to the players +retreating from the past where illegal hits, fights, and "clutching and grabbing" among players were commonplace +more penalties +provides more protection to the players and facilitates more goals being scored +zero tolerance +delayed penalty +score a goal +penalty is still assessed to the offending player, but not served +penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores +mishandle the puck into their own net +delayed penalty +the team on which the penalty was called cannot control the puck without stopping play, it is impossible for them to score a goal +the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play +2012 +college games, the penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores +two to four +calling "offside" and "icing" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs +call goals and all other penalties +goal judges, time keepers, and official scorers +one referee and two linesmen +an additional referee is added to aid in the calling of penalties normally difficult to assess by one single referee +IIHF World Championships, the Olympics and in many professional and high-level amateur leagues +Europe +ice hockey is a full contact sport in men's hockey, body checks are allowed so injuries are a common occurrence +helmet (cage worn if certain age or clear plastic visor can be worn) +jill +neck protector +PhD thesis +MD thesis +Diploma of Specialised Studies +Diploma of Specialised Studies +DESC +medical officer candidates +university degree +Sanitätsoffizieranwärter +SfH +federal +three four +first two years +federal medical exam +last year +last year +Facharzt +six +Arzt +Dr. med. +Facharzt +vwo +three +6 +three years +hospitals +United States +teacher of medicine +ancient Scotland +Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery +MD or DM +(hospitals) of the medieval Islamic world +Baghdad +872 +Spain, Persia and the Maghreb +medical students +Doctor of Medicine +England and Scotland +The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York +mid-19th century +ancient universities of Scotland +United States Medical Licensing Examination +one internship year +four years +three to eight +a fellowship +Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum +doctor of medicine and master of surgery +residency +Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination +MD +in peer-reviewed journals +Medical Scientist Training Program +first professional degrees +physician-scientist +Howard Hughes Medical Institute +Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery +MD +between four and six years +clinical +MBBS, MBChB, or an equivalent US-MD degree +at least five-years +house officers +doctor +University of Cambridge +portfolio +career's contribution to the science or art of medicine +representing a substantial contribution to medical research +an internal ranking examination +to implement the numerus clausus +biophysics and biochemistry, anatomy, ethics or histology +twice. +theoretical +University of the Philippines College of Medicine +Our Lady of Fatima University +Saint Louis University International School of Medicine +University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery +UERMMMC College of Medicine +1994 +Ateneo de Zamboanga University School of Medicine +University of New Mexico +University of Calgary in Canada +5-year +four years +first and second years +second and third years +fourth year +After PGI +MBBS degree +the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine +MBBS degree +theoretical +2–4 years +'master in medicine' courses +graduates are literally 'basic doctors' (basisartsen) +three years +theoretical and clinical study +internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics +clinics +the Dutch +final year +first two +'pre-specialization' +Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery B.A.M.S +Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery BUMS +Bachelor of Sidha Medicine and Surgery BSMS +6-year +Ayurveda M.D (Ayu) +7 years +1-year +2 years +1897 +100 years +6 years +2 years +1 year +3 years +a year +scholarships +University of Tunis +Tunis, Sfax, Sousse and Monastir +five years. +four +Diplomate of National Board +1912 +three years +the successful completion of an examination +State Medical Councils +After obtaining the first postgraduate degree +Doctor of Medicine +Magister Chirurgiae +DNB (superspecialties) +National Board of Examinations +after high school +7-7.5 years +a certificate in general medicine +Ministry of health and Medical Education of Iran +Medical Council of Iran +the European 6-year model +four-year +over 740 +Bar-Ilan University +Doctor of Medicine +Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery +five years of study +because of the integrated curriculum +a fellow of the relevant specialty is awarded +three years of clinical internship +six years +First Degree of Physician +Doctorate in Medicine program +National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation +Medical Title +five and a half years +in a pre-clinical or clinical subject of a non-surgical nature +MD +Master of Surgery (MS) +MBBS +Australian MBBS +Australian Qualifications Framework +British +honorary doctorates +graduates +styling of the degree title +MD +The University of Melbourne +basic medical degree +Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees +U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development +633,782 +1.35 million +National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty +3.7 percent +Texas, California and Florida +57,849 +12 percent +2.5 million +Just under 8 percent +Eric Garcetti +more than 60,000 +Los Angeles +seven +$100 million +2008 +domestic violence +from the poorer classes to the wealthier classes +2011 +2007 +individuals and families that were homeless, both sheltered and unsheltered +improved considerably +US Department of Housing and Urban Development +2011 +80% +the Coalition for the Homeless, +About half +37 percent +64 percent +said to have family who could house them +Applicants may have faced overcrowding, +Mary Brosnaham, +long-term joblessness +$54,000 +at least half +about a third of the adult workers in New York City +March 2010 +the Bloomberg administration +$37 million +doubt over the legality +15,000 +61% +7,000–10,000 +$200 million +In 2010 +Coalition On Homelessness +29 percent +eighth +$2,544,454 +the suburbs +Social Services +Leah Esguerra +12-week +drop in inappropriate behavior. +3.5 million +HUD +2009 +three years +2008 +The San Jose University Library +in-house reading space +computer classes +nonprofit organizations +750,000 +President Obama +Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22" +May +homelessness +Executive Branch +1987 +19 +2001 +The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness +ten-year +2010 +White House +U.S. +Chicago +5,922 +Illinois +2007 +McKinney-Vento Act +were not successful +homeless numbers remained stubbornly high +During the 1990s +have been able to reduce chronic homelessness +431,541 +535,447 +families with children +HUD-VASH program +The center takes its name from a homosexual teenager who lived on the streets for much of the 1990s +The center takes its name from a homosexual teenager who lived on the streets for much of the 1990s +Ali Forney was himself murdered by an attacker who has not yet been identified +New York City +Many communities and states across the country have created these plans +2001 +U.S. ICH +Housing First initiatives +criminal victimization rate +109 +Eighteen +15, 16 and 18 +Albuquerque +643,000 +October 1, 2008 and September 30, 2009 +1.56 +44% +skid row +skid row +soup, soap, and salvation +The Bowery Mission +1879 +36 Bowery +New York City Draft Riots +men who were interested in mission work +150 +227–229 Bowery +1980–1991 +federal funds +6% +homelessness +60% decrease in federal spending +public housing and Section 8 +$19 billion +affordable housing +300,000 +8.9 million +emancipated teenagers +Stewart B. McKinney +1994 +nighttime residence +2010 +other third +1.56 million +Nearly two-thirds +middle-aged +one +2004 +prisoner reentry +lack of affordable housing +mental illness +low-paying jobs +87 percent +1980s +75 +a single mother and children +87 percent +68 +male +More than 40 +38 +1.6 million +Denver, Colorado +issues that underlie homelessness +2003 +Denver's infamously cold winters +Now officials have said that this number has risen over the past few years. +Homeless advocate and urban designer +building a Pedestrian village for the adult homeless +Tiger Bay Village +Volusia County +a community garden and orchard +66 percent +60 percent +20 percent +33 percent +40 +as many as 15,000 individuals +Blueprint to End Homelessness +2001 +making panhandling a misdemeanor +faith-based shelters +2013 +$31,000 a year +$10,051 per person per year +$149 million +107 +39,463 +190,207 +by means of a telephone survey +51,340 +50 block area east of downtown Los Angeles +mental illness +substance abuse +Bringing America Home Act +reliable and stable housing +universal +the first city-operated day center for chronically homeless persons +October 2009 +Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston +3,400-square-foot (320 m2) +Woods Mullen Shelter +governmental and non-governmental organizations. +advocating +National Alliance to End Homelessness +creation of policy +3.5 million +$28.5 billion +Helping Other People Everyday +800 +$1.4 billion +Education of homeless youth +Education of homeless youth +The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act +the stigma of being homeless +behavioral disorders, and lack of attendance in school +Dr. Rebecca T. Brown +Journal of Geriatric Internal Medicine +Journal of Geriatric Internal Medicine +elderly homeless population +homeless +blame them for their situation, and feel that their requests for money or support (usually via begging) are unjustified. In the 1990s +Penn State +familiarity breeds sympathy" and greater support for addressing the problem +physically attractive persons are judged more positively than physically unattractive individuals on various traits +Public Agenda +67 percent of New Yorkers agreed that most homeless people were without shelter +36 percent +everyone has a right to shelter +found support for investments in prevention, rental assistance and permanent housing for the homeless +National Coalition for the Homeless +386 +violence against the homeless +155 +hate crimes +National Coalition for the Homeless +violence against the homeless +386 +155 +hate crimes +1984 +Ending Chronic Homelessness through Employment and Housing +The Bush Administration +$10 million from HUD and $3.5 million from DOL +May 20, 2009 +Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing +Rural Housing Stability Program +amends and reauthorizes the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act +2009 +housing to homeless people +private community-based apartments +people with substance abuse problems or mental health issues +National Alliance to End Homelessness +A Plan, Not a Dream: How to End Homelessness in Ten Years +10-year plans +emergency shelters, soup kitchens and health clinic +June of every year since 2007 +Annual Homeless Assessment Report +Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) +single-night, point-in-time counts of both sheltered and unsheltered homeless populations +The Amen Break +clean and formal +King Tubby, Peter Tosh, Sly & Robbie, Bill Laswell, Lee Perry, Mad Professor, Roots Radics, Bob Marley and Buju Banton +dirty +James Brown, Al Green, Marvin Gaye, Ella Fitzgerald, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Billie Holiday, Aretha Franklin, Otis Redding, the Supremes, the Commodores +Miles Davis +Lead Belly, Robert Johnson, Charlie Patton, Muddy Waters and B.B King +The Winstons +"Amen break" +1988 +Reese/The Reese Project +Tronik House +increased speed +lyrics +Grandmaster Flash, Roger Troutman, Afrika Bambaata, Run DMC, Mac Dre, Public Enemy, Schooly D, N.W.A +1980s and early 1990s +hip-hop +deep sub-bass musical pattern which can be felt physically through powerful sound systems due to the low-range frequencies favoured. +There has been considerable exploration of different timbres in the bass line region +sampled sources or synthesizers +different timbres +160–180 BPM +breakbeat-based +around 130–140 BPM +130 bpm +170–180 range +drop +mixing points +the drop +a more difficult exercise +"rewind" or "reload" or "lift up" +the UK +the drum and bass Ibiza +Brazilian drum and bass +Colombia +twice +jungle +German Drum and Bass DJ The Panacea +German +Raggacore +Darkcore +Linkin Park +quoting +synth and basslines +the United States +Nine Inch Nails, David Bowie +Sony Music and Universal +Roni Size's Full Cycle Records +Roni Size, Krust and DJ Die +have shown very little interest +SoundCloud and MixCloud +Podcasts +over pirate radio +radio and television +YouTube, Dailymotion +BBC Radio 1Xtra +Xtra Bass +development of Drum and Bass +Don FM +abruptly dropped all non-mainstream genres to focus on mainstream EDM +Rough Tempo +early 2000s until 2014 +Tuesday +DJ Prime and Mr. Brown +Expansions +Edge Essential Mix +Digital Empire +From its roots in the UK +Drum and Bass remains most popular in the UK, +hip hop, big beat, dubstep, house music, trip hop, ambient music, techno, rock and pop +breakcore, ragga jungle, hardstep, darkstep, techstep +The major international music labels have shown very little interest in the drum and bass scene. +rave music +beats per minute +heavy basslines and samples of older Jamaican music +hip-hop +rave music tended to feature stronger bass sounds and a faster tempo +By 1994 +junglists +some associations with violence and criminal activity +London +1995 +As the genre became generally more polished and sophisticated technically +jump-up and Hardstep +1995–1997 +techstep +1996–1997 +big beat and hard house +speed garage +high tempos and heavy basslines +grime and dubstep +garage house +Connecticut +New Jersey +Rhode Island +Hartford +Bridgeport +Connecticut +New York +Habits +Cheshire +New Haven +Dutch +Huys de Goede Hoop +Park and Connecticut +1630s +Thomas Hooker +northeast and northwest +Litchfield Green, Lebanon Green (the largest in the state), and Wethersfield Green +Lebanon +tourism +Wethersfield +Fairfield +southwestern +Fairfield +Rye +17th +36 +151 +two-thirds +18 +November +judicial +thirty minutes +Chief Justice of Connecticut +Chase +deciding on the constitutionality of the law or cases +Rhode Island +eight +1960 +the state marshal system +2000 +169 +towns +cities +the Town of Groton +Connecticut +15 +Tolland County +Intragovernmental Policy Division +Office of Planning and Management +15 +in Fairfield County +Republican +suburban towns +Democratic +Democrat +Republican +George H.W. Bush +George W. Bush +governor +1953 +NCAA +2014 +2004 +90 +2008 +place of long tidal river +Mohegan +The Provisions State +1959 +quonehtacut +Connecticuter +Yankee Doodle +CT +Connecticotian +Connecticutensian +western and southern Connecticut +Eastern Connecticut +1790 +the Gold Coast +Cheshire +increase of 75,991 people +5,791 +outside the United States +2005 +census +Hurricane Sandy +three +electric outages +Halloween nor'easter +98 percent +George W. Bush +running mate +five votes +corruption investigation +65 +4.1 percent +the bazooka +weaponry and supplies +Pratt & Whitney +Lend-Lease +political conservatism +Dwight and Noah Webster +1814 +Republican Party +Religious tensions +weapons and supplies +James H. Ward of Hartford +2801 +55,000 +thirty +J. P. Morgan +120,000 +New Haven +"The Consolidated," +steamship lines +1917 and 1918 +war bonds +Connecticut State Council of Defense +running at half capacity +soldiers +September 21, 1938 +"Long Island Express" +Old Saybrook and Stonington +Heavy rainfall +estimated 50,000 +Rhode Island +five +Puerto Ricans +Irish +French Canadians +Roman Catholic +Long Island Sound +the Catholic Church +96,506 +West Hartford +$60,847 +New York +third +7.32 percent +Hartford +All wages +New York and Massachusetts +a credit +they may owe taxes +the Connecticut tax exceeds the amount withheld by the other jurisdiction +6.35% +clothing under $50 +July 1, 2011 +no additional sales taxes +one week +All real and personal property +$300 +Connecticut +New Jersey +20% +Finance and insurance +gross domestic product +16.4 +15 +The Hartford +Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun +170,000 jobs annually +Native American reservations +more than $14 billion in economic activity +Oyster harvesting +25 million pounds +19th century +the last oyster sloop built in Connecticut. +the oyster capital of the world +the Connecticut Turnpike +Connecticut Route 15 +A series of terrible crashes +U.S. Route 7 +56% +2,400 +the Atlantic Ocean +humid continental climate +subtropical climate +38 °F (3 °C) +29 °F (−2 °C) +50–60 inches (1,300–1,500 mm) +20–25 inches (510–640 mm) +Interstate 84 +81 °F (27 °C) +summer +87 °F (31 °C) +30 +one tornado per year +Adriaen Block +1614 +"House of Hope" +Versche Rivier +Algonquian +1633 +the Connecticut Colony at Hartford +Thomas Hooker +1636 +The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony +the "Constitution State" +1662 +King Charles II +the "Great Compromise" +the Connecticut Charter of 1662 +1787 +Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth +the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan +Virginia and New Jersey +the early 20th century +2018 +Central Corridor Rail Line +the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line +the Metropolitan Transportation Authority +Dannel Malloy +January 5, 2011 +Ella Grasso +Nancy Wyman +1818 +Mental Health and Addiction Services +Public Utility Regulatory Authority +Veterans Affairs +Emergency Management and Public Protection +Energy & Environmental Protection +declaring an affiliation to a political party +58% +about 8 unaffiliated for every 7 in the Democratic Party +for every 4 in the Connecticut Republican Party +town and/or city, state legislative districts for both houses, Congressional districts, and statewide +In almost all races +Several processes +on the basis of their respective performances in the most recent election covering the same constituency +every four years +the benefit of appearing in one of the top two rows on the ballot +belonging to the two parties that polled best, statewide, in the gubernatorial column +below major parties +a party convention for the office's constituency +members of the town party committee +choose to endorse a candidate +the endorsed candidate and all who meet the threshold appear on the primary ballot +most winning candidates +"professionally managed" primary-election campaign +in a situation such as his win, the top "three" parties in the governor's race all became major parties +Lowell Weicker +Connecticut Western Reserve +people from Connecticut +Pennsylvania and New York +Northwest Territory +U.S. government +General Sir Henry Clinton +Redding encampment +winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania +supply depot in Danbury +"Connecticut's Valley Forge." +Hudson River +Greenwich Bay +war +New Netherland +Westmoreland County +English Crown +Massachusetts Bay +void in political affairs +Charles II +New Haven +with a raid on a Pequot village +laid siege to Saybrook Colony's garrison +Pequot village on the Mystic River +between 300 and 700 Pequots +Fairfield +inflected language +root meaning and markers +markers specifying the grammatical use of the word +compact sentence elements +amō +changed by changing the markers +The semantic element does not change +express different grammatical functions +he or she will love +All natural languages contain ambiguities +five +a group of nouns with similar inflected forms +the genitive singular form of the noun +The fourth declension, with a predominant ending letter of u +the fifth declension +First and second declension adjectives +like second declension nouns +like a regular second declension neuter noun +like first declension nouns +Latin belongs to one of four main conjugations +the last letter of the verb's present stem +a class of verbs with similar inflected forms +stripping the -re (or -ri, in the case of a deponent verb) ending from the present infinitive form +Irregular verbs +a consonant +the i-stems +like the 4th conjugation +Indo-European languages. +six +two +the present, imperfect, and future tenses +the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses +272 BC +adopting features of Greek culture +hellenization +the Romans began hellenizing, or adopting features of Greek culture, +Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ +for the sake of realism +for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin. +for the sake of realism +Semper paratus +goddess of truth, +Salus populi suprema lex esto +To the stars through hardships +between long and short vowels +the apex +⟨I⟩ +macron +diphthongs +a sequence of two vowels in different syllables in aēnus +sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and one of the semivowels +cuius [ˈkʊj.jʊs] +Old Italic alphabet +Phoenician alphabet +Celtic +Vietnamese +unity in phonological forms and developments +Christian (Roman Catholic) culture +Moorish conquest of Spain +711 +largely cut off from the unifying influences +Medieval Latin +Latin continued without its natural spoken base +Holy Roman Empire and its allies +Germanic and Slavic nations +incipient Romance languages +auxiliary verbs +linguistic cohesion +many words have been changed +Medieval Latin +The Renaissance +Renaissance Humanists +Renaissance Humanists +producing revised editions of the literary works +15th century +Catholic Church +Tridentine Mass +Canon law +Vatican City +Latin +75 BC +Vulgar Latin +Classical Latin +comic playwrights +3rd century AD +several hundred +Loeb Classical Library +printing +Oxford Classical Texts +field of Classics +Meissner's +fairy tales +the Grinch +Latin +to garner popular interest +Old French +Saint Augustine of Canterbury +Greek +inkhorn terms +Latin +Roman dominion +Pliny the Elder +Galen +Roman engineering +legal Latin terms +the Classics +Instruction in Latin +Wheelock's Latin: The Classic Introductory Latin Course +1956 +Harvard University +as a means of both spoken and written communication +at the Vatican and at some institutions in the U.S. +The British Cambridge University Press +The British Cambridge University Press +the adventures of a mouse called Minimus +publications and grants +Via Facilis, a London-based charity +National Junior Classical League +more than 50,000 members +the American Classical League +some time before the Trojan War +There are no hard and fast rules of classification +different scholars emphasize different features +by subtle differences +the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church +the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically +The Decline of the Roman Empire +in Christian writings of the time +This language was more in line with the everyday speech +vernacular Latin was free to develop on its own +computability theory +because the number of possible algorithms is +not computable +busy beaver function +Use of f(A) +square brackets +f−1[B] and f−1[b] +the domain is also an element of the domain +first applying f to x to obtain y = f(x) and then applying g to y to obtain z = g(y) +reading the notation as "g of f" or "g after f" +when the codomain of f is the domain of g +the function on the right, f, acts first and the function on the left, g acts second, reversing English reading order +overriding union +(f ⊕ g): (X ∪ W) → Y +associative operation +it has the empty function as an identity element +X → Y, by [X → Y], or by YX +|YX| = |Y||X| +enumerative combinatorics +uncountably many functions +function f from X to Y +there is exactly one element y +one ordered pair +x in X +the ordered pair (x, y) is contained in the subset +f. +sgn(x) +the argument +The parentheses around the argument +v(t) +the specification of the domain and codomain +clear +f and g +f(x) = 4 − x +the maximal possible domain +a dot +a special symbol +{\displaystyle \scriptstyle a(\cdot )^{2}} +functional nature +variable +Functions +finite strings to finite strings +computable functions +Euclidean algorithm +two positive integers +function +read "f of x" +The output of a function f corresponding to an input x is denoted by +f(x) +Functions +the graph of the function +a table +a formula or algorithm +domain +codomain +graph +range +function spaces +a red triangle, a yellow rectangle, a green hexagon, and a red square +"color-of-the-shape function" +the "color-of-the-shape function" +to exactly one color +the argument +codomain +domain +value +two different ways +domain +codomain +codomain is not specified +set of ordered pairs with no specific codomain +f maps X into Y +f: X → Y +ordered triple +a type of relation +a set of ordered pairs +triple (X, Y, F) +a type of correspondence +correspondence +single-valued relations +recursion theory and functional analysis +x = 0 +a partial function +structure-preserving functions +category theory +well-defined function +empty function +requirement for sets to form a category +ordered pair +ordered pair +at ordered pair (0, 0) +signed distances from the origin +Cartesian +its origin +two +its origin +coordinate axis or just axis +Cartesian coordinates +n Cartesian coordinates +perpendicular +three mutually perpendicular planes +René Descartes +17th century +geometric shapes (such as curves) +algebraic +Cartesian coordinates +analytic +the concept of the graph of a function +Cartesian coordinates +1637 +did not +Pierre de Fermat +Frans van Schooten and his students +1649 +in parentheses and separated by commas +The origin +by the letters (x, y) in the plane, and (x, y, z) in three-dimensional space +This custom comes from a convention of algebra +given quantities +height +toward the viewer, biased either to the right or left +the presumed viewer or camera perspective +pointing "out of the page" towards the viewer or camera +right-handedness +(the Y-axis) +the X-axis +the Y-axis +(the X-axis) +θ +up +the x- and y-axes +horizontal +two +'right-handed' and 'left-handed' +a three-dimensional object is represented on the two-dimensional screen +the "middle" axis +The axis pointing downward +parallel +The red circle +right-handed +between a convex cube a +convex cube and a concave "corner" +ambiguity +imagine the x-axis as pointing towards the observer +x-axis and y-axis +versors +standard basis +x,y,z +There is no natural interpretation +z = x + iy +(0, 1) +imaginary unit +Cartesian +three +spatial size +origin +Kilometers +10,000 km +Prime Meridian +longitude = −73.985656, latitude = 40.748433 +40,000/2π +spatial apps +four or more variables +kilograms, seconds, pounds, etc +geometry of Cartesian coordinates +graph of a function or relation +sketch +calculus +a function or relation +origin +negative +one +its distance from O, +a straight line +length +An orientation +the origin +points +rectangular coordinate system +oblique +the x-axis is taken to be horizontal and the y-axis is taken to be vertical. +horizontal +vertical +rectangular coordinate system +the origin for both +is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. +oblique" axes, that is, axes that did not meet at right angles +an ordered triplet of lines (axes) that are pair-wise perpendicular, have a single unit of length for all three axes and have an orientation for each axis. +a single unit of length +perpendicular +a number line +a Cartesian plane. +pairs of real numbers +lists +Cartesian coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous +allow axes that are not perpendicular to each other, and/or different units along each axis +by projecting the point onto one axis along a direction that is parallel to the other axis +the computations of distances and angles +the Pythagorean formula +symbol Sn +10 stable isotopes +germanium and lead +obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite +has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4 +The first alloy used on a large scale since 3000 BC was bronze +corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel +was used for flatware from the Bronze Age until the 20th century +tin-plated metal was used for food packaging as tin cans +Tin is a malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. +Tin melts at a low temperature of about 232 °C (450 °F) +a crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals +177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles +β-tin (the metallic form, or white tin), which is stable at and above room temperature, is malleable. +α-tin (nonmetallic form, or gray tin), which is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) +Two more allotropes, γ and σ, exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F) and pressures above several GPa +on the addition of Sb or Bi, the transformation may not occur at all, increasing the durability of the tin. +In cold conditions, β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "tin pest". +because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead and silver present as impurities. +Tin tends rather easily to form hard, brittle intermetallic phases, which are often undesirable. +copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium and silver increase its hardness. +Simple eutectic systems, however, occur with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium and zinc. +Tin +to be studied +the Meissner effect +tin crystals +corrosion from water +acids and alkalis +protective coat +protective oxide layer +a catalyst +ten +116Sn, 118Sn and 120Sn +NMR spectroscopy +120Sn (at almost a third of all tin), 118Sn, and 116Sn +115Sn +50 +50 +29 +100Sn +nuclides possessing a "doubly magic" nucleus +reconstructed Proto-Germanic +branches of Indo-European +Germanic languages +tinne +tenn +an alloy of silver and lead +plumbum candidum +tin +unknown +Cornwall +3000 BC +less than 2% +the Near East +health risks +early in the Bronze Age +SnO2 +Cassiterite +alluvial channels +granite +black, purple +both oxidation states +volatile molecular compounds +polymeric +iodides +polymeric solids +Tin(II) chloride +chlorine +SnCl2 and hydrogen gas +stannous chloride +comproportionation +50%/50% +resistance to corrosion +spotted metal +lead +tin +50%/50% +varying amounts of a tin/lead alloy +the pipe's tone +tin +spotted metal +pierced tin +Punched tin lanterns +central Europe +Paul Revere +pierced tin +central Europe +Punched tin lanterns +Revere type lantern +Paul Revere +lead +used for joining pipes or electric circuits +on 1 July 2006 +a higher melting point, and the formation of tin whiskers causing electrical problems +leading to loss of the soldered joint +used for coating lead, zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation +in London in 1812. +"cans" or "tin cans" +can of beer" +because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel +copper +Tin +bronze and/or brass alloys +Bronze is mostly copper (12% tin), while addition of phosphorus gives phosphor bronze +Bell metal +Nb3Sn +commercially used as wires for superconducting magnets +(25 T) +A superconducting magnet weighing as little as two kilograms is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional electromagnet weighing tons +, due to the material's high critical temperature (18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 T) +negative electrode +Tin +catalyze decomposition of carbonate-based electrolytes +Li-ion +organotin +cyanide +"almost unknown" +toxic +organic +stannous chloride +Stille reaction +organotin +stannous fluoride +sodium fluoride +gingivitis +becomes biologically inactive +SnF2 +wood preservative +2003 +over 25 meters long +persistent organic pollutants +Sony +some crystalline facets of tetragonal +Nexelion cells +instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface +stabilization of PVC plastics +labile chloride ions +organotin compounds +dibutyltin dichloride +tin +The Occupational Safety and Health Administration +2 mg/m3 +The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health +100 mg/m3 +Tin +cassiterite +when tin is heated in the presence of air +amphoteric +both the +2 and +4 +Stannane +tributyltin hydride (Sn(C4H9)3H) +Stannane (SnH4) +transient tributyl tin radicals +Organotin compounds +Organotin compounds +the organic derivatives +biocides +Edward Frankland +colorless +air and water +tetrahedral geometry +Tetraalkyl- and tetraaryltin compounds +by redistribution reactions +tetraorgano +The mixed halide-alkyls +The mixed halide-alkyls +recycling of scrap +1993 +1989 +14,000 +Secondary +recycling of scrap tin +nearly 14,000 +1993 +southern Mongolia +Seminole Group Colombia +2009 +in southern Mongolia +new deposits of tin were discovered in Colombia +the Seminole Group Colombia CI, SAS +London Metal Exchange (LME) +17 brands +8 +15,000 +renegade militia +The ten largest companies +15,000 tonnes +the mine at Bisie, Democratic Republic of the Congo +on the London Metal Exchange (LME) +complex "agreements" +essentially collapsed +Tin Council (ITC) +1973 through 1980 +complex "agreements" between producer countries and consumer countries +informal and sporadic +1985 +the International Tin Council +the "First International Tin Agreement" +in some areas of the Alps +Before the modern era +one to nine +hearts and tulips. +In America +wooden cupboards of various styles and sizes +floor standing or hanging cupboards +to discourage vermin and insects and to keep dust from perishable foodstuffs +North America +floating molten glass +float glass +on top of molten tin +Pilkington process +from various ores. +in does not occur as the native element +Cassiterite (SnO2) +granite rock +stannite, cylindrite, franckeite, canfieldite, and teallite +long S-process in low-to-medium mass stars +masses of 0.6 to 10 times +beta decay of heavy isotopes of indium. +10 times that of Sun +unusual +"inert pair effect +R2Sn, as seen for singlet carbenes) and distannylenes (R4Sn2) +Tin is often recovered from granules washed downstream +Because of the higher specific gravity +The most economical ways of mining tin are through dredging, hydraulic methods or open cast mining. +Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits +as little as 0.015% tin +mostly in China (110,000 t +About 253,000 tonnes +the dynamics of economic feasibility +the Earth will run out of tin that can be mined in 40 years +current consumption rates and technologies +the U.S. Government tin stockpile +late 1985 +1981–82 +a major "tin crisis" +$4 per pound +women +there are a disproportionate number of women who are nurses, +women, not men, should become nurses, +can be justified +Supreme Court +Virginia Military Institute +academic and leadership development for women +providing liberal arts and professional education +the elimination of publicly supported single-sex educational opportunities +ignoring the diverse pre-political and political developments +women's consciousness-raising groups +Anna NietoGomez +the oppressions women faced +hegemonic feminism +generational division of the second-wave +Baby Boomer generation +before World War II ended +to be generational differences +early 1960s to the early 1980s +new forms of consciousness +Maylei Blackwell +decentered and refocused +gaps and crevices of the second-wave +legal obstacles to gender equality (e.g.., voting rights, property rights), +overturning legal obstacles to gender equality (e.g.., voting rights, property rights) +sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities. +domestic violence and marital rape issues, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law. +Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the United States Constitution, in which they were defeated by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly, +first-wave feminism focused mainly on suffrage and overturning legal obstacles to gender equality +sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities. +domestic violence and marital rape issues, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law. +voting rights, property rights +passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the United States Constitution +French writer Simone de Beauvoir +the notion of women being perceived as "other" in the patriarchal society. She went on to conclude that male-centered ideology was being accepted as a norm +1960 +This made it easier for women to have careers without having to leave due to unexpectedly becoming pregnant +The administration of President Kennedy made women's rights a key issue of the New Frontier +The Second Sex +The Feminine Mystique +she explicitly objected to how women were depicted in the mainstream media, and how placing them at home limited their possibilities +"The Problem That Has No Name" +perfect nuclear family image depicted and strongly marketed at the time, she wrote, did not reflect happiness and was rather degrading for women. +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed +The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963 +"Mother of the Movement" Betty Friedan +The report, which revealed great discrimination against women in American life, +President John F. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality +NOW +many of NOW's leaders were convinced that the vast number of male African-Americans who lived below the poverty line were in need of more job opportunities +Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to enforce more job opportunities among American women +Equal Employment Opportunity +1969 +In 1969 +1980 +1983 +failed negotiations with Barnard College for a merger +1963 +freelance +a Playboy Bunny waitress +the club was mistreating its waitresses in order to gain male customers +support for legalized abortion and federally funded day-cares +the issue of coeducation +Mount Holyoke should remain a women's college +against coeducation +Smith College +extending full affirmative action rights to women +sex-segregated help wanted ads +marital rape +1975 +the changing of social attitudes towards women +Harvard University +1970 +1963 +1999 +Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Women's Studies +sexist +Helen Reddy's song "I Am Woman" +created pop culture of their own +"feminist poster girl" or a "feminist icon". +to create 'positive' images of women +a "free school'" course on women +Heather Booth and Naomi Weisstein +National Conference of New Politics (NCNP) +Willam F. Pepper +Voice of the women's liberation movement +1968 +Seattle's first women's liberation group +by 'balling a chick together.' +the University of Washington +the early 1980s +the "boys' clubs" +gender discrimination +adding the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution +2011 +Ten states +half +increased over time +only 77% +the father's surname comes first, followed by the mother's surname +she usually keeps her birth names, or at least the last one +the father's name is the last, mother's coming first +Since 1977 +the traditions followed in countries like Brazil, Portugal and Angola are somewhat different from the ones in Spain +It spread in the late 19th century +under French influence +during the 1930s and 1940 +Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands' names +in the upper classes +18th and 19th centuries +Short +filthy +pig man +local registrar +the end of the 19th century +known only by their first names +republicanism +A woman would then adopt her husband's full surname after marriage. +morning star +sapphire +branch +their slave masters +18th and 19th centuries +some bear only the last surnames of the parents +euphony, social significance or other reasons. +euphony, social significance +the child may have any other combination of the parents' surnames +village of origin +In India +surnames are placed as last names or before first names +village of origin, caste, clan, office of authority their ancestors held, or trades of their ancestors. +surnames are placed last +given name, followed by the father's name, followed by the family name +The majority of surnames are derived from the place where the family lived +Maharashtra and Goa +South India +t is a common in Kerala and some other parts of South India +the spouse adopts her husband's first name +in Kerala and some other parts of South India that the spouse adopts her husband's first name +Nguyen +40% +The last dynasty in Vietnam was the Nguyen dynasty +when a new dynasty took power in Vietnam it was custom to adopt that dynasty's surname +Greece +Poland +Podwiński +Vilkienė +Vilkaitė +Ryan +Li +English +little king +Lucania +12th +son of Lewis +Scotland +locational +MacLeod +true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds +Spanish-speaking countries +Paz y Miño Estrella +Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella +Chairman of the Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador +Paz y Miño +Telmo +Estrella +Ecuador +patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic (i.e. from the Castilian language) +throughout Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Soria, Logroño, and most of Green Spain +local toponymic surname from Álava +runs along the coastal strip lying north of the Cantabrian and Basque mountains, along the Bay of Biscay +English and several other European cultures +it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen +with the prefix as a separate word +with the prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William", as well as "FitzWilliam" or "Fitzwilliam" +"Ó Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as the anglicized "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan." +classify European surnames +given name, occupational name, location name, nickname, and ornamental name +Giovanni +Beaton +O'Brien +Andersen +1,712 +1% +50% +Smith +the Social Security System +In Spain and in most Spanish-speaking countries +by the various combinations and permutations of surnames. +if "(José) GARCÍA Torres" and "(María) ACOSTA Gómez" had a child named Pablo +Pablo García Acosta +Spain +Spanish +Catalan +Catalonia +Spain +Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America +"de" (of) +her birth name +both parents +1973 +1995 +Spain +Chile +Schneider +occupational name adopted by the servant of a vicar +medieval mystery +King, Lord, Virgin, and Death +19th century +"dit" ("said") +"nom-dit" ("said-name") +Verville +the nom-dit +The Icelandic system +A person's last name +Johansen (son of Johan) +matronymic +English +the inhabited location associated with the person given that name +type of settlement +habitational +different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements +"farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" +In Russia and Bulgaria +Andrey +Sergeyev +Greece +"Monte" +large cities +"hill" +a village in County Galway +resident of Lucca +Ethiopia and Eritrea +the father +a pseudo-surname +rarely +"Mr Abraham." +geographical features +stone river +Yamamoto +above the well. +Hebrew patronymic names +adam +"son of" +Abraham ben Abraham +the city of origin +Tikrit +in Iraq +nisbah +Italian, French, Russian, German, etc +Spanish +old traditional families +rare +fathers' +Some state offices have started to use both last names +reduce the risk of a person being mistaken for others using the same name combinations +father then mother +2008 +only optionally in Spain, despite Argentina being a Spanish-speaking country +mother's last name ahead the father's last name +Portuguese-speaking countries and only optionally in Spain +Chile +in some circles, it is still customary for a wife to use her husband's name as reference, +people keep their birth names for all their life, no matter how many times marital status +no effect at all on either of the spouses' names +father followed by that of the mother +no known father and the mother is single +both of her mother's surnames or the mother's first surname followed by any of the surnames of the mother's parents or grandparents +always bear the surname of the father followed by that of the mother +Luis Paz y Miño +Luis Paz y Miño +Luis Telmo Paz y Miño +Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz +Paz +Paz y Miño +Paz y Miño +Estrella +Paz y Miño +the mother's +Anglosphere +Miño +around five centuries +the Hispanic world +hyphenated +one +Paz y Miño +Paz Miño +five centuries ago +Pazmiño +for the convenience of Westerners +the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians +the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians +Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies +to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname +for the convenience of Westerners +the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians +the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians +Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies +to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname +caste, profession, and village +surname +In telephone directories the surname is used for collation +In North Indian states +In south India +caste, profession, and village +surname +In telephone directories the surname is used for collation +In south India +In North Indian states +last, first middle," +"last, first middle," +by a comma +in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers +in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers +last, first middle," +"last, first middle," +by a comma +in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers +in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers +In most Spanish-speaking countries +Spanish ex-premier +Rodríguez +Zapatero +paternal +it is widely understood that the first surname denotes one's father's family +"Rodríguez Zapatero" is not considered one surname +the paternal surname of both father and mother are passed on +The father's paternal surname +the mother's paternal surname becomes the child's second surname +Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero +some +better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in +"Picasso" and "Zapatero" +"Picasso" and "Zapatero" +hermana +Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints +legal marriage +sister +hyphenate their father's and mother's last names +mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name +English-speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names +Esteban Álvarez-Cobos +Argentine Civilian Code +Argentina +police offices and passports +meaning they belong to their husbands +husband's last name +Juan Domingo Perón +Eva Duarte de Perón +little Eva +Eva Perón +surname +last name +a name added to a given name +because it is usually placed at the end of a person's given name +two or more +is placed before a person's given name. +placed before a person's given name. +placed before a person's given name. +placed before a person's given name. +given name +only one name +far from universal +mononym +individual's occupation or area of residence +medieval +a "byname" +relatively recent historical development +a byname would be used +placed after the personal or given name +the surname is placed first +first name +Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and China +Hungary +placed after the personal or given name +the surname is placed first +first name +Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and China +Hungary +placed after the personal or given name +first name +the surname is placed first +Hungary +Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and China +the "Home" edition +April 14, 2009 +the "Professional" edition +April 8, 2014 +"Tablet PC" edition +Home and Professional +power users +Media Center +Tablet PC +2009 +1985 +graphical user interfaces +Mac +Android +Android +September 1981 +Chase Bishop +November 1985 +MS-DOS Executive +overlapping windows +graphical shells +MS-DOS +file system services +cooperative multitasking +memory became scarce +1990 +2 million +Windows 3.0 +protected mode +several megabytes of memory +August 24, 1995 +four +December 31, 2001 +native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters +Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell +Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 +Windows 98 SE +Windows 98 Second Edition +July 11, 2006 +Windows ME (Millennium Edition) +Windows NT +digital cameras +Windows ME +PC World +Region and Language Control Panel +automatically installed +East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic +Third-party IMEs +Region and Language Control Panel +Region and Language Control Panel +Multilingual support +during Windows installation +Third-party IMEs +keyboard and the interface +Language Interface Packs (LIPs) +free for download +XP or later +translates the complete operating system +optional updates through the Windows Update service +Language Interface Packs +any edition of Windows (XP or later) +Full Language Packs +Windows Update service +8 +Windows NT 3.51 +1996 +Windows NT 3.1 +Windows NT 4.0 +Microsoft +Win32 +allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform +Windows 3.0 +Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 +Single Language +The PC Settings app +changes the language +emerging markets +Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 +interface and input languages +PC Settings app +Mail, Maps and News +Windows XP +Windows XP +Windows NT +Windows XP +consumer +2007 +2006 +security features +Windows Server 2008 +early 2008 +2009 +Windows Vista +incremental upgrade +multi-touch support +HomeGroup +2012 +Microsoft's Metro design language +touch-based +cloud services +Windows Store +Windows 10 +2015 +user interface +2014 +Windows 7 with SP1 and Windows 8.1 +every month +Xbox OS +Xbox Live service +Xbox One's system also allows backward compatibility with Xbox 360, +using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC +Windows Update service +approximately once a month +versions of Windows after and including Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP +Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003 +memory +an administrator account +the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights +the first user account created during the setup process was an administrator account +User Account Control +UAC will prompt for confirmation +a reduced privilege environment +requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked +Windows NT 3 +easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders +AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP +Linux and NetWare +a Beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware +Giant AntiSpyware +Windows Defender +Microsoft Security Essentials +Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool and the optional Microsoft Safety Scanner +Kevin Mitnick and marketing communications firm Avantgarde +a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update +The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance +Windows XP system with Service Pack 1 +Windows XP Service Pack 2 +Windows NT +PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 +Windows 2000 +IA-32 +64-bit +Windows XP 64-Bit Edition +Intel Itanium architecture +IA-64 +2005 +Server 2008 R2 +Daniel Zohary +between twenty and two hundred years +do not germinate in the first year +a very small number +the three cereals +Early agriculture +The Fertile Crescent +einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley +The Mediterranean climate +Fertile Crescent region +the paleolithic site of Ohalo II +Sea of Galilee +19,400 BP +Tell Aswad +Johanna Bakker-Heeres +Northern China +4500 years ago +southern +around 2500 BC +the Yellow River basin +three +7,000 BP +a "false dawn" +the Ethiopian highlands, the Sahel and West Africa +original Neolithic Revolution +hunter-gatherers +food +villages and towns +food-crop cultivation +non-nomadic +irrigation and deforestation +extensive surplus food production +their natural environment +writing +citation +Personal land and private property ownership +Middle Eastern Sumerian cities +Bronze Age +The Levant followed by Mesopotamia +10,000 BC +invention of the wheel +Mathematics +the Fertile Crescent +the Fertile Crescent +Southeast Asian peninsula +Subsaharan Africa +agrarian-based one +cereal grasses +Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity +emmer, einkorn and barley +strains that retained their edible seeds longer +Plants that possessed traits such as small seeds or bitter taste +about 7500 BC +South America +Mexican highlands +farming +the formative period +the cultivation of taro and a variety of other crops +11,000 BP +the lowlands +taro +Carl Sauer +sedentary food production +The animals' size, temperament, diet, mating patterns, and life span +milk +leather, wool, hides, and fertilizer +East Asia +the dromedary camel +Henri Fleisch +that it could have been used by the earliest nomadic shepherds +the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier +the rest of Eurasia and North Africa +in part due to diseases and harder work +about 20 hours +The hunter-gatherers +Average height went down +the twentieth century +a denser population +Food surpluses +availability of milk +more-rapidly increase its size +governmental organization +animals +camel +personal possessions +trade unwanted surpluses with others +populations could grow +disease +animals +humans who first domesticated the big mammals +90% +Inca Empire +Europeans and East Asians +sedentary +firearms and steel swords +smallpox +Eurasian +human genetic markers +West Africa +Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1a +Near East +E1b1b +12,000 millimetres (460 in) +between October and March +leeward +receive much more rainfall +Kauai +Extratropical +windstorms +overrunning snow +towards the North Pole +condenses +narrow lake-effect snow bands +deeper +snow showers +the air above +wet, or rainy, season +Tropical rainforests +Savanna +late afternoon and early evening +seasonal weight fluctuations +at the centre +clockwise +a year's worth +miles across +tropical savanna +20° and 40° degrees +1,750 and 2,000 mm +750 and 1,270 mm +steppe +Subarctic +west +cool oceans +rain +Drought +fungus growth +water +1900 +6.1% +1970s +East North Central +Hawaii +0.6 to 5.6 °C +shower and thunderstorm +48% and 116% +28% +The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast +Radar imagery forecasting +hydrologic forecast models +rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates +the tropics +ascending +Rocky Mountains +Asia +Colombia +upslope flow due to the trade winds +Colombia +the tropics +Hadley cell +Rocky Mountains +standard rain gauge +plastic +metal +25 mm (1 in) +inner cylinder +wedge gauge +wedge and tipping bucket gauges +what ruler is used to measure the rain with +snow may sublimate +funnel +Bits of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere +virga +All precipitation types +precipitation measurement +two +cloud tops with a lot of small-scale variation +higher altitudes +information about cloud tops +approximately inversely related +Snow crystals +supersaturated +Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process +evaporate +due to their mass +Snow crystals +Because water droplets are more numerous than the ice crystals +Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process +Montana +snowflakes +scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows/imperfections +−2 °C (28 °F) +broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed +triangular snowflakes +SN +showers +drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail +fog and mist +any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity +cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air +Two processes +showers +fog and mist +gravity +other rain drops or ice crystals +Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle +Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) +398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres (26,000 cu mi) over land. +28.1 in +the water cycle +fresh water +Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) +oceans +Köppen climate classification system +The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone +within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands +upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. +dry air caused by compressional heating +Moisture overriding associated with weather fronts +convective clouds +desert climates +upward motion +within a cyclone's comma head +convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall. +strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation +weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation +liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice +snow, ice needles, ice pellets, hail, and graupel. +rain and drizzle +three categories +Frozen +convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall +strong vertical motions +10 gigahertz to a few hundred GHz. +37 GHz +larger amounts of liquid emitting higher amounts of microwave radiant energy. +Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission +deep, vigorous convection +mid- and high-latitude regions. +low Earth orbit satellites +exceeds three hours. +the tropics +two months or more +real- or near-real-time applications. +High Resolution Precipitation Product approach. +even a small amount of surface gauge data is very useful for controlling the biases that are endemic to satellite estimates. +The likelihood or probability of an event with a specified intensity and duration +historic data for the location. +extremely rare +return period and storm duration +average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. +A through E +mild mid-latitude +cold mid-latitude +oceanic climate +dynamic precipitation +thunderstorms +mature low-pressure areas +ice needles +Convective rain +convective +convective clouds have limited horizontal extent +baroclinic boundaries +convective +the windward side of a mountain +the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge +windward +Moisture is removed +dew point +condensation nuclei +dust, ice, and salt +Stratus +altostratus or cirrostratus +four +Adiabatic +Conductive +Radiational +Evaporative +Coalescence +Bergeron process +producing larger droplets +rain +negligible +0.1 millimetres (0.0039 in) to 9 millimetres +they tend to break up +cloud droplets +more oblate +larger +Ice pellets +freezing rain +partial or complete melting +a warm layer +partial or complete melting +hail +upper part +5 millimetres (0.20 in) +grêle +wet growth +1944 +Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNNOJ) +Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) +to create a federal multi-ethnic communist state in Yugoslavia +Communist Party of Yugoslavia +Unitary National Liberation Front (UNOF) +Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) +Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNNOJ) +1944 +Chetniks +Herzegovina +Muslims +October 1941 +Chetniks +Chetniks +Partisan forces +October 1941 +Chetniks +October 1941 +Chetniks +Partisan forces +200 Croatian civilians +Muslims +The Partisans +Serbs +northern Dalmatia +Italianization +late 1941 +Ustaše +Sarajevo +Muslims +Chetniks +Sarajevo +Kozara Mountain +Sabor +four +early 1943 +Jews +Croatian +Winston Churchill +Croatian Peasant Party +October 1943 +Serbs +Italy +the Partisans +100 +collaborationist militias +puppet Independent State of Croatia +the country experienced a breakdown of law and order, +Kopaonik Partisan Detachment Headquarters +area they controlled +4,500 +1st Proletarian Assault Brigade (1. Proleterska Udarna Brigada) +estimated 236,000 soldiers +region and nationality, +quickly defeated by the Axis forces +Tito's offer of amnesty to all collaborators +Chetniks +Croatia +a guerrilla campaign +poorly armed +Yugoslav territory. +managed via the "People's committees +limited arms industries +agents of the western Allies +Tito's Partisans +Operation Schwarz +The intelligence gathered +Austria +foibe massacres +Italian fascists, and suspected collaborationists +suspected Hungarian, German and Serbian fascists +1944-1945 +brotherhood and unity +between 900,000 and 1,150,000 +Between 80,000 and 100,000 +30,000 +Marcus Tanner +Royal Yugoslav Army +Germans, Italians, Army of the NDH, Ustaše and the Chetniks +Karabiner 98k rifle, MP 40 submachine gun, MG 34 machine gun, Carcano rifles and carbines and Beretta submachine guns +Soviet Union and the United Kingdom +"Partisan rifle" and the anti-tank "Partisan mortar" +6,000,000 +two million +schools, hospitals and even local governments +600,000 +traditional folklore heroines +Greece +absorption and annexation +by naming the troops after important Slovene poets and writers +Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary +Ivan Cankar +Slovenia +absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary. +the Partisan movement +naming the troops after important Slovene poets and writers +the Ivan Cankar battalion +small, poorly armed and without any infrastructure +experience with guerrilla warfare +an Anti-Fascist resistance platform +on 26 April 1941 +in the Province of Ljubljana +3 October 1943 +120 +the 120-member Liberation Front Plenum +the Kočevje Assembly +Slovenian National Liberation Council +Slovene language +From 1942 till after 1944 +the Titovka cap +the Yugoslav Army +March 1945 +From 1942 till after 1944 +Slovene language +the Titovka cap +the Yugoslav Army +March 1945 +The Partisans +the Balkans +1,152 +795 +356 +Partisans +by railway +In September 1943 +the German 1st Mountain and 104th Light Division +British +Partisans were courageous +1943 +German 1st Mountain Division had traveled from Russia by railway +the Partisans +Semič +Allied soldiers +Croatia +local civilians +1944 +The Partisans +British military +southern Austria +British military +civilians +Operation Flotsam +Serbia +On 20 October +At the onset of winter +Belgrade Offensive +Operation Flotsam +the Red Army +1944 +Serbia +In 1945 +800,000 +the Battle of Poljana +15 May 1945 +in early April +800,000 +the Battle of Poljana +Partisans and retreating Wehrmacht +1945 +132 +Raid at Ožbalt +Austria +Maribor +132 +Allied escape organization +Raid at Ožbalt +Over 100 +seven +19 September 1942 +made of fishing boats +9 or 10 armed ships +around 3,000 men +On 26 October 1943 +1942 +1942 +200 +30 +10 +about a hundred Partisans +eighteen guards +132 +two prisoners +Semič, in White Carniola, Slovenia +SFR Yugoslavia +the Balkan Air Force +the Soviet Union +the British +no foreign troops +primarily on issues of foreign policy +Tito-Stalin split +Trieste crisis +Yugoslav-Italian border +1956 +1942 +National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia +National Liberation Army +Narodnooslobodilačka vojska +6 April 1941 +ten days +Belgrade +unconditional surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army +the Army attempted to defend all borders +northern Slovenia +Province of Lubiana +Independent State of Croatia (NDH) +Hungarian Third Army +Bulgaria +1942 +lack of infrastructure +British Royal Air Force +19 +9,000 feet (2,700 m) +California +Mount Whitney +Yosemite National Park +4,421 m +Mount Morrison region +Paleozoic age +east of the crest and north of 37.2°N +the Nevadan orogeny +Cenozoic filling of the Great Valley +115 Ma to 87 Ma +subduction zone +eastern +Sierra Nevada batholith +western half +Mediterranean +snow +less than 25 inches +The highest elevations +North American Monsoon +electric power generation +20th +aqueducts +rain shadow +climate and ecology +crashed +downdrafts and microbursts +complex weather and atmospheric conditions +Nevada Triangle +2,000 +3,000 BCE to 500 CE +peaceful +Duck Pass +Sierra Miwok tribes +Mono tribe and Sierra Miwok tribe +Joseph Reddeford Walker +Humboldt +Yosemite Valley +Philadelphia +journals +James W. Marshall +Samuel Brannan +March 1848 +newspaper publisher +vial of gold +New York Herald +James Polk +deck cabins +forty-niners +August +1853 +Hydraulic +11 million ounces +hydraulicking +gravel deposits do not support plant life +The Gold Rush +Josiah Whitney +California Geological Survey +Theodore Solomons +Clarence King +1866 +1864 +John Muir +1890 +1906 +three times +50,000 +clarity of the lake water +Tahoe Regional Planning Agency +large-scale catastrophic wildfire +Rim Fire +El Dorado National Forest +Logging +Presidential election of 2012 +Barack Obama and Joe Biden +7 +Affordable Care Act and President Obama's stewardship of the economy +2 seats +Mitt Romney +Republicans +Obama and Biden +Republicans +Paul Ryan +prominence of the religious right +historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions is much more divided, with some in favor and others opposed) +As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy. +2015 +Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement +states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s +George W. Bush +strongly opposed same-sex marriage +a more muted stance +the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics +2010s +the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics +2015 +George W. Bush +a more muted stance +formation of the conservative coalition +the conservative International Democrat Union as well as the Asia Pacific Democrat Union +25% +30% +1991 +classical liberalism and progressivism +Republicans and Republican-leaning independents +Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists +16 +1991 +the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists +42% +historically advocated classical liberalism and progressivism. +International Democrat Union as well as the Asia Pacific Democrat Union. +1980 +more women voted than men +whites from married couples with children living at home +Unmarried and divorced women ++8 +Democrats +Democrats +Republicans +Republicans +Romney +under 15% +2010 +the late 1860s +New Deal +35% +44% +Bobby Jindal +35% +31% +Republican +Voters who attend church weekly +Protestants +Republican +Democratic +Thomas Jefferson +aristocracy and corruption +slavery +party's leading publicist +Liberty +Al Gore +media +red +After the 2000 election +Republicans +Taft-Hartley Act +corporations +labor union organizations +weaken +Republicans +President Richard Nixon +President Theodore Roosevelt +progressive +Republicans +President Ronald Reagan +The New Deal +early 1933. +Democratic Party +long-term unemployment +Northeastern +Republican +Civil Rights Act of 1964 +New Hampshire +10% +the Civil Rights Act of 1964 +Republican +10% +New Hampshire +Republican +Since the 1990s +44% +the scientific consensus +Republicans +few +The Old Right +1936 +everything went awry +1940 +it represented class warfare and socialism +Arnold Schwarzenegger +George W. Bush +2007 +the Kyoto Protocols +limit greenhouse gas emissions +Vermont +moderates +South, Mountain West and Midwest +a former moderate Republican senator is an independent-turned-Democrat former governor of Rhode Island +Senator Susan Collins +Jim Jeffords +moderate Republican senator is an independent-turned-Democrat former governor +Senator Susan Collins, +the South, Mountain West and Midwest +moderates +proposed laws regulating carbon emissions +Some Republican candidates +unusual +cap-and-trade policy +in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge +Senator Robert A. Taft +1970 +conservatives +20th century +Voters liked Ike much more than they liked the GOP +divided +2006 +a path to citizenship +deporting illegal immigrants +the theories of neorealism and realism +unilateralism +to act without external support +Axis of evil +1989 +2004 +1998 +Republican presidential candidates +in the 2002 elections +in the mid-term elections of 2006 +The Republican Party +The Republican Party +1976 +Theodore Roosevelt +believe in the power of government to improve people's lives +Alf Landon +Nelson +Northeastern +Nelson Rockefeller +1976 +Theodore Roosevelt +the power of government to improve people's lives +what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush's tenure +Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan +Doug Bandow +the party's support for economic policies that they saw as sometimes in conflict with their moral values. +In March 2013 +Reince Priebus +National Committee Chairman +to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform +219 +under the age of 49 +Newt Gingrich +a particular divide +House Speaker +56% +incumbent President Barack Obama +Mitt Romney +the fifth time +spoke out against their own party +National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) +The National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) +over $100 million +Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey +Republican Governors Association (RGA) +Manhattan +George Washington Bridge +Staten Island Ferry +Battery Park +Verrazano-Narrows Bridge +120,000 vehicles +the Hudson River +The Holland Tunnel +President Franklin D. Roosevelt +1940 +three +privately owned +West 30th Street Heliport +John F. Kennedy International Airport +Newark Liberty International Airport +Consolidated Edison +Edison Electric Illuminating Company +1882 +Time Warner Cable +Verizon Communications +two +1842 +the old Croton Aqueduct system +through New York City Water Tunnel No. 1, Tunnel No. 2, and Tunnel No. 3 +New York City Department of Sanitation +Fresh Kills Landfill +2001 +mega-dumps +New York City +Central Park +70-year-long +warmer in the winter +Governors Island +1624 +1625 +May 24, 1626 +New York City +Peter Stuyvesant +February 2, 1653 +the English +New York +New York +Manhattan +American Revolutionary War +November 16, 1776 +Great Fire of New York +November 25, 1783 +March 4, 1789 +Northwest Ordinance +Federal Hall +New York +1788 +$300 +South +three +July +119 +Pelé +2002 +$4.5 million +4,754 +less than five minutes +since 1978 +5.2-mile (8.4 km) +runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year +The ferry has been fare-free since 1997 +Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal +cross-Canadian border service to Toronto and Montreal +Amtrak +two-thirds +100 feet (30 m)* wide, +east-west +almost exactly 20 blocks per mile +Twelfth Avenue +155 +220th Street +In much of Midtown Manhattan, Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid, +continuing north into the Bronx +The Bronx +4 crosstown roads for travel through Central Park, +slowest service in New York City +Trans-Manhattan Expressway +1811 +59th Street and 110th Street +Warren G. Harding +16.7 +John Kerry +six +10021 +2,606 +September 11, 2011 +developed several life-threatening illnesses +2014 +1,776 feet +to escape poverty in their home countries. +gambling dens and brothels +between Broadway and the Bowery, northeast of New York City Hall +was appalled at the horrendous living conditions +1860 +Museum of Modern Art +extensive art collections +Guggenheim Museum +more than 200 art galleries +upcoming and established +a very short time +1908 +the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play +1970s +2012 +Lower Manhattan +hundreds of thousands +gasoline +seawalls and other coastal barriers +the Yankees +the Mets +1923 +1964 +public housing +National Invitation Tournament +1946 +1938 +69th Regiment Armory +landfill +1.2 million cubic yards +Battery Park City +over 30 acres +1968 +New York City +Park Row Building +Philadelphia City Hall +29 +1908 +TRIangle BElow CAnal Street +SOuth of HOuston +Haarlem +Avenues A, B, C, and D +Hell's Kitchen +1929 +927 +40 Wall Street +1,046 feet +Art Deco +Penn Station +Beaux-Arts style +1910 +New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission +1965 +West 110th Street +Calvert Vaux +843 +6 +7:00 pm +2.3 million +New York +white collar +Manhattan +Manhattan +the depth to bedrock +between 29th Street and Canal Street +economic factors +Midtown and Financial District +Meyer Lansky +Five Points Gang +Lucky Luciano +1933 +Cosa Nostra +80% +CompStat +seven +93% +503 +1929 +25x100 +Lower East Side +five-stories +"cockroach landlords" +852,575 +20.3% +37,345 +rent +Staten Island +November 2014 +northern New Jersey +pay-per-ride MetroCards +four +289,000 +18.8 +2000 and 2030 +12.7% +elderly population is forecast to grow by 57.9% +2.11 +59.4% +27.0 +1.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home +7.8% of the population +Manhattan +Manhattan +The New York Times +Manhattan +59.98 +0.66% +Korean, 0.70% (10,496) +5 and older +40.02% (602,058) +many energy-efficient green office buildings +the Bank of America Tower +Platinum LEED Certification +Manhattan +US$914.8 billion +US$1.1 billion +Waldorf Astoria New York +six +US$510 million +The New York Times +Harlem +The Wall Street Journal +AM New York and The Villager +ABC, NBC, CBS, and Fox +1971 +1949 +WQHT +WNYC +Beacon High School +Bard High School Early College +Eleanor Roosevelt High School +Manhattan +City College +Upper East Side's Brearley School +Manhattan Country School and United Nations International School +The prestigious Regis High School +La Scuola d'Italia +Manhattan +Manhattan +New York City +Manhattan real estate +after the Civil War +New York +October 28, 1886 +people of France +social upheaval +1874 +1883 +1898 +Manhattan and the Bronx +January 1, 1914 +1874 +1883 +1898 +Manhattan and the Bronx +January 1, 1914 +1904 +New York City Subway +Great Migration +new skyscrapers +London +labor unionization +Fiorello La Guardia +some of the world's tallest skyscrapers +Art Deco +New York County +Kalawao County, Hawaii +New York County +Manhattan +1990s +2,245 +537 +the real estate market +60 million +Manhattan +Chinatown +Columbia University +Manna-hata +1609 logbook of Robert Juet +island of many hills +Lenape language. +Lenape Native Americans +King Francis I of France +Marguerite de Navarre +Bay of Santa Margarita +New York Bay +its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry +the U.S. financial industry +securities industry +US$360,700 +approximately US$40 billion +New York Stock Exchange +at 165 Broadway +The NYSE MKT +New York Mercantile Exchange +NYSE Euronext +centered in Manhattan +over US$3.7 billion +New York City's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center +140 West Street in Lower Manhattan +a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade +the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support +more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2)* +US$30 million +on East 29th Street +academic, medical, and research institutions +the landmarks of Manhattan +nearly 60 million visitors +approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets +a 10% increase from 2013. +1845 +Trinity Church +was destroyed by fire +1867 +astronomy and physics +10-acre +William Dammond +1889 +Andrew Carnegie and George Westinghouse +1904 +1908 +43 acres +Henry Hornbostel +Thaw Hall +1909 +14 acres +Heinz +tower whose great height, with open spaces all around +that its lines, like education, have no ending +16 m +epidemics of polio +in the basement of what is now Salk Hall +paralyzed +1962 +breakthroughs in immunology and vaccine development +1890 +Pitt Men's Glee Club +Europe +Pitt students +2011 +works of student composers +Dr. Davis +1969 +saxophon +1983 +1966 +Oakland +change to its charter +Pittsburgh Academy +Pitt +Atlantic Coast +East Atlantic +Eastern College Athletic +2013-14 +1909 +Popular as photo sites, there are ten representations of Panthers in and about Pitt's campus +and ten more painted fiberglass panthers placed around the campus +a year +four +Traditionally the most popular sport at the University of Pittsburgh, football +desegregating the Sugar Bowl +1890 +nine +88 +1905 +1927–28 and 1929–30 +"Doc" Carlson +1982 +2013 +800 m +Roger Kingdom +2005 +16 +Baseball +Three +Paul Lauterbur +Wangari Maathai +Vladimir Zworykin +Ken Wahlster +132-acre +University of Pittsburgh Medical Center +42-story +Gothic revival +Schenley Farms Historic District +$900 million +National Institutes of Health +UPMC +ranked among the top public universities in the United States +Association of American Universities +Hugh Henry Brackenridge +brick building +Pittsburgh Academy +a frontier +west +1819 +Thomas Mellon +1837 +vocational training +Philadelphia +Commonwealth of Pennsylvania +Due to the historical nature +archaeological excavation +to mark the significance of the University of Pittsburgh +Avella, Pennsylvania +Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation +Gardner Steel +Allegheny +Heinz Memorial +Chancellor's +Schenley Fountain +Schenley High School +St. Nicholas Greek +Stephen Foster +Phipps Conservatory & Botanical +Oakland +Blawnox +Plum Boro Science Center +University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center +Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville +Fitzgerald +approximately $30 million +a new track and field and band complex +Heinz Field and the UPMC Sports Performance Complex. +Oakland +U.S. News & World Report's "Honor Roll" of America's top hospitals +include the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC campus in the Lawrencevville neighborhood +in the Shadyside neighborhood adjacent to Oakland +for positive impact on its urban community +2009 +$1.7 billion +33,800 jobs +$822 million +1787 +private entity +1966 +setting its own standards for admissions, awarding of degrees, faculty qualifications, teaching, and staff hiring +The University's Board of Trustees +36 +The Governor of Pennsylvania, the President Pro Tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate, and the Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives +There are three or more regular meetings of the Board of Trustees per year. +The Board of Trustees +general administrative, academic, and management authority over the university +Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor, +Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools +Bigelow Bash +Pitt Program Council +Panther Sendoff +Sunday +Sunday +football +golden +Cathedral of Learning +1950 +Panther Award +Pitt Dance Marathon +Greek Sing +Engineer Student Council +Friday +soapbox derby +1997 +Art Encounters +Free Visits +John Heinz +Mattress +University of Pittsburgh Stages +Shakespeare-in-the-Schools +Friday Nite Improvs +24 +2009 +Department of Philosophy +philosophy of science, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind +National Research Council +mathematical and philosophical +Pitt +four +Pitt +six +three +five +liberal arts +co-ops and internships +Bachelor of Philosophy +Outside the Classroom Curriculum +green +30 +the first and third floors +Peace Corps +five or more +U.S. Department of Education +University Center for International Studies (UCIS) +University Center for International Studies +certificates of attainment +undergraduate +undergraduate & graduate +over a hundred different countries +Panther Programs +the Nationality Rooms program +the Semester at Sea program +Sichuan University +37th +70th +41st +133rd +37th +organ transplantation +Wesley Posvar +Tony Dorsett +Pennsylvania +subsidized tuition +Mark Nordenberg +2012 +12-year +Petersen Events Center +University of Pittsburgh Medical Center +132 urban acres +Oakland +Cathedral of Learning +the Professional Grounds Management Society +Oakland Civic Center/Schenley Farms National Historic District +bus and shuttle service +the west end of campus +Bellefield Avenue/Dithridge Street +Forbes and Fifth +four +Schenley Park +Carlow University +main branch +Oakland +Carnegie Mellon University +151,000 jobs +The Hamilton Project +Each month +320,000 +208,000 per month +the 2008-2009 recession +approximately 60 months +May 2013 +8.5 years +17.8 years +Unemployment +6% +circulatory health issues +Extended job loss +The Congressional Budget Office +August 2012 +long term budget outlook +Wells Fargo Economics +The Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration +98,379 workers +280,873 +due to jobs lost from international trade +to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation +for managing the unemployment rate. +policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure, and vice versa +the timing and extent of interest rate increases, as a near-zero interest rate target had remained in place since the 2007-2009 recession +the Fed decided to raise interest rates marginally in December 2015 +2007-2009 recession +This bids up bond prices, helping keep interest rates low, to encourage companies to borrow and invest and people to buy homes +essentially "printed money" to purchase large quantities of mortgage-backed securities and U.S. treasury bonds +2008-2014 +December 2012 +to improve job creation +infrastructure construction, clean energy investment, unemployment compensation, educational loan assistance, and retraining programs +Liberals historically supported labor unions and protectionist trade policies. +Liberals tend to be less concerned with budget deficits and debt +Keynesian economics +free market solutions +Conservatives tend to oppose stimulus spending or bailouts, letting the free market determine success and failure. +less government restriction of the private sector. +Conservatives historically have opposed labor unions +Conservatives generally advocate supply-side economics +The affluent +unemployment +40% +19% +fiscal +2007-2009 +The U.S. Federal Reserve +raise interest rates marginally +inflationary pressure +conservatives +job creation +job creation +liberals +12.4 million +liberals +conservatives +job creation +12.4 million +job creation +Unemployment +5.0% or 7.9 million people +U-6 unemployment rate +157.8 million +323 million +1940s +1% +25% +tends to rise +frictional unemployment +half +premature and misguided +2013 +9% +cause the U.S. to enter recession in 2013 +Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) +10 million +Over 10 million +George W. Bush +President Obama +756,000 +367,000 jobs +1.0 percent +GDP grew +tax cuts +U.S. corporate after-tax profits +corporate tax revenue +1.2% +Germany. +Japan and Germany +adverse +Public agenda +14 +job creation +Authors +14 +Authors +Public agenda +adverse +job creation +building roads and bridges +upgrading the electricity grid +created or sustained millions of jobs +over 2 million +D+ +March 2011 +bringing the jobs home +Democrats +Republicans +manufacturing +by increasing infrastructure work, lowering taxes, helping small businesses, and reducing government regulation +jobs and the economy +jobs +lowering taxes and reducing regulation +One in four +26% +Republicans and Democrats +lowering taxes and reducing regulation +infrastructure stimulus and more help for small businesses +53% +76-95% +76-95% +50% +negative +53% +46% +95% +Republican opposition +Emergency Economic Stabilization +$430 billion +drop in the stock market +approximately $700 billion bailout package (later reduced to $430 billion) for the banking industry +failed +Republican opposition. +significant drop in the stock market and pressure from a variety of sources +Income inequality +The quality or pay of the job +declined considerably +Reinvigorating the labor movement +the labor force participation rate is falling +The extent to which persons are not fully utilizing their skills +aging +5.9% +10.0% +10 million +2 million +8 million +18-21 million +165,500 +77,000 jobs +8.5 million +153,000 +Wells Fargo economists +250,000 +151,000 +63.8 percent, 63.6 percent and 63.6 percent +exempt from employment taxes for a 24-month period employers who hire a employee who replaces another employee +deny any tax deduction, deduction for loss, or tax credit for the cost of an American jobs offshoring transaction +eliminate the deferral of tax on income of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to property imported into the United States by such corporation +The Congressional Research Service +President Barack Obama +a variety of tax cuts and spending programs to stimulate job creation +September 2011 +$447 billion +$100 billion +2011 +generate more jobs +1-6 +aid to the unemployed +American Taxpayer Relief Act +spend +hire +Obama +$1 trillion +minimum wage +hiring +$7.25 +poverty level +$17 +minimum wage +$9 +Wal-Mart +15 million +poverty +sunset provisions +one-fifth +17% +16 +Inc. +subprime mortgage crisis +10% +5.0% +129.2 million +27% +American Recovery and Reinvestment Act +March 2010 +$800 billion +over 4.3 million +143.2 million +25% +younger workers +44 +rate of employment fell +rate of employment fell +Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. +The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise +The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. +a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round +bronze reliefs are made by casting +There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field +more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas +where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements +Ancient Egypt +The opposite of relief sculpture is counter-relief, intaglio +where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it +Works in the technique are described as "in relief +Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms +the work itself is "a relief". +throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings, +Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses, such as battles, than free-standing "sculpture in the round +Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. +reference assumed in this article to be usually figures, but sculpture in relief often depicts +in the arabesques of Islamic art, +The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are very often combined in a single work +many single figures have heads in high relief +raised reliefs, whether high or low, were normally "blocked out" +usually in the background +a projecting image with a shallow overall depth +low relief +In the art of Ancient Egypt and other ancient Near Eastern and Asian cultures, and also Meso-America +relative depth of the elements shown is completely distorted +Berlin +Roman decorative plasterwork +large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour +relatively rare +classical style +Renaissance +pioneering classicist building +Leon Battista Alberti +any medium or technique of sculpture, stone carving and metal casting +20th-century +low-relief +high-relief +only up to half of the subject projects, and no elements are undercut or fully disengaged from the background field +half-relief +normally somewhat distorted +background areas of compositions +Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello +Mid-relief +rock reliefs +narrate sacred scriptures +1,460 panels of the 9th-century Borobudur temple +scenes of daily life in the Khmer Empire +altorilievo +heads and limbs +at their full depth +seen are "squashed" flatter +free-standing sculpture +very "high" version of high-relief +fully free of the background, and parts of figures crossing over each other to indicate depth +in terms of durability +Western sculpture, also being common in Indian temple sculpture +private tombs, and smaller decorative areas such as friezes on large buildings +a drill +compositions extremely crowded with figures +strips of reliefs that wound round Roman triumphal columns +sarcophagi +in the Renaissance +high relief +aura or halo in the back of sculpture's head, or floral decoration +Khajuraho temple +voluptuous twisting figures +Lokapala devatas +Sunk or sunken relief +external walls, and for hieroglyphs and cartouches +a flat surface +linear +the background +repoussé +metalwork +a thin metal plate +Casting +the Renaissance +consular diptychs +the Gothic period +Paris +religious scenes +the New Testament +round mirror-cases, combs, handles +terra sigillata +bright colours +plaster or stucco +Islamic architecture +Japanese occupation forces +Democratic Federal Yugoslavia +Mao Zedong +Kuomintang +Josip Broz Tito +the Cold War +1948 +American +Kim Il-sung +Communists +Stalin +de-Stalinisation +conflict continued and escalated +Khrushchev +Gulag +Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, Nicaragua, Peru, and Uruguay +Fidel Castro +the Soviet Union +Che Guevara +Pierre Laporte +Maoism +Richard Nixon +Deng Xiaoping +détente with the United States +Deng Xiaoping +the emancipation of the individual from alienating work +freedom from having to perform such labour +maximise individual liberty +advanced stage of social relations and economic organisation +for all positions within the legislative structure, municipal councils, national legislatures and presidencies +China, Cuba, and the former Yugoslavia +most Marxist–Leninist states this has taken the form of directly electing representatives to fill positions +usually a single communist party candidate is chosen to run for office in which voters vote either to accept or reject the candidate. +Marxist–Leninist communist parties have typically exercised close control over the electoral process +atheism +the universe exists independently of human consciousness +militant atheists. +several religions and their adherents were targeted to be "stamped out". +after Lenin's death during the regime of Josef Stalin in the Soviet Union +the Bolshevik ("Majority") faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party +1903 +Lenin +elect their leaders and decide policy but that once policy was set, members would be obligated to have complete loyalty in their leaders. +1905–7 +Lenin advocated mass action and that the revolution "accept mass terror in its tactics" +as a means to pressure the middle class to join and overthrow the Tsar. +conceive of the means of sponsoring communist revolution +Lenin +the contribution of the individual +from each according to his ability, to each according to his need +a communist society +universal social welfare +labour productivity +a communist society +knowledge +planned socialist economy +modernisation +"New Man" +the bourgeoisie +cultural backwardness and social atomisation +work +The state +scientific planning +The Marxist–Leninist state's huge purchasing power +social obligation +skill and intensity of work +development of socialism +a period of massive industrialisation +socialist consumer society +egalitarianism, asceticism, and self-sacrifice +"industrial pragmatism" +1936 +Stalin +Soviet of the Nationalities +1917 +eighteen +Ukraine +1941 +grain +7.5 million +Unemployment +Socialist Realism +1934 +religion +Lenin +1938 +September 1939 +Nazi Germany +Adolf Hitler +1933 +Allies +German +Axis +total war +Marxism–Leninism +Eastern +Lenin +bourgeois +Marxism–Leninism +1920s +Russian Communist Party +bolsheviks +First Five-Year Plan +revolutions +working class +the proletariat +the bourgeoisie +communism +production +Trotskyists +Eric Voegelin +Stalinism +Marx +the Soviet Union +1960s +China +Jose Maria Sison +Maoism +1976 +cautious with limited nationalisations of private property +Beginning in mid-1918 +by making efforts to coax them away from the Socialist Revolutionaries +an economic policy that aimed to replace the free market with state control over all means of production and distribution +drop in production +1921 +restoration of a degree of capitalism and private enterprise +91 percent +backward economic conditions in Russia +by 1924 +his testament of December 1922 +an order to remove Joseph Stalin from his post as General Secretary +January 1924 +ignored Lenin's order +In 1929 +rapid industrialisation, Socialism in One Country, a centralised state, the collectivisation of agriculture +In 1929 +a dissident Bolshevik ideology called Trotskyism +plotting against the Party's agreed strategy +totalitarian +members of the Party deemed to be traitors +the Communist Party +1.5 million +681,692 +Ho Chi Minh +Vietnam War +American forces +Western-backed client regime +1968 +Africa +1969 and 1980 +1969 and 1980 +Ethiopia +Robert Mugabe +1985 +Perestroika and Glasnost +Mikhail Gorbachev +Stalin +Cold War +1989 +The revolts +Gorbachev +Tianamen Square attacks +Yugoslavia +1990 +Slobodan Milošević +1980 +1990 +1990 and 1991 +Boris Yeltsin +Gorbachev +1991 +December 25, 1991 +Asia +Philippines +1968 +1996 to 2006 +1960s +1979 +by boycotting the Moscow Olympics +1980 +Mujahideen +1980s +1908 +Lenin usurped the all-Party Congress of the RSDLP +1912 +26 +1908 +Lenin usurped the all-Party Congress of the RSDLP +1912 +26 +1914 +Lenin +1917 +Germany's High Command +1914 +Lenin +1917 +Germany's High Command +March 1917 +Bolsheviks +Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) +Germany +March 1917 +Bolsheviks +Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) +Germany +March 1917 +Bolsheviks +Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) +Germany +March 1917 +Bolsheviks +Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) +Germany +Bolsheviks, +March 1917 +Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) +Germany +March 1917 +Bolsheviks +Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) +Germany +1924 +1919 +Mongolian People's Republic +1918 +1918 +Mongolian People's Republic +1919 +1924 +1918 +anti-Bolshevik +The Bolshevik government +118 +Lenin +the Tenth Amendment +separate sovereigns +the people +the people +dual sovereignty +through revolution +through revolution +through consent of the States +the States +The United States Supreme Court +commonwealths +Four +the public +The term has no legal impact +Kentucky +50 +traditional abbreviation +postal code abbreviation and the traditional abbreviation +postal code +the United States of America +counties +two +Alaska +boroughs +New England +Arlington County, Virginia +five +single +county government +counties +city +towns +historical +towns +Public Land Survey System +geographic +Townships +governments +metropolitan municipality +the boards +legislative +Michigan +The boards +Article IV +Section 3 +U.S. Congress +United States +insular areas +Organic Act +Federal Government +Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs. +Congress +three +incorporated territories +unincorporated +organized +various ways +agencies +Chapter houses +Communities +Congress +1789 +Thirty-one +1959 +Palmyra Atoll +townships +subdivisions of a county in 20 states +New York and New England +Northeast and Midwest +Administrative divisions +Political divisions +The first subdivision +Article IV, Section 3 +incorporated cities, towns, villages, and other types of municipalities +a county government +Virginia +New England +insular areas +The Federal government +The Federal government +conservation districts and Congressional districts +enact +in the Westphalian sense +in the Westphalian sense +the member states +enact +in the Westphalian sense +in the Westphalian sense +the member states +Member states +counties +parish +borough +the state +In 1777 +the United States Supreme Court +The Constitution +in 1776 +October 1, 1994 +four +Northern Mariana Islands +Compact of Free Association +Territories +the Minor Outlying Islands +Village +Districts +American Samoa +Associated States +States of Palau +States of Micronesia +The Marshall Islands +unitary states +independent countries +1898 +The present Cuban government of Raúl Castro +only mutual agreement or United States abandonment of the area +Cuba was not truly sovereign at the time of the signing +becomes a state +Virginia +American Civil War +exclusive and universal +March 3, 1849 +U.S. Department of the Interior +The Interior Department +Interior Department +Indian Affairs (BIA) +Insular Affairs (OIA) +Department of the Interior +Department of the Interior +federal government +federal government +exclusive +concurrent +District of Columbia (DC) +Maryland and Virginia +Virginia +United States Congress +District of Columbia Home Rule Act +purity +Both groups gave care the highest over-all weighting +the cultural mix is greater +Both groups gave care the highest over-all weighting +how ought we to live +European +nationalist +Cistercian +behavior within a culture or community +widespread conformity to codes of morality +philosophy +morality +morality +may be independent +a god +hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being +reasoning about implied imperatives +moral universalism +Celia Green +Celia Green +tribal morality +tribal morality +private property +ics, religion and morality "are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with ea +value systems +an almost automatic assumption +action guides +an "out-group" +it enhances group survival +Gary R. Johnson and V.S. Falger +conservatives +simple computational models of evolution +the categories of social rank, kinship, and stages of life +modern Westerners +monotheistic +contemporary secular frameworks +the anthropological view +certain virtues +love, kindness, and social intelligence +justice +wisdom / knowledge +non-religious people +non-religious people +complex relationship +the United States (with a high religiosity level) and "theistic" Portugal. +all secular developing democracies +piety and devotion +a man's morals +monotheistic +the greatest crimes +it "may be inevitable and indeed necessary" in certain circumstances +integrity, trustworthiness, benevolence, and fairness +finding common ground between believers and nonbelievers +Islam +the caste system +Bible +2008 +Denmark and Sweden +unclear +in various countries +lowest levels of corruption in the world +Fons Trompenaars +lie in order to protect the driver +different cultures had quite different expectations +various moral dilemmas +the action being observed +Mirror neurons +1996 +The inability to feel empathy +Jean Decety +John Newton +Eastern and the Western cultures +Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century +Chinese fine conduct spirits +morality forms in a series of constructive stages or domains +biology +a sense of responsibility to pursue such purposes +Sigmund Freud +guilt-shame avoidance +credentials +politically incorrect opinions +2001 +Monin and Miller +credentials as non-prejudiced persons +immoral behaviour +moral self-image +Moral self-licensing +self-image security +immoral +the VMPC +TMS +intentions and beliefs +an abnormal processing route +TMS to the RTPJ +sociocultural evolution +morality +evolutionary biologists, particularly sociobiologists +"pro-social" emotions +empathy or guilt +human cooperation +restraining immediate selfishness +Human morality +restrict excessive individualism +moral codes +Westermarck +maternal bond +inbreeding +reciprocity in nature +to ensure a reliable supply of essential resources +animals living in a habitat where food quantity or quality fluctuates unpredictably +regurgitate part of their blood meal +other group members +all mammals living in complex social groups +empathy, reciprocity, altruism, cooperation, and a sense of fairness +a suite of interrelated other-regarding behaviors that cultivate and regulate complex interactions within social groups +chimpanzees +deception +the incremental development of moral complexity +stone weapons +that increasing complexity was simply a correlate of increasing group size and brain size +Christopher Boehm +by a quantitative large-scale meta-analysis of the brain activity changes +the network pertaining to representing others' intentions +in the moral neuroscience literature +the notion that moral reasoning is related to both seeing things from other persons’ points of view and to grasping others’ feelings +the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global +activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex +intuitive reactions to situations containing implicit moral issues +VMPC +the temporoparietal junction area +the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper +moralitas +Latin +manner, character, proper behavior +moral ontology, +the origin of morals, +moral epistemology +knowledge about morals +a set of established rules +Immorality +unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any set of moral standards or principles. +opposition to that which is good or right +Immorality +moral philosophy +moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual. +questions of morality +deontological ethics +morality +personal or cultural values, codes of conduct or social mores +objective claims of right or wrong +only refers to that which is considered right or wrong +the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense. +Rotterdam (/ˈrɒtərdæm/ or /ˌrɒtərˈdæm/; Dutch: [ˌrɔtərˈdɑm] (listen)) is a city in South Holland, the Netherlands +the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt river delta +for safety +a major logistic and economic centre +Europe's largest port +World War II (known as the Rotterdam Blitz) +the Academy of Urbanism. +architects +listed 8th +The city of Rotterdam is known for the Erasmus University +10th largest +Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt +"Gateway to Europe" +Rotterdam is the largest cargo port in Europe +its strategic location on the North Sea +'muddy water' +1260s +the lower end of the fen stream Rotte +the construction of protective dikes and dams +large floods in the area +World War II +The statue stands near the Leuvehaven +Adolf Hitler +15 May 1940 +900 +1898 +In the first decades of the 20th century +the White House (in Dutch Witte Huis) +Brinkman en Van der Vlugt +The Van Nelle Factory +1898 +the White House (in Dutch Witte Huis) +In the first decades of the 20th century +Brinkman en Van der Vlugt +The Van Nelle Factory +1908 +Feyenoord +World Cup for club teams in the same year. In 1974, they were the first Dutch club to win the UEFA Cup and in 2002 +European Cup +Feyenoord +Rotterdam +Düsseldorf +Utrecht +The Amaury Sport Organization (ASO) +in addition to it being another big city, like London, to showcase the use of bikes for urban transportation, it provided a location well positioned +Rotterdam's swimming tradition started with Marie Braun aka Zus (sister) Braun +Gold +her mother Ma Braun +14 time national champ +Rie Mastenbroek +Rotterdam The Hague Airport +the growth of the low-cost carrier market. +Environmental regulations make further growth uncertain. +Schiphol Airport and Eindhoven Airport +The Hague Airport offers advantages in terms of rapid handling of passengers and baggage. +Nieuwe Maas +De Hef +Noordereiland +the Van Brienenoordbrug +Willemsspoortunnel +Nieuwe Maas +Erasmus Bridge +De Hef +Noordereiland +Koninginnebrug +1950s +Kop van Zuid +European City of the Year +Academy of Urbanism +1980s +Kop van Zuid +European City of the Year +windy and open +livable +1950s +Allianz, Maersk, Petrobras, Samskip, Louis Dreyfus Group and Aon +Pfizer +Unilever +Shell Downstream +Lijnbaan +Market Hall +Koopgoot +Michael Kors, 7 For All Mankind, Calvin Klein, Hugo Boss, Tommy Hilfiger and the Dutch well known men's clothier Oger +1953 +demographics +70% +singles +80% +income +Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR) +29th globally and 7th in Europe +first place with the CEMS Master in Management and a tenth place with its RSM Master in Management +city's famous former inhabitants, Desiderius Erasmus +Rotterdam Philharmonic +Yannick Nézet-Séguin +Diergaarde Blijdorp +Oceanium +Rotterdam +non-industrialised +13% +Ahmed Aboutaleb +Kruiskade +"Summer Carnival", the Dance Parade, Rotterdam 666, the Metropolis pop festival and the World Port days +Nighttown and WATT and smaller stages such as Waterfront, Exit, and Heidegger +2005–2011 +International Film Festival +the dispersion of the lens material—the variation of its refractive index, n, with the wavelength of light. +fringes of colour around the image +an achromatic doublet (or achromat) +optical microscope +apochromat +If the separation distance is equal to the sum of the focal lengths +afocal system +the simplest type of optical telescope +afocal system +Lenses +They are usually shaped to fit in a roughly oval, not circular, frame; +myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism +Sunglasses +lenses are sometimes paired up with curved mirrors +virtual +photographic film or an optical sensor +Schmidt and meniscus +at least 2400 years +Convex lenses +photovoltaic cells +ignition can be achieved even with a poorly made lens +transmissive optical device that affects the focus of a light beam through refraction +single piece of material +several simple lenses (elements) +transparent materials such as glass, ground and polished to a desired shape +earliest written records of lenses date to Ancient Greece +used by artisans for fine work, and for authenticating seal impressions +Aristophanes' play The Clouds (424 BC) +writings of Pliny the Elder (23–79) +Italy in the 1280s +Venice and Florence in the thirteenth century +correction of vision +around 1595 +1608 +Chester Moore Hall +1733 +England +Englishman John Dollond +spherical +their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres +convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat) +line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces +Barlow lens +a so-called virtual object +converging beam +focal length +angular +angular magnification +focal lengths +plate scale +Linear +5 times +linear magnification +meaningless +5 cm +Spherical aberration +blurring +spherical surfaces +aspheric lenses +plano-convex lens +Coma +comatic circle +comet-like +bestform +the curvature of the two optical surfaces +both surfaces are convex +both surfaces have the same radius of curvature +lens with two concave surfaces +one of the surfaces is flat +steeper concave surface and is thinner at the centre than at the periphery +the relative curvatures of the two surfaces +a steeper convex surface and is thicker at the centre than at the periphery +nonzero thickness +a meniscus lens must have slightly unequal curvatures +focuses a collimated beam +The plane perpendicular to the lens axis situated at a distance f from the lens is called the focal plane. +collimated beam by the lens +at infinity +whether the corresponding surfaces are convex or concave +rays reaching the surface have already passed the center of curvature +a surface's center of curvature is further along in the direction of the ray travel +convex surfaces +concave surfaces +image is formed on the opposite side of the lens from where those rays are being considered +be projected on a screen +a real object at the location of that virtual image +virtual image behind the magnifying glass +Between 1917 and 1939, the people of Manipur pressed for their rights against the British Rule. +the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to be part of India, rather than Burma. +These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II. +On 21 September 1949, Maharaja Budhachandra signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India. +The Shan or Pong called the area Cassay, the Burmese Kathe, and the Assamese Meklee. +Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with "Manipureshwar", or "lord of Manipur", and the British discarded the name Meckley. +In the first treaty between the British East India Company and Meidingu Chingthangkhomba (Bhagyachandra) signed in 1762, the kingdom was recorded as Meckley. +Later on, the work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name. +A separatist movement has been active in Manipur since 1964, when United National Liberation Front was founded. +tribal peoples have demanded division of the present state into two or three Indian states along ethnic lines. +This is considered one of India's "sensitive areas", due to its political troubles and isolated geography. +Foreign travelers must gain permission from the government to enter the state. +The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) +in 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed +was founded in 1964, which declared that it wanted to gain independence from India and form Manipur as a new country. +the People's Liberation Army (PLA) was formed in 1978 which Human Rights Watch states as having received arms and training from China. +In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. +The total area covered by the state is 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi). +The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. +The mountain ranges create a moderated climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley +approximately 700 square miles (2,000 km2) surrounded by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres (2,590 ft) above sea level. +Almost all the rivers in the valley area +These rivers are corrosive +assume turbulent form in the rainy season +Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang and Leimatak +Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. +Almost all the rivers in the valley area +These rivers are corrosive +assume turbulent form in the rainy season +Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. +Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang and Leimatak +an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated land forms +600 km2 +Loktak lake +40 m +2,994 m +the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley +loam, small rock fragments, sand and sandy clay +5.4 to 6.8 +Soil on the steep hill slopes +very thin +790 meters above sea level +The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 °C (90 °F) +generally amiable climate, though the winters can be a chilly +In winter the temperature often falls below 0 °C (32 °F) +The coldest month is January, and the warmest July. +May until mid-October +467.5 millimetres (57.78 in) +Imphal +Tamenglong +Bay of Bengal +Meetei +Manipur +Kuki National Organisation +United Peoples Forum +Manipur +7.9 +25 +21 +107 +76 +Assam +167 +Tulihal +Tulihal Airport +National Highway 53 +watery weeds +30 +Bishnupur +Loktak Lake +Lake people +13×13 ft +courtyard +two +one +one table +4000 +600 +1989 +15 +Krishna +graceful and slow +elegant +Radha +2 acres +25 +1987 +80-minute +calling to a meal +the women/invitees and to their children. +married women +2nd lunar day of Heyangei +1 November +peace and thanksgiving to the Almighty for the harvests +Kuki-Chin-Zomi +Harvest festival +About 41.3% +Vaishnavism school +by Meetei people +Garib Niwas +The Hindu +Christianity +in the 19th century +Western-type education. +Christian +Little Flower School in Imphal, Don Bosco High School in Imphal, St. Joseph's Convent, and Nirmalabas High School +about 8% +Sanamahism +the Sun God/Sanamahi +Umang Lai +Folk religions +58.6 percent +51 +three women +5,704 +70.5 percent +Manipur +Meeteis, Nagas, Kukis +Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups +They have formed splinter groups +UNLF, PLA and PREPAK +brain-damaged +were responsible for certain functions +localized +epileptic +John Hughlings Jackson +20th +David Rioch, Francis O. Schmitt, and Stephen Kuffler +at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research +in the 1950s +Massachusetts Institute of Technology +1952 +how they are initiated and propagated +1961–2 +Bernard Katz +the FitzHugh–Nagumo model +molecular biology, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience +cells specialized for communication +through specialized junctions called synapses +electrical or electrochemical signals can be transmitted from one cell to another +axons +the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system +brain +nervous system +one hundred trillion +the plasticity +too few test subjects +brain changes thought to be associated with a mental condition but without any of the symptoms +serious brain damages and neurodegenerative diseases +insufficient size studies +addiction medicine, and sleep medicine +Neurology +Psychiatry +Anesthesiology +Neuropathology +Society for Neuroscience (SFN) +1969 +40,290 +United States +83 +Brain Research Organization (IBRO) +Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) +every two years +32 +2006 +general public and government officials +Society for Neuroscience +International Brain Bee +Dana Foundation +McMaster University +from the molecular and cellular levels to the systems and cognitive levels +molecular level +molecular biology and genetics +biological functions +physiological +molecular and cellular levels to the systems and cognitive levels +mechanisms by which neurons express and respond to molecular signals and how axons form complex connectivity patterns +molecular identity +understand how neurons develop and how genetic changes affect biological functions +the scientific study of the nervous system +biology +neuroeducation, neuroethics, and neurolaw +neurobiology +broadened to include different approaches +expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain +the study of neural networks +molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system +"cranial stuffing" of sorts +In Egypt, +take a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils +the heart +until the time of the Greek physician Hippocrates +but was also the seat of intelligence +Plato +believed the heart was the center of intelligence and that the brain regulated the amount of heat from the heart +after the invention of the microscope and the development of a staining procedure +late 1890s +Camillo Golgi +The procedure used a silver chromate salt to reveal the intricate structures of individual neurons +led to the formation of the neuron doctrine +mechanisms of how neurons process signals physiologically and electrochemically +thin extensions from a neuronal cell body +specialized to receive synaptic inputs from other neurons +specialized to conduct nerve impulses called action potentials +cell bodies of the neurons containing the nucleus +reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory +examine interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine and immune systems +how neural substrates underlie specific animal and human behaviors +how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions +how psychological functions are produced by neural circuitry +fMRI, PET, SPECT +neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI, PET, SPECT), electrophysiology, and human genetic analysis +address abstract questions such as how human cognition and emotion are mapped to specific neural substrates +how it works, how it develops, how it malfunctions, and how it can be altered or repaired +improvements in technology +ever-expanding base of knowledge and the availability of increasingly sophisticated technical methods +electron microscopy, computers, electronics, functional brain imaging, and most recently genetics and genomics +Oxford +1646 +1665–66 +1644 and 1671 +1642 +English Civil War +Charles II +fires +plague got too close +the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire +159,994 +the oldest university in the English-speaking world +examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period +Oxenaforda +fords were more common than bridges +AD 900 +became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes +the Norman Invasion +Robert D'Oyly +to confirm Norman authority over the area +The community never grew large +1139 +King Henry II +A grandson of King John +various important religious houses +Cistercian Order +12th century +St Edmund Hall +University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264) +1355 +as many as 93 +Great Western Railway +78 miles (125.5 km) +1851 +63.5 miles +100 mph (161 km/h) +18-month +Chiltern Railways +400 metres +Heart Thames Valley, Destiny 105, Jack FM and Jack FM 2 along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio +Six TV: The Oxford Channel +Oxide: Oxford Student Radio +May 2005 +Radiohead +nearby Abingdon School +30 years +Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, +Oxford United +fourth +1985 +23 years +John Aldridge, Ray Houghton, Tommy Caton, Matt Elliott, Nigel Jemson and Dean Whitehead +relatively small +Carfax +Cornmarket Street and Queen Street +1738 +The High +two +The Clarendon Centre and the Westgate Centre +the original West Gate in the city wall, +at the west end of Queen Street +2011 +Ashmolean Museum +Ashmolean Museum +1678–1683 +significant collections of art and archaeology +2015 +20 +4,930 +from Thornhill and Water Eaton +battery power with a small diesel generator +15 July 2010 +Stagecoach and Oxford Bus Company +flywheel energy storage (FES) +FES uses a high-speed flywheel +mass-produce cars +Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher +William Morris +Mini for BMW +left bank of Cowley +Oxford +27% +10,000 +Headington and Cowley Road areas +nine +13 +brewing trade +railways +1743 +1998 +Richard Tawney +Michael Cannon +luxury apartments +Murdoch +Fair Trading Act +1981 +Thomson Corporation +uneconomic businesses +Evans +Hugh Trevor-Roper +Frank Giles +Hitler Diaries +The Last Days of Hitler +investigations +Sunday Telegraph +Andrew Neil +Israel +HIV +print workers +Wapping +input copy directly +Wapping Dispute +1987 +Funday Times +Neil +Style & Travel +Culture +acting editor +Driving +2012 +John Witherow +Home +Fifa +Marie Colvin +1.3 million +siege of Homs +Foreign Reporter of the Year +1.3 million +just over 800,000 +59,000 +a fall in circulation +Martin Ivens +John Witherow +Martin Ivens +the possible merger of the two Times titles +January 2013 +May 2010 +The Times +The Sunday Times +July 2010 +to reflect their distinct brand identities +December 2010 +Apple's Newsstand platform +August 2011 +500MB +allowing automated downloading of the news section. +The Sunday Times iPad app +twice +2011 Newspaper Awards +Various +iMonitor +It can be accessed without cost. +Sunday Times Driving +premium vehicles +editorial content from the newspaper +specially commissioned articles. +Alan Ruddock and John Burns +The Irish edition of The Sunday Times +third biggest-selling +John Burns +127,336 +2003 +Travel +164 +The Sunday Times Travel Magazine +Britain +phone hacking scandal +employing "known criminals" +to gain access to his bank account records +Gordon Brown +The Sunday Times +25 +freelance columnists +four +editors +extensive Irish coverage +than 20 years +Scottish television schedules +Jason Allardyce +"Scottish Focus" +about a dozen +William Harrison Ainsworth's Old St Paul's +1838 +the coronation of Queen Victoria +wood +a novel +Alice Cornwell +1893 +the Observer +his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer +Rachel Sassoon Beer +William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry +23 November 1930 +21 January 1940 +Lord Camrose +Viscount Kemsley +1943 +The Sunday Times +Kemsley Newspapers Group +Kemsley Newspapers Group +Ian Fleming +foreign manager (foreign editor) and special writer +28 September 1958 +12 November 1945 +publish two sections regularly +Lord Thomson +Denis Hamilton +colour section +Jean Shrimpton +David Bailey +Clive Irving +1964 +The Sunday Times +Thomson +Times Newspapers Ltd +Harold Evans +1967 until 1981 +19 May 1968 +birth defects +a series of industrial disputes at its plant at Gray's Inn Road in London +to buy out obstructive practices and overmanning +resisting attempts to replace the old-fashioned hot-metal and labour-intensive Linotype method +November 1978 +November 1979 +had been on full pay during the suspension +more money +felt betrayed +Rupert Murdoch +he thought had a better chance of dealing with the trade unions. +a subsidiary of News UK +The Sunday Times +owned by News Corp. Times Newspapers +since 1966 +in 1981 +The Sunday Times +just under one million +The Sunday Telegraph, The Observer and The Independent on Sunday +Monday to Saturday +more than twice as many copies +Insight team +for the strength of its investigative reporting +Jeremy Clarkson, A. A. Gill and Bryan Appleyard +the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages +Travel, Home and Driving +Forbes 400 +The Sunday Times Fast Track 100 +Parent Power +The Sunday Times Festival of Education +The Sunday Times Bestseller List +18 February 1821 +The New Observer +21 April +Henry White +Daniel Whittle Harvey +sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task +a procedure +callable unit +subroutine +different programming languages +invention of this concept, which they termed a closed subroutine +an open subroutine +branch back +macro +the same way as a computer program +programming tool +substantially reduce the cost of developing and maintaining a large program +objects and methods +libraries +use of subroutines +modifying data structures +A subprogram with side effects may return different results each time it is called +widespread use of subroutines +a random number function +available in many languages +Pascal +Fortran, Ada +in expressions +C and Lisp +as statements +Small-Scale Experimental Machine and the RCA 1802 +programmers to use the call sequence +deep levels of subroutine nesting +a series of instructions +a calling convention +punched paper tape +kept indexed collections of such tapes or card decks for collective use +punched cards +by a separate piece of tape, loaded or spliced before or after the main program +a special case of the stack data structure +to implement subroutine calls and returns +a new entry +the private data of the corresponding call +to save precious memory +the private data of the calls that are currently active +the earliest and simplest method for automatic memory management +parameters, return address, and local variables +could save significant amounts of memory. +delay the use of a call stack until it is really needed +leaf procedures or leaf functions +return without making any procedure calls themselves +If procedure P returns without making any other call +termed functions or subs +an unspecified variable is registered as a variant type +ByRef (default) or ByVal +methods when associated with a class +any number and nature +to simplify some complex algorithms, and breaking down complex problems +a subprogram may even call itself +execution to suspend while another nested execution of the same subprogram occurs +call stack structure is formed +one activation record for each suspended subprogram +stack frames +PL/1 and C +a subprogram can function properly even when called while another execution is already in progress +must be reentrant +call the same subprogram without fear of interfering with each other +slightly less restrictive +to operate on reals, complex values or matrices +number of functions with the same name, but operating on different types of data, or with different parameter profiles +not having to remember different names for each type of data +one to return a real when the parameter is positive, and another to return a complex value when the parameter is negative +an object that will accept directions +colour of the trace, starting x and y co-ordinates, trace speed +he could call another constructor that accepts only color, +the constructor with all the parameters passing in a set of default values for all the other parameters +that each subroutine should have minimal dependency on other pieces of code +because it adds tight coupling between the subroutine and these global variables +unwise +to refactor subroutines to accept passed parameters instead +can affect code readability +passing the arguments, branching to the subprogram, and branching back to the caller +saving and restoring certain processor registers, allocating and reclaiming call frame storage +automatic testing of the subroutine's return code, or the handling of exceptions that it may raise +a significant source of overhead +if the procedures may have side effects +twice +because the two calls may return different results +before the second call +inline expansion +avoid the call overhead, but it also allows the compiler to optimize the procedure's body more effectively +by taking into account the context and arguments at that call. +compiler +military bands +Sax +French and Belgian military bands +least a quartet of saxophones +insufficiently powerful +the E♭ alto saxophone, the B♭ tenor saxophone, and the E♭ baritone saxophone +two altos, one tenor, and one baritone +B♭ soprano saxophone +the first alto saxophonist +Percy Grainger +Classical saxophone quartets +the soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone +the nineteenth century +Sousa +Conservatoire de Paris +the early 20th century +big swing era bands +call-response patterns +Lester Young +bebop +soprano saxophone +largely fell out of favor +Dave Brubeck +Sidney Bechet +smooth jazz/contemporary pop +Adolphe Sax +1840 +family of woodwind instruments +The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, +Instruments from the so-called "orchestral" series, pitched in C and F, +a Belgian instrument maker +to establish his musical instrument business +a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument +overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. +An instrument that overblew at the octave, would have identical fingering for both registers. +received, a 15-year patent +patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each +split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass +The C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. +giving each saxophone a range of two and a half octaves. +Sax's patent expired in 1866 +The first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer +extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range +Using alternate fingerings will allow the player to play easily and as fast as they can. +The player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch +which was based on the Triebert system 3 oboe for the left hand +A substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key +Further developments were made by Selmer +most radical, however temporary, revisions of saxophone keywork was made in the 1950s by M. Houvenaghel of Paris, +a number of notes (C♯, B, A, G, F and E♭) to be flattened by a semitone simply by pressing the right middle finger. +the forefront of creative exploration +Sheets of sound, tonal exploration, upper harmonics, and multiphonics +the exploration of non-western ethnic sounds on the saxophone +John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, Sam Rivers and Pharoah Sanders +B♭ and E♭ +the C soprano and C melody +F +the late 1920s and early 1930s +saxophone +acoustic problems +tactile consistency +Two +saxophone +At rest +keytouches pressed by the fingers +joints +closed keys +Leblanc System +costs +make half-step shifts +Leblanc System +chromatic +Jim Schmidt +individual order +chromatic +closed keys +4 +low A +low A +Selmer Paris +F +the larger instruments +the saxophone family +the alto and tenor +U-shape +right +key arrangement and fingering +E♭ +three +clef substitution +screw pins +'key touches' +abalone or stone keytouches +1920 +VibratoSax +Thailand +higher copper alloys +Yanagisawa's 902 and 992 +Chateau, Kessler, Saxgourmet, and Bauhaus Walstein +silver plate +oxidation +nickel or gold +gold +single-reed +clarinet +Arundo donax cane +brands, styles, and strengths +wood, glass, crystal, porcelain, and even bone +Larry Teal +Mouthpiece design +Mouthpieces +classical +high baffle +chamber shape and tip design, and metal construction +Marcel Mule +concave +music that follows aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism +Jonathan Kramer +Umberto Eco and Jean-François Lyotard +the postmodernist movement +a work can either be modernist, or postmodern, but not both +music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies +classical +John Cage +popular music and world ethnic musical traditions +in the 1960s +Eclecticism and freedom of expression +rigidity and aesthetic limitations +Louis Andriessen +anti-romantic +Eclecticism and freedom of expression +rigidity and aesthetic limitations +Louis Andriessen +anti-romantic +Postmodern designers +did not consist of one unified graphic style +postmodern graphic designers +in the 1970s +the movement was an expressive and playful time +deconstruction +techniques of close reading without reference to cultural, ideological, moral opinions +Peter Eisenmann +a postmodern movement called deconstructivism +the problematic implications of binary oppositions +modernism +late-20th-century +knowledge is articulated from local perspectives, with all its uncertainties, complexity and paradox +culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. +deconstruction and post-structuralism +around the 1880s. +J. M. Thompson, +a quarterly philosophical review) +John Watkins Chapman +Walter Truett Anderson +as socially constructed +truth is found through methodical, disciplined inquiry +found in the heritage of American and Western civilization +through attaining harmony with nature and/or spiritual exploration of the inner self +Postmodernist ideas in philosophy and the analysis of culture and society +since the 1950s and 1960s +1968 +the Social Revolution +post-structuralism +the perceived blandness and failed Utopianism of the Modern movement +Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier +the pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection, and attempted harmony of form and function, and dismissal of "frivolous ornament." +the attributes of perfection and minimalism themselves were subjective +Modernism +industrial mass production +failure to recognise differences and aim towards homogenous landscapes +urban planning +planners predating Postmodernism +disregard of resident or public opinion +slums, overcrowding, deteriorated infrastructure, pollution and disease +in the 1960s +Advocacy planning and participatory models of planning +to expand the range of participants in urban interventions +Jane Jacobs +at 3:32pm on 15 July in 1972 +architect Minoru Yamasaki +to accept pluralism and heighten awareness of social differences +the lost traditions and history +Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote +postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody +Samuel Beckett +Vladimir Nabokov +"high modern" +Ihab Hassan +Constructing Postmodernism +developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology +Brian McHale +1987 +French academics +Post-structuralists +Louis Althusser +50s +postmodernist +Post-structuralism +French +Reductionism and Epiphenomenalism +Claude Lévi-Strauss +Andrew Hoberek +Twentieth Century Literature +Raoul Eshelman +Nicolas Bourriaud +Victoria and Albert Museum +obscurantism +Hume +Noam Chomsky +postmodernist +postmodernist +postmodernist +Comparative Literature +environmental +to stand up safely +ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing +cracking or failure of fixtures +extremely complex +interaction of structures with the shaking ground, +foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes +design and construct the structures +to perform during an earthquake. +El Castillo +Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong +Chichen Itza +poor seismic performance. +lead designer on these structures +often the sole designer +structural safety +designs for dams +temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic +high pressures from water or compressed gases +extreme forces +such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground +struts and ties +A truss +Gusset plates +flexible and minimize bending +at the connections +many collapses and failures +obvious negligence +Rev. Fortin Augustin +three +94 people +two +concrete flat slab +continuum +computer analysis +codified empirical +careful study +greater understanding of the science of structural engineering +box girders +structural knowledge and practice +building engineering +Structural building engineering +Structural building engineering +architecture +Structural building engineering +an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic +loads +mathematical +yield line theory +Plasticity +an unsafe prediction +ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic +The architect +a structural engineer +structurally +their form +their form +forces in compression +A dome +hanging-chain +catenary +static and dynamic +a four or five year undergraduate degree, +three years of professional practice +Institution of Structural Engineers +international +2700 B.C.E. +the step pyramid +almost infinitely +a pyramid is inherently stable +Imhotep +structural stability +compressive strength +limestone +structural stability +forces in compression +masonry +the line of thrust of the force +to increase the bountifulness of any structure +master builder +No theory of structures existed +empirical evidence of 'what had worked before' +seldom +guilds +the Industrial Revolution +No record exists +concrete +the Renaissance +the 1970s +their form +transverse +a tightrope +cable or fabric structures +A fabric +Structural engineering +to understand and predict how structures support and resist +empirical and theoretical +the 1990s +environmental loads +Structural engineering +their properties +support +resist loads +knowledge of materials and their properties +Structural engineers +Structural engineers +Structural engineers +serviceability and performance +a number of simple structural elements +Structural engineers +Structural engineer +applied physical laws +Entry-level structural +More experienced engineers +Entry-level structural engineers +engineering design and analysis +Structural engineers +Structural engineers +Structural engineers +Structural engineers +structural engineering +static structures +geometry +fatigue +static structures +nanostructure +nanoscale +one dimension +three dimensions +magnetic technology +Aerospace structure +Atlas, Delta, Titan +thin +Hypersonic vehicles +components +structural design +boat or aircraft +machine +thousands +forces +Medical equipment +Diagnostic Medical Equipment +biomedical equipment technician +Diagnostic equipment +BMETs +axial force - compression - or both axial force and bending +beam-column +the axial capacity of the element, and the buckling capacity +buckling +the effective length of the column +top and bottom +real length +degree of bending it is subjected to +complex non-linear +axial +interaction chart +beam +line elements +applied loads +simple +Beams +compression part +go into compression +resist the tension +glucosamine +seven +sugar backbone +Kdo2-Lipid A +a monosaccharide +adipose tissue +fat cell +the activation of hormone-sensitive enzyme lipase +stored energy of triglycerides +4 kcal/g +in the polar medium +the polar molecules (i.e., water in an aqueous solution) become more ordered around the dissolved lipophilic substance +a form of lamellar phase lipid bilayer +Phase behavior +a vesicle +secondary metabolites and natural products +glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and/or other processes +cyclic molecules +anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer +animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources +membrane-bound organelles +plasma membrane +glycerophospholipids +sphingomyelin and sterols +the galactosyldiacylglycerols, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol +Neural tissue +components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and cell signaling +various neurological disorders +phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC, GPCho or lecithin), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer) +dialkylether variants +phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids +binding sites +complicated family of compounds +ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds +sphingosine +16 to 26 carbon atoms +Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) +Sterol lipids +estrogen +androgens such as testosterone and androsterone +progestogens as well as the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids +40 carbons +simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A +Vitamin E and vitamin K +linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc. +the amphiphilic nature +hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules +vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment +ketoacyl and isoprene groups +eight categories +fats are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides +triglycerides +sterol-containing metabolites such as cholesterol +some essential lipids cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet +chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA +fatty acid synthesis +a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end +insoluble in water +between four and 24 carbons long +Docosahexaenoic acid +eicosanoids +wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A +fatty amides +mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols +triacylglycerol +they function as an energy store +hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue +steroid +cell signaling +sphingosine-1-phosphate +PIPs +prostaglandins +fat-soluble +liver and fatty tissues +mitochondria +oligosaccharides +Cardiolipins +triglycerides +lipogenesis +liver +fatty acid synthases +isoprene units +isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate +mevalonate pathway +lanosterol +Beta oxidation +fatty acid synthesis +two-carbon fragments +acetyl-CoA +106 ATP +triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids +omega-6 +omega-3 fatty acid +18 +trans fats +The Nutrition Source +eight-year +increased risk of obesity and diabetes +49,000 \ No newline at end of file