Question: When does the mobile library service operate?

The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.

Answer: weekly

The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. <hl> The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas. <hl>

The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates <hl> weekly <hl> rural areas.


Question: Who provides programs to students with special needs?

Answer: The Education and Employment Directorate

<hl> The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. <hl> The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.

<hl> The Education and Employment Directorate <hl> also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.


Question: What curriculum does the island adapt?

The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:

Answer: The UK national curriculum

<hl> The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. <hl> A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:

<hl> The UK national curriculum <hl> is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:


Question: What are the qualifications offered?

Answer: GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications

The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. <hl> A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications : <hl>

The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from <hl> GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications <hl>:

A range of qualifications are offered – from <hl> GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications <hl> :


Question: Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.

Answer: International Island Games Association

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. <hl> Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association . <hl> The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the <hl> International Island Games Association <hl>. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.

Saint Helena is a member of the <hl> International Island Games Association <hl> .


Question: Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?

Answer: Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. <hl> The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011. <hl>

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in <hl> Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League <hl> in 2011.


Question: When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?

Answer: 2011

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. <hl> The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011 . <hl>

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in <hl> 2011 <hl>.

The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in <hl> 2011 <hl> .


Question: Where does the Governor's cup take place?

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

Answer: between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,

<hl> The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. <hl> In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race <hl> between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, <hl> held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.


Question: What months does the Governor's cup take place?

Answer: December/January

<hl> The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January ; the most recent event was in December 2010. <hl> In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in <hl> December/January <hl>; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in <hl> December/January <hl> ; the most recent event was in December 2010.


Question: When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?

Answer: December 2010

<hl> The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010 . <hl> In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in <hl> December 2010 <hl>. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in <hl> December 2010 <hl> .


Question: What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

Answer: scouting and guiding

<hl> There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. <hl> Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

There are <hl> scouting and guiding <hl> groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.


Question: When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?

Answer: 1912

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. <hl> Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912 . <hl> Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in <hl> 1912 <hl>. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in <hl> 1912 <hl> .


Question: Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?

Answer: Lord and Lady Baden-Powell

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. <hl> Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. <hl> The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. <hl> Lord and Lady Baden-Powell <hl> visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.


Question: What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?

Answer: African Adventures

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. <hl> The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures . <hl>

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled <hl> African Adventures <hl>.

The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled <hl> African Adventures <hl> .


Question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Answer: phonetics

<hl> In phonetics , aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. <hl> In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

In <hl> phonetics <hl>, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

In <hl> phonetics <hl> , aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.


Question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?

Answer: allophones

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. <hl> In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive. <hl>

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are <hl> allophones <hl> in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.


Question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?

Answer: Indian and East Asian

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. <hl> In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive. <hl>

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most <hl> Indian and East Asian <hl> languages, the difference is contrastive.


Question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?

To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

Answer: pin

<hl> To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. <hl> One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say <hl> pin <hl> [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.


Question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?

Answer: aspirated

<hl> To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. <hl> One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

To feel or see the difference between <hl> aspirated <hl> and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.


Question: What does IPA stand for?

Answer: International Phonetic Alphabet

<hl> In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop. <hl>

In the <hl> International Phonetic Alphabet <hl> (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.


Question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?

Answer: voiceless consonants

<hl> In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop. <hl>

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for <hl> voiceless consonants <hl> followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.


Question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?

Answer: p

<hl> In the International Phonetic Al p habet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop. <hl>

In the International Phonetic Al<hl> p <hl>habet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

In the International Phonetic Al <hl> p <hl> habet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.


Question: pʰ represents what?

Answer: aspirated bilabial stop

the aspirated bilabial stop .

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents <hl> the aspirated bilabial stop . <hl>

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the <hl> aspirated bilabial stop <hl>.


Question: What is not often aspirated?

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Answer: Voiced consonants

<hl> Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. <hl> Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

<hl> Voiced consonants <hl> are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.


Question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?

Answer: breathy

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. <hl> Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). <hl> In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with <hl> breathy <hl> voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.


Question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?

Answer: breathy-voiced

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). <hl> In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated. <hl>

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and <hl> breathy-voiced <hl> consonants are called voiced aspirated.


Question: There are no IPA symbols for what?

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

Answer: degrees of aspiration

<hl> There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. <hl> The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for <hl> degrees of aspiration <hl> and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.


Question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?

Answer: aspiration modifier

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. <hl> The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. <hl> Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The <hl> aspiration modifier <hl> letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.


Question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?

Answer: Korean

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. <hl> Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically. <hl>

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in <hl> Korean <hl> stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.


Question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?

Answer: numerically

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. <hl> Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically . <hl>

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given <hl> numerically <hl>.

Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given <hl> numerically <hl> .


Question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?

Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Answer: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol

<hl> Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol : ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. <hl>

Preaspirated consonants are marked by <hl> placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol <hl>: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Preaspirated consonants are marked by <hl> placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol <hl> : ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.


Question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?

Answer: ⟨ʰp⟩

<hl> Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. <hl>

Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: <hl> ⟨ʰp⟩ <hl> represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.


Question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Answer: with the modifier letter

<hl> Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. <hl> Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked <hl> with the modifier letter <hl> for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.


Question: What is the superscript equal sign?

Answer: ⟨t˭⟩

<hl> Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩ . <hl> Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: <hl> ⟨t˭⟩ <hl>. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: <hl> ⟨t˭⟩ <hl> .


Question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?

Answer: left unmarked

<hl> Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked : ⟨t⟩. <hl>

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are <hl> left unmarked <hl>: ⟨t⟩.

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are <hl> left unmarked <hl> : ⟨t⟩.


Question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?

Answer: ⟨t⟩

<hl> Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩ . <hl>

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: <hl> ⟨t⟩ <hl>.

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: <hl> ⟨t⟩ <hl> .


Question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Answer: Voiceless consonants

<hl> Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). <hl> Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

<hl> Voiceless consonants <hl> are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.


Question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?

Answer: voiced consonants

<hl> Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). <hl> Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and <hl> voiced consonants <hl> are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.


Question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?

Answer: Voiceless aspiration

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). <hl> Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. <hl> An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). <hl> Voiceless aspiration <hl> occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.


Question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?

Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

Answer: Navajo

<hl> Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo , aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication. <hl>

Phonetically in some languages, such as <hl> Navajo <hl>, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

Phonetically in some languages, such as <hl> Navajo <hl> , aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.


Question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?

Answer: an extended length of the frication

<hl> Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication . <hl>

Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as <hl> an extended length of the frication <hl>.

Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as <hl> an extended length of the frication <hl> .


Question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Answer: consonant clusters

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. <hl> For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters . <hl> In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in <hl> consonant clusters <hl>. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in <hl> consonant clusters <hl> .


Question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?

Answer: Wahgi

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. <hl> In Wahgi , consonants are aspirated only in final position. <hl>

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In <hl> Wahgi <hl>, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

In <hl> Wahgi <hl> , consonants are aspirated only in final position.


Question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?

Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Answer: unaspirated stops

<hl> Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops . <hl> Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to <hl> unaspirated stops <hl>. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to <hl> unaspirated stops <hl> .


Question: Aspiration alters with what?

Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Answer: place of articulation

<hl> Aspiration varies with place of articulation . <hl> The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Aspiration varies with <hl> place of articulation <hl>. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Aspiration varies with <hl> place of articulation <hl> .


Question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

Answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

<hl> When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. <hl> A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, <hl> the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. <hl> An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.


Question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?

Answer: An aspirated affricate

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. <hl> An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. <hl> A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. <hl> An aspirated affricate <hl> consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.


Question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?

Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Answer: Icelandic and Faroese

<hl> Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. <hl> In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

<hl> Icelandic and Faroese <hl> have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:


Question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?

Answer: consonant clusters

<hl> Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. <hl> In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as <hl> consonant clusters <hl> as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:


Question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?

Answer: double stops and single stops

Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. <hl> In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops : <hl>

Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with <hl> double stops and single stops <hl>:

In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with <hl> double stops and single stops <hl> :


Question: The Sami tongue also has what?

Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Answer: Preaspirated stops

<hl> Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ( <hl> [ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

<hl> Preaspirated stops <hl> also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.


Question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?

Answer: North Sami

<hl> Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami , the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], <hl> [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in <hl> North Sami <hl>, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in <hl> North Sami <hl> , the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp],


Question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?

Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

Answer: up to four

Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. <hl> Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives <hl> [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have <hl> up to four <hl> contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].


Question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Answer: True aspirated voiced consonants

<hl> True aspirated voiced consonants , as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. <hl> They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

<hl> True aspirated voiced consonants <hl>, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

<hl> True aspirated voiced consonants <hl> , as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare.


Question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?

Answer: rare

<hl> True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare . <hl> They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely <hl> rare <hl>. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely <hl> rare <hl> .


Question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?

Answer: Kx'a languages

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. <hl> They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages . <hl> Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the <hl> Kx'a languages <hl>. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the <hl> Kx'a languages <hl> .


Question: What has a different significance in various languages?

Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

Answer: Aspiration

<hl> Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. <hl> It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

<hl> Aspiration <hl> has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.


Question: What two forms can aspiration be in?

Answer: allophonic or phonemic

Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. <hl> It is either allophonic or phonemic , and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster. <hl>

Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either <hl> allophonic or phonemic <hl>, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

It is either <hl> allophonic or phonemic <hl> , and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.


Question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Answer: allophonic

<hl> In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic . <hl> Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is <hl> allophonic <hl>. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is <hl> allophonic <hl> .


Question: How are stops distinguished?

Answer: voicing

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. <hl> Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing , and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. <hl>

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by <hl> voicing <hl>, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Stops are distinguished primarily by <hl> voicing <hl> , and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.


Question: Voiceless stops are at times what?

Answer: aspirated

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. <hl> Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated , while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. <hl>

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes <hl> aspirated <hl>, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes <hl> aspirated <hl> , while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.


Question: Voiced stops are most often what?

Answer: unaspirated

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. <hl> Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated . <hl>

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually <hl> unaspirated <hl>.

Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually <hl> unaspirated <hl> .


Question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?

They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

Answer: unaspirated

<hl> They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. <hl> After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

They are <hl> unaspirated <hl> for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.


Question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?

Answer: compound words

They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. <hl> After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words . <hl> When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in <hl> compound words <hl>. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in <hl> compound words <hl> .


Question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?

Answer: aspirated

<hl> They are un aspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. <hl> After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

They are un<hl> aspirated <hl> for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

They are un <hl> aspirated <hl> for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill.


Question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?

Answer: unaspirated

<hl> They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. <hl> After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

They are <hl> unaspirated <hl> for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.


Question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

Answer: phonemic

<hl> In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic . <hl> Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are <hl> phonemic <hl>. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are <hl> phonemic <hl> .


Question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?

Answer: phonemes

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. <hl> Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes , and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other. <hl>

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate <hl> phonemes <hl>, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate <hl> phonemes <hl> , and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.


Question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

Answer: their lack of aspiration

<hl> In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration . <hl>

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in <hl> their lack of aspiration <hl>.

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in <hl> their lack of aspiration <hl> .


Question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?

Answer: ⟨p t k⟩

<hl> In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩ , mainly in their lack of aspiration. <hl>

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts <hl> ⟨p t k⟩ <hl>, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts <hl> ⟨p t k⟩ <hl> , mainly in their lack of aspiration.


Question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Answer: aspiration

<hl> Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration : for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. <hl> Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by <hl> aspiration <hl>: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by <hl> aspiration <hl> : for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants.


Question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?

Answer: pinyin

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s <hl> t͡sʰ/. In pinyin , tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. <hl> Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In <hl> pinyin <hl>, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

t͡sʰ/. In <hl> pinyin <hl> , tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants.


Question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?

Answer: aspirated stops

<hl> Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. <hl> Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and <hl> aspirated stops <hl> with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.


Question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Answer: Wu Chinese

<hl> Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. <hl> In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

<hl> Wu Chinese <hl> has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.


Question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?

Answer: /p pʰ b/

<hl> Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/ . <hl> In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: <hl> /p pʰ b/ <hl>. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: <hl> /p pʰ b/ <hl> .


Question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?

Answer: Muddy consonants

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. <hl> Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone. <hl>

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. <hl> Muddy consonants <hl> as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.


Question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?

Answer: slack or breathy

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. <hl> These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. <hl> Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with <hl> slack or breathy <hl> voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.


Question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Answer: four

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. <hl> Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four -way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/. <hl>

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a <hl> four <hl>-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a <hl> four <hl> -way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.


Question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?

Answer: breathy-voiced

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. <hl> Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/. <hl>

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and <hl> breathy-voiced <hl> or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.


Question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?

Answer: breathy-voiced consonants

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. <hl> Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants , which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/. <hl>

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost <hl> breathy-voiced consonants <hl>, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost <hl> breathy-voiced consonants <hl> , which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.


Question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?

Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

Answer: Dravidian

<hl> Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. <hl> In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

Some of the <hl> Dravidian <hl> languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.


Question: What has no distinction between the categories of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?

Answer: native Dravidian words

Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. <hl> In native Dravidian words , there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration. <hl>

Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In <hl> native Dravidian words <hl>, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

In <hl> native Dravidian words <hl> , there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.


Question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?

Answer: Western Armenian

<hl> Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. <hl>

<hl> Western Armenian <hl> has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.


Question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?

Answer: /d/

<hl> Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/ , and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. <hl>

Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced <hl> /d/ <hl>, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced <hl> /d/ <hl> , and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.


Question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?

Answer: /t/

<hl> Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/ . <hl>

Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless <hl> /t/ <hl>.

Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless <hl> /t/ <hl> .


Question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?

Answer: aspirated stops.

<hl> Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. <hl>

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having <hl> aspirated stops. <hl> The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.


Question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?

Answer: Classical Attic

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. <hl> The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. <hl>

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The <hl> Classical Attic <hl> dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.


Question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?

Answer: Greek grammarians

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. <hl> The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians . <hl>

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine <hl> Greek grammarians <hl>.

The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine <hl> Greek grammarians <hl> .


Question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

Answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

<hl> There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ . <hl> Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar <hl> /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ <hl>. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar <hl> /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ <hl> .


Question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?

Answer: Mycenaean Greek

<hl> There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek , likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. <hl>

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by <hl> Mycenaean Greek <hl>, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by <hl> Mycenaean Greek <hl> , likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.


Question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?

Answer: dialect and phonetic environment

<hl> There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment . <hl>

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on <hl> dialect and phonetic environment <hl>.

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on <hl> dialect and phonetic environment <hl> .


Question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Answer: three

<hl> The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three -way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). <hl>

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same <hl> three <hl>-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same <hl> three <hl> -way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).


Question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?

Answer: Ionic and Aeolic

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and <hl> the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). <hl>

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the <hl> Ionic and Aeolic <hl> dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).


Question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?

Answer: fricative

<hl> The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). <hl>

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a <hl> fricative <hl> in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).


Question: Attic Greek lenited to what?

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Answer: voiceless and voiced fricatives

<hl> Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives , yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek. <hl>

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to <hl> voiceless and voiced fricatives <hl>, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to <hl> voiceless and voiced fricatives <hl> , yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.


Question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?

Answer: Medieval and Modern Greek

<hl> Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek . <hl>

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in <hl> Medieval and Modern Greek <hl>.

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in <hl> Medieval and Modern Greek <hl> .


Question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

Answer: debuccalization

<hl> The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization , in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ]. <hl>

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of <hl> debuccalization <hl>, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of <hl> debuccalization <hl> , in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].


Question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?

Answer: glottal stop or fricative

a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become <hl> a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ]. <hl>

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a <hl> glottal stop or fricative <hl> [ʔ h ɦ].


Question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?

Answer: lenited

<hl> The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative <hl> [ʔ h ɦ].

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is <hl> lenited <hl> (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].


Question: What is breathy voice?

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Answer: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

<hl> So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds . <hl> The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, <hl> a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds <hl>. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, <hl> a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds <hl> .


Question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?

Answer: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. <hl> This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩. <hl>

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as <hl> ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic <hl> for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.


Question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Answer: murmured sonorants

<hl> Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants , such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents. <hl>

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to <hl> murmured sonorants <hl>, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to <hl> murmured sonorants <hl> , such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.


Question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?

Answer: vowels and nasals

<hl> Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals , which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents. <hl>

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as <hl> vowels and nasals <hl>, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as <hl> vowels and nasals <hl> , which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.