Answer: Korean American Presbyterian Church

Question: What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States?


Answer: Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church

Context: Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America.

Question: What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation (ARP)?


Answer: 1800s

Context: In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.

Question: Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?


Answer: Catholicism

Question: The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?


Answer: Spanish Conquistadors

Question: Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?


Answer: Presbyterian Church in Canada

Context: In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination – and indeed the largest Protestant denomination – was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups. In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada. A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body. They regained use of the original name in 1939.

Question: What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada?


Answer: 1925

Question: In what year was the United Church of Canada formed?


Answer: 1875

Question: When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed?


Answer: National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México)

Context: The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition.

Question: What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?


Answer: 2,500,000

Question: How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?


Answer: 1875

Question: When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?


Answer: 1,011,300

Context: In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131 000 members as of 2011. The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries. The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Karl McIntosh and the Bible Presbyterian church USA and has around 1 800 members. The Independent Presbyterian Church in Brasil was founded in 1903 by pastor Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75 000 members. The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil has around 4 000 members. There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country. The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin. The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (liberated).

Question: How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?


Answer: 131 000

Question: As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?


Answer: 1940

Question: When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?


Answer: The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil

Question: What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?


Answer: social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals

Context: African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals. A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. For example, the Lackawanna Presbytery, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, has a partnership with a presbytery in Ghana. Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church, located near Pittsburgh, has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya. The Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, western Africa is also healthy and strong in mostly the southern states of this nation, strong density in the south-eastern states of this country. Beginning from Cross River state, the nearby coastal states, Rivers state, Lagos state to Ebonyi and Abia States. The missionary expedition of Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel and their group in the mid 18th century in this coastal regions of the ten British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas.

Question: Which services to most African Presbyterian churches offer?


Answer: Malawi and Kenya

Question: The Southminster Presbyterian Church in Pittsburg has partnerships with churches in which two countries?


Answer: Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel

Question: Which two missionaries help bring Presbyterian churches in the south eastern states?


Answer: 17 000–20 000 members

Context: The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17 000–20 000 members. It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland. The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM. Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church. Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP, Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian. Often the churches there have one main congregation and a number of Prayer Houses develop. education, health ministries as well as worship and spiritual development are important.

Question: The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?


Answer: Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian

Question: Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi?


Answer: education, health ministries as well as worship

Question: The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?


Answer: Presbyterian Church of Korea

Context: Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean, 대한예수교장로회 (literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK), tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms. The Presbyterian schism began with the controversy in relation to the Japanese shrine worship enforced during the Japanese colonial period and the establishment of a minor division (Koryu-pa, 고려파, later The Koshin Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin 고신) in 1952. And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary (later Hanshin University) founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group (The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Kijang, 기장) was separated. The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC. The controversy divided the PCK into two denominations, The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap, 통합) and The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong, 합동) in 1959. All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary, therefore, not only Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007, 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary.

Question: Most of the churches in Korea carry the same name, what is it?


Answer: 1953

Question: What year did the second schism take place?


Answer: whether the PCK should join the WCC

Question: What was the main reason for the latest schism?


Answer: 1947

Question: What year was the Chosun Seminary founded?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did the Korean church celebrate the 100th class?


Answer: United States

Context: Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea. In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration.

Question: Korean Presbyterian missionaries being sent over seas are second in numbers to only which other country?


Answer: General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea

Question: What is the name of the largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea?


Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: Which muslim country does Korea have a Presbyterian church in?


Answer: The Presbyterian Church

Context: The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines). English Presbyterian missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865. His colleague George Leslie Mackay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, was active in Danshui and north Taiwan from 1872 to 1901; he founded the island's first university and hospital, and created a written script for Taiwanese Minnan. The English and Canadian missions joined together as the PCT in 1912. One of the few churches permitted to operate in Taiwan through the era of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the PCT experienced rapid growth during the era of Guomindang-imposed martial law (1949–1987), in part due to its support for democracy, human rights, and Taiwan independence. Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui (in office 1988–2000) is a Presbyterian.

Question: What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Taiwan?


Answer: 238,372

Question: How many members make up The Presbyterian Church denomination?


Answer: James Laidlaw Maxwell

Question: Who was the first person to bring Presbyterianism into Taiwan?


Answer: era of Guomindang

Question: In what era did The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan experience a large growth in members?


Answer: 1894

Context: In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards. Hence there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it. The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846. Presbyterians participated in the mergers that resulted in the Church of North India and the Church of South India.Sohra

Question: What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?


Answer: Welsh Presbyterians

Question: Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of missionaries that ventured into east india?


Answer: Sohra

Question: Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?


Answer: 600,000

Context: In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census. Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church. There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang. Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies. The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times.

Question: How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?


Answer: The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia

Question: Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?


Answer: 1859 and 1870, and in 1901

Question: Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?


Answer: 1977

Context: In 1977, two thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia, combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The third who did not unite had various reasons for so acting, often cultural attachment but often conservative theological or social views. The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers. The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales, which has the largest membership. The theology of the church is now generally conservative and Reformed. A number of small Presbyterian denominations have arisen since the 1950s through migration or schism.

Question: In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge?


Answer: 1991

Question: In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded?


Answer: New South Wales

Question: The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one, which state did not?


Answer: The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu

Context: The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church. The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland. The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila. The PCV is particularly strong in the provinces of Tafea, Shefa, and Malampa. The Province of Sanma is mainly Presbyterian with a strong Roman Catholic minority in the Francophone areas of the province. There are some Presbyterian people, but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba, both of which are traditionally Anglican. Vanuatu is the only country in the South Pacific with a significant Presbyterian heritage and membership. The PCV is a founding member of the Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC). The PCV runs many primary schools and Onesua secondary school. The church is strong in the rural villages.

Question: What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?


Answer: Scotland

Question: From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from?


Answer: The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu

Question: What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu?


Answer: Scotland

Question: Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu?


Answer: Penama and Torba

Question: Which two towns have Presbyterian people, but no churches?


Answer: Lutheranism

Context: Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rhön Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.

Question: What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia?


Answer: Today over two thirds of the population

Question: How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?


Answer: The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany

Question: Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?


Answer: 7.8% of the population

Question: How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?


Answer: 750 Jews

Question: How many Jews live in Thuringia?


Answer: the Germanic tribe Thuringii

Context: The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is not completely known. An older theory claimed that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is Galicia today. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses.

Question: Where does the name Thuringia come from?


Answer: the Migration Period

Question: When did Thuringii emerge?


Answer: the Huns

Question: Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians?


Answer: around 400

Question: When were the thuringii first mentioned?


Answer: until 531 and later

Context: The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.

Question: How long did the Thuringian realm exist?


Answer: the Landgraviate of Thuringia

Question: Which state was the largest in the region?


Answer: the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west.

Question: Where is Thuringia located?


Answer: the Ernestine Wettins

Question: Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig?


Answer: Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen

Question: Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?


Answer: in 1130 AD

Context: Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "Hesse", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "Saxon duchies", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.

Question: When did Thuringia become a landgraviate?


Answer: 1247–1264

Question: Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?


Answer: 1247

Question: When did the western half of the state become Hesse?


Answer: Margraviate of Meissen

Question: Where was the Wettin dynasty from?


Answer: the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha

Question: Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?


Answer: as early as 1520

Context: Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.

Question: When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?


Answer: were driven away

Question: What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?


Answer: during the German Peasants' War of 1525

Question: When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?


Answer: a leader of some non-peaceful groups

Question: Who was Thomas Muntzer?


Answer: the Eichsfeld district

Question: Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?


Answer: 1795 to 1814

Context: Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.

Question: When was the German Mediatisation?


Answer: The 1815 Congress of Vienna

Question: When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?


Answer: the Kingdom of Prussia

Question: Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?


Answer: Prussian-led

Question: Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?


Answer: Weimar

Question: Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1?


Answer: 1930

Context: In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet. In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party. He also ensured that whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, he used his power to ensure that a Nazi was given that post.

Question: When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?


Answer: Wilhelm Frick

Question: Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?


Answer: six delegates

Question: How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?


Answer: anyone he suspected of being a republican

Question: Who did Frick remove from the police force?


Answer: men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party

Question: Who did Frick replace republican police with?


Answer: The far north

Context: The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river. The north-west includes the Eichsfeld, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the Leine river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3000 km² wide Thuringian Basin, a very fertile and flat area around the Unstrut river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): Dün, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffhäuser, Hohe Schrecke, Schmücke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Thuringian Forest, Hörselberge and Hainich. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains Fahner Höhe and Heilinger Höhen. South of the Thuringian Basin is the Land's largest mountain range, marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the Großer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by Werra river valley, dividing it from the Rhön Mountains in the west and the Grabfeld plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of Saale and Loquitz valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north, the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of Weiße Elster) is the Osterland or Altenburger Land along Pleiße river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.

Question: Where are the Harz mountains located?


Answer: hilly and sometimes forested

Question: What is the landscape of Eichsfeld?


Answer: Großer Beerberg

Question: What is Thuringia's highest mountain?


Answer: in the middle

Question: Where is Orlasenke located?


Answer: The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east

Question: How many big rivers flow through Thuringia?


Answer: the Saale

Context: The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main (a tributary of the Rhine). There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland. Thuringia is Germany's only state without connection to navigable waterways.

Question: Which river in Thuringia is the most important?


Answer: There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia

Question: Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?


Answer: the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam

Question: What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?


Answer: the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)

Question: Which tributary is located on the southern border?


Answer: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement

Context: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.

Question: Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?


Answer: a mixture of beech and spruce

Question: What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia?


Answer: forest with beech as its predominant species

Question: What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?


Answer: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months

Question: Where do most landscape problems come from?


Answer: more natural and tough vegetation

Question: What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?


Answer: 1990

Context: Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

Question: Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?


Answer: modernizing factories

Question: What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?


Answer: Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated

Question: What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?


Answer: the salination of the Werra river

Question: What are today's big environmental problems?


Answer: discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach

Question: What is causing the salination of the Werra river?


Answer: the border between Germanic and Slavic territories

Context: During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).

Question: Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?


Answer: the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule

Question: What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?


Answer: World War I

Question: When did population growth in Thuringia peak?


Answer: 1950

Question: In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?


Answer: 41,000

Context: In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.

Question: How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?


Answer: 24%

Question: What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?


Answer: 4%

Question: How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?


Answer: Russians

Question: What is the largest group of foreigners?


Answer: Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau

Question: Which towns have the highest immigrant population?


Answer: 115 to 120 men per 100 women

Context: The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

Question: What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?


Answer: emigration of young women

Question: What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?


Answer: more than 30%

Question: How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?


Answer: there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

Question: What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?


Answer: +6,700 persons

Context: Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Question: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?


Answer: +1,400

Question: How many migrants went to Eisenach?


Answer: The international migration is fluctuating heavily

Question: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating?


Answer: 850

Context: Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Question: How many municipalities are in Thuringia?


Answer: 126

Question: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?


Answer: ten

Question: How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?


Answer: the 20th century

Question: What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?


Answer: Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Question: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?


Answer: Agriculture and forestry

Context: Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.

Question: What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?


Answer: 54%

Question: How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?


Answer: the large Thuringian Basin

Question: What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?


Answer: greenhouses

Question: Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?


Answer: rural regions

Question: Which regions value agriculture most?


Answer: the mid-19th-century industrialisation

Context: Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are Jena (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik) and Eisenach, where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. Arnstadt, Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990.

Question: How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?


Answer: the closure of most large-scale factories and companies

Question: What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?


Answer: the northern and eastern parts of the Land.

Question: Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?


Answer: between 1930 and 1990

Question: When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?


Answer: Eisenach

Question: Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?


Answer: Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau

Context: Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the Südharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.

Question: Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?


Answer: because the competition from imported metal was too strong

Question: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?


Answer: the Südharzrevier

Question: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?


Answer: uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal

Question: What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?


Answer: After the reunification

Question: When did the Südharzrevier close?


Answer: below the national average

Context: The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.

Question: Where is the GDP of Thuringia?


Answer: Until 2004

Question: For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?


Answer: The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth

Question: What has helped to improve Thuringia?


Answer: around 2020

Question: When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?


Answer: 20% in 2005

Context: The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

Question: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?


Answer: it has decreased to 7%

Question: What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia?


Answer: The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.

Question: How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?


Answer: working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters

Question: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?


Answer: demographic transition

Question: What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?


Answer: During the 1930s

Context: During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting Würzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and Sömmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from Göttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve Mühlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.

Question: When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?


Answer: Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990

Question: When were the two motorways expanded?


Answer: during the 1990s and 2000s

Question: When were three additional roads built?


Answer: The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71

Question: Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?


Answer: The upgrading of federal highways

Question: What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?


Answer: lignite

Context: The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.

Question: What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?


Answer: mined in the bordering Leipzig region

Question: Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?


Answer: carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations

Question: How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?


Answer: Wind power and Biomass

Question: What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?


Answer: big pumped storage stations

Question: What is Hohenwarte Dam?


Answer: bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt

Context: Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

Question: Which hospitals are being expanded?


Answer: rationalisation processes in the German health care system

Question: Why are there too many hospital beds?


Answer: rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

Question: Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?


Answer: four years

Context: Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Question: How long is Thuringian primary school?


Answer: Since the 1950s

Question: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?


Answer: At the age of ten

Question: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?


Answer: Friedrich Fröbel

Question: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia?


Answer: eight years

Question: How many years of school do students attend after primary?


Answer: The University of Jena

Context: The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universität Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.

Question: What is the biggest school in Thuringia?


Answer: four

Question: How many universities are there in Thuringia?


Answer: 5,000

Question: How many students attend The University of Erfurt?


Answer: The Bauhaus University Weimar

Question: What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?


Answer: 1860

Question: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?


Answer: Gotha

Context: The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music "Franz Liszt" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).

Question: Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?


Answer: 800

Question: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?


Answer: Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden

Question: How many schools offer polytechnics?


Answer: life sciences and optics

Context: Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.

Question: What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?


Answer: Weimar and Gotha

Question: Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?


Answer: publicly funded

Question: How is most research in Thuringia funded?


Answer: the optics sector at Jena.

Question: What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?


Answer: the 1840s

Context: The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

Question: When was Thuringia's first railway built?


Answer: Between 1950 and 2000

Question: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned?


Answer: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,

Question: When will the new high speed train be open?


Answer: direct impact on the prey population

Context: In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Question: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?


Answer: herbivory

Question: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?


Answer: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption

Question: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed?


Answer: parasitic species

Question: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?


Answer: detritivory

Question: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material?


Answer: plants

Question: What does an herbivore eat?


Answer: no

Question: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?


Answer: prey

Question: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?


Answer: predation

Question: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?


Answer: the predator's direct impact on the prey population

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?


Answer: dead organic material

Question: What do detritivores eat?


Answer: predator's direct impact on the prey population

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?


Answer: Two factors

Context: Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

Question: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism?


Answer: true predation

Question: Proximity and the ending of life is called?


Answer: parasitoidism

Question: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called?


Answer: the way in which they eat

Question: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?


Answer: parasitoidism

Question: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?


Answer: predation

Question: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?


Answer: large and small prey

Context: A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.

Question: What do household animals prey upon?


Answer: Baleen whales

Question: Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.


Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?


Answer: kills and eats another living thing

Question: What requirement must a true predator fulfill?


Answer: Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them

Question: What is different about a true predator?


Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: All types of predators do what?


Answer: sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance

Question: How do ambush predators hunt?


Answer: venom

Question: What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?


Answer: Grazing organisms

Context: Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Question: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be


Answer: browsing pressure

Question: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?


Answer: zooplankton

Question: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species


Answer: mosquitos

Question: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction?


Answer: female mosquitos

Question: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?


Answer: Starfish

Question: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?


Answer: seldom

Question: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?


Answer: regrows at the base

Question: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?


Answer: Parasites

Context: Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Question: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?


Answer: mutualism

Question: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.


Answer: elephant

Question: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.


Answer: mistletoe

Question: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic?


Answer: close association with their host species

Question: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?


Answer: one or at most a few in their lifetime

Question: How many hosts do parasites typically have?


Answer: a continuum

Question: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?


Answer: living together

Question: What does the term symbiosis mean?


Answer: ichneumon wasps

Context: Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Question: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.


Answer: 10%

Question: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population?


Answer: death

Question: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?


Answer: Parasitoids

Question: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?


Answer: 10%

Question: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?


Answer: ichneumon

Question: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?


Answer: devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system

Question: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?


Answer: opportunistic

Context: Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what?


Answer: equilibrium

Question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?


Answer: scarce

Question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?


Answer: evolution

Question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand?


Answer: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators

Question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?


Answer: evolutionary arms race

Question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?


Answer: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium

Question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?


Answer: herbivorous

Question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?


Answer: trophic level

Context: Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

Question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?


Answer: apex predator

Question: What is the top predator in an environment called?


Answer: trophic pyramid

Question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes.


Answer: energy

Question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid?


Answer: Organisms that feed on autotrophs

Question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?


Answer: feed on heterotrophs

Question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?


Answer: apex predator

Question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?


Answer: five or six levels

Question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?


Answer: the top

Question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?


Answer: carrion

Context: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.

Question: Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?


Answer: eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?


Answer: Carnivorous plants

Question: What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called?


Answer: omnivores

Question: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?


Answer: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?


Answer: producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap

Question: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?


Answer: difficult

Question: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?


Answer: the same trophic level

Context: An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.

Question: Intraguild species consumer other species within?


Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?"


Answer: both the predator and prey

Question: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?


Answer: potential competitors

Question: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?


Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?


Answer: the body

Question: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?


Answer: those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level

Question: What are intraguild predators?


Answer: gene centered view

Question: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?


Answer: Intraguild

Question: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?


Answer: keystone species

Context: Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.

Question: What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?


Answer: biodiversity

Question: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?


Answer: dominant

Question: When a keystone species is lost another species might become?


Answer: biodiversity of communities

Question: What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?


Answer: keystone species

Question: Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?


Answer: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density

Question: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?


Answer: beavers

Context: The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.

Question: What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?


Answer: hydrological features

Question: Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?


Answer: channel incision

Question: Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?


Answer: wolves

Question: The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?


Answer: habitat became territory for grazing.

Question: How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?


Answer: Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species

Question: Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?


Answer: wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon

Question: How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?


Answer: maximum of four stages

Context: The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

Question: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction?


Answer: Detection of prey

Question: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?


Answer: array of adaptations

Question: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction?


Answer: the individuals preyed upon

Question: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction?


Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: How many stages can predation be divided into?


Answer: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption

Question: What are the four stages of predation?


Answer: obtain food or avoid being eaten

Question: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?


Answer: final

Question: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?


Answer: camouflage

Context: One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

Question: Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?


Answer: camouflage

Question: What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?


Answer: shape and pattern

Question: Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?


Answer: other organisms

Question: Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?


Answer: Mimicry

Context: Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).

Question: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?


Answer: drone fly

Question: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?


Answer: Mimicry

Question: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?


Answer: startling the predator and giving it time to escape

Question: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?


Answer: to lure their prey

Question: How can predators use mimicry?


Answer: gain of energy

Context: While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health.

Question: What makes predation successful?


Answer: optimal foraging theory

Question: Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?


Answer: energy gain per unit time

Question: In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?


Answer: Social predation

Context: Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.

Question: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?


Answer: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants

Question: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?


Answer: domestic cats)

Question: What is a species that does not perform social predation?


Answer: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas

Question: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?


Answer: mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters

Context: It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.

Question: Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?


Answer: warmth, companionship, and even protection

Question: Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?


Answer: wild ones outside the area

Question: Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?


Answer: (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats

Context: Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.

Question: What are some predators of the electric eel?


Answer: strong kick that can maim or kill

Question: What defense does a zebra have against predators?


Answer: formidable teeth and claws

Question: What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?


Answer: to kill prey

Question: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?


Answer: species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack

Context: Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.

Question: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?


Answer: Crows

Question: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?


Answer: On occasion

Question: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?


Answer: hawks or larger mammalian predators

Question: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?


Answer: Aposematism

Context: Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators—for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For example, bright coloration in Variable Checkerspot butterflies leads to decreased predation attempts by avian predators. Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid. While that particular prey organism may be killed, the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole.

Question: What scientific term is used to describe organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?


Answer: species as a whole

Question: Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?


Answer: Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid

Question: How does aposematism help a species population?


Answer: bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns

Question: What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?


Answer: prey

Context: It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.

Question: What do predators depend on for survival?


Answer: carrying capacity

Question: Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?


Answer: survival and fecundity

Question: Predators lower what aspects of their prey?


Answer: speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength

Context: A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.

Question: What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?


Answer: well over a million years

Question: For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?


Answer: other humans

Question: What are humans' primary competitors?


Answer: the Donner party

Question: What is one known istance of cannibalism?


Answer: domestic dog

Question: With what species do humans hunt in partnership?


Answer: humans and dogs

Context: Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions. Low numbers wouldn't be a problem for apex predators if there was an abundance of prey and no competition or niche overlap, a scenario that is rarely, if ever, encountered in the wild. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species' ecological niches overlap, there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources. This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species, but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance.

Question: What two apex predators do not have a small population size?


Answer: small

Question: Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?


Answer: competitive exclusion principle

Question: Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?


Answer: prey abundance

Question: What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?


Answer: coextinction

Context: A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.

Question: When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?


Answer: longer period of time

Question: Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?


Answer: boom and bust cycle of economics

Question: The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?


Answer: reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides

Context: Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.

Question: How can natural predators benefit crops?


Answer: controlling pests

Question: How are predators beneficial to agriculture?


Answer: keeping its abundance down

Question: If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?


Answer: introduced species

Question: Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?


Answer: Marvel Universe

Context: Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.

Question: Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?


Answer: real-life cities

Question: Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?


Answer: New York

Question: Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?


Answer: Hulk

Question: What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?


Answer: the Fantastic Four, the Avengers

Question: Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?


Answer: Martin Goodman

Context: Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.

Question: Who originally founded Marvel Comics?


Answer: Timely Publications

Question: What was the original name of Marvel Comics?


Answer: 1939

Question: When was Marvel founded?


Answer: New York City

Question: In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?


Answer: publisher

Question: What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?