Answer: high-end and luxury items

Context: The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.

Question: What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer?


Answer: Dunedin

Question: What city is Arthur Barnett in?


Answer: Invercargill

Question: Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?


Answer: Southland

Question: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located?


Answer: 1909

Question: When was Laidlaw Leeds first established?


Answer: as textile retailers

Context: Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.

Question: How did Panama's department stores originally begin?


Answer: at the turn of the nineteenth century

Question: When did Panama's Department stores first start?


Answer: Felix B. Maduro

Question: What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population?


Answer: Cocos

Question: What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under?


Answer: 1877

Context: The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.

Question: When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?


Answer: Henry Hoskyn

Question: Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines?


Answer: Manila

Question: Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?


Answer: Battle of Manila in 1945

Question: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed?


Answer: 1950s

Question: When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established?


Answer: La New York

Context: In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015.

Question: What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?


Answer: March 2015

Question: When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open?


Answer: 100 tenants

Question: How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?


Answer: Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue

Question: What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens?


Answer: early 18th century

Context: The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza "Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.

Question: When was Saint Petersburg established?


Answer: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor

Question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society?


Answer: Dostoyevsky

Question: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?


Answer: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre

Question: What historical site still operates within the mall?


Answer: State Department Stores (GUM)

Context: Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.

Question: What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism?


Answer: late 1920s

Question: When did GUM begin to decline and lose power?


Answer: Lenin

Question: Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM?


Answer: 1921

Question: When did they first establish the organization?


Answer: Moscow

Context: In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (За витриной универмага) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's.

Question: Where is the most notable Russian department store located?


Answer: St. Petersburg

Question: In what city is the Passage located?


Answer: Behind Store Window

Question: What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?


Answer: 1956

Question: When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed?


Answer: Lotte Department Store

Context: The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world.

Question: What department store chain operates the most stores?


Answer: South Korea

Question: Where is the "field of distribution" most often associated with?


Answer: Shinsegae department store

Question: What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?


Answer: Centum City, Busan

Question: Where is the largest department store in the world located?


Answer: Almacenes el Siglo

Context: The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

Question: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?


Answer: October 1881

Question: When was the first Spanish department store opened?


Answer: El Corte Inglés

Question: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain?


Answer: 1934

Question: When was El Corte Ingles established?


Answer: Bainbridge

Context: John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.

Question: What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle?


Answer: John Lewis Newcastle

Question: What is the world's oldest department store?


Answer: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

Question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store?


Answer: Market Street, Newcastle

Question: What was the location of the first store?


Answer: 1952

Question: When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?


Answer: Kendal Milne and Faulkner

Context: Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester – although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate.

Question: Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?


Answer: Manchester

Question: Where was the store located?


Answer: over 200 years

Question: How long did the store operate for?


Answer: House of Fraser

Question: Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store?


Answer: 1905

Context: All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely.

Question: When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington?


Answer: 1990

Question: In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?


Answer: four

Question: How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time?


Answer: 2015

Question: By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations?


Answer: 1452

Context: Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists – set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.

Question: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?


Answer: middle-class audience

Question: What demographic were most stores focusing on?


Answer: Sears

Question: What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?


Answer: 595

Question: How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?


Answer: 1954

Context: After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement.

Question: In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?


Answer: Northland Center

Question: What was the store called in Southfield?


Answer: 1986

Question: In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close?


Answer: Federated Department Stores

Question: What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?


Answer: Macy's

Question: What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?


Answer: George Dayton

Context: George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May.

Question: Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?


Answer: 1902

Question: In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established?


Answer: 1956

Question: When was the Southdale Center opened?


Answer: Mervyn's

Question: What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?


Answer: 1849

Context: In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.

Question: In what year did Horne began doing business?


Answer: Pittsburgh

Question: In what city did Horne begin their operations?


Answer: Associated Dry Goods

Question: What company purchased Horne's in 1972?


Answer: ten

Question: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?


Answer: the North German Confederation

Context: The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

Question: Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?


Answer: 1883

Question: When was the Paris Convention?


Answer: 1886

Question: When was the Berne Convention?


Answer: 1893

Question: When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?


Answer: United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property

Question: What name did the merged secretariats adopt?


Answer: October 1845

Context: The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears." The statement that "discoveries are...property" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years." In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.

Question: When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?


Answer: Massachusetts Circuit Court

Question: Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?


Answer: Justice Charles L. Woodbury

Question: Who wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property"?


Answer: 1791

Question: What year did the "discoveries are property" concept appear in French law?


Answer: 1846

Question: When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?


Answer: Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)

Context: The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury".

Question: Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?


Answer: in the 16th century

Question: When did Jewish law recognize copyright?


Answer: one year

Question: How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?


Answer: 500 BCE

Question: When did Sybaris offer patents?


Answer: the government

Context: A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17

Question: Who grants a patent?


Answer: an inventor

Question: Who is a patent granted to?


Answer: three

Question: How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?


Answer: technological

Question: An invention is a solution to what type of problem?


Answer: public disclosure of the invention

Question: What is a patent offered in exchange for?


Answer: Promote progress.

Context: The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to "Promote progress." By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be "absolute protection". "If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.

Question: What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?


Answer: create and disclose their work

Question: What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?


Answer: absolute protection or full value

Question: Which view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property?


Answer: America Invents Act

Question: Which recent law stresses international harmonization?


Answer: more than US$5 trillion

Context: In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people. The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union. In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance. However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: "There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently".

Question: How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?


Answer: 18 million

Question: How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?


Answer: the UK

Question: Where has IP become a recognised asset class?


Answer: millions

Question: How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?


Answer: Patent infringement

Context: Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).

Question: What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?


Answer: in the US

Question: Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?


Answer: civil

Question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?


Answer: criminal

Question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?


Answer: criminal

Question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?


Answer: May 2011

Context: Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called "piracy". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine.

Question: When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?


Answer: United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU

Question: Which countries signed ACTA?


Answer: fair use and fair dealing

Question: Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?


Answer: piracy

Question: What is the common term for copyright infringement?


Answer: Trademark infringement

Context: Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law.

Question: What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?


Answer: legal advantages for enforcement

Question: What does registering a trademark provide?


Answer: In many countries

Question: Where is a trademark protected without registration?


Answer: civil litigation

Question: How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?


Answer: criminal law

Question: How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?


Answer: trade secrets

Context: Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws, since by definition trade secrets are secret, while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available. In the United States, trade secrets are protected under state law, and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (18 U.S.C. §§ 1831–1839), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime. This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity. The first, 18 U.S.C. § 1831(a), criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers. The second, 18 U.S.C. § 1832, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes. (The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses.) In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States.[citation needed]

Question: Which type of intellectual property is secret?


Answer: Uniform Trade Secrets Act

Question: What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?


Answer: Economic Espionage Act

Question: What US federal law protects trade secrets?


Answer: an equitable right

Question: Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?


Answer: a property right

Question: US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?


Answer: intellectual property

Context: Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.

Question: Which term is criticized as vague?


Answer: specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.

Question: What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?


Answer: semantic

Question: Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?


Answer: intellectual property

Question: Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?


Answer: Richard Stallman

Context: Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.

Question: Who founded the Free Software Foundation?


Answer: Richard Stallman

Question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?


Answer: Richard Stallman

Question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' "operates as a catch-all"?


Answer: in the singular

Question: How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?


Answer: copyright

Context: On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time".

Question: Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?


Answer: the printing press

Question: What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?


Answer: copyright

Question: What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?


Answer: property rights and free speech

Question: What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?


Answer: Stallman

Question: Who pointed out that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time"?


Answer: Lawrence Lessig

Context: Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.

Question: Who is one advocate of copyleft?


Answer: Stephan Kinsella

Question: Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?


Answer: tangible

Question: Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?


Answer: indefinitely

Question: How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?


Answer: health

Context: Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.

Question: What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?


Answer: the masses

Question: IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?


Answer: the public

Question: Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?


Answer: patent

Question: Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?


Answer: intellectual

Question: What type of monopolies does IP create?


Answer: World Intellectual Property Organization

Context: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should "focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself".

Question: Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?


Answer: 2001

Question: When was a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" issued?


Answer: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Question: Who issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property"?


Answer: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Question: Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?


Answer: 2004

Question: When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?


Answer: socially valuable

Context: Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations".:1108–9

Question: For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?


Answer: life-saving medicines

Question: What is an example of socially valuable goods?


Answer: the marginal cost of production

Question: What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?


Answer: anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product

Question: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?


Answer: community creativity

Context: Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

Question: What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?


Answer: indigenous cultural "property"

Question: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?


Answer: Western

Question: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?


Answer: written

Question: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?


Answer: Motion Picture Association of America

Context: Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.

Question: What is the American film industry's trade organization?


Answer: film

Question: The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?


Answer: United States

Question: Which country is the world's largest producer of films?


Answer: intellectual-property

Question: The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?


Answer: copyright infringement

Context: The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls "piracy". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal.

Question: What does the recording industry call piracy?


Answer: file-sharing

Question: What type of company was Napster?


Answer: Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Question: What law enforces digital rights management systems?


Answer: Article 6 and 7

Question: Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?


Answer: 1998

Question: When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?


Answer: 1994

Context: In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.

Question: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?


Answer: common law

Question: What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?


Answer: trademark

Question: What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?


Answer: a trademark

Question: What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?


Answer: Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land")

Context: Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.

Question: What does Florida stand for


Answer: to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida

Question: What states border Florida


Answer: Tallahassee is the state capital

Question: What is the state capital of Florida


Answer: the 3rd most populous

Question: Where does Florida rank in US population


Answer: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida

Question: What city has the most people in Florida


Answer: it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles

Context: A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.

Question: What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US


Answer: Much of the state is at or near sea level

Question: What level is most of the land in florida


Answer: The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south

Question: What is the florida climate


Answer: American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee

Question: Some animals and reptiles native to Florida


Answer: Everglades National Park

Question: Name a National Park in Florida


Answer: Hernando de Soto

Context: "By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida.[full citation needed] Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European settlements in the continental United States, but it was abandoned by 1561.

Question: What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539


Answer: Both the Spanish and French established settlements

Question: Who established early settlements in Florida


Answer: Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano

Question: Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida


Answer: Native ancestors of the Seminole

Question: What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida


Answer: Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more

Question: What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida


Answer: In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba

Context: In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

Question: What did Spain trade Florida for


Answer: Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba

Question: Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba


Answer: the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia

Question: What road did the British construct


Answer: the St. Johns River

Question: What river does the Kings road cross


Answer: British East Florida and British West Florida

Context: The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida. The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of the natural wealth of Florida were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.

Question: What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida


Answer: officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement

Question: Who was given Florida land grants


Answer: coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda

Question: Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from


Answer: what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County

Question: The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as


Answer: the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber

Question: What did the Colonist cultivate


Answer: British governors were directed to call general assemblies

Context: As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

Question: What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida


Answer: Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence

Question: Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence


Answer: Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

Question: Who did Florida side with during the revolution


Answer: English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government

Question: What legal system is still used by florida


Answer: English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina

Context: Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.

Question: Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from


Answer: Florida Crackers

Question: Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as


Answer: Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers

Question: Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements


Answer: Spanish rule

Context: These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

Question: What led to the rebellion in 1810


Answer: the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23

Question: What did the rebellion lead to


Answer: a single white star on a blue field

Question: What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag


Answer: Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge

Question: What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion


Answer: Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements

Context: Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.".

Question: Where did Seminole Indians raid


Answer: runaway slaves

Question: Who did the Indians offer haven to


Answer: First Seminole War

Question: What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now


Answer: orida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage

Question: Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary


Answer: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons

Context: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.

Question: Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US


Answer: Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821

Question: What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US


Answer: James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance

Question: Which president was given control of Florida


Answer: On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory

Question: When did East and West Florida Merge


Answer: Indian removal was a significant issue

Context: By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

Question: What was an issue in the early 1800's


Answer: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

Question: What did congress pass in 1830


Answer: runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles

Question: Who did Seminoles harbor


Answer: Treaty of Payne's Landing

Question: What was the name of the treaty of 1832


Answer: the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

Question: What did Paynes Landing promiss


Answer: somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean

Context: The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw). Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country.

Question: What tempers the Florida Climate


Answer: Lake Okeechobee

Question: What divides Florida two climates


Answer: Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s

Question: What are Florida's Mean temperatures in late July


Answer: mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward

Question: Low temperatures in Florida average


Answer: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country

Question: The average daily temperature in Miami


Answer: Sunshine State

Context: Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.

Question: What is Florida's nickname


Answer: lightning capital of the United States

Question: What is central Florida known as


Answer: 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually

Question: Hours of annual sunshine in florida


Answer: Hurricanes pose a severe threat

Context: Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during the June 1 to November 30 hurricane season, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas. From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above. It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm.[citation needed]

Question: What posses a threat each year to Florida


Answer: category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas

Question: What percentage of category 4 storms hit Florida


Answer: Florida was struck by 114

Question: How many storms hit Florida from 1851 to 2006


Answer: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

Context: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

Question: What is found in Florida


Answer: lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.

Question: What did the last glacial period provide


Answer: an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula

Question: What are the Everglades


Answer: Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010

Question: How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently


Answer: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015

Context: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, a 7.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310. Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012. In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census. The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time.

Question: What is the population of Florida


Answer: Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state

Question: Where did florida rank in population growth


Answer: Polk County since the 1960 census

Question: What is the center of the Florida population


Answer: surpassing the population of the state of New York

Question: What state did Florida pass in population recently


Answer: Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws.

Context: Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges. As in other aspects of the criminal justice system, this law has disproportionate effects for minorities. As a result, according to Brent Staples, based on data from The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's law is such that in 2014 "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions."

Question: How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws


Answer: felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges

Question: What doe s the law require for criminals


Answer: this law has disproportionate effects for minorities

Question: Who does this law effect most


Answer: one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions

Question: How does it effect elections


Answer: 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry

Context: In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity). Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish descent; however, their families have lived in the state for so long, that they choose to identify as having "American" ancestry or do not know their ancestry. In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry. Some of their ancestry went back to the original thirteen colonies.

Question: What percentage of the population considers themselves American


Answer: largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry

Question: In the 1980 census the largest ancestry group in Florida was


Answer: back to the original thirteen colonies.

Question: How far back did some of the Ancestry go


Answer: those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population

Context: As of 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population. Out of the 57.9%, the largest groups were 12.0% German (2,212,391), 10.7% Irish (1,979,058), 8.8% English (1,629,832), 6.6% Italian (1,215,242), 2.8% Polish (511,229), and 2.7% French (504,641). White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population. Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "Florida crackers"; others see the term as a derogatory one. Like whites in most of the other Southern states, they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers.

Question: As of 2010 what percentage of Florida was white / non Hispanic


Answer: In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population

Question: What percentage of florida was white Non Hispanic in 1970


Answer: long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "Florida crackers

Question: What do many white long term floridian families identify with


Answer: mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers

Question: Most white Florida Immigrants descend from


Answer: Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population

Context: As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican, 3.3% (629,718) Mexican, and 1.6% (300,414) Colombian. Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. As of 2011, 57.0% of Florida's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community. Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation. Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.

Question: What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic


Answer: Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban

Question: What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida


Answer: Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida

Question: What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida


Answer: the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation

Question: What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida


Answer: As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population

Context: As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American. During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population. In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%. Conversely large numbers of northern whites moved to the state.[citation needed] Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern and central Florida. Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins, especially in the Miami/South Florida area. In 2010, Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States, with 2.0% (378,926) from Haitian ancestry, and 1.3% (236,950) Jamaican. All other (non-Hispanic) Caribbean nations were well below 0.1% of Florida residents.

Question: What percentage of Florida was African american in 2010


Answer: During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population

Question: what percentage of florida was black in the early 1900's


Answer: response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities

Question: What did many black migrate from florida


Answer: African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins

Question: Where does the African population in florida have ancestry roots


Answer: 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964

Context: From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964. The following year, Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process.

Question: Voter demographics of florida in the 1950's


Answer: Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities

Question: what did the voting rights act provide for


Answer: President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Question: what president signed the voting right act


Answer: 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats

Context: From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They gained federal money from national programs; like other southern states, Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary. Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South. They have had "the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government while knowing that their congressional delegations will continue to protect federal spending."

Question: What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960


Answer: Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary

Question: Does Florida benefit from taxes


Answer: Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party

Question: What party political party dominates Florida now


Answer: continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South

Question: How does Florida vote in presidential elections


Answer: the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government

Question: What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge


Answer: William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County

Context: The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election. In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator. In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years.

Question: The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida


Answer: Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states

Question: What is Cramer credited for


Answer: 966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election

Question: Who was Claude R Kirk


Answer: 968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator

Question: Who was Edward j Gurney


Answer: 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years

Question: What did the Democrat party do in the 1970


Answer: In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals

Context: In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds". South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which has often favored Democrats. Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida, particularly in the more rural and suburban areas. This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South.

Question: What did democrat voters do in 1998


Answer: white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds

Question: What are snowbirds


Answer: racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state

Question: What party dominates South Florida and Miami


Answer: Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida

Question: which party dominates most of the rest of florida


Answer: Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters

Context: The fast-growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.

Question: What is the make up politically of florida's fastest growing area


Answer: The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion

Question: The area is viewed as what politically


Answer: the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections

Question: The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what


Answer: Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives

Context: Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015.

Question: What has reappointment done to florida


Answer: The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests

Question: What was challenged in 2012


Answer: Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments

Question: How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge


Answer: it accepted a new map in early December 2015.

Question: What hapend to the Florida congressional map in 2015


Answer: Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates

Context: In the closely contested 2000 election, the state played a pivotal role. Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win. Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states. A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that "if the state’s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida—and the presidency—by more than 80,000 votes."

Question: What hapend in the 2000 election


Answer: Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states

Question: How severe is Florida's Disenfranchisement law


Answer: if the state’s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida

Question: What did this mean in the 2000 election


Answer: that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering

Context: The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.

Question: Why did the 2 districts have to be redrawn in 2014


Answer: lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn

Question: How many were ruled to be redrawn in 2015


Answer: a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts

Question: What was the court vote on the new congressional map in 2015


Answer: There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.

Question: Are there any more changes coming to the map


Answer: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion

Context: The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion. Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States. In 2010, it became the fourth largest exporter of trade goods. The major contributors to the state's gross output in 2007 were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2010–11, the state budget was $70.5 billion, having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006–07. Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third "Best State for Business" in 2011.

Question: What was Florida's GDP in 2010


Answer: Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States

Question: Where does Florida's GDP rank


Answer: were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively

Question: What are some major contributors to states output


Answer: Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third "Best State for Business" in 2011

Question: What was Florida named in 2011


Answer: Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days

Context: At the end of the third quarter in 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days. A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida. The early 21st-century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009, according to state figures. In 2009, the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs, the third highest percentage in the country.

Question: What was the mortgage delinquency rate in 2008


Answer: 300,000 vacant homes in 2009

Question: How many vacant homes in Florida in 2009


Answer: Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs

Question: What percentage of personal income was spent of Housing in florida


Answer: the third highest percentage in the country

Question: Where did housing spending ranking nationally


Answer: the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade

Context: After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development. Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely. The office was directed to target Medical/Bio-Sciences among others. Three years later, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion. In 2003, TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach, a 364,000 square feet (33,800 m2) facility on 100 acres (40 ha), which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006.

Question: What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do


Answer: that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely

Question: What did Govenor Bush Realize


Answer: Medical/Bio-Sciences

Question: What industry was targeted


Answer: The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion

Question: Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida


Answer: architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style

Context: Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style. It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination. A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.

Question: What architectural styles are in Florida


Answer: Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination

Question: When did the art deco area of Miami boom


Answer: the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami

Question: What does Florida have the largest collection of


Answer: Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.

Question: What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2


Answer: Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada

Context: Florida is served by Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Tampa Union Station (140,785), Miami (94,556), and Jacksonville (74,733). Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C.. Until 2005, Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami. Miami Central Station, the city's rapid transit, commuter rail, intercity rail, and bus hub, is under construction.

Question: What train line connects florida to the North


Answer: Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C

Question: Where does the Auto train originate


Answer: Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles

Question: Who does sunset limited service


Answer: Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami

Question: Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida


Answer: NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February

Context: NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.

Question: What is headquartered in Daytona


Answer: Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July

Question: Name another race in florida


Answer: The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races

Question: What is the 24 hours of Daytona


Answer: The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

Question: What does St Pete feature for a race


Answer: Smile

Context: Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh "Freddie" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested "Queen" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004–09) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.

Question: What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?


Answer: Freddie Mercury

Question: What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?


Answer: Queen Forever

Question: What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?


Answer: News of the World

Question: What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?


Answer: 1991

Question: In what year did Freddie Mercury die?


Answer: 1970

Context: While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie. Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In late 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the remaining Smile members, encouraged by Bulsara, changed their name to "Queen" and continued working together. When asked about the name, Bulsara explained, "I thought up the name Queen. It's just a name, but it's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations. I was certainly aware of gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."

Question: Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?


Answer: Humpy Bong

Question: What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?


Answer: Ealing Art College

Question: What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?


Answer: 1970

Question: In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?


Answer: Freddie

Question: What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?


Answer: bass

Context: The band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the band's chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and began to rehearse for their first album. They recorded four of their own songs, "Liar", "Keep Yourself Alive", "The Night Comes Down" and "Jesus", for a demo tape; no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to "Mercury", inspired by the line "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in the song "My Fairy King". On 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London.

Question: John Deacon played what instrument?


Answer: 1971

Question: In what year did John Deacon join Queen?


Answer: Mercury

Question: What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?


Answer: My Fairy King

Question: What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?


Answer: 2 July 1971

Question: On what date did Queen play their first show?


Answer: Mercury

Context: Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album. The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members: two lions for Leo (Deacon and Taylor), a crab for Cancer (May), and two fairies for Virgo (Mercury). The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion. There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The whole symbol bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, particularly with the lion supporters. The original logo, as found on the reverse-side of the first album cover, was a simple line drawing but more intricate colour versions were used on later sleeves.

Question: Who designed Queen's logo?


Answer: Virgo

Question: What was Freddie Mercury's zodiac sign?


Answer: Leo

Question: Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?


Answer: Cancer

Question: What was Brian May's zodiac sign?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?


Answer: Norman Sheffield

Context: In 1972, Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions, a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen. This suited both parties at the time as Trident were expanding into management and Queen under the deal were able to make use of the hi-tech recording facilities shared by bands at the time such as the Beatles and Elton John to produce new material. However, Trident found it difficult to find a label for a band bearing a name with such connotation during the early 1970s.

Question: Who offered Queen a management deal in 1972?


Answer: Elton John

Question: Which singer used Trident studios in addition to Queen and the Beatles?


Answer: Neptune Productions

Question: What was the name of Trident's subsidiary?


Answer: De La Lane Studios

Question: Where was Queen spotted before entering discussions with Trident?


Answer: 1972

Question: In what year did Queen enter discussions with Trident studios?


Answer: 1973

Context: In July 1973, Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album, an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day. The album was received well by critics; Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone said "their debut album is superb", and Chicago's Daily Herald called it an "above average debut". It drew little mainstream attention, and the lead single "Keep Yourself Alive", a Brian May composition, sold poorly. Retrospectively, "Keep Yourself Alive" is cited as the highlight of the album, and in 2008 Rolling Stone ranked it 31st in the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time", describing it as "an entire album's worth of riffs crammed into a single song". The album was certified gold in the UK and the US.

Question: In what year was Queen's first album released?


Answer: Queen

Question: What was the name of Queen's first album?


Answer: Keep Yourself Alive

Question: What was the lead single from Queen's first album?


Answer: Keep Yourself Alive

Question: Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article?