Answer: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer

Context: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or °W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10° and 25° Warnerke at the time.

Question: What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?


Answer: The speed of the emulsion

Question: What do degrees Warnerke measure?


Answer: an increase of 1/3 in speed

Question: How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?


Answer: between 10° and 25° Warnerke

Question: What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds?


Answer: 'degrees' Warnerke

Question: What does the last exposed number on the plate represent?


Answer: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner

Context: The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.

Question: Who created the Scheinergrade system?


Answer: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography

Question: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?


Answer: the speed of a plate

Question: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?


Answer: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch

Question: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?


Answer: an increment of 3° Sch

Question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity?


Answer: Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)

Context: The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder–Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.

Question: Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?


Answer: emulsion speeds

Question: What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?


Answer: comparing with competing products

Question: What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?


Answer: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems

Question: What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?


Answer: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems

Question: What eliminated comparability?


Answer: January 1934

Context: The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970) at the influential VIII. International Congress of Photography (German: Internationaler Kongreß für wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie) held in Dresden from August 3 to 8, 1931.

Question: When was the DIN system established?


Answer: Deutsches Institut für Normung

Question: Who created the DIN system?


Answer: a standardized method of sensitometry

Question: What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?


Answer: Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)

Question: Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?


Answer: Dresden

Question: Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?


Answer: degrees

Context: As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as "18° DIN". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as "18° DIN" would now be labeled as "21 DIN" without emulsion changes.

Question: What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds?


Answer: as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN")

Question: How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?


Answer: with DIN 4512:1961-10

Question: When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?


Answer: to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard

Question: Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?


Answer: would become doubled

Question: What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?


Answer: ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979

Context: On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002.

Question: What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?


Answer: in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"

Question: How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?


Answer: ISO standards

Question: What standards did the DIN begin to use?


Answer: in the 1980s

Question: When were the ISO standards first adopted?


Answer: July 2002

Question: When were the last ISO standards adopted?


Answer: the system of Weston film speed ratings

Context: Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.

Question: What system was used previous to the ASA system?


Answer: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)

Question: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings?


Answer: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation

Question: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start?


Answer: August 1932

Question: When was the Weston model 617 created?


Answer: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.

Question: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?


Answer: The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)

Context: The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca. 1955. The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955, but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes, these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston's recommendation. Vice versa, "old" Weston film speed ratings could be converted into "new" Westons and the ASA scale by adding the same amount, that is, a film rating of 100 Weston (up to 1955) corresponded with 125 ASA (as per ASA PH2.5-1954 and before). This conversion was not necessary on Weston meters manufactured and Weston film ratings published since 1956 due to their inherent use of the ASA system; however the changes of the ASA PH2.5-1960 revision may be taken into account when comparing with newer ASA or ISO values.

Question: Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?


Answer: the ASA system

Question: What were updated Weston values based on?


Answer: by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop

Question: How were Weston values changed to ASA values?


Answer: 1956

Question: Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?


Answer: 1955

Question: Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?


Answer: General Electric

Context: General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.

Question: Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?


Answer: 1946

Question: Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?


Answer: replaceable hoods with ASA scales

Question: How did older models convert to ASA scale?


Answer: labeled "Exposure Index"

Question: How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?


Answer: they were now aligned to the ASA scale

Question: What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?


Answer: Loyd Ancile Jones

Context: Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)

Question: Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?


Answer: Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values

Question: What standards were the ANSI developed from?


Answer: black-and-white negative films

Question: What types of film did the ANSI measure?


Answer: 1943

Question: When did the ANSI define its new measure?


Answer: American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers

Question: What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?


Answer: 1960

Context: The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had been rated at 200 ASA before 1960 was labeled 400 ASA afterwards without any change to the emulsion. Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961-10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years.

Question: In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?


Answer: effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films

Question: What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?


Answer: the DIN system

Question: Which other system were these changes applied to?


Answer: 1963

Question: In what year was the BS system modified?


Answer: safety factors against under-exposure

Question: What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?


Answer: the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve

Context: Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed point” m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:

Question: What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?


Answer: five

Question: How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?


Answer: a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film

Question: What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?


Answer: The exposure Hm, in lux-s

Question: What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?


Answer: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region

Question: What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?


Answer: the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter

Context: Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, by addition, using the APEX system, in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure; this increment is commonly known as a "stop". The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter, the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area. Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2. Therefore, each f-number factor of the square root of two (approximately 1.4) is also a stop, so lenses are typically marked in that progression: f/1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc.

Question: What is the effective f-number proportional to?


Answer: Film speed

Question: What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?


Answer: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)

Question: What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?


Answer: twice as much

Question: A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?


Answer: "stop"

Question: In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?


Answer: the amount of light energy that reaches the film

Context: Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure.

Question: What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?


Answer: between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second

Question: In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?


Answer: by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture

Question: How is the exposure of film changed?


Answer: because reciprocity holds

Question: How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?


Answer: reciprocity failure

Question: What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?


Answer: Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200

Context: Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the "P" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400.

Question: What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?


Answer: ISO 1000

Question: What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?


Answer: Kodak and Fuji

Question: Which two companies produced E6 films meant for "pushing"?


Answer: ISO 400

Question: What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?


Answer: high-speed black-and-white films

Question: What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?


Answer: ISO setting

Context: For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual design is that the camera's parameters for interpreting the sensor data values into sRGB values are fixed, and a number of different EI choices are accommodated by varying the sensor's signal gain in the analog realm, prior to conversion to digital. Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm. A few camera designs also provide EI adjustment through a choice of lightness parameters for the interpretation of sensor data values into sRGB; this variation allows different tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced into the shadow areas of the photo.

Question: What is another name for an exposure index rating?


Answer: by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm

Question: How do some camera designs give some EI choices?


Answer: the manufacturer

Question: Who provides the exposure index rating?


Answer: digital still cameras

Question: What are digital photo cameras also called?


Answer: Digital cameras

Context: Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured, allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware.

Question: What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?


Answer: 409,600

Question: What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?


Answer: Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques

Question: What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?


Answer: prohibitively time consuming to process

Question: What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?


Answer: a higher level of refinement

Question: What does the higher speed do for the images produced?


Answer: five

Context: The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, while two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files are introduced from CIPA DC-004. Depending on the technique selected, the exposure index rating can depend on the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image. The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors, although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001.

Question: How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?


Answer: two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files

Question: What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?


Answer: the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image

Question: What factors affect the exposure index rating?


Answer: the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components

Question: What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?


Answer: 2001

Question: In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?


Answer: to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily

Context: The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.

Question: What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers?


Answer: pattern metering

Question: What is another name for multi-zone metering?


Answer: the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space

Question: What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?


Answer: 2006

Question: When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?


Answer: Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique

Question: What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?


Answer: 2006

Context: The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images—typically JPEG—and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used.

Question: What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?


Answer: sRGB images—typically JPEG

Question: What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?


Answer: the sRGB output from the camera

Question: What is the output level measured in?


Answer: multi-zone metering

Question: With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?


Answer: ISO 2721

Question: With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?


Answer: REI or SOS techniques

Context: The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.

Question: Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?


Answer: approximately 2007 and later

Question: In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?


Answer: cameras that produce images only in JPEG format

Question: With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?


Answer: Japanese

Question: What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?


Answer: the Exif specification

Question: What does the DC-008 change?


Answer: lower limit of the saturation speed

Context: where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/√2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor √2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.

Question: What does the sensor usually determine?


Answer: with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter

Question: How can the saturation speed be increased?


Answer: there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface

Question: What is indicated by the factor √2?


Answer: clipped or bloomed camera output

Question: What can too much exposure lead to?


Answer: the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio

Context: The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.

Question: Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?


Answer: the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels

Question: What is the noise-based speed?


Answer: subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance

Question: How are the two ratios found?


Answer: the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels

Question: What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?


Answer: the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter

Question: What factors influence the noise-based speed?


Answer: from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed

Context: The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.

Question: What is the range for exposure latitude?


Answer: SOS-based speed

Question: What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?


Answer: the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed

Question: When should the noise-based speed be used?


Answer: exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image

Question: Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?


Answer: how speed ratings should be reported by the camera

Question: What does the standard specify?


Answer: the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes

Context: Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user "ISO" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]

Question: What measures might the user "ISO" setting correspond to?


Answer: measurement of camera output that had lossy compression

Question: What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?


Answer: REI or SOS

Question: What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?


Answer: CIPA DC-004

Question: What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?


Answer: 2006

Question: In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?


Answer: 7,350

Context: Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de México audio (help·info) American Spanish: [sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈméxiko]; abbreviated as "CDMX"), is the capital of Mexico. As an "alpha" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs).

Question: How man feet above sea level is Mexico City


Answer: sixteen

Question: How many municipalities are in Mexico City?


Answer: boroughs

Question: What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?


Answer: Ciudad de México

Question: What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?


Answer: 2,240

Question: How many meters above sea is Mexico City?


Answer: US$411 billion

Context: The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's.

Question: How big is Mexico City's GDP?


Answer: five times

Question: How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?


Answer: 22%

Question: What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?


Answer: Peru

Question: Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?


Answer: Tenochtitlan

Context: Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.

Question: What was the original name of Mexico City?


Answer: the Aztecs

Question: Who originally built Mexico City?


Answer: 1824

Question: When was the Federal District formed?


Answer: on an island of Lake Texcoco

Question: Where was the city first built?


Answer: 1585

Question: When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?


Answer: Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution

Context: After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.

Question: Why can't Mexico City become a state?


Answer: 1997

Question: When did people become able to vote for representation?


Answer: Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)

Question: What political party controls the Mexico City legislature?


Answer: Federal District

Question: What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?


Answer: popular vote

Question: How are officials elected to the legislature?


Answer: the desagüe

Context: The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.

Question: What was the labor draft called?


Answer: Indians

Question: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?


Answer: flooding

Question: What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?


Answer: changed the habitat for fish and birds

Question: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?


Answer: thousands

Question: How many Indians helped build the infrastructure?


Answer: The city of palaces

Context: The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.

Question: What is a common nickname for Mexico City?


Answer: building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes

Question: How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?


Answer: the last half of the 18th century

Question: When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?


Answer: September 27, 1821

Context: The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

Question: When did Mexico gain independence?


Answer: a decade

Question: How long was the war?


Answer: The Battle of Guanajuato

Question: What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called?


Answer: Grito

Question: What was the battle cry of the war?


Answer: September 16, 1810

Question: When did the war begin?


Answer: Winfield Scott

Context: The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.

Question: Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?


Answer: Mexican–American War

Question: What war did America and Mexico fight in?


Answer: September 8 to September 15, 1847

Question: When did the battle for Mexico City take place


Answer: U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th

Question: What American divisions got into Mexico City?


Answer: John A. Quitman

Context: During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.

Question: Who led the 4th division?


Answer: Guadalupe Hidalgo

Question: What treaty was signed?


Answer: George E. Pickett and James Longstreet

Question: Who were the future confederate generals?


Answer: the 4th Division

Question: Who carried the castle?


Answer: on September 13

Question: When did the castle fall?


Answer: by 1908

Context: During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.

Question: When was most of the urbanization completed?


Answer: Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed

Question: The extensive modernization started with what?


Answer: hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works

Question: What was built during the modernization?


Answer: Reforma Avenue

Question: What famous street was built during this period of modernization?


Answer: the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall

Context: Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.

Question: What was turned into a monument after the war?


Answer: Diaz

Question: Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?


Answer: the Mexican Revolution

Question: Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed?


Answer: Porfirian/French style

Question: What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?


Answer: Colonia Roma

Question: What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?


Answer: Plutarco Elias Calles

Context: Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution.

Question: Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?


Answer: in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel

Question: Where was Alvaro Obregon killed?


Answer: 1928

Question: When was Alvaro Obregon killed?


Answer: Morelos

Question: Where were the Zapatist forces from?


Answer: Adolfo de la Huerta

Question: Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?


Answer: half

Context: In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.

Question: How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?


Answer: shantytowns

Question: What did the countryside workers make to live in?


Answer: serious air pollution

Question: What did the shantytowns create?


Answer: Thursday

Context: On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.

Question: What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?


Answer: 8.1 on the Richter scale

Question: How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?


Answer: September

Question: What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?


Answer: paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption

Question: Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?


Answer: ordinary citizens

Question: Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?


Answer: 2,200

Context: Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico. It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres (16,000 feet). This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.

Question: What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?


Answer: Valley of Mexico

Question: Where is Mexico City located?


Answer: 5,000 metres (16,000 feet)

Question: How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?


Answer: no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides

Question: Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?


Answer: canals and tunnels

Question: How does the city prevent flooding?


Answer: 17th century

Context: Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.

Question: When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?


Answer: none

Question: How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?


Answer: as much as nine metres (30 feet)

Question: How much has the city fallen?


Answer: Lake Texcoco

Question: What does Mexico City rest on?


Answer: southern boroughs

Question: Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?


Answer: 820 millimetres (32.3 in)

Context: The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.

Question: How much rain falls on Mexico City?


Answer: March to May

Question: When is it warm, yet does not rain?


Answer: June to October

Question: When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?


Answer: November to February

Question: When is it coldest in Mexico City?


Answer: tropical winds

Question: What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?


Answer: destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan

Context: Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico.

Question: What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?


Answer: municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico

Question: Where does the lake still remain?


Answer: The Aztecs

Question: Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?


Answer: a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes

Question: What made up Lake Texcoco?


Answer: Federal District

Question: Where is the lake located in Atenco?


Answer: 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits

Context: By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.

Question: How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?


Answer: 1992

Question: Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?


Answer: Los Angeles

Question: What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?


Answer: 1990s

Question: When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution?


Answer: WHO

Question: Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?


Answer: Metrobús

Context: To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.

Question: What is the bus system called in Mexico City?


Answer: Ecobici

Question: What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?


Answer: two days

Question: How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?


Answer: ozone and nitrogen oxides

Question: What pollutants does the city closely monitor?


Answer: biannual

Question: How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?


Answer: Querétaro

Context: The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.

Question: What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?


Answer: Section XXVIII of Article 50

Question: What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?


Answer: October 4, 1824

Question: When was the federal constitution signed?


Answer: federal

Question: What type of land is Mexico City?


Answer: federal government

Question: Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?


Answer: November 18, 1824

Context: Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.

Question: When was Mexico City declared the capital?


Answer: two leagues square (8,800 acres)

Question: How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?


Answer: Palace of the Inquisition

Question: Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?


Answer: Museum of Mexican Medicine

Question: What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?


Answer: Texcoco

Question: Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?


Answer: twenty-two

Context: In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

Question: How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?


Answer: 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)

Question: What is the current area of Mexico City?


Answer: 1,700 km2

Question: How large was Mexico City at its largest?


Answer: 1902

Question: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted?


Answer: Antonio López de Santa Anna

Question: Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?


Answer: 1903

Context: While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.

Question: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?


Answer: 1928

Question: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?


Answer: 13

Question: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established?


Answer: Porfirio Díaz

Question: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?


Answer: an appointed governor

Question: Who led Mexico City?


Answer: 1941

Context: In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City.

Question: When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?


Answer: four

Question: How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?


Answer: sixteen

Question: How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?


Answer: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez

Question: Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?


Answer: 32

Context: Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.

Question: If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?


Answer: the 1985 earthquake

Question: What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?


Answer: Mayor

Question: What do people call the leader of Mexico City?


Answer: the president

Question: Who declared the "Mayor" of Mexico City?


Answer: all

Question: What state does Mexico City belong to?


Answer: 1987

Context: In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote.

Question: When did the Federal District receive more power?


Answer: 1997

Question: When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?


Answer: popular vote

Question: How is the leader of Mexico City now established?


Answer: first Statute of Government

Question: What gave the Federal District more autonomy?


Answer: Marcelo Ebrard

Context: The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

Question: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?


Answer: to run in the 2000 presidential elections

Question: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?


Answer: Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Question: Who was the second head of government elected?


Answer: Rosario Robles

Question: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?


Answer: Rosario Robles

Question: Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?


Answer: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District

Context: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies".

Question: What is the local government of Mexico City called?


Answer: parallel voting

Question: How is the local government of Mexico City formed?


Answer: plurinominal deputies

Question: What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?


Answer: 26

Question: How many representatives make up the Federal District?


Answer: 63

Context: Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:

Question: What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?


Answer: 34

Question: How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?


Answer: over-representation

Question: Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature?


Answer: December 2009

Context: The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government—as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s—or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.

Question: When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?


Answer: 1980s

Question: When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?


Answer: more liberal than those of the rest of the country

Question: What political leaning does Mexico City take?


Answer: first

Question: Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?


Answer: 16

Context: For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:

Question: How many boroughs make up Mexico City?


Answer: plurality

Question: How are the heads of the boroughs elected?


Answer: appointed by the head of government of the Federal District

Question: How were the heads of the boroughs originally established?


Answer: Government of the Federal District

Question: Who provides the city services?


Answer: 2000

Question: When did election of borough heads begin?


Answer: The Historic Center

Context: The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa María la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification.

Question: What is the oldest part of the city?


Answer: 16th century

Question: How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?


Answer: Zona Rosa

Question: What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?


Answer: Art Deco architecture

Question: What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?


Answer: Condesa

Question: What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture?


Answer: West of the Historic Center

Context: West of the Historic Center (Centro Histórico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.

Question: Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located?


Answer: Centro Histórico

Question: What is the Mexican name for the historic center?


Answer: Santa Fe

Question: Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?


Answer: along Paseo de la Reforma

Question: Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?


Answer: rural

Context: The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Periférico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural.

Question: What type of population lives in Tiahuac?


Answer: entirely rural

Question: How is Milpa Alta constructed?


Answer: Along Avenida Insurgentes

Question: Where is the World Trade Center?


Answer: Colonia del Valle

Question: What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?


Answer: nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico

Context: North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. In recent years much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Satélite, a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.

Question: Where is much of the industry now located?


Answer: a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.

Question: What is Ciudad Satelite?


Answer: North of the Historic Center

Question: Where is Gustavo A. Madero?


Answer: three

Context: The Human Development Index report of 2005 shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). Benito Juárez borough had the highest HDI of the country (.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of (.9189) and Coyoacán (5th nationally) with a HDI value of (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauhtémoc and Azcapotzalco had very high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) and .8915 (25th).

Question: How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?


Answer: 12

Question: How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?


Answer: Benito Juárez

Question: Which borough had the highest HDI score?


Answer: 2005

Question: What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?


Answer: Miguel Hidalgo

Question: What borough was the second highest HDI score?


Answer: Iztapalapa

Context: In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172th), Tláhuac (177th) and Iztapalapa (183th) presented the lowest HDI values of the Federal District with values of .8481, .8473 and .8464 respectively—values still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a "medium" HDI of .7984, far below all other boroughs (627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of .9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of .9225 (very high) or (by newer methodology) .8307, and Mexico's highest.

Question: What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?


Answer: Milpa Alta

Question: Which borough had the lowest HDI score?


Answer: 627th

Question: What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?


Answer: top 200

Question: All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?


Answer: .7984

Question: What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?


Answer: over 6 billion pesos

Context: Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur to name a few. The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees, IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other public health institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.

Question: How large is the budget of the IMSS?


Answer: Hospital Ángeles

Question: What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City?


Answer: National Health Ministry (SSA)

Question: What is an organization that has a large presence in the city?


Answer: National Medical Center

Question: What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City?


Answer: catalytic converter

Context: The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter, which reduces the emissions released. Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion. Today it has over 201 km (125 mi) of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.[citation needed]

Question: What do new cars in Mexico need to have?


Answer: 1968

Question: When did the underground rail system begin construction?


Answer: 5 million people

Question: How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day?


Answer: 355

Question: How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?


Answer: reserved a special carriage specifically for women

Question: What is one way the government helps with the "Crush" of the rush hour riding of the subway system?


Answer: 15.8

Context: Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. The city proper (Federal District) produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and Osaka/Kobe (and the richest in the whole of Latin America). Excluding the rest of the Mexican economy, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world. Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020.

Question: What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?


Answer: $390 billion

Question: What is the GDP of Mexico City?


Answer: eighth

Question: What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?


Answer: 25.3

Question: What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?


Answer: 2020

Question: By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?


Answer: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari

Context: The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.

Question: Who privatized the airlines of Mexico?


Answer: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari

Question: Who signed NAFTA for Mexico?


Answer: led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services

Question: What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City?


Answer: northern border

Question: Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?


Answer: 54.78

Context: Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauhtémoc borough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San Ángel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify themselves with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.

Question: in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?


Answer: less than one million

Question: How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?


Answer: 18.74

Question: What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?


Answer: 8.7 million

Context: Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.

Question: How many people live in the Federal District?


Answer: 19.8 million

Question: What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?


Answer: negative

Question: What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?


Answer: much lower

Question: Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?


Answer: Argentina and Colombia

Context: On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea). Historically since the era of New Spain, many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant.

Question: What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?


Answer: China and South Korea

Question: Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?


Answer: since the era of New Spain

Question: When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?


Answer: UNESCO

Context: The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Histórico) and the "floating gardens" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).

Question: Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?


Answer: World Heritage Sites

Question: The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?


Answer: 1978

Question: When was the Templo Mayor found?


Answer: workers were digging to place underground electric cables

Question: How was Templo Mayor discovered?


Answer: golden Angel of Independence

Context: The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-Élysées in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec, the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the Mexican Stock Exchange and several corporate headquarters are located. Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes, which extends 28.8 km (17.9 mi) and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.

Question: What is the most popular icon of Mexico City?


Answer: the order of the Emperor Maximilian

Question: Who made the Angel of Independence?


Answer: National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec

Question: The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what?


Answer: Avenida de los Insurgentes

Question: What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City?


Answer: 28.8 km (17.9 mi)

Question: How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City?


Answer: Chapultepec Park

Context: Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.

Question: Chapultepec Castle is located where?


Answer: Chapultepec Park

Question: Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?


Answer: 1934

Question: When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?


Answer: Turibus

Question: What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?


Answer: interrupted by the Mexican Revolution

Question: Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?


Answer: about 160

Context: In addition, the city has about 160 museums—the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration —over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the National Institute of Cardiology) have murals painted by Diego Rivera. He and his wife Frida Kahlo lived in Coyoacán, where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán.

Question: How many museums are in Mexico City?


Answer: over 100

Question: How many art galleries are in Mexico City?


Answer: 30

Question: How many concert halls are in Mexico City?


Answer: Diego Rivera

Question: Who has painted murals all over the city?


Answer: Coyoacán

Question: Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?


Answer: 225.9 km (140 mi)

Context: Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million). It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were proposed for people who could not read. The specific icons were developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or location references and has being emulated in further transportations alternatives in the City and in other Mexican cities. Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city.

Question: How large is the metro system of Mexico City?


Answer: 1969

Question: When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?


Answer: 12

Question: How many lines are in the metro system?


Answer: 4.5 million

Question: How many people ride the metro system each day?


Answer: 195

Question: How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?


Answer: Metrobús

Context: The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrobús, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. Line 2 opened in December 2008, serving Eje 4 Sur, line 3 opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente, and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San Lázaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes. As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrobús could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. In June 2013, Mexico City's mayor announced two more lines to come: Line 5 serving Eje 3 Oriente and Line 6 serving Eje 5 Norte. As of June 2013, 367 Metrobús buses transported 850,000 passengers daily.

Question: What is the name of the city's fast bus line?


Answer: June 2005

Question: When did Metrobus begin services?


Answer: December 2008

Question: When did the second line of Metrobus open?


Answer: 850,000

Question: How many people ride the Metrobus every day?


Answer: line 4

Question: April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?


Answer: ejes viales

Context: In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.

Question: What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?


Answer: tolls are charged

Question: What is different about the second level roads?


Answer: 2012

Question: When were these second level roads opened?


Answer: The Viaducto Miguel Alemán

Question: What main road leads to the airport?


Answer: the Supervía Poniente

Question: What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?


Answer: ending digit of their license plates

Context: There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.

Question: How do people know which days to not drive their car?


Answer: 40%

Question: How many cars were still restricted in 2003?


Answer: 2006

Question: When were new emisson standards enacted?


Answer: pass regular emissions tests

Question: How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?


Answer: ecoParq

Context: Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. "viene vienes" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.

Question: What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?


Answer: Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario

Question: Who operates the parking meters?


Answer: 16 million-peso

Question: How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?


Answer: 8 AM to 8 PM

Question: What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?


Answer: 721

Question: How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?


Answer: EcoBici

Context: The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.

Question: What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?


Answer: 2010

Question: When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?


Answer: 4,000

Question: How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?


Answer: Ciclovías

Question: What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?


Answer: Denmark

Question: What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?


Answer: Mexico City International Airport

Context: Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). This airport is Latin America's second busiest and one of the largests in traffic, with daily flights to United States and Canada, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aeroméxico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. In 2014, the airport handled well over 34 million passengers, just over 2 million more than the year before. This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior.

Question: What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City?


Answer: MEX

Question: What is the short hand code for Mexico City's largest airport?


Answer: 34 million

Question: About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year?


Answer: Adolfo López Mateos International Airport

Question: What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City?


Answer: 700,000

Question: How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport?


Answer: 2007

Context: In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies.

Question: When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?


Answer: 21

Question: How many national airlines are there in Mexico?


Answer: 11

Question: How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?


Answer: Pachuca

Question: What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?


Answer: September 2, 2014

Context: During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the busiest airport in the world.

Question: When were the new plans of the airport revealed?


Answer: 2018

Question: When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?


Answer: six

Question: How many runways will be in the new airport?


Answer: 120 million

Question: How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?


Answer: $9.15 billion

Question: How much does the new airport cost?