Answer: Europe

Context: In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?


Answer: news generators

Question: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?


Answer: June 2014

Question: When was the second part of the case decided?


Answer: temporary web cache of consumers

Question: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?


Answer: in a fixed medium

Context: In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?


Answer: The idea itself

Question: What is NOT protected?


Answer: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea

Question: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?


Answer: what qualifies as original

Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?


Answer: U.S.

Context: In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?


Answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?


Answer: doesn't affect copyright protection

Question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?


Answer: Corporations and legislatures

Context: Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

Question: Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?


Answer: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement

Question: What is the major focus of these steps?


Answer: civil & criminal

Question: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?


Answer: limit the amount of control consumers have

Question: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?


Answer: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing

Context: Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

Question: How have governments lowered infringement rates?


Answer: enacted compulsory licensing laws

Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?


Answer: DMCA

Question: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?


Answer: safe harbor

Question: What else does this law provide to service providers?


Answer: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement

Question: Who does this law target?


Answer: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing

Context: Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Question: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?


Answer: adhere to certain conditions

Question: What must a user do under a prepared license?


Answer: reducing infringement

Question: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?


Answer: GNU General Public License

Question: What is an example of a free software license?


Answer: visual and literary works

Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?


Answer: approximately 16 and a half weeks

Context: To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Question: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?


Answer: by couriers

Question: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?


Answer: encrypted

Question: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?


Answer: Anti-Piracy marks can be added

Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?


Answer: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens

Question: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?


Answer: U.S. GAO

Context: The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

Question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?


Answer: three

Question: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?


Answer: estimate

Question: What did the FBI use as a source?


Answer: GAO report

Question: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?


Answer: BSA and International Data Corporation

Context: According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?


Answer: U.S.

Question: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?


Answer: Asia-Pacific

Question: Which region had the highest loss?


Answer: $12,383,000

Question: How much did the EU lose?


Answer: Middle East/Africa region

Question: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?


Answer: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs

Context: In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?


Answer: 57 percent

Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?


Answer: US$63.4 billion

Question: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?


Answer: Zimbabwe

Question: What nation had the higest piracy rate?


Answer: 19%

Question: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?


Answer: Institute for Policy Innovation

Context: In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Question: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?


Answer: over a billion dollars

Question: How much money have retailers lost?


Answer: 46,000

Question: How many production-level jobs were lost?


Answer: U.S. government

Question: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?


Answer: The Piracy Crusade

Context: Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?


Answer: tenuous

Question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?


Answer: artificial expansion

Question: What was the industry going through?


Answer: perfect bubble

Question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?


Answer: $59 billion

Context: The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?


Answer: emerging markets

Question: Who accounted for over half the total?


Answer: less PC shipments than emerging economies

Question: What did the established markets receive for the first time?


Answer: China

Question: What country has the highest retail value of software?


Answer: 83 percent

Question: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?


Answer: Balkan peninsula

Context: Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).

Question: On what peninsula is Greece located?


Answer: nine

Question: How many geographic regions make up Greece?


Answer: 8,498 mi

Question: How long is the coastline of Greece?


Answer: 227

Question: How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?


Answer: Mount Olympus

Question: What is the tallest mountain in Greece?


Answer: Philip of Macedon

Context: Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.

Question: Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?


Answer: Alexander the Great

Question: Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?


Answer: Rome

Question: Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?


Answer: first century AD

Question: When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?


Answer: 1830

Question: What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?


Answer: United Nations

Context: Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.

Question: Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?


Answer: democratic

Question: Which political philosophy does Greece follow?


Answer: 2001

Question: When did Greece join the Eurozone?


Answer: Balkans

Question: Greece has the biggest economic power where?


Answer: Hellas

Context: The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.

Question: What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?


Answer: Hellenic Republic

Question: What is the official name of Greece?


Answer: Graecia

Question: From what word is Greece derived?


Answer: the land of the Greeks

Question: What does the work Graecia mean?


Answer: Romans

Question: Who called Greece Graecia?


Answer: 270,000 BC

Context: The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Question: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?


Answer: Petralona cave

Question: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?


Answer: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

Question: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?


Answer: 7th millennium BC

Question: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?


Answer: farming

Question: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?


Answer: Western civilization

Context: Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

Question: Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?


Answer: Mycenaean

Question: What was the last civilization to rule Greece?


Answer: 1200 BC

Question: The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period?


Answer: Bronze Age collapse

Question: Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?


Answer: Greek Dark Ages

Question: What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.


Answer: 776 BC

Context: The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.

Question: When did the Olympic Game begin?


Answer: Homer

Question: The literary work "The Odyssey:, was written by whom?


Answer: 776 BC

Question: What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?


Answer: Greater Greece

Question: Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?


Answer: 508 BC

Question: In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?


Answer: Persian Empire

Context: By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.

Question: In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?


Answer: Battle of Marathon

Question: What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?


Answer: Thermopylae

Question: The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?


Answer: Greco-Persian Wars

Question: The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?


Answer: Golden Age of Athens

Question: After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?


Answer: Peloponnesian War

Context: Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

Question: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what?


Answer: Lack of political unity

Question: What often caused strife between Greek states?


Answer: Sparta

Question: Who won the Peloponnesian war?


Answer: Macedon

Question: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?


Answer: Phillip II

Question: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?


Answer: the Antigonid dynasty

Context: After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.

Question: Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?


Answer: 200 BC

Question: The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?


Answer: Battle of Pydna

Question: Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?


Answer: 146 BC

Question: In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?


Answer: 168 BC

Question: The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?


Answer: Augustus

Context: The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.

Question: What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?


Answer: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"

Question: What saying by Horace became famous?


Answer: Nero

Question: What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?


Answer: Homer

Question: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?


Answer: Scipio Africanus

Question: What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?


Answer: Greek

Context: Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Question: In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?


Answer: paganism

Question: What religion did early Greece practice?


Answer: 393

Question: The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year?


Answer: Theodosius I

Question: Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?


Answer: Justinian

Question: Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?


Answer: 7th century

Context: From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

Question: When did the Slavs invade Greece?


Answer: Barbarian

Question: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.


Answer: islands and coastal areas

Question: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?


Answer: 8th

Context: The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.

Question: The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?


Answer: 9th

Question: The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?


Answer: Asia Minor

Question: Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?


Answer: strong economic growth

Question: A stable Greece allowed it to have what?


Answer: 1204

Context: Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.

Question: Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?


Answer: 1261

Question: Constantinople once again became a capital in what year?


Answer: Genoese and Venetian

Question: The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?


Answer: Byzantine

Question: In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Context: In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.

Question: A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?


Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?


Answer: the Ottomans

Question: Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?


Answer: 1460

Question: The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?


Answer: Byzantine Greek scholars

Question: Who had a large impact on the Renaissance?


Answer: Cyprus and Crete

Context: While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

Question: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?


Answer: 1797

Question: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?


Answer: Aegean islands

Question: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?


Answer: Cyprus and Crete

Question: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?


Answer: Islam

Context: The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]

Question: Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?


Answer: Greek Orthodox Church

Question: What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?


Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?


Answer: 1571

Context: When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

Question: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?


Answer: 1684–1699

Question: The Morean War took place during which years?


Answer: 1770

Question: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?


Answer: Russian

Question: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?


Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?


Answer: 16th and 17th centuries

Context: The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]

Question: Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?


Answer: 18th

Question: Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?


Answer: Rigas Feraios

Question: Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?


Answer: 1798

Question: Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year?


Answer: 1814

Context: In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

Question: In which year did the Society of Friends begin?


Answer: liberating Greece

Question: The Society of Friends goal was what?


Answer: Filiki Eteria

Question: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?


Answer: 6 March 1821

Question: The first of several revolutions began when?


Answer: 17 March 1821

Question: War was started with the Ottomans when?


Answer: 1821

Context: By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]

Question: In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?


Answer: Theodoros Kolokotronis

Question: Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?


Answer: Aegean Sea

Question: The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?


Answer: 1822 and 1824

Question: Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?


Answer: two

Context: Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

Question: How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?


Answer: Ibrahim Pasha

Question: Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?


Answer: February 1825

Question: Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?


Answer: 1826

Question: In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?


Answer: Mani

Question: Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?


Answer: Russia, the United Kingdom and France

Context: After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

Question: What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?


Answer: the allied fleet

Question: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?


Answer: Ottoman–Egyptian

Question: Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?


Answer: 1830

Question: The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?


Answer: London Protocol

Question: What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?


Answer: public insolvency

Context: Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.

Question: In 1893 Greece announced what?


Answer: International Financial Control authority

Question: To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?


Answer: Demotic

Question: The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?


Answer: language

Question: A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?


Answer: 1877

Context: All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.

Question: War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?


Answer: Crete

Question: A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?


Answer: 1881

Question: In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?


Answer: the country's foreign policy

Context: At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

Question: What divided Greece into two political groups?


Answer: two

Question: How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?


Answer: the Triple Entente

Question: When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?


Answer: 1917

Question: Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?


Answer: 1919–1922

Context: In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.

Question: What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?


Answer: Asia Minor

Question: After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?


Answer: Treaty of Lausanne

Question: An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?


Answer: 1914-1922

Question: In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?


Answer: Ottoman and Turkish officials

Question: Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?


Answer: 1.5 million

Context: The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term "Greeks" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.

Question: How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?


Answer: Macedonian mountains

Question: Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?


Answer: Greek Isles and cities

Question: Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?


Answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis

Context: Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

Question: The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?


Answer: Second Hellenic Republic

Question: In 1924, what was established?


Answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis

Question: Who became the Greek leader in 1935?


Answer: 1936

Question: In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?


Answer: 1924

Question: The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?


Answer: Over 100,000

Context: Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–1942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.

Question: How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?


Answer: 1941–1942

Question: In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?


Answer: The Greek Resistance

Question: What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?


Answer: almost 1,000,000

Question: How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?


Answer: Andreas Papandreou

Context: Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.

Question: Who founded the PASOK?


Answer: Panhellenic Socialist Movement

Question: What does PASOK stand for?


Answer: 1980

Question: In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?


Answer: 1999

Question: Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?


Answer: 1 January 1981

Question: Greece joined what later became the European Union when?


Answer: Southern Europe

Context: Located in Southern Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34° and 42° N, and longitudes 19° and 30° E, with the extreme points being:

Question: Greece is where geographically?


Answer: 11th longest

Question: Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?


Answer: 8,498 mi

Question: How long is Greece's coastline?


Answer: 9,573 ft

Context: Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.

Question: How tall is Mount Olympus?


Answer: Mt. Smolikas

Question: The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?


Answer: 8,652 ft

Question: How tall is Mt. Smolikas?


Answer: the island of Crete

Context: The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.

Question: Where does the Pindus mountain range end?


Answer: underwater mountains

Question: Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?


Answer: Vikos Gorge

Question: What is the deepest gorge in the world?


Answer: Athens

Context: The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.

Question: The Saronic gulf is near what city?


Answer: central part of the Aegean Sea

Question: The Cyclade islands are located where?


Answer: west coast of Turkey

Question: The North Aegean islands are located where?


Answer: between Crete and Turkey

Question: The Dodecanese islands are located where?


Answer: off the coast of northeast Euboea

Question: The Sporades islands are located where?


Answer: Mediterranean

Context: The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).

Question: Greece's climate is mainly of what type?


Answer: Pindus mountain range

Question: Greece's climate is affected by what range?


Answer: a rain shadow effect

Question: East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?


Answer: Alpine climate

Context: The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia – feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.

Question: The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?


Answer: heavy snowfalls

Question: The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?


Answer: temperate

Question: Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?


Answer: Athens

Question: It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?


Answer: the Boreal Kingdom

Context: Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.

Question: Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?


Answer: six

Question: How many ecoregions occupies Greece?


Answer: mixed forests

Question: The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?


Answer: Mediterranean forests

Question: The Crete ecoregion is known as what?


Answer: deciduous forests

Question: The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?


Answer: unitary parliamentary

Context: Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967–1974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution.

Question: What type of republic is Greece?


Answer: President of the Republic

Question: What is the title of the leader of Greece?


Answer: the Parliament

Question: Who elects the president of Greece?


Answer: five-year term

Question: How long does the President of Greece serve?


Answer: 120

Question: Greece's constitution has how many articles?


Answer: 1986

Context: According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.

Question: The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?


Answer: Prime Minister

Question: Who has the most political power in Greece?


Answer: the Parliament

Question: The Prime Minister is elected by who?


Answer: President of the Republic

Question: Who formally names the Prime Minister?


Answer: 300

Context: Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.

Question: How many members are in Greece's parliament?


Answer: every four years

Question: How often are elections help for parliament?


Answer: President of the Republic

Question: Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who?


Answer: The coalition government

Context: The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.

Question: In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?


Answer: their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures

Question: What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties?


Answer: The leftist party of SYRIZA

Question: Who became the second major party after the elections?


Answer: No party could form a sustainable government

Question: What caused the second election of 2012?


Answer: coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.

Question: What was the demographic result of the second election?


Answer: Minister for Foreign Affairs

Context: Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Nikos Kotzias. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora; and the promotion of international cooperation. Additionally, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.

Question: Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?


Answer: Nikos Kotzias

Question: Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?


Answer: represent Greece before other states and international organizations

Question: The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?


Answer: a middle power

Question: Greece is though of as what kind of power?


Answer: significant

Question: Greece has how much strategic importance?


Answer: universal compulsory

Context: Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military. As of 2009[update], mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. However, as the military has sought to become a completely professional force, the government has promised to reduce mandatory military service or abolish it completely.

Question: What type of military service does Greece require?


Answer: females are exempted from conscription

Question: Can females be drafted into the military?


Answer: nine months

Question: What is the length of military service required of men?


Answer: 18 and 60

Question: At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?


Answer: thirteen

Context: Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.

Question: How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?


Answer: 325

Question: How many municipalities exist in Greece?


Answer: Kallikratis programme reform

Question: What went into effect on January 1, 2011?


Answer: Mount Athos

Question: What is the one autonomous area in Greece?


Answer: borders the region of Central Macedonia

Question: Where is Mount Athos located?


Answer: the service sector

Context: Greece is a developed country with high standards of living[citation needed] and high Human Development Index. Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output. Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union.

Question: The largest sector of Greece's economy is what?


Answer: 85.0%

Question: What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?


Answer: 3.0%

Question: What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?


Answer: 14.9 million

Question: How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?


Answer: 16th

Question: Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?


Answer: larger than all the Balkan economies combined

Context: With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.

Question: Greece's economy is what size?


Answer: number-two

Question: What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?


Answer: number-three

Question: What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?


Answer: Republic of Macedonia

Question: Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area?


Answer: Greek telecommunications company

Question: OTE is known as what?


Answer: advanced and high-income

Context: The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high-income. Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro. Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013.

Question: What classification does the Greek economy hold?


Answer: Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)

Question: Greece help found what economic organizations?


Answer: 19 June 2000

Question: When was Greece accepted into the European Union?


Answer: January 2001

Question: When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?


Answer: the Greek drachma

Question: What was Greece's former currency?


Answer: swaps

Context: According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank." These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union.

Question: What was used to hide debts?


Answer: spend beyond their means

Question: Swaps allow Greece to do what?


Answer: Italy

Question: What other country hid its debt through swaps?


Answer: The Maastricht rules

Question: What can legally be overcome with swaps?


Answer: 4th worldwide

Context: In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s. Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).

Question: Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?


Answer: 3,150

Question: How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?


Answer: first

Question: Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?


Answer: the European continent

Context: The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million). In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million. Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.

Question: Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?


Answer: 12.7 million

Question: How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: What is the single nation with the most visitors?


Answer: Central Macedonia

Question: Which part of Greece is the most visited?


Answer: 6.5 million

Question: Northern Greece gets how many visitors?


Answer: 1,600 mi

Context: Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey.

Question: How long is the Greek railway system?


Answer: double lines

Question: A current railway upgrade plans to do what?


Answer: Athens and Thessaloniki

Question: A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?


Answer: 3G/4G mobile internet

Context: Internet cafés that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G and 4G- LTE cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere. 3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years, with a 340% increase between August 2011 and August 2012. The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.

Question: In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?


Answer: 340%

Question: How much did internet usage increase in one year?


Answer: among the top 30 countries

Question: Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?


Answer: European Space Agency (ESA)

Context: Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.

Question: Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?


Answer: 1994

Question: Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?


Answer: 2003

Question: When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?


Answer: sixteenth

Question: Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?


Answer: 16 March 2005

Question: Greece became a full ESA member when?


Answer: Georgios Papanikolaou

Context: Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory (known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler.

Question: What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?


Answer: Manolis Andronikos

Question: Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?


Answer: Joseph Sifakis

Question: What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?


Answer: Christos Papadimitriou

Question: What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?


Answer: Mihalis Yannakakis

Question: What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?


Answer: Muslim

Context: Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000, (about 1%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation. Following the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly those defined as Turks, but also Greek Muslims like the Vallahades of western Macedonia, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in Central Macedonia and were defined as Christian Orthodox Caucasus Greeks arrived from the former Russian Transcaucasus province of Kars Oblast after it had been retroceded to Turkey but in the few years before the official population exchange.

Question: What is the religious minority in Greece?


Answer: Thrace

Question: The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?


Answer: Muslim

Question: Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?


Answer: Turkey

Question: Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?


Answer: 50,000

Context: Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members. Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members. In recent years there has been a small-scale revival of the ancient Greek religion, with estimates of 2,000 people active practitioners, and 100,000 "sympathisers".

Question: How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?


Answer: 200,000

Question: How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?


Answer: 30,000

Question: How many Protestants live in Greece?


Answer: 120

Question: How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?


Answer: 28,874

Question: How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?


Answer: During the 19th and 20th centuries

Context: During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.

Question: When did the Greek Language dispute take place?


Answer: the 19th century

Question: When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?


Answer: Dimotiki

Question: Which language was considered the language of the people?


Answer: Dimotiki

Question: What language was made the only official variation in 1976?


Answer: Byzantine Greek

Question: From which language did Dimotiki evolve?


Answer: Greek

Context: Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese.

Question: What is the language spoken by most Greeks?


Answer: Asia Minor

Question: Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?


Answer: Cappadocian

Question: Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?


Answer: Doric Greek

Question: From which language did the Tsakonian language derive?


Answer: 0.95%

Context: The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks) and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.

Question: Muslims make up how much of the Greek population?


Answer: assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority

Question: Minority languages have been reduce due to what?


Answer: Christian Roma

Question: In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?


Answer: Aromanians and Moglenites

Question: What groups are called Vlachs?


Answer: northern Greek borders

Context: Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s.

Question: Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?


Answer: 200,000 to 400,000

Question: Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?


Answer: Ladino

Question: Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?


Answer: Greco-Turkic

Question: The Urums are known to speak what dialect?


Answer: 762,191

Context: A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.

Question: In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?


Answer: 7%

Question: In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?


Answer: Eastern European countries

Question: From where did most non-citizen residents come?


Answer: 600,000

Question: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?


Answer: illegal immigrants

Context: Greece, together with Italy and Spain, is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey (mainly Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Samos). In 2012, the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea have increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war. There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the Syrians represent almost 45%. An estimated 8% of the arrivals applied for asylum in Greece.

Question: Greece is a major destination for what to enter?


Answer: Afghanistan

Question: In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?


Answer: Syrian civil war

Question: Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?


Answer: 856,723

Question: How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?


Answer: 8%

Question: What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?


Answer: education

Context: Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education). Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught, and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world’s first university as well.

Question: Paideia is also known as what?


Answer: Constantinople

Question: The first European university was created in what city?


Answer: 1453

Question: When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?


Answer: two

Context: Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, Genikό Lykeiό) and technical–vocational educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.

Question: Greece's secondary education has how many school types?


Answer: unified upper secondary schools

Question: What is one type of Greece's secondary education?


Answer: vocational training

Question: What type of institute does secondary education also include?


Answer: formal but unclassified

Question: What type of education do vocational institutes provide?


Answer: University sector

Context: According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.

Question: What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?


Answer: 2 to 3 years

Question: How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?


Answer: third grade

Question: Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?


Answer: over twenty-two years old

Question: At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?


Answer: The Capodistrian University of Athens

Question: What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean?


Answer: universal health care

Context: Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed – discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.

Question: What kind of health care exists in Greece?


Answer: 14th

Question: Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?


Answer: 19th

Question: What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?


Answer: 138

Question: In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?


Answer: 77

Question: In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?


Answer: Mycenaean Greece

Context: The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Genoese Republic, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture.

Question: Where did Greece culture begin?


Answer: Greek War of Independence

Question: What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?


Answer: thousands of years

Question: The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?


Answer: systematic thought

Context: In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.

Question: Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?


Answer: Modern democracies

Question: What did Greece's political philosophy affect?


Answer: Western culture

Question: Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?


Answer: early 19th century

Context: The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others.

Question: Modern Greek theater began when?


Answer: Heptanesean theatre and melodrama

Question: Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?


Answer: Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù

Question: What was the first theater of modern Greece?


Answer: The Parliamentary Candidate

Question: What was the first Greek opera?


Answer: Spyridon Xyndas

Question: Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate?


Answer: Aristotle of Stagira

Context: Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.

Question: Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?


Answer: the supra-sensual

Question: Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?


Answer: experience

Question: Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint?


Answer: Skepticism and Neoplatonism

Question: What is the name of two schools of philosophy?


Answer: Iliad and the Odyssey

Context: At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.

Question: What are two works by Homer?


Answer: 800 BC

Question: During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?


Answer: Sappho and Pindar

Question: Who were two major lyrical poets?


Answer: Classical era

Question: When did drama first begin in history?


Answer: 1896

Context: Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (Δάφνις και Χλόη), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Question: What year did cinema first appear in Greece?


Answer: 1907

Question: In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?


Answer: Asty Films

Question: In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?


Answer: Golfo

Question: What was the first Greek feature film?


Answer: Orestis Laskos

Question: Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?


Answer: 1950s and early 1960s

Context: The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements. Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis).

Question: Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema?


Answer: More than sixty

Question: During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?


Answer: Nikos Koundouros

Question: Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?


Answer: Cacoyannis

Question: Who directed the movie Stella in 1955?


Answer: Kampanellis

Question: Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?


Answer: Zorba the Greek

Context: Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο, Madalena, Η Θεία από το Σικάγο, Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.

Question: What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?


Answer: Anthony Quinn

Question: Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?


Answer: Eternity and a Day

Question: What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?


Answer: Theo Angelopoulos

Question: Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?


Answer: Greek cuisine

Context: Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.

Question: What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet?


Answer: Crete

Question: The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?


Answer: skordalia

Question: What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?


Answer: Olive oil

Question: What is added to almost every dish in Greece?