Answer: 1975

Context: In 1975, a group of Chicago Cubs fans based in Washington, D.C. formed the Emil Verban Society. The society is a select club of high profile Cub fans, currently headed by Illinois Senator Dick Durbin which is named for Emil Verban, who in three seasons with the Cubs in the 1940s batted .280 with 39 runs batted in and one home run. Verban was picked as the epitome of a Cub player, explains columnist George Will, because "He exemplified mediocrity under pressure, he was competent but obscure and typifying of the work ethics." Verban initially believed he was being ridiculed, but his ill feeling disappeared several years later when he was flown to Washington to meet President Ronald Reagan, also a society member, at the White House. Hillary Clinton, Jim Belushi, Joe Mantegna, Rahm Emanuel, Dick Cheney and many others have been included among its membership.

Question: What year did a group of Chicago Cubs fans form the Emil Verban Society?


Answer: Washington, D.C

Question: Where were the Emil Verban Society founders based in?


Answer: Illinois Senator Dick Durbin

Question: Who currently heads the Emil Verban Society?


Answer: 1969

Context: During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after.

Question: What year was the single "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" produced?


Answer: Cub Power

Question: What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?


Answer: the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers

Question: What did The Cubs Song incorporate?


Answer: 2008

Context: An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008. It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team, including Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" on September 21, 1997, the Steve Goodman song mentioned above, and a newly recorded rendition of "Talkin' Baseball" (subtitled "Baseball and the Cubs") by Terry Cashman. The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field.

Question: When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released?


Answer: 17 songs

Question: How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album?


Answer: September 21, 1997

Question: When was Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game"?


Answer: Back to the Future Part II

Context: The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series, ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues. In 2015, the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs and were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21, 2015, the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film. However, it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS.

Question: What film depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series?


Answer: Miami Marlins

Question: What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015?


Answer: October 21

Question: What day were the Cubs swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS?


Answer: sixteen

Context: Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geographical conditions, Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten (city-states), as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The remaining 13 states are called Flächenländer (literally: area states).

Question: How many federal states does Germany have?


Answer: Stadtstaaten (city-states)

Question: What are Hamburg and Berlin called?


Answer: Bremen and Bremerhaven

Question: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which two cities?


Answer: sixteen federal states

Question: How many federal states does Germany have?


Answer: measure of sovereignty

Question: What do constituent states still have?


Answer: Berlin and Hamburg

Question: What are the two major city-states?


Answer: Free Hanseatic City of Bremen

Question: What is the name of the city-state that contains Bremen and Bremerhaven?


Answer: Flächenländer

Question: What do Germans call the other 13 states?


Answer: sixteen

Question: How many states are in Germany?


Answer: Berlin and Hamburg

Question: Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?


Answer: Bundesland, or Land

Question: What is the German terms for states?


Answer: 13

Question: How many states are called "Flächenländer"?


Answer: Bremen and Bremerhaven

Question: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?


Answer: 1949

Context: The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (Hessen), Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), North Rhine Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Schleswig-Holstein, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. West Berlin, while officially not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state.

Question: What year was the Federal Republic of Germany created?


Answer: World War II

Question: The Federal Republic of Germany was founded after which world war?


Answer: West Berlin

Question: What area was initially not apart of the Federal Republic of Germany?


Answer: 1949

Question: When was the Federal Republic of Germany formed?


Answer: the aftermath of World War II

Question: How did this republic come to be?


Answer: American, British, and French administration

Question: How was the republic controlled at the end World War II?


Answer: West Berlin

Question: Which state was NOT a part of the Federal Republic in 1949?


Answer: 1949

Question: When was the Federal Republic of Germany created


Answer: American, British, and French

Question: Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?


Answer: West Berlin

Question: Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?


Answer: World War II

Question: What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?


Answer: following a referendum

Context: In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thüringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.

Question: How did Baden-Württemberg form?


Answer: German reunification

Question: When did the the Saar Protectorate rejoin the republic?


Answer: German reunification

Question: What was it called when East Germany joined the republic?


Answer: West and East Berlin

Question: What states formed Berlin in 1990?


Answer: Brandenburg

Question: Who did Berlin fail to merge with in 1996?


Answer: Baden-Württemberg

Question: Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?


Answer: 1952

Question: In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?


Answer: Saarland

Question: In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?


Answer: 1990

Question: When did the German reunification take place?


Answer: failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg

Question: Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?


Answer: Federalism

Context: Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including "culture", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training. Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat (literally Federal Council, the upper house of the German Federal Parliament) and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".

Question: What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?


Answer: the federation

Question: In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what?


Answer: culture

Question: What is an example of what states retain authority over?


Answer: the Bundesrat

Question: The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?


Answer: the federal government

Question: Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?


Answer: the Weimar Constitution of 1919

Context: The use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither by the constitution of 1919 nor by the Basic Law (Constitution) of 1949. Three Länder call themselves Freistaaten (Free States, which is the old-fashioned German expression for Republic), Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally since 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). There is little continuity between the current states and their predecessors of the Weimar Republic with the exception of the three free states, and the two city-states of Hamburg and Bremen.

Question: What does the term Länder date back to?


Answer: Staaten

Question: Before 1919 what were the German states called?


Answer: Freistaaten

Question: What does Bavaria refer to itself as?


Answer: three

Question: How many free states are there in Germany?


Answer: Hamburg and Bremen

Question: What are the two city-states in Germany?


Answer: delimitation of the federal territory

Context: A new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany, though "Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ...", as political scientist Arthur B. Gunlicks remarks. He summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "... the German system of dual federalism requires strong Länder that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many Länder also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated ...". But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.

Question: What keeps being debated in Germany?


Answer: pay for it from own source revenues

Question: What does Gunlick remark that the German System of dual federalism requires strong Länder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation?


Answer: several

Question: How many proposals have failed so far?


Answer: more than 300

Context: Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system.

Question: The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states?


Answer: the Napoleonic Wars

Question: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?


Answer: the German Confederation

Question: A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?


Answer: 62%

Question: How much of the population did Prussia control?


Answer: 65%

Question: How much of the land did Prussia control?


Answer: Allied military governments

Context: During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.

Question: Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?


Answer: 30%

Question: No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?


Answer: seven

Question: After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?


Answer: Polish or Soviet administration

Question: Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?


Answer: no attempts

Question: How many made to establish new states in the territories lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?


Answer: eleven

Context: Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the "Old States" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways de facto integrated with West Germany under a special status.

Question: How many states did West Germany have at its founding?


Answer: Western Allies

Question: What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?


Answer: neither a Western German state nor part of one

Question: Which state was West Berlin apart of?


Answer: 1957

Question: When did the Saarland form?


Answer: 1952

Question: How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952


Answer: had successfully achieved the unity of Germany

Context: Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.

Question: What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?


Answer: "any other parts of Germany" to join

Question: Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?


Answer: Saar Protectorate

Question: Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate?


Answer: the 16 German states

Question: The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?


Answer: new delimitation of the federal territory

Context: A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (Döring, Apel, and others) made proposals – some of them far-reaching – for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers.

Question: What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949?


Answer: a reduction of the number of states

Question: What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation?


Answer: Territorial reform

Question: What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers?


Answer: 1919

Context: The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms.

Question: When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?


Answer: Hugo Preuss

Question: Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?


Answer: 14

Question: How many states was the German Reich to divided into?


Answer: four

Question: Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred?


Answer: 1922

Question: When did Pyrmont join Prussia?


Answer: January 1933

Context: After the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by the Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), from April 1, 1937, the area of the city-state was extended, while Lübeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein.

Question: When did the Nazi Party seize power?


Answer: They became administrative regions

Question: What happened to the Länder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime?


Answer: Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Question: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state?


Answer: April 1, 1937

Question: When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur?


Answer: Schleswig-Holstein

Question: Which Prussian province did Lübeck become a part of?


Answer: the Federal Territory must be revised

Context: As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a Land had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6).

Question: In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?


Answer: one tenth

Question: How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?


Answer: a referendum

Question: What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed?


Answer: paragraph 6

Question: Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?


Answer: Paris Agreements

Context: In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.

Question: In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?


Answer: 67.7%

Question: In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?


Answer: 96.5%

Question: What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?


Answer: Chancellor Konrad Adenauer

Question: Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?


Answer: join the Federal Republic of Germany.

Question: The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?


Answer: three

Context: Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.

Question: Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?


Answer: filed a constitutional complaint

Question: What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?


Answer: July 1961

Question: When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?


Answer: exclusively federal matter

Question: On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed


Answer: Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order

Context: In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for both northern Germany and central and southwestern Germany. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from Cuxhaven to Lüchow-Dannenberg) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg.

Question: What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his 28 October 1969 address?


Answer: Bonn

Question: Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address?


Answer: Werner Ernst

Question: An expert commission was established under which chairman?


Answer: the district of Germersheim

Question: When did the expert commission deliver its report?


Answer: Baden-Württemberg

Question: Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?


Answer: Article 28

Context: The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpräsident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government.

Question: Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law"?


Answer: Ministerpräsident

Question: Most states are governed by what figure?


Answer: Landtag

Question: What are most state legislatures called?


Answer: a majority vote among the Landtag's members

Question: How is the Minister President chosen?


Answer: a cabinet

Question: Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies?


Answer: Senate

Context: The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bavaria had a bicameral parliament, with a popularly elected Landtag, and a Senate made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a referendum in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the Minister-President is the Senatspräsident (President of the Senate) in Bremen, the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) in Hamburg, and the Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as Landtag (State Parliament).

Question: What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?


Answer: the State Government

Question: What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?


Answer: a bicameral parliament

Question: What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?


Answer: eight

Question: How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?


Answer: Abgeordnetenhaus

Question: The parliament in Berlin is called what?


Answer: administrative districts

Context: The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind (Kommunalverbände besonderer Art), see below. The state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.

Question: What are the districts of Germany considered?


Answer: "rural districts"

Question: Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what?


Answer: two

Question: How many urban districts are in Bremen?


Answer: urban districts

Question: Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time?


Answer: one or more Kreisfreie Städte

Context: Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.

Question: Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?


Answer: administrative entities at the district level

Question: What do local associations replace?


Answer: simplification of administration

Question: What are local associations intended to implement?


Answer: Kommunalverband besonderer Art

Question: What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?


Answer: the issuing of special laws

Question: What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?


Answer: municipalities

Context: Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights (Stadtrechte). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits.

Question: Every rural district is subdivided into what?


Answer: municipality

Question: Every urban district is what in its own right?


Answer: 12,141

Question: How many municipalities are there?


Answer: a municipality

Question: What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?


Answer: Stadtrechte

Question: What are town rights called?


Answer: local governments can justify

Context: The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law." Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates.

Question: Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?


Answer: Article 28(2)

Question: What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.


Answer: a wide range of activities

Question: Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?


Answer: development

Question: What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?


Answer: 1950

Context: The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, "Korean War"; in North Korean Chosungul: 조국해방전쟁, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, "Fatherland Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.

Question: In what year did the Korean War begin?


Answer: North Korea invaded South Korea

Question: What caused the start of the Korean War?


Answer: Korea

Question: What country was divided at the end of World War II?


Answer: United States

Question: Which country aided South Korea during the war?


Answer: 27 July 1953

Question: When did the Korean War end?


Answer: Japan

Context: Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and—by agreement with the United States—occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.

Question: What nation ruled Korea in 1910?


Answer: north of the 38th parallel

Question: What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?


Answer: U.S. forces

Question: Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?


Answer: United Nations Security Council

Question: What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?


Answer: Twenty-one

Question: How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?


Answer: Pusan Perimeter

Context: After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies.

Question: At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?


Answer: China

Question: In 1950, what country got involved in the war?


Answer: four

Question: How many times did the control of Seoul change?


Answer: close to the 38th parallel

Question: On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?


Answer: air-to-air combat

Question: What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?


Answer: War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea

Context: In China, the war is officially called the "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" (simplified Chinese: 抗美援朝战争; traditional Chinese: 抗美援朝戰爭; pinyin: Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng), although the term "Chaoxian (Korean) War" (simplified Chinese: 朝鲜战争; traditional Chinese: 朝鮮戰爭; pinyin: Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng) is also used in unofficial contexts, along with the term "Korean Conflict" (simplified Chinese: 韩战; traditional Chinese: 韓戰; pinyin: Hán Zhàn) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau.

Question: In, China what is the war officially called?


Answer: Korean Conflict

Question: What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?


Answer: unofficial contexts

Question: When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?


Answer: Empire of Japan

Context: Korea was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan, and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In 1937, the colonial Governor-General, General Jirō Minami, commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language, literature, and culture, to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts. Starting in 1939, the populace was required to use Japanese names under the Sōshi-kaimei policy. Conscription of Koreans for labor in war industries began in 1939, with as many as 2 million Koreans conscripted into either the Japanese Army or into the Japanese labor force.

Question: Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?


Answer: General Jirō Minami

Question: Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?


Answer: Japanese

Question: What language were the Korean people forced to learn?


Answer: Sōshi-kaimei policy

Question: What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?


Answer: Conscription

Question: In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?


Answer: 300,000

Context: During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans made up 32% of Japan's labor force. At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan.

Question: How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?


Answer: overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan

Question: Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?


Answer: Korean police force

Question: Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?


Answer: 32%

Question: By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?


Answer: Imperial Japanese Army

Question: What army were Korean men conscripted into?


Answer: dividing the Korean Peninsula

Context: On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.

Question: What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?


Answer: General Order No. 1

Question: What order was the division of Korea included in?


Answer: Soviet and U.S. occupation zones

Question: What two areas was Korea divided into?


Answer: the capital of Korea

Question: What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?


Answer: Stalin

Question: Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?


Answer: Gen. John R. Hodge

Context: On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945–48). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist.

Question: Who accepted Japan's surrender?


Answer: United States Army Military Government in Korea

Question: What was General Hodge appointed the head of?


Answer: People's Republic of Korea

Question: What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?


Answer: it was communist

Question: Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?


Answer: Japanese colonial administrators

Question: Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?


Answer: the Autumn uprising

Context: On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law.

Question: What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?


Answer: 1946

Question: When was the Daegu Uprising?


Answer: 10,000

Question: How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?


Answer: 23 September 1946

Question: When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?


Answer: declared martial law

Question: How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?


Answer: hold an election

Context: Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.

Question: What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?


Answer: it would not be fair

Question: Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?


Answer: 10 May 1948

Question: When was the South Korean general election held?


Answer: terrorism and sabotage

Question: What problems did the elections face?


Answer: North Korea

Question: Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?


Answer: 1948

Context: The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948, and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviet Union established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-sung. President Rhee's régime excluded communists and leftists from southern politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare for guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government.

Question: When was South Korea's constitution created?


Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?


Answer: 1948

Question: What year was the Republic of Korea established?


Answer: Kim Il-sung

Question: Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?


Answer: communists and leftists

Question: What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?


Answer: North Korean government

Context: With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.

Question: Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?


Answer: Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists

Question: What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?


Answer: supremacy in Manchuria

Question: What did the Chinese Communists want?


Answer: Chinese People's Liberation Army

Question: What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?


Answer: 2,000 railway cars worth

Question: How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?


Answer: China

Context: The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.

Question: What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?


Answer: 1949

Question: When was the People's Republic of China created?


Answer: Chinese support

Question: What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?


Answer: Pak Il-yu

Question: Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?


Answer: the North Koreans

Question: Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?


Answer: Western nations

Context: After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery.

Question: What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?


Answer: China

Question: Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?


Answer: promoted Communist revolutions

Question: To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?


Answer: the Nationalists

Question: Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?


Answer: 1949

Context: By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea—which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty.

Question: When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?


Answer: Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty

Question: What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?


Answer: US

Question: What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?


Answer: Stalin

Question: Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?


Answer: Asia

Question: Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?


Answer: Mao

Context: In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated.

Question: Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?


Answer: the Americans

Question: Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?


Answer: the Americans would intervene

Question: What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?


Answer: China

Question: Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?


Answer: preparations for war

Question: What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?


Answer: Soviet generals

Context: Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. These generals completed the plans for the attack by May. The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch a "counterattack" that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants, capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports.

Question: Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?


Answer: Ongjin Peninsula

Question: Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?


Answer: the Soviet Advisory Group

Question: What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?


Answer: May

Question: When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?


Answer: Kim Il-sung

Context: On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15–17 June 1950. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South, as a peace overture that Rhee rejected. On 21 June, Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change of plan.

Question: Who called for Korean elections in 1950?


Answer: Rhee

Question: Who rejected the peace gesture?


Answer: revised his war plan

Question: What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected?


Answer: South Korean agents had learned about the plans

Question: Why did Kim's war plan need revising?


Answer: 1950

Question: When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference?


Answer: the South

Context: While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.

Question: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?


Answer: U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group

Question: What group trained the Republic of Korea army?


Answer: General William Lynn Roberts

Question: What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?


Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: Who wanted to take over North Korea?


Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?


Answer: Korean People's Army

Context: At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first.

Question: Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?


Answer: Ongjin peninsula

Question: Where did the fighting begin?


Answer: the South Koreans

Question: Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju?


Answer: scholars

Question: Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA?


Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?


Answer: Rhee

Context: On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government. On 28 June, at 2 am, the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing the bridge, and hundreds were killed. Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River. In spite of such desperate measures, Seoul fell that same day. A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and forty-eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North.

Question: Who, along with members of the South Korean government, fled South Korea?


Answer: Han River

Question: What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army?


Answer: forty-eight

Question: How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?


Answer: blew up the highway bridge

Question: What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River?


Answer: 28 June

Question: What day was the city of Seoul captured?


Answer: Japan

Context: One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan."

Question: What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?


Answer: President Truman

Question: Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?


Answer: US policy toward Japan

Question: Why was South Korea important to the US?


Answer: US policy toward Japan

Question: What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?


Answer: Soviet reaction

Context: A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]". Yugoslavia–a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin Split—was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council's post-North Korea invasion list of "chief danger spots". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone.

Question: What was the Truman administration concerned about that was preventing them from getting involved in the Korean conflict?


Answer: The UN Security Council

Question: What agency approved the use of force in South Korea?


Answer: advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power

Question: Why did the US not send in ground troops after the United Nations approved the use of force?


Answer: Truman

Question: Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread?


Answer: air and naval forces

Question: What resources did the US devote to South Korea after the Security Council approved engaging in an armed conflict?


Answer: United Nations Security Council

Context: On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea.

Question: Who condemned the actions of North Korea?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Which permanent member of the UN Security Council boycotted council meetings in protest of Taiwan's seat in the United Nations?


Answer: Resolution 83

Question: What resolution encouraged Security Council Members to send military assistance to the Republic of Korea?


Answer: the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister

Question: Who accused the United States of beginning an armed intervention in South Korea?


Answer: condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea

Question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 82 accomplish?


Answer: Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated UN Charter Article 32; and the Korean conflict was beyond the UN Charter's scope, because the initial north–south border fighting was classed as a civil war. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time, legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members.

Question: What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War?


Answer: U.S. Intelligence

Question: Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from?


Answer: unanimous vote

Question: What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea.


Answer: five

Question: How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have?


Answer: UN Charter Article 32

Question: What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict?


Answer: 10

Context: By mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, some 150 Yak fighter planes, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies.

Question: How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?


Answer: 200,000

Question: What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?


Answer: 30,000

Question: How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?


Answer: small warships

Question: What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?


Answer: Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped

Context: In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion, but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan.

Question: What was the problem with the ROK Army?


Answer: U.S. military

Question: Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?


Answer: Japan

Question: In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?


Answer: R.E. Appleman

Question: Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?


Answer: Dean Acheson

Context: On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):

Question: Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?


Answer: the mistake of appeasement

Question: What did the US not want to see repeated?


Answer: the global containment of communism

Question: The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?


Answer: National Security Council Report 68

Question: What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?


Answer: Adolf Hitler's aggressions

Question: The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?


Answer: U.S. Navy no longer had the warships

Context: As an initial response, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea, and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only 'on paper', since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request. In fact, because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart. The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions. Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, they were driven back down the Korean peninsula to Pusan. In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."

Question: Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?


Answer: defense budget cutbacks

Question: Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?


Answer: General Omar Bradley

Question: Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?


Answer: American troops

Question: Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?


Answer: Major General Floyd L. Parks

Question: Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?


Answer: General MacArthur

Context: Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory."

Question: What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?


Answer: President Truman

Question: Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?


Answer: US Seventh Fleet

Question: What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?


Answer: Republic of China

Question: Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?


Answer: Zhou Enlai

Question: Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?


Answer: Battle of Osan

Context: The Battle of Osan, the first significant American engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan. On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean.

Question: What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?


Answer: 24th Infantry Division

Question: Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan?


Answer: Taejeon

Question: Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location?


Answer: Battle of Taejon

Question: At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses?


Answer: Japan

Question: In what country is the US's Task Force Smith located?


Answer: by killing civil servants and intellectuals

Context: By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea. In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-sung that he was responsible for the KPA's atrocities. By September, the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter, enclosing about 10% of Korea, in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River.

Question: How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?


Answer: Kim Il-sung

Question: Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?


Answer: southeast Korea

Question: Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?


Answer: Nakdong River

Question: What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?


Answer: 10%

Question: How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?


Answer: To counter a possible U.S. deployment

Context: Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible U.S. deployment, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait.

Question: Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?


Answer: Incheon

Question: Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?


Answer: Chai Chengwen

Question: Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?


Answer: the Korean border

Question: Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?


Answer: Chinese leaders

Question: Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?


Answer: KPA

Context: In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August–September 1950), the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night. To deny matériel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south. On 27 August, 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident. The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal.

Question: Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?


Answer: to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night

Question: What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?


Answer: aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory

Question: Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?


Answer: Sweden

Question: Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?


Answer: the Soviets vetoed the US proposal

Question: Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?


Answer: San Francisco

Context: Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

Question: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?


Answer: the port of Pusan

Question: What is Korea's largest port?


Answer: Japan

Question: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?


Answer: KPA

Question: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?


Answer: UN forces

Question: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?


Answer: To relieve the Pusan Perimeter

Context: Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines. On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.

Question: Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?


Answer: Major General Hobart R. Gay

Question: Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?


Answer: Yokohama, Japan

Question: Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?


Answer: the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied

Question: Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?


Answer: the Pentagon

Context: Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him. When authorized, he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers. By 15 September, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon.

Question: Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?


Answer: The X Corps

Question: What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?


Answer: General Edward Almond

Question: Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?


Answer: Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch

Context: After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. "Task Force Lynch" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence–Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea.

Question: Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?


Answer: the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout"

Question: What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?


Answer: the KPA

Question: Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?


Answer: General H. M. Zakharov

Context: On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.

Question: Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?


Answer: to defend Seoul

Question: Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?


Answer: Chinese commanders

Question: Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?


Answer: if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men

Question: When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?


Answer: Politburo

Context: On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.

Question: What emergency session was called by Stalin?


Answer: 25,000 to 30,000

Question: How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?


Answer: Soviet military advisers

Question: Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?


Answer: South Korean forces.

Question: Who reclaimed the Seoul?


Answer: Pyongyang

Question: What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?


Answer: National Security Council Memorandum 81/1

Context: On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel." During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.

Question: What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?


Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?


Answer: Defense Secretary George Marshall

Question: Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?


Answer: ROK police

Question: Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?


Answer: 1951

Question: What year did the executions stop?


Answer: China

Context: On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.

Question: Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?


Answer: Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns

Question: The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?


Answer: Bruce Cumings

Question: Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?


Answer: launch guerrilla raids

Question: What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?


Answer: Chiang Kai-shek

Question: Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?


Answer: MacArthur

Context: By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.

Question: Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?


Answer: the UN

Question: Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?


Answer: cut the road north going to China

Question: How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?


Answer: 135,000

Question: How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?


Answer: dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait

Context: On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to "American aggression in the guise of the UN".

Question: What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?


Answer: 1950

Question: What year did China decide to enter the war?


Answer: American aggression in the guise of the UN

Question: What provoked China to join the war?


Answer: the Politburo

Question: Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?


Answer: whether to send Chinese troops into Korea

Context: In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2–5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After Lin Biao politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea. Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened. On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA).

Question: What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?


Answer: Mao

Question: Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?


Answer: Peng Dehuai

Question: Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?


Answer: Peng

Question: Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?


Answer: People's Volunteer Army

Question: What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?


Answer: the Black Sea

Context: In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

Question: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?


Answer: two or three months

Question: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist


Answer: Chinese airspace

Question: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?


Answer: March 1951

Question: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?


Answer: the south side of the Yalu

Question: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?


Answer: their march and bivouac discipline

Context: UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.

Question: What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?


Answer: remain motionless

Question: What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?


Answer: 19

Question: How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?


Answer: shoot security violators

Question: What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?


Answer: 19:00–03:00

Question: When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?


Answer: KPA

Context: Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju – although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved – this time to Kanggye.

Question: Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?


Answer: Pyongyang

Question: What was the capital city in the North?


Answer: Sinuiju

Question: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?


Answer: UNC forces approached

Question: What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?


Answer: October 1950

Question: When was Pyongyang captured?


Answer: Wake Island

Context: On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000–125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without air force protection.

Question: Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?


Answer: General MacArthur

Question: Who refused to meet on continental United States?


Answer: little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea

Question: What was President Truman told at this meeting?


Answer: General MacArthur

Question: Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea?


Answer: the greatest slaughter

Question: What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?


Answer: PVA 13th Army Group

Context: After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.

Question: Who initiated the First Phase offensive?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?


Answer: 1 November 1950

Question: When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?


Answer: Ch'ongch'on River

Question: Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?


Answer: Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts

Question: What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?


Answer: U.S. Eighth Army's

Context: On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27–29 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division (12,000–15,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire—albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties.

Question: Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?


Answer: Turkish Brigade

Question: Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?


Answer: 12,000–15,000

Question: How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?


Answer: PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics

Question: What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?