Answer: villages and towns

Context: Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

Question: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: a toilet

Question: No single house is without?


Answer: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband

Question: What are the villages well connected to?


Answer: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala

Question: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?


Answer: The hill stations

Question: What are the most visited places in the country?


Answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

Context: Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

Question: What is nonverbal communication?


Answer: body language

Question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?


Answer: shaking a hand

Question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?


Answer: sweating

Question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?


Answer: 55%

Question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?


Answer: to coordinate and organize their growth and development

Context: Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

Question: Why do fungi communicate?


Answer: through biochemicals of biotic origin

Question: How do fungi communicate with insects?


Answer: five

Question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?


Answer: interpretation processes

Question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?


Answer: similar molecules without biotic content

Question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?


Answer: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions

Context: Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Question: What acts are included in communication between parties?


Answer: abilities of the group communicating

Question: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?


Answer: channel (through which medium)

Question: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?


Answer: another person or being

Question: What is one target of communication?


Answer: Wilbur Schram

Question: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?


Answer: a system of symbols

Context: Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

Question: What is human communication defined as?


Answer: during human childhood

Question: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?


Answer: thousands

Question: How many human languages are there?


Answer: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols

Question: What do human languages use to communicate with others?


Answer: programming languages

Question: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?


Answer: family rules, family roles or family dialectics

Context: Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

Question: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?


Answer: marriage, parenthood or divorce

Question: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?


Answer: a well constructed family

Question: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?


Answer: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal

Context: The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

Question: How is animal communication defined?


Answer: zoo semiotics

Question: What is the study of animal communication called?


Answer: anthroposemiotics

Question: What is the study of human communication called?


Answer: animal emotions, animal culture and learning

Question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?


Answer: vibrational communication

Question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?


Answer: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

Context: The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

Question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?


Answer: sender, channel, and receiver

Question: What did the first model for communication consist of?


Answer: the part of a telephone a person spoke into

Question: What was the sender in the initial model?


Answer: the telephone itself

Question: What was the channel in the initial model?


Answer: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person

Question: What was the receiver in the initial model?


Answer: transmission model

Context: In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

Question: A simple model is also referred to as what?


Answer: a message in natural language

Question: What kind of message is sent in a simple model?


Answer: spoken language

Question: In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?


Answer: from an emisor/ sender/ encoder

Question: How is information sent through a simple model?


Answer: simplicity, generality, and quantifiability

Question: What are the strengths of the simple model?


Answer: reciprocally

Context: In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

Question: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?


Answer: constitutive model or constructionist view

Question: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?


Answer: a conduit

Question: What is communication viewed as?


Answer: different regional traditions

Question: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?


Answer: communication noise

Question: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?


Answer: between plant cells

Context: Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]

Question: What is a form of communication observed within plants?


Answer: roots

Question: What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?


Answer: vegetable fiber

Question: What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?


Answer: via volatiles

Question: How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?


Answer: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants

Question: How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?


Answer: Theories of coregulation

Context: Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

Question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?


Answer: Egypt

Question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?


Answer: Harold Innis

Question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?


Answer: Space Binding

Question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus?


Answer: transmission of written orders across space, empires

Question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?


Answer: it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills

Context: Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically.

Question: Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?


Answer: communications

Question: Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?


Answer: Companies with limited resources

Question: What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?


Answer: excellent writing ability

Question: What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?


Answer: green

Context: Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

Question: What color are white grapes?


Answer: anthocyanins

Question: What gene makes grapes purple?


Answer: prolate spheroid

Question: What shape do grapes usually resemble?


Answer: fruit

Question: What type of food are grapes?


Answer: 15 to 300

Question: How many grapes are generally in a cluster?


Answer: 6,000–8,000 years ago

Context: The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.

Question: How long ago were grapes first cultivated?


Answer: Yeast

Question: What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?


Answer: Armenia

Question: Where is the oldest know winery located?


Answer: Shiraz

Question: What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?


Answer: hieroglyphics

Question: How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?


Answer: animal fat

Context: Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:

Question: What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?


Answer: red wine

Question: What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?


Answer: the French paradox

Question: What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?


Answer: vasodilation

Question: What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?


Answer: Grape juice

Context: Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.

Question: What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?


Answer: fermented

Question: What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?


Answer: Concord grapes

Question: What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?


Answer: Thompson Seedless

Question: What are Sultana grapes known as in California?


Answer: Niagara grapes

Question: What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?


Answer: red wine

Context: Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.

Question: What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?


Answer: white wine

Question: What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?


Answer: resveratrol

Question: What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?


Answer: Red wine

Question: What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?


Answer: table grapes

Context: Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.

Question: What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?


Answer: wine grapes

Question: What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?


Answer: Vitis vinifera

Question: What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?


Answer: Table grape

Question: What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?


Answer: approximately 24%

Question: What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?


Answer: Genesis 9:20–21

Context: In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s John the Baptist.

Question: When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?


Answer: Dionysus

Question: Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?


Answer: Christ

Question: Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?


Answer: Deuteronomy

Question: Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?


Answer: Noah

Question: Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?


Answer: three

Context: There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

Question: How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators?


Answer: more than a dozen

Question: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there?


Answer: Vitis vinifera

Question: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless?


Answer: cold

Question: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for?


Answer: Vitis vinifera

Question: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?


Answer: Anthocyanins

Context: Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?


Answer: Total phenolic content

Question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as?


Answer: Phenolic content

Question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices?


Answer: anthocyanins

Question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?


Answer: flavan-3-ols

Question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?


Answer: The Catholic Church

Context: The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

Question: What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?


Answer: the Last Supper

Question: When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration?


Answer: Canon 924

Question: Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?


Answer: grape juice

Question: What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?


Answer: transubstantiation

Question: What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?


Answer: secure procedures

Context: Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

Question: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?


Answer: cybersecurity or IT security

Question: What is computer security also known as?


Answer: Computer security

Question: What is the protection of information systems?


Answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

Question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?


Answer: Computer security

Question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?


Answer: Denial of service attacks

Context: Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.

Question: What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?


Answer: the victim account to be locked

Question: What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?


Answer: reflection and amplification attacks

Question: What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?


Answer: Distributed denial of service

Question: What does DDoS stand for?


Answer: by adding a new firewall rule

Question: How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?


Answer: a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system

Context: If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.

Question: What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?


Answer: eavesdropping

Question: In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?


Answer: a potential entry point for malware or an attacker

Question: Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?


Answer: disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel

Question: Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?


Answer: the cell phone network

Question: What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?


Answer: relatively few

Context: However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated "detection" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.

Question: How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?


Answer: packet capture appliances

Question: What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?


Answer: firewalls and other automated "detection" systems

Question: The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?


Answer: Reuters

Question: What is the source of the quote?


Answer: physical stealing of assets

Question: Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what?


Answer: computer security

Context: One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

Question: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?


Answer: Evaluation Assurance Levels

Question: What does EAL stand for?


Answer: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

Question: What is the standard of EAL4?


Answer: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

Question: What is the standard for EAL6?


Answer: Integrity-178B

Question: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?


Answer: February 27, 2014

Context: China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.

Question: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?


Answer: enhanced national security capabilities.

Question: What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?


Answer: China

Question: What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??


Answer: Eavesdropping

Context: Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.

Question: What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?


Answer: hosts on a network

Question: Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?


Answer: the FBI and NSA

Question: Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?


Answer: TEMPEST

Question: Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?


Answer: a closed system

Question: What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?


Answer: malware

Context: Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target. Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. Wifi, Bluetooth, and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.

Question: What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?


Answer: malware

Question: Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?


Answer: Quantified Self devices

Question: Activity trackers are an example of what?


Answer: attack vectors

Question: What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?


Answer: sensors

Question: What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?


Answer: access control lists

Context: Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

Question: What does ACL stand for?


Answer: enforcing privilege separation

Question: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?


Answer: the confused deputy problem

Question: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?


Answer: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws

Question: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?


Answer: capabilities

Question: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?


Answer: 1994

Context: In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.

Question: In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?


Answer: Using trojan horses

Question: How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?


Answer: by posing as a trusted Rome center user

Question: How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?


Answer: the US Air Force's main command and research facility

Question: What is the Rome Laboratory?


Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Question: Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?


Answer: July of 2015

Context: In July of 2015, a hacker group known as "The Impact Team" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated “Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.” When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional.

Question: When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?


Answer: Avid Life Media

Question: What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?


Answer: After the second data dump

Question: When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?


Answer: emails from the company's CEO

Question: What was in the first data dump?


Answer: Established Men

Question: What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?


Answer: a crucial need for regulation

Context: The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

Question: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?


Answer: San Francisco

Question: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?


Answer: executives from the private sector

Question: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?


Answer: R. Clarke

Question: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?


Answer: cyberspace

Question: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?


Answer: October 3, 2010

Context: On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s "cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world." Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy.

Question: When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?


Answer: The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

Question: What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?


Answer: The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada

Question: What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?


Answer: The Internet

Context: Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.

Question: What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?


Answer: the Stuxnet worm

Question: What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?


Answer: 2014

Question: When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?


Answer: the Department of Homeland Security

Question: What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?


Answer: via removable media

Question: How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?


Answer: "preventive" measures

Context: Today, computer security comprises mainly "preventive" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.

Question: Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?


Answer: A firewall

Question: What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?


Answer: a separate machine filtering network traffic

Question: What does a physical firewall consist of?


Answer: permanently connected to the Internet

Question: What type of machines normall have a firewall?


Answer: computer security

Question: What compromises mainly preventative measures?


Answer: security breaches

Context: Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal."

Question: What has caused serious financial damage?


Answer: the organizations involved

Question: Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?


Answer: $13 billion

Question: What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?


Answer: Several computer security consulting firms

Question: Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?


Answer: basically anecdotal

Question: What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?


Answer: during the manufacturing process

Context: While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.

Question: Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?


Answer: hardware-based or assisted computer security

Question: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?


Answer: insecurity

Question: What can hardware be a source of?


Answer: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)

Question: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?


Answer: Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre

Context: Public Safety Canada’s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada’s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.

Question: What does CCIRC stand for?


Answer: CCIRC

Question: Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?


Answer: on the Public Safety Canada website

Question: Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?


Answer: Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

Question: What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?


Answer: Jay Cross

Context: This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."

Question: Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?"


Answer: the Internet Time Group

Question: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?


Answer: increasing efficiency

Question: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?


Answer: exposes new vulnerabilities

Question: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?


Answer: September 27, 2010

Context: On September 27, 2010, Public Safety Canada partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online. On February 4, 2014, the Government of Canada launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. The program is a $1.5 million five-year initiative aimed at improving Canada’s cyber systems through grants and contributions to projects in support of this objective. Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's Cyber Security Strategy in early 2015. Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens, and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October.

Question: When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?


Answer: February 4, 2014

Question: When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?


Answer: Public Safety Canada

Question: Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?


Answer: October

Question: What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?


Answer: $1.5 million

Question: How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?


Answer: compromise security

Context: An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks.

Question: Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?


Answer: standard security measures

Question: Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?


Answer: attacks

Question: Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?


Answer: directly download data from it

Question: An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?


Answer: Clickjacking

Context: Clickjacking, also known as "UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack", is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page. This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers. The attacker is basically "hijacking" the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else. A similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker.

Question: UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?


Answer: Clickjacking

Question: What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?


Answer: some other irrelevant page

Question: Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?


Answer: into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker

Question: Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?


Answer: using multiple transparent or opaque layers

Question: How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?


Answer: 60,000

Context: In 1988, only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On November 2, 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers – the first internet "computer worm". The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. who said 'he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet'.

Question: How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?


Answer: November 2, 1988

Question: When was the first computer worm released?


Answer: Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.

Question: Who was the first computer worm traced back to?


Answer: computer worm

Question: What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?


Answer: he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet

Question: Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?


Answer: a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring

Context: In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as "Rescator" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.

Question: Who are Rescator?


Answer: 40 million credit cards

Question: What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?


Answer: between 53 and 56 million

Question: How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?


Answer: self checkout machines

Question: What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?


Answer: director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee

Question: Who is Jim Walter?


Answer: Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum

Context: Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt für den Militärischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.

Question: What does NCAZ stand for?


Answer: national security aspects

Question: What does NCAZ take care of?


Answer: June 16, 2011

Question: When was NCAZ opened?


Answer: February 23, 2011

Question: Whan was NCAZ founded?


Answer: to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure

Question: What is the purpose of NCAZ?


Answer: Orthodox

Context: Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (אורתודוקסיה מודרנית) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (יהדות חרדית), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism.

Question: What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?


Answer: Torah

Question: What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?


Answer: Talmudic

Question: what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?


Answer: Haredi Judaism

Question: What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?


Answer: pre-modern Judaism

Question: Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?


Answer: JTA

Context: According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term "ultra-Orthodox", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey’s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term. Several local Jewish papers, including New York's Jewish Week and Philadelphia's Jewish Exponent have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week, this leaves "Orthodox" as "an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs."

Question: What is the global Jewish news service known as?


Answer: "ultra-Orthodox

Question: What term do media entities refrain from using?


Answer: the Star-Ledger

Question: What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?


Answer: Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer

Question: Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?


Answer: Cliffside Park

Question: Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?


Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Context: Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Question: What is the name of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies?


Answer: People of Israel

Question: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?


Answer: halakha

Question: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?


Answer: Divine work

Question: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?


Answer: Torah

Question: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?


Answer: covered

Context: Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.

Question: How do orthodox women dress mosly?


Answer: hair

Question: what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?


Answer: kipa

Question: What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?


Answer: tzitzit

Question: What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?


Answer: Haredi

Question: What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?


Answer: Pentateuch

Context: Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as "fences" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, "creativity" and development in Jewish law is limited.

Question: What is the written law of the Torah known as?


Answer: God

Question: Who dictated the oral law to Moses?


Answer: Oral Law

Question: What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?


Answer: Sinaitic law

Question: What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?


Answer: Divine

Question: What is the origin of Jewish Law?


Answer: Berlin

Context: In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

Question: Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?


Answer: Jacob Ettlinger

Question: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?


Answer: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael

Question: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?


Answer: 177

Question: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?


Answer: Berlin

Question: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?


Answer: third birthday

Context: Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for "haircut") "originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice," and "Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context." The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.

Question: When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?


Answer: burned

Question: What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?


Answer: kitniyot

Question: What are grains and legumes known as?


Answer: Ashkenazi

Question: What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?


Answer: Talmud

Question: What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?


Answer: Haredi Judaism

Context: Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture, although not from non-Jewish society entirely. It is characterised by its focus on community-wide Torah study. Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halakhic concepts and in acceptable application of these concepts. Thus, engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood, but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible. The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one's intended profession: where tolerated in the Haredi society, attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity. Academic interest is instead to be directed toward the religious education found in the yeshiva. Both boys and girls attend school and may proceed to higher Torah study, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating – see shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) for many years after marriage. Most Orthodox men (including many Modern Orthodox), even those not in Kollel, will study Torah daily.

Question: What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?


Answer: modern society

Question: What should individuals participate as little as possible in?


Answer: Haredi

Question: Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?


Answer: yeshiva

Question: What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?


Answer: kollel

Question: What is a Torah study institute for married men called?


Answer: Mount Sinai

Context: Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.

Question: Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?


Answer: God

Question: Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?


Answer: Mitzvot

Question: What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?


Answer: House of Study of Rabbi Akiva

Question: Where is Moses miraculously transported to?


Answer: Oral law

Question: What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?


Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Context: Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

Question: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?


Answer: patrilineal descent

Question: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?


Answer: rejection of Judaism

Question: What is intermarriage typically seen as?


Answer: intermarriage

Question: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?


Answer: cut off

Question: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?


Answer: Halakha

Context: However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Question: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?


Answer: God's Law,

Question: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?


Answer: "Kavod Habriyot"

Question: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?


Answer: "Pikuach Nefesh"

Question: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?


Answer: structure of daily life

Question: What does halakha guide?


Answer: Torah

Context: According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

Question: What is jewish law today based on?


Answer: will of God

Question: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?


Answer: Mount Sinai

Question: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?


Answer: 13

Question: How many rules are jewish law derived from?


Answer: Oral Law

Question: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?


Answer: Haredi Judaism

Context: Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

Question: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?


Answer: Chasidic Judaism

Question: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?


Answer: Israel ben Eliezer

Question: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?


Answer: Ba'al Shem Tov

Question: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?


Answer: Yiddish

Question: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?


Answer: 1.9 children

Context: In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

Question: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??


Answer: 4.1 children

Question: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?


Answer: 2%

Question: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?


Answer: 71%

Question: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?


Answer: half

Question: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?


Answer: right-wing

Context: On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Question: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?


Answer: conservative

Question: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?


Answer: Republican

Question: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?


Answer: Israel

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?


Answer: Zionism

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?


Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Context: Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Question: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?


Answer: "outreach (Kiruv)"

Question: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?


Answer: secular studies

Question: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?


Answer: support oneself

Question: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?


Answer: Haskalah

Context: However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Question: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?


Answer: Talmud

Question: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?


Answer: dietary laws

Question: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?


Answer: halachic practices

Question: What are dietary laws known as?


Answer: 19th century

Context: The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Question: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?


Answer: early 19th century

Question: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?


Answer: education

Question: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?


Answer: absolute divine authorship

Question: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?


Answer: Zionism

Context: Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

Question: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?


Answer: Zionist

Question: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?


Answer: nationalism

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?


Answer: militarism

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?


Answer: destructive

Question: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?


Answer: yeshivot

Context: In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Question: Tamudic schools are known as what?


Answer: Talmudical colleges

Question: what are the colleges married men study in called?


Answer: interact

Question: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?


Answer: doctrines

Question: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?


Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Context: Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

Question: What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?


Answer: unacceptable

Question: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?


Answer: heretical

Question: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?


Answer: Halakhic

Question: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?


Answer: American Orthodox Jews

Context: Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?


Answer: New Jersey

Question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?


Answer: Rockland County

Question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?


Answer: New York State

Question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?


Answer: Western European Jewry

Context: Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Question: Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?


Answer: traditional

Question: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?


Answer: Hirsch's

Question: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?


Answer: Shulchan Aruch

Context: For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).

Question: What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?


Answer: uniformity

Question: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?


Answer: minhag

Question: What is the differences among regions in practices known as?


Answer: philosophical differences

Question: Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?


Answer: Hirsch

Context: Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Question: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?


Answer: Torah im Derech Eretz

Question: What was Hirsch's approach called?


Answer: neo-Orthodoxy

Question: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?


Answer: modern world

Question: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?


Answer: Latin animalis

Context: The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.

Question: Where does the word animal come from?


Answer: having breath, having soul or living being

Question: What does the Latin word animalis mean?


Answer: non-human members of the kingdom Animalia

Question: The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?


Answer: Animalia

Question: The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?


Answer: sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans

Question: What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?


Answer: eukaryotic

Context: All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Question: What type of cells do all animals have?


Answer: collagen and elastic glycoproteins

Question: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?


Answer: shells, bones, and spicules

Question: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified?


Answer: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

Question: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?


Answer: cell walls

Question: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?


Answer: Predation

Context: Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.

Question: What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?


Answer: death

Question: The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?


Answer: detritivory

Question: What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?


Answer: their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse

Question: Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?


Answer: various antipredator adaptations

Question: The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?


Answer: anemones, corals, and jellyfish

Context: Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

Question: Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?


Answer: both the mouth and the anus

Question: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?


Answer: ectoderm and endoderm

Question: What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?


Answer: diploblastic

Question: What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?


Answer: they do not have a permanent digestive chamber

Question: What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?


Answer: Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular

Context: Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals.

Question: What sets animals apart from bacteria and most protists?