Answer: vocal house

Context: It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno.

Question: Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?


Answer: electro house and fidget house

Question: Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?


Answer: mid-2000s

Question: in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?


Answer: Miami

Context: Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] and at events like Creamfields.

Question: Where did the Winter Music Conference take place?


Answer: house music

Question: The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what?


Answer: Dubai & Abu Dhabi

Question: where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?


Answer: Creamfields

Question: what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?


Answer: Shambhala Music Festival

Question: what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?


Answer: snare-less

Context: 2010s saw multiple new sounds in house music developed by numerous DJs. Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less "Swedish progressive house" with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello (These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia), Avicii, Alesso, etc. Netherlands brought together a concept of "Dirty Dutch", electro house subgenre characterized by very abrasive leads and darker arpeggios, with prominent DJs Chuckie, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Afrojack, R3hab, Bingo Players, Quintino, Alvaro, Cedric Gervais, 2G, etc. Elsewhere, fusion genres derivative of 2000s progressive house returned to prominence, especially with the help of DJs Calvin Harris, Eric Prydz, Mat Zo, Above & Beyond and Fonzerelli in Europe, Deadmau5, Kaskade, Steve Aoki, Porter Robinson and Wolfgang Gartner in the US and Canada. The growing popularity of such artists led to the emergence of electro house and progressive house blended sounds in popular music, such as singles Lady Gaga's "Marry the Night", The Black Eyed Peas' "The Best One Yet (The Boy)" and the will.i.am and Britney Spears "Scream & Shout". Big room house found increasing popularity since 2010, particularly through international dance music festivals such as Tomorrowland, Ultra Music Festival, and Electric Daisy Carnival.

Question: What was different about swedish progressive house music?


Answer: Swedish House Mafia

Question: Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?


Answer: Dirty Dutch

Question: What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?


Answer: Lady Gaga

Question: Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song "Marry the Night" by what popular artist?


Answer: 2010

Question: Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?


Answer: its roots

Context: In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce.

Question: There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?


Answer: to add a mass appeal to the music they produce

Question: Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?


Answer: hip hop and R&B

Question: What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?


Answer: shallow

Context: The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.

Question: The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?


Answer: hyphen

Question: Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?


Answer: located above

Question: In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?


Answer: taller

Question: Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.


Answer: sentences

Context: The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.

Question: What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?


Answer: sentence-style

Question: What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?


Answer: sentence case

Question: What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?


Answer: International Organization for Standardization

Question: Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?


Answer: publication titles

Question: Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?


Answer: 7th

Context: Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).

Question: Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?


Answer: 8th

Question: Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?


Answer: uncial

Question: Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?


Answer: 835

Question: Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?


Answer: Uspenski Gospels

Question: In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?


Answer: letter case

Context: In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

Question: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case


Answer: smaller lower

Question: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?


Answer: larger upper

Question: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?


Answer: written

Question: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?


Answer: formal

Context: Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

Question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?


Answer: capital

Question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?


Answer: beginning of a line of verse

Question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?


Answer: capitalised

Question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?


Answer: oh

Question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?


Answer: majuscule

Context: Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]

Question: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?


Answer: pen

Question: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?


Answer: Alcuin

Question: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?


Answer: Europe

Question: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?


Answer: faster readability

Question: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?


Answer: Letter case

Context: Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.

Question: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?


Answer: special

Question: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?


Answer: lowercase

Question: Which is the most common variant of case in text?


Answer: upper-case

Question: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?


Answer: easier to distinguish than lowercase

Question: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?


Answer: generally have the same height

Context: Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.

Question: Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?


Answer: ascenders

Question: In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?


Answer: lower than the average

Question: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?


Answer: 8

Question: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?


Answer: letter cases

Context: Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.

Question: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?


Answer: unicameral script

Question: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?


Answer: Georgian

Question: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?


Answer: bicameral

Question: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?


Answer: old Roman cursive

Context: In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

Question: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?


Answer: Knut Kleve

Question: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?


Answer: Europe

Question: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?


Answer: stylistic

Question: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters?


Answer: handwritten

Question: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?


Answer: headings

Context: As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:

Question: What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?


Answer: title case

Question: Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?


Answer: R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style

Question: Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?


Answer: not universally standardized

Question: The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?


Answer: make casing operations an unholy mess

Context: As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.

Question: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?


Answer: shapes

Question: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?


Answer: single codepoint

Question: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?


Answer: sets of symbols

Question: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?


Answer: letter case

Question: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?


Answer: Jornado

Context: During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

Question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?


Answer: Rio Grande

Question: Along which river did they hunt bison?


Answer: hunting, gathering, and farming

Question: How did the Chichimeca survive?


Answer: Tepehuan

Question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?


Answer: rock

Question: The Jornado painted onto what surface?


Answer: Dolores

Context: During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

Question: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?


Answer: Grito de Dolores

Question: What was the name of the Proclamation?


Answer: priest

Question: What was Hidalgo's occupation?


Answer: Ignacio Elizondo

Question: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?


Answer: United States

Question: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?


Answer: Mendarozqueta

Context: At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

Question: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?


Answer: José Urrea

Question: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?


Answer: Gutierrez

Question: Who had actually won the original vote?


Answer: P. J. Escalante

Question: Who was his deputy?


Answer: Escalante

Question: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?


Answer: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Context: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.

Question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?


Answer: 1848

Question: In which year was the treaty signed?


Answer: Texas

Question: Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?


Answer: three months

Question: How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?


Answer: General Price

Question: Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?


Answer: Spain, England, and France

Context: In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

Question: Which countries owned Mexican debt?


Answer: Manuel Doblado

Question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?


Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?


Answer: General Juan Prim of Spain

Question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?


Answer: France

Question: Which country refused to accept?


Answer: Maximilian

Context: Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

Question: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?


Answer: 500

Question: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?


Answer: four

Question: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?


Answer: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California

Question: Which four states opposed the French?


Answer: 1865

Question: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?


Answer: 1872

Context: After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Tíras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.

Question: In which year did Benito Juarez die?


Answer: Battle of Puebla

Question: The two candidates were heroes of what battle?


Answer: The Plan of Tuxtepec

Question: Which plan defended the "No Re-election" principle?


Answer: Lerdista party

Question: Which party rebelled against the administration?


Answer: El Paso del Norte

Question: Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?


Answer: 1912

Context: In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

Question: Which year did Orozco revolt?


Answer: Villa

Question: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?


Answer: Raúl Madero

Question: Who saved Villa's life?


Answer: Huerta

Question: With whom did Orozco side?


Answer: Durango

Context: Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

Question: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?


Answer: Desert

Question: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?


Answer: Grand Canyon

Question: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?


Answer: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley

Question: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?


Answer: Rocky Mountains

Question: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?


Answer: Columbus, New Mexico

Context: Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

Question: Which city did Villa raid?


Answer: President Wilson

Question: Which American president pursued Villa?


Answer: nearly a year

Question: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?


Answer: Parral

Question: In which city was Villa killed?


Answer: 1923

Question: In which year was Villa assassinated?


Answer: Sierra Madre

Context: La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

Question: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?


Answer: Paquime

Question: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?


Answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

Question: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?


Answer: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara

Question: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?


Answer: silver

Context: and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar..

Question: Which precious metal did Biezma discover?


Answer: 300 years

Question: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?


Answer: 1692

Question: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?


Answer: Chihuahua City

Question: Which new state capital was founded in 1709?


Answer: El Paso Del Norte

Question: In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?


Answer: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado

Context: The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

Question: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?


Answer: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC

Question: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?


Answer: corn

Question: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?


Answer: 2000 BC

Question: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?


Answer: 49,722

Context: During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

Question: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?


Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?


Answer: lowest

Question: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?


Answer: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua

Question: Which are the largest two cities in the state?


Answer: Chirrines and Cuchas

Context: In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.

Question: Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?


Answer: The military

Question: Which was the third party?


Answer: 1826

Question: In which year was the body installed?


Answer: liberals

Question: Which party had gained control?


Answer: Santiago Baca Ortiz

Question: Who was the Durango governor?


Answer: Cibola and Quivira

Context: In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

Question: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Through which present-day state did he travel?


Answer: Paquime

Question: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?


Answer: Santa Barbara

Question: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?


Answer: epidemic

Question: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?


Answer: 95.6%

Context: According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.

Question: What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?


Answer: 97.3%

Question: What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?


Answer: 93.5%

Question: What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?


Answer: 12.8%

Question: What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?


Answer: 12th-largest

Context: The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country’s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico.

Question: The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico


Answer: 396 billion pesos

Question: What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?


Answer: service sector

Question: Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?


Answer: the manufacturing and industrial sector

Question: Which sector was the second largest?


Answer: 884 million dollars

Question: The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?


Answer: Simón Elías Gonzalez

Context: The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arcé was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals.

Question: Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?


Answer: Sonora

Question: Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?


Answer: 1829

Question: In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?


Answer: Bustamante

Question: For whom was the revolution named?


Answer: secret societies

Question: Stringed laws were issued against what group?


Answer: northern

Context: Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses).

Question: In which region of the state did culture develop?


Answer: Big Houses

Question: To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?


Answer: Mogollon

Question: Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?


Answer: Paquime

Question: What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?


Answer: Forty Houses

Question: To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?


Answer: 1841

Context: The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.

Question: Until what year did the state remain calm?


Answer: 1843

Question: In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?


Answer: 160,603 pesos per year

Question: What was the price of the small force along the border?


Answer: 6,000

Question: The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?


Answer: Ángel Trías

Question: Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?


Answer: Santa Bárbara

Context: Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

Question: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?


Answer: 1598

Question: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?


Answer: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

Question: The path was important for the expansion of which road?


Answer: New Mexico

Question: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?


Answer: Hidalgo

Context: Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.

Question: Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?


Answer: Agustin de Iturbide

Question: Who actually achieved independence for the nation?


Answer: September 16, 1810

Question: Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?


Answer: Diego Rivera

Question: Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?


Answer: Mexico City.

Question: In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?


Answer: 1847

Context: On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City. The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican–American War.

Question: In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?


Answer: 924

Question: How many men did he have?


Answer: Sacramento Pass

Question: What was the pass into the capital known as?


Answer: The Battle of Sacramento

Question: Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?


Answer: Almost 300

Question: How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?


Answer: Durango

Context: The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.

Question: Who supported the reaction against the government?


Answer: José Urrea

Question: Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?


Answer: J.J.Calvo

Question: Who threatened to retaliate?


Answer: Governor Terrazas

Context: Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

Question: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?


Answer: Jesús José Casavantes

Question: Who was established as the new governor?


Answer: José María Patoni

Question: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?


Answer: President Benito Juárez

Question: Which president was forced to flee?


Answer: 1867

Question: Until which year did his extended term last?


Answer: 1855

Context: The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.

Question: In which year was the new constitution ratified?


Answer: Reform War

Question: The state was able to survive through which war?


Answer: 1858

Question: The conservative movement occurred during which year?


Answer: Chihuahua and Parral

Question: 1000 men occupied which cities?


Answer: Cajen

Question: Who established himself as governor?


Answer: Chihuahua

Context: After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed the Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of Río Florido into Ciudad Jiménez; one day later he arrived at Valle de Allende where he sent Colonel Pyot with a garrison to take control of Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt continued through Santa Rosalia de Camargo and Santa Cruz de Rosales. President Juárez remained in the state capital until August 5, 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez) due to evidence that the French were to attack the city. On the same day, the President named General Manuel Ojinaga the new governor and placed him in charge of all the republican forces. Meanwhile, General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral; after a short two-hour battle, Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat. At the Battle of Parral, the French lost 55 men to the Republican forces. On August 13, 1865, the French forces with an estimated 2,500 men arrived at the outskirts of Chihuahua City, and on August 15, 1865, General Brincourt defeated the republican forces, taking control of the state capital. Brincourt designated Tomás Zuloaga as Prefect of Chihuahua. Fearing the French would continue their campaign to El Paso del Norte, President Juárez relocated to El Carrizal, a secluded place in the mountains near El Paso del Norte, in August 1865, . It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Juárez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces. General François Achille Bazaine ordered the French troops to retreat back to the state of Durango after only reaching a point one days travel north of Chihuahua City. General Brincourt asked for 1,000 men to be left behind to help maintain control over the state, but his request was denied. After the death of General Ojinaga, the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces. The French left the state on October 29, 1865. President Juárez returned to Chihuahua City on November 20, 1865 and remained in the city until December 9, 1865 when he returned to El Paso del Norte. Shortly after the president left Chihuahua City, Terrazas was restored as governor of the state on December 11, 1865.

Question: Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?


Answer: Coahuila and Durango

Question: In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?


Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?


Answer: General Villagran

Question: Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?


Answer: General Villagran

Question: The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?


Answer: Parral

Context: General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Juárez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.

Question: Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?


Answer: Colonel Cottret

Question: Who had been leading the French forces?


Answer: 1866

Question: During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?


Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?


Answer: Maximilian

Question: Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?


Answer: The United States

Context: The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate. Although President José Mariano Paredes's issuance of a manifesto on May 23 is sometimes considered the declaration of war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7. After the American invasion of New Mexico, Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to the border to stop the American military advance into the state. The Mexican forces being impatient to confront the American forces passed beyond El Paso del Norte about 20 miles (32 km) north along the Rio Grande. The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100–1,200 Americans on December 25, 1846. The battle ended badly by the Mexican forces that were then forced to retreat back into the state of Chihuahua. By December 27, 1846, the American forces occupied El Paso Del Norte. General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847.

Question: Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?


Answer: 12,000

Question: How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?


Answer: battle of El Bracito

Question: Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?


Answer: The United States

Question: Who won the battle?


Answer: General Doniphan

Question: Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?


Answer: 1875

Context: But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with Ángel Trías. During October 1875 several locations were controlled by rebel forces, but the government finally regained control on November 25, 1875.

Question: The elections of which year caused new hostilities?


Answer: Ángel Trías

Question: Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?


Answer: Donato Guerra

Question: Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?


Answer: Chihuahua City

Question: Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?


Answer: Ángel Trías

Question: With whom was he said to have conspired?


Answer: Miguel Ahumada

Context: Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los Héroes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Juárez.

Question: Under which governor was the education system unified?


Answer: metric system

Question: Which system of measurement was standardized?


Answer: Civilian Hospital

Question: What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?


Answer: Chuviscar River

Question: The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?


Answer: paz porfiriana

Context: Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When Díaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict “No Re-election” policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions Díaz became a de facto dictator. Díaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the Díaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%.

Question: The internal stability was known as what?


Answer: 1876 to 1910

Question: During what years did the economic growth occur?


Answer: Díaz

Question: Who committed to a strict "No Re-election" policy when running for office?


Answer: working class

Question: Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?


Answer: Madero

Context: In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Juárez. After militias loyal to Madero defeated the Mexican federal army, on May 21, 1911, Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Díaz. It required that Díaz abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911, and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa. Orozco eventually became disappointed with the Madero's government and led a rebellion against him. He organized his own army, called "Orozquistas"—also called the Colorados ("Red Flaggers")—after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay and conditions. The rural working class, which had supported Madero, now took up arms against him in support of Orozco.

Question: Orozco responded to whose letter to action?


Answer: Governor Abraham González

Question: Which governor teamed up with Orozco?


Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?


Answer: United States

Question: Madero received support from which country?


Answer: Orozquistas

Question: Orozco's army was called by what name?


Answer: United States

Context: The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza’s stated foreign policy.

Question: War with what country seemed imminent?


Answer: President Wilson

Question: Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?


Answer: Carranza’s

Question: Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?


Answer: Secretary William Jennings Bryan

Question: To which Secretary did Carothers write?


Answer: Chihuahua

Context: The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems.

Question: Which state is the largest in the country by land?


Answer: 12.6%

Question: What percentage of the country does it make up?


Answer: Sonora

Question: Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?


Answer: Texas

Question: Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?


Answer: elevation of the terrain

Context: The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to Köppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.

Question: Climate in the state depends mainly on what?


Answer: The Sierra Madre Occidental

Question: Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?


Answer: west

Question: Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?


Answer: west

Question: Which side of the state has more precipitation?


Answer: southern

Question: Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?


Answer: mammals

Context: The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus.

Question: The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?


Answer: rattlesnake

Question: Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?


Answer: skunk

Question: Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?


Answer: Carranza

Context: Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obregón—who had defeated him at Celaya—finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.

Question: Villa became an enemy of whom?


Answer: Carranza

Question: Who took control in 1914?


Answer: Convention of Aguascalientes

Question: Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?


Answer: Eulalio Gutiérrez

Question: The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?


Answer: Battle of Celaya

Question: At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?


Answer: July, August, and September

Context: The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.

Question: Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?


Answer: 100 °F

Question: The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?


Answer: canals

Question: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?


Answer: western

Question: The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?


Answer: microclimates

Context: The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most common species of flora found in the mountains are: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world. The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone.

Question: The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?


Answer: flora

Question: What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?


Answer: Pinus

Question: The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?


Answer: Juniperus

Question: Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?


Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Context: The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Juárez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is "the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Juárez "the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990–2000 was 5.3 percent. Juárez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico.

Question: Which city in the state exceeds one million?


Answer: eighth

Question: Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?


Answer: 2.4 million

Question: El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?


Answer: 98%

Question: What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?


Answer: 76.5%

Question: What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?


Answer: Saltillo

Context: The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Juárez stopped in Ciudad Jiménez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2–5, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor Ángel Trías. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico.

Question: French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?


Answer: José María Patoni and Jesús González

Question: Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?


Answer: President Juárez

Question: The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?


Answer: Chihuahua, Chihuahua

Question: Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?


Answer: Ángel Trías

Question: Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?


Answer: 1867

Context: President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Juárez had another crisis on his hands; the Juárez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief José María Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Juárez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio Díaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Juárez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872.

Question: Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?


Answer: Luis Terrazas

Question: Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?


Answer: General Canto

Question: Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?


Answer: 1871

Question: Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?


Answer: monopolies

Context: The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

Question: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?


Answer: 17

Question: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.


Answer: telephone lines

Question: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?


Answer: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.

Question: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?


Answer: 1910

Context: The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign Díaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.

Question: The Porfiriato ended in which year?


Answer: Mexican Revolution

Question: The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?


Answer: Díaz

Question: Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?


Answer: Madero

Question: Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?


Answer: Toribio Ortega

Question: Who took up arms in support of Madero?


Answer: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata

Context: The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

Question: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?


Answer: August 15, 1914

Question: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?


Answer: Teoloyucan

Question: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?


Answer: Carranza

Question: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?


Answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

Context: The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the Río Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 °F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 °F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.

Question: Which is the main mountain range in the state?


Answer: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)

Question: What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Which state has more forests than any other?


Answer: elevation

Question: Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?


Answer: tropical

Question: What type of plants can be found in some canyons?


Answer: Samalayuca

Context: In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.

Question: Which city is known for its sand dunes?


Answer: the Steppe

Question: The transition zone between east and west is called what?


Answer: Desert

Question: Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?


Answer: Desert

Question: What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?


Answer: migratory species

Context: The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.

Question: The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?


Answer: hummingbird

Question: Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?


Answer: golden eagle

Question: Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?


Answer: Trogon mexicanus

Question: Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?


Answer: Álvaro Obregón

Context: During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Question: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?


Answer: 42%

Question: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?


Answer: German

Question: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly?


Answer: cheese

Question: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?


Answer: half

Question: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?


Answer: climate

Context: Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg.

Question: Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?


Answer: apples

Question: Which fruit does the state rank first in production?


Answer: milk

Question: The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?


Answer: oak

Question: The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?


Answer: zinc

Question: The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?


Answer: Nueva Vizcaya

Context: Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.

Question: What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?


Answer: one century

Question: The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?


Answer: mining center

Question: The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?


Answer: Conchos tribe

Question: Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?


Answer: Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares

Context: Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City.

Question: Hidalgo was turned over by whom?


Answer: 1811

Question: In which year was Hidalgo turned over?


Answer: firing squad

Question: How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?


Answer: blindfold

Question: Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?


Answer: 1828

Context: Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa.

Question: During which year was the federal government unstable?


Answer: Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz

Question: Who dissolved the government eventually?


Answer: Yorkino

Question: With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?


Answer: F. Elorriaga

Question: Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?


Answer: J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa

Question: Who now headed the civil and military authorities?


Answer: Colonel J.J. Calvo

Context: Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

Question: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?


Answer: Apaches

Question: The state was in a war with what group?


Answer: Simón Elías González

Question: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?


Answer: 1837

Question: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?


Answer: indigenous tribes

Context: During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.

Question: What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?


Answer: 18

Question: How many military colonies were established by the state?


Answer: presidios

Question: The military colonies replaced what as population centers?


Answer: six men

Question: How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?


Answer: liberal

Context: The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.

Question: Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?


Answer: Chihuahua

Question: The intervention had serious consequences for which state?


Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?


Answer: Governor Luis Terrazas

Question: Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?


Answer: Puebla

Question: To where was the battalion first deployed?