Answer: 12 to 20 years

Context: The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

Question: What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?


Answer: No

Question: Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?


Answer: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels

Question: What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?


Answer: desert

Context: Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.

Question: What type of land is Antarctica considered to be?


Answer: 200 mm (8 in)

Question: What is Antarctica's annual precipitation along the coast?


Answer: −63 °C (−81 °F)

Question: What is Antarctica's average temperature during the coldest part of the year?


Answer: anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000

Question: Approximately how many people live throughout the year at research stations across Antarctica?


Answer: mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades

Question: What are some animals native to Antarctica?


Answer: Antarctica

Question: Which continent is the highest in elevation?


Answer: 200 mm

Question: What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?


Answer: −63 °C

Question: What is the average coldest temperature?


Answer: −89.2 °C

Question: What is the coldest recorded temperature?


Answer: tundra

Question: Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica?


Answer: the Andes mountain range of South America

Context: Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to East Antarctica.

Question: What does West Antarctica most resemble geologically?


Answer: by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments

Question: How was the Antarctic Peninsula formed?


Answer: late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic

Question: During what eras was the Antarctic Peninsula formed?


Answer: andesite and rhyolite volcanics

Question: What are the most common rocks found in West Antarctica?


Answer: Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island

Question: Where has evidence of volcanic activity been discovered in Antarctica?


Answer: Andes

Question: To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?


Answer: sea bed sediments

Question: An uplift of what formed Antarctica?


Answer: early Mesozoic

Question: Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?


Answer: andesite and rhyolite

Question: What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?


Answer: volcanic

Question: What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?


Answer: Australia

Context: Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:

Question: What country was given the name Terra Australis instead of Antarctica?


Answer: Explorer Matthew Flinders

Question: Who was credited with popularizing the use of name Terra Australis to Australia?


Answer: 1814

Question: In what year did Matthew Flinders write his book A Voyage to Terra Australis?


Answer: significant landmass

Question: What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?


Answer: Matthew Flinders

Question: What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?


Answer: A Voyage to Terra Australis

Question: What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?


Answer: 1814

Question: When did Flinders write his book of discovery?


Answer: mistake

Question: What event caused people to misname Antarctica?


Answer: Census of Marine Life

Context: A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.

Question: Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?


Answer: International Polar Year

Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?


Answer: 235

Question: How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?


Answer: cetaceans

Question: Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?


Answer: 5 °C

Question: What is the amount of difference in temperature in the deep ocean?


Answer: Ernest Shackleton

Context: During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.

Question: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?


Answer: Edgeworth David

Question: Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?


Answer: Douglas Mawson

Question: Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?


Answer: 1931

Question: When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?


Answer: 14 December 1911

Question: When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?


Answer: 1978

Context: The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000.

Question: When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?


Answer: criminal

Question: What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?


Answer: 32,000

Question: How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?


Answer: 1980

Question: When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources come into force?


Answer: krill

Question: Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?


Answer: 1957

Context: Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.

Question: Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?


Answer: Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol

Question: What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?


Answer: 95%

Question: How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?


Answer: small or medium ship

Question: What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?


Answer: 37,506

Question: How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?


Answer: coal

Context: The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.

Question: What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?


Answer: Beardmore Glacier

Question: Where was coal first found on Antarctica?


Answer: Nimrod Expedition

Question: What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?


Answer: Prince Charles Mountains

Question: Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?


Answer: Ross Sea

Question: Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?


Answer: climate change

Context: On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic." Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology.

Question: What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?


Answer: $16.3 million

Question: How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?


Answer: zero-emissions

Question: What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?


Answer: Belgium

Question: From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?


Answer: Johan Berte

Question: Who is the leader of the station design team?


Answer: floating ice shelves

Context: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

Question: What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?


Answer: collapses

Question: What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?


Answer: Antarctic Peninsula

Question: Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?


Answer: glacial outflow

Question: What could the displacement of ice cause?


Answer: snow falling

Question: What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?


Answer: vegetation

Context: The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.

Question: What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?


Answer: plant growth

Question: What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?


Answer: diversity of plant life

Question: hat is low and limited in Antarctica?


Answer: 100

Question: How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?


Answer: 1959

Context: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.

Question: Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?


Answer: Antarctic Treaty System

Question: What document regulates Antarctica's status?


Answer: south of 60° S

Question: What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?


Answer: twelve

Question: How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?


Answer: scientific preserve

Question: What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?


Answer: 17 January 1773

Context: European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.

Question: When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?


Answer: field ice

Question: What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?


Answer: three

Question: How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?


Answer: 32 km

Question: How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?


Answer: 1895

Question: When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?


Answer: ozone layer

Context: Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

Question: What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?


Answer: 1985

Question: When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?


Answer: Brunt Ice Shelf

Question: Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?


Answer: chlorofluorocarbons

Question: What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?


Answer: Montreal Protocol

Question: What agreement banned the use of CFC s?


Answer: mild

Context: During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.

Question: What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?


Answer: Northern

Question: In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?


Answer: equator

Question: Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?


Answer: cooler

Question: What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?


Answer: South Pole

Question: Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?


Answer: Antarctica

Context: Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Question: What is the Earth's most southern continent?


Answer: South Pole

Question: Which pole is located in Antarctica?


Answer: Southern Ocean

Question: What ocean surrounds Antarctica?


Answer: 14,000,000 square kilometres

Question: What is the size of Antarctica?


Answer: 98%

Question: How much of Antarctica is ice covered?


Answer: Antarctica

Context: Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than −150 °C (−238 °F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C (−112 °F) and −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C (41 °F) and 15 °C (59 °F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.

Question: Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?


Answer: −89.2 °C

Question: What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?


Answer: 21 July 1983

Question: On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?


Answer: frozen desert

Question: What is Antarctica topographically ?


Answer: Sunburn

Question: What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?


Answer: Aristotle

Context: Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).

Question: Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?


Answer: polus antarcticus

Question: What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?


Answer: Marinus of Tyre

Question: What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?


Answer: pol antartik

Question: What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?


Answer: pole antartike

Question: What was the old French words for the Antarctic?


Answer: climatic change

Context: Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.

Question: In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?


Answer: 6 °C

Question: How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?


Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: What light does ozone absorb?


Answer: accelerated melting

Question: What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?


Answer: enhanced polar vortex

Question: What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?


Answer: Several governments

Context: Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church—Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station—is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.

Question: Who has research stations in Antarctica?


Answer: between 70 and 350

Question: What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?


Answer: one-year

Question: About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?


Answer: Bellingshausen Station

Question: What station has an Orthodox church representative?


Answer: 2004

Question: When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?


Answer: Antarctica

Context: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:

Question: What is the southern most continent?


Answer: 5,400,000

Question: What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?


Answer: fifth-largest

Question: What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?


Answer: 11,165

Question: How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?


Answer: phytoplankton

Context: Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic.

Question: What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?


Answer: winter

Question: During what season does the emperor penguin breed?


Answer: emperor penguin

Question: What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?


Answer: feathers

Question: What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?


Answer: Adélie

Question: Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?


Answer: Vinson Massif

Context: Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.

Question: What is the highest peak in Antarctica?


Answer: 4,892 m

Question: How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?


Answer: Ellsworth Mountains

Question: In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?


Answer: underwater

Question: What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?


Answer: Mount Erebus

Question: What is the Earth's most southern volcano?


Answer: 1983

Context: In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific station—World Park Base—in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the "Madrid Protocol") was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining in Antarctica, designating Antarctica a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".

Question: When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?


Answer: 1988

Question: When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?


Answer: Greenpeace International,

Question: What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?


Answer: Australia and France

Question: Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?


Answer: Madrid Protocol

Question: What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?


Answer: desert

Context: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.

Question: What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?


Answer: pteridosperms

Question: What plants were abundant during this time?


Answer: Synapsids

Question: What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?


Answer: Jurassic period

Question: When did the Antarctic peninsula form?


Answer: Cretaceous

Question: During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?


Answer: Meteorites

Context: Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites. Most of these meteorites have fallen onto the ice sheet in the last million years. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth, the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved.

Question: What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?


Answer: asteroids

Question: What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?


Answer: 1912

Question: When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?


Answer: Japanese

Question: What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?


Answer: well-preserved.

Question: What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?


Answer: South Pole

Context: Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.

Question: What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?


Answer: ice

Question: In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?


Answer: snow

Question: What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?


Answer: giant ice sheet

Question: What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?


Answer: glaciers

Question: What are ice streams otherwise called?


Answer: South Georgia

Context: The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.

Question: Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?


Answer: 1786

Question: In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?


Answer: sealers

Question: What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?


Answer: Norwegian

Question: What was the nationality of most whalers?


Answer: 1910

Question: When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?


Answer: Antarctic Peninsula

Context: Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.

Question: Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?


Answer: carbon dioxide emissions

Question: What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?


Answer: 0.1 °C

Question: How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?


Answer: inflow of warm water

Question: What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?


Answer: atmospheric warming

Question: What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.


Answer: Antarctic fur seal

Context: The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.

Question: What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?


Answer: British sealing expeditions

Question: What did Sir James Weddell command?


Answer: Sir James Weddell

Question: For whom is the Weddell seal named ?


Answer: Antarctic krill

Question: What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?


Answer: important food

Question: Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?


Answer: 1998

Context: The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region.

Question: When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?


Answer: conservation

Question: What is the main concern of the Protocol?


Answer: non-native species

Question: What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?


Answer: Committee for Environmental Protection

Question: What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?


Answer: biodiversity

Question: Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?


Answer: resources

Context: Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.

Question: What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?


Answer: 1998

Question: In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?


Answer: 2048

Question: When will the mining ban be reviewed?


Answer: trading of fish

Question: What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?


Answer: 112,934 tonnes

Question: How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?


Answer: better understanding

Context: This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

Question: How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?


Answer: Moon

Question: From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?


Answer: New types

Question: Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?


Answer: Mars

Question: About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?


Answer: cosmic radiation

Question: What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?


Answer: 2002

Context: In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

Question: When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?


Answer: Wilkins Ice Shelf

Question: What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?


Answer: California

Question: How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?


Answer: 2005

Question: When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?


Answer: 5 °C

Question: How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?


Answer: 19th century

Context: Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.

Question: When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?


Answer: balance

Question: What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?


Answer: symmetry

Question: What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve?


Answer: Antarctica

Question: Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?


Answer: larger

Question: Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?


Answer: 98%

Context: About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

Question: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?


Answer: 90%

Question: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?


Answer: 1.6 km

Question: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?


Answer: 70%

Question: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?


Answer: 20 mm

Question: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?


Answer: Lake Vostok

Context: There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.

Question: What lake is thought to contain microbial life?


Answer: Europa

Question: To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?


Answer: Jupiter's moon

Question: With what is Europa associated??


Answer: 7 February 2008

Question: When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?


Answer: extremophiles

Question: For what was NASA searching?


Answer: Jurassic

Context: Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.

Question: In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?


Answer: end of the Cretaceous

Question: When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?


Answer: subtropical

Question: What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?


Answer: Eocene epoch

Question: When did Australia separate from Antarctica?


Answer: ice

Question: After the division from Australia, what began to appear?


Answer: Antarctica

Context: Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.

Question: Which of the the poles is colder?


Answer: 3,000 m

Question: How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?


Answer: warmth is transferred

Question: How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?


Answer: orbital distance

Question: What contributes to the Antarctic cold?


Answer: decreases

Question: What does temperature do with elevation?


Answer: Emilio Marcos Palma

Context: Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.

Question: Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?


Answer: 60th parallel south

Question: Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?


Answer: 1978

Question: When was Palma born?


Answer: suitable for family life

Question: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?


Answer: 1150

Context: About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.

Question: How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?


Answer: cryptoendoliths

Question: What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?


Answer: 400

Question: How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?


Answer: adaptations

Question: What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?


Answer: similar to Antarctic

Question: How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?


Answer: Queen Elizabeth Land

Context: The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine–UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War.

Question: What did the British claim in 2012?


Answer: Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee

Question: To what was the claim of land in tribute?


Answer: protest

Question: What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?


Answer: 18 December 2012

Question: When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?


Answer: Falklands War

Question: Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?


Answer: visitors

Context: There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.

Question: The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?


Answer: stricter regulations

Question: What do environmentalists want enacted?


Answer: tourism quota

Question: What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?


Answer: site use guidelines

Question: What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?


Answer: 1979

Question: When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?


Answer: Geologists

Context: Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: What group of scientists study tectonics?


Answer: Biologists

Question: Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?


Answer: Glaciologists

Question: Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?


Answer: astronomical

Question: What kind of observations use the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?


Answer: Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?


Answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne

Context: According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable.

Question: Who were Mary's parents?


Answer: three years old

Question: How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?


Answer: Joseph

Question: Who was Mary betrothed to?


Answer: 12–14 years old

Question: When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?


Answer: the Temple in Jerusalem

Question: Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?


Answer: Gabriel

Context: The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to gospel accounts, Mary was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Apocryphal writings, at some time soon after her death, her incorrupt body was assumed directly into Heaven, to be reunited with her soul, and the apostles thereupon found the tomb empty; this is known in Christian teaching as the Assumption.

Question: Which angel appeared to Mary?


Answer: assumed directly into Heaven

Question: What happened to Mary's body at death?


Answer: her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus

Question: What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?


Answer: mother of Jesus

Question: How was Mary related to Jesus?


Answer: Gospel of Luke

Question: Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?


Answer: 1950

Context: The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.

Question: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?


Answer: Munificentissimus Deus

Question: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?


Answer: Pope Pius XII

Question: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?


Answer: Eastern Orthodox Church

Question: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?


Answer: Dormition

Question: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?


Answer: 40 days

Context: After Mary continued in the "blood of her purifying" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus – "As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord" (Luke 2:23other verses). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25-38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and "returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth".[Luke 2:39]

Question: How long in total was the "blood of her purifying" for Mary?


Answer: the Temple in Jerusalem

Question: Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?


Answer: Jesus

Question: Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?


Answer: Simeon and the prophetess Anna in

Question: Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?


Answer: Nazareth

Question: To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?


Answer: priest

Context: According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

Question: What was Zechariah's occupation?


Answer: Levi

Question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?


Answer: Elisheba

Question: Who was Aaron's wife?


Answer: Judah

Question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?


Answer: Nathan

Question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?


Answer: Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene

Context: Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".

Question: Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?


Answer: pietà

Question: In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?


Answer: Salome

Question: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?


Answer: pity

Question: What does pieta mean?


Answer: a Stabat Mater

Question: What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?


Answer: Isis

Context: The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis."

Question: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?


Answer: Egyptian

Question: What type of goddess is Isis?


Answer: iconographic

Question: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?


Answer: Turkey

Context: In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved,[Jn 19:27] identified as John the Evangelist.[citation needed] Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.

Question: In which country is Ephesus?


Answer: Anne Catherine Emmerich

Question: Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?


Answer: John the Evangelist

Question: Which disciple is known as "the Disciple whom Jesus loved?"


Answer: John

Question: With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?


Answer: 19th

Question: In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?


Answer: 787

Context: Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.

Question: In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?


Answer: 842

Question: In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?


Answer: icon of the Virgin Theotokos

Question: Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?


Answer: Marian art

Question: What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?


Answer: flat, two-dimensional icons

Question: In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?


Answer: Ephesus

Context: Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."

Question: Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?


Answer: Artemis

Question: Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?


Answer: William E. Phipps

Question: Who was the author of the book, "Survivals of Roman Religion?"


Answer: Queen Theodora

Question: Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?


Answer: Ephesus

Question: Where was Mary rumored to have died?


Answer: King David

Context: Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6, and Queen Mother from 1 Kings 2:19-20 and Jeremiah 13:18-19. Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary, e.g., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators or Our Lady of Ransom who protects captives.

Question: Jesus was known as the "King of Kings" because of his lieage from who?


Answer: Our Lady of Ransom

Question: Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?


Answer: Mary

Question: Who was the mother of Jesus?


Answer: Luke

Question: Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary?


Answer: Martin Luther

Context: Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety." Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:

Question: Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary?


Answer: 1854

Question: In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized?


Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception?


Answer: Mother of God

Question: What does Theotokos mean?


Answer: Wittenberg

Question: Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?


Answer: August 15

Context: Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others. While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.

Question: On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?


Answer: Dormition of the Theotokos

Question: What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?


Answer: August 28

Question: On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?


Answer: 12

Question: How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?


Answer: do not

Question: Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?


Answer: blue

Context: In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

Question: Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?


Answer: lapis lazuli

Question: What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?


Answer: Afghanistan

Question: From which country was lapis lazuli imported?


Answer: gold

Question: Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?


Answer: biological mother

Context: Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

Question: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?


Answer: Emanuel Swedenborg

Question: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?


Answer: Nontrinitarians

Question: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?


Answer: Marian

Question: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title?


Answer: Maryam

Context: The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.

Question: By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?


Answer: 19

Question: Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?


Answer: two

Question: In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?


Answer: Luke

Question: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an?


Answer: Zakariya

Question: Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?


Answer: Ever-Virgin

Context: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.

Question: What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?


Answer: Jerome

Question: Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?


Answer: Orthodox Churches

Question: Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?


Answer: Protoevangelium of James

Question: What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?


Answer: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary

Question: Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?


Answer: Angels

Context: Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".

Question: In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?


Answer: The Theotokia

Question: What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?


Answer: the Theotokos

Question: In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?


Answer: "Lady of the Angels"

Question: What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?


Answer: a virgin

Question: What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?


Answer: the Church of England

Context: The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both "catholic" and "Reformed". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.

Question: What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?


Answer: the Episcopal Church

Question: Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?


Answer: veneration of Mary

Question: What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?


Answer: Protestant

Question: What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?


Answer: venerating Mary

Context: Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.

Question: For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?


Answer: 16th

Question: In which century did the Council of Trent occur?


Answer: Anglicans and Lutherans

Question: Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?


Answer: Age of the Enlightenment

Question: During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?


Answer: Catholics

Question: Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?


Answer: the Immaculate Conception

Context: In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a pure and unspotted virgin", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.

Question: Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?


Answer: John Wesley

Question: Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?


Answer: Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds

Question: What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?


Answer: the Church of England

Question: The Methodist movement began in which church?


Answer: the perpetual virginity of Mary

Question: Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?


Answer: Allah

Context: She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who "guarded her chastity"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly "provisions" by God.

Question: To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?


Answer: Zakariya

Question: Which prophet cared for Mary?


Answer: Al-Mihrab

Question: What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?


Answer: the Temple

Question: Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?


Answer: heavenly "provisions"

Question: What did God provide for Mary?


Answer: Celsus

Context: From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.

Question: Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?


Answer: Panthera

Question: What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?


Answer: Alexandria

Question: Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?


Answer: 2nd

Question: In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?


Answer: to challenge the divinity of Jesus

Question: For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?


Answer: Giver of birth to God

Context: Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to God". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.

Question: What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?


Answer: Protestants

Question: Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?


Answer: Maryam

Question: What is Mary called in Islam?


Answer: brevity of biblical references

Question: What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?


Answer: Anglican, and Lutheran

Question: Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?


Answer: betrothal

Context: Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word." After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by "an angel of the Lord", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]

Question: What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?


Answer: Gabriel

Question: Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?


Answer: divorce her

Question: What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?


Answer: in Nazareth in Galilee

Question: Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?


Answer: an angel of the Lord

Question: In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?


Answer: Matthew

Context: The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ("young woman") in Isaiah 7:14 as "virgin", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.

Question: Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?


Answer: alma

Question: What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?


Answer: 19th

Question: Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?


Answer: 1:34

Question: Which verse in Luke states that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth?


Answer: the Apostles' Creed

Question: Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?


Answer: Blessed

Context: In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.

Question: What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?


Answer: beatus

Question: What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?


Answer: four

Question: How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?


Answer: Perpetual virginity of Mary

Question: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?


Answer: standing hymns

Context: The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.

Question: What are Akathists?


Answer: Five

Question: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?


Answer: the Akathist Hymn

Question: What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?


Answer: Sunday of Orthodoxy

Question: Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?


Answer: Annunciation of our Lady

Context: Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.

Question: What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?


Answer: 31 May

Question: On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?


Answer: the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Question: What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?


Answer: February 2

Question: On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?


Answer: New Year's Day

Question: On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?


Answer: Karl Barth

Context: Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology".

Question: Which theologian described Mariology as "the heresy of the Catholic Church?"


Answer: mother

Question: Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?


Answer: veneration and invocation

Question: Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?


Answer: God

Question: Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?


Answer: Virgin Mary

Context: The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Question: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?


Answer: 1:23

Question: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?


Answer: Luke

Question: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?


Answer: virgin

Question: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?"


Answer: until

Question: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?"


Answer: Whoever does the will of God

Context: The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'."[3:31-35] Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because "he is out of his mind", and the famous quote: "A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home." A leading Biblical scholar commented: "there are clear signs not only that Jesus's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly".

Question: Who did Jesus say were his "brother, and sister, and mother?"


Answer: A prophet

Question: According to Jesus, who is "without honor except in his own town?"


Answer: rejected

Question: What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?


Answer: hyperdulia

Context: Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ. "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

Question: What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?


Answer: 787

Question: In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?


Answer: other saints and angels

Question: Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?


Answer: Sergei Bulgakov

Question: Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be "superior to all created beings," but is not to be the object of worhip?


Answer: latria

Question: What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?


Answer: 431

Context: Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Question: In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?


Answer: Nestorius

Question: Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?


Answer: Mother of God

Question: What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?


Answer: "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix"

Question: What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?"


Answer: Godbearer

Question: What is the literal translation of Theokotos?


Answer: December 8

Context: Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?


Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?


Answer: 1854

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?


Answer: in her mother's womb

Question: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?


Answer: ancestral sin

Question: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"