Answer: heterotrophic

Question: What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?


Answer: lacking rigid cell walls

Context: Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals.

Question: What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?


Answer: animals

Question: The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?


Answer: blastula

Context: A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers — an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.

Question: What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?


Answer: swim to a new location

Question: In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?


Answer: an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm

Question: What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?


Answer: mesoderm

Question: What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?


Answer: tissues and organs

Question: What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?


Answer: 1 billion years

Context: Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution.

Question: How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?


Answer: triploblastic worms

Question: Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?


Answer: earthworms

Question: Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?


Answer: around 1 billion years ago

Question: When was the beginning of the Tonian period?


Answer: Gromia sphaerica

Question: What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?


Answer: a flagellated eukaryote

Context: Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.

Question: It is believed that animals evolved from what?


Answer: choanoflagellates

Question: What are the closest known living relatives of animals?


Answer: opisthokonts

Question: What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?


Answer: choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists

Question: The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?


Answer: the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells

Question: Where does the name opisthokonts come from?


Answer: Bilateria

Context: The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however — for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

Question: What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?


Answer: two

Question: How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?


Answer: mouth and an anus

Question: What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?


Answer: coelom or pseudocoelom

Question: What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?


Answer: Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa

Context: Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display bilateral symmetry. The latter are further classified based on a major division between Deuterostomes and Protostomes. The relationships among non-bilaterian animals are disputed, but all bilaterian animals are thought to form a monophyletic group. Current understanding of the relationships among the major groups of animals is summarized by the following cladogram:

Question: What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?


Answer: bilaterian

Question: What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?


Answer: bilaterian

Question: Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?


Answer: Ecdysozoa

Context: The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

Question: What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?


Answer: insects, spiders, crabs

Question: What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?


Answer: repeating segments

Question: Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?


Answer: Onychophora and Tardigrada

Question: What groups are relatives of the arthropods?


Answer: Nematoda

Question: What is another name for roundworms?


Answer: the great diversity found in animals

Context: Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa.

Question: Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?


Answer: fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Question: Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?


Answer: they are easy to keep and breed

Question: Why are the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?


Answer: starlet sea anemone

Question: Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?


Answer: Mollusca and Annelida

Context: The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.

Question: What are two of the most successful animal phyla?


Answer: snails, clams, and squids

Question: What are some of the animals in Mollusca?


Answer: earthworms and leeches

Question: What are some of the animals in Annelida?


Answer: common presence of trochophore larvae

Question: Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?


Answer: lophophore

Question: What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?


Answer: other animals early in evolution

Context: Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores. However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals. This result has been controversial, since it would imply that that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes.

Question: Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?


Answer: sponges

Question: Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?


Answer: drawing in water through pores

Question: How do sponges typically feed?


Answer: 2008-2015

Question: During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?


Answer: both groups possess a complete digestive tract

Context: Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms first, with the mouth developing secondarily. In most protostomes, cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes, it forms through invagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching. Deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while protostomes undergo spiral cleavage.

Question: What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?


Answer: deuterostomes

Question: In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?


Answer: schizocoelous development

Question: What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?


Answer: enterocoelic pouching

Question: What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?


Answer: radial cleavage

Question: What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?


Answer: Platyhelminthes

Context: The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha. The other platyzoan phyla are mostly microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora. These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera.

Question: What is another name for flatworm?


Answer: flukes and tapeworms

Question: What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?


Answer: lacking a body cavity

Question: What does acoelomates mean?


Answer: Gastrotricha

Question: What are the flatworms closest relative?


Answer: in aqueous environments

Question: Where are the rotifera most prominent?


Answer: eating plants or plant-eating animals

Context: Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules. When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.

Question: How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?


Answer: light

Question: What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?


Answer: chemical energy

Question: What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?


Answer: become a source of energy and building materials for the animal

Question: When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?


Answer: giving the animal the energy required for motion

Question: What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?


Answer: brewing

Context: The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

Question: What is the process of making beer called?


Answer: a brewery

Question: What is a building called that is used for making beer?


Answer: a brewing company

Question: What is company that makes beer typically known as?


Answer: homebrewing

Question: What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption?


Answer: 1963

Question: In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?


Answer: a hopback

Context: After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.

Question: In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?


Answer: fermentation

Question: In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer?


Answer: yeast

Question: What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments?


Answer: a week to months

Question: How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer?


Answer: yeast

Question: What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling?


Answer: barley malt

Context: Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed during lautering, when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material. Other malted and unmalted grains (including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, corn and sorghum) may be used. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.

Question: What is the main source of starch and most beer?


Answer: After malting

Question: At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?


Answer: sorghum

Question: What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?


Answer: during lautering

Question: When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?


Answer: wheat

Question: Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?


Answer: microbrewery

Context: A microbrewery, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority, though is usually around 15,000 barrels (1.8 megalitres, 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons) a year. A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other eating establishment. The highest density of breweries in the world, most of them microbreweries, exists in the German Region of Franconia, especially in the district of Upper Franconia, which has about 200 breweries. The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery in Bavaria, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world.

Question: What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?


Answer: brewpub

Question: What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?


Answer: around 15,000 barrels

Question: In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?


Answer: Freising

Question: What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?


Answer: 1040

Question: What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?


Answer: sugars

Context: The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.

Question: What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?


Answer: fermentation

Question: What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?


Answer: above 12%

Question: At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?


Answer: Low temperatures

Question: What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?


Answer: to increase alcohol content

Question: Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?


Answer: stillage

Context: Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F), before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition—this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being "gravity-fed" directly into the glass.

Question: What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?


Answer: 52–55 °F

Question: What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?


Answer: Cask-conditioned ales

Question: What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?


Answer: from several hours to several days

Question: How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?


Answer: a hand pump

Question: What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?


Answer: ethyl alcohol

Context: Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.

Question: What type of alcohol is found in beer?


Answer: blood alcohol concentration

Question: How is alcohol measured in the human body?


Answer: ethyl alcohol

Question: What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?


Answer: pulmonary aspiration

Question: What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?


Answer: fatal alcohol poisoning

Question: What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?


Answer: bottles and cans

Context: Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.

Question: What types of containers is beer generally sold in?


Answer: draught

Question: In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?


Answer: around 4% to 6%

Question: In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?


Answer: beer festivals,

Question: What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?


Answer: bar billiards

Question: What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?


Answer: water

Context: Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.

Question: What is the main ingredient in beer?


Answer: hard water

Question: What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?


Answer: soft water

Question: What type of water is best for making pale lager?


Answer: Burtonisation

Question: What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?


Answer: pale ale

Question: What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?


Answer: 1516

Context: In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

Question: In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?


Answer: Duke of Bavaria

Question: What was the title of William IV in 1516?


Answer: Reinheitsgebot

Question: What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?


Answer: barley-malt

Question: Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?


Answer: William IV

Question: Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?


Answer: Hops

Context: Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in "head retention", the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative.

Question: What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?


Answer: malt

Question: What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?


Answer: the International Bitterness Units scale

Question: How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?


Answer: hops

Question: The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?


Answer: head retention

Question: What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?


Answer: mashing

Context: The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as "sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist.

Question: What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?


Answer: liquor

Question: How is hot water referred to by brewers?


Answer: 1 to 2 hours

Question: How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?


Answer: sugars

Question: In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?


Answer: wort separation

Question: What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?


Answer: yeast

Context: The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.

Question: What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?


Answer: hops

Question: Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?


Answer: potato

Question: What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?


Answer: agave

Question: What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?


Answer: the grain bill

Question: In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?


Answer: 822 AD

Context: The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.

Question: In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?


Answer: Adalard of Corbie

Question: What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?


Answer: the thirteenth century

Question: In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?


Answer: the sixteenth century

Question: In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?


Answer: gruit

Question: What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?


Answer: 1721

Context: Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined.

Question: In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?


Answer: 1677

Question: In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?


Answer: Stout and porter

Question: What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?


Answer: slow fermenting yeast

Question: What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?


Answer: London

Question: In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?


Answer: 63.9%

Context: Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

Question: What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?


Answer: Crown Holdings

Question: What company first created the full aperture can for beer?


Answer: 2010

Question: In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?


Answer: "skunked" beer

Question: What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?


Answer: quality

Question: What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?


Answer: 57,5%

Context: The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.

Question: How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?


Answer: 55%

Question: How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?


Answer: BrewDog

Question: What company made The End of History beer in 2010?


Answer: fractional freezing

Question: What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?


Answer: 41%

Question: How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?


Answer: Glass bottles

Context: Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.

Question: What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?


Answer: yeast

Question: What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?


Answer: yeast

Question: What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?


Answer: slowly

Question: What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?


Answer: wheat beers

Question: What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?


Answer: overeating

Context: It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.

Question: In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?


Answer: beer belly

Question: What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?


Answer: 110

Question: What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?


Answer: 110

Question: What is the glycemic index in maltose?


Answer: sorghum or millet

Context: Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "Bozo". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu—traditional rice-based beverages related to beer.

Question: What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?


Answer: Namibia

Question: In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?


Answer: Ethiopia

Question: In what country is the beer Tella produced?


Answer: Bozo

Question: What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?


Answer: Choujiu

Question: What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?


Answer: circa 3500–3100 BC

Context: The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.

Question: When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?


Answer: Iran

Question: In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?


Answer: Iran

Question: What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?


Answer: 1974

Question: What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?


Answer: mould

Question: What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?


Answer: copper

Context: The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "copper" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer.

Question: What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?


Answer: about one hour

Question: How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?


Answer: enzymes

Question: What does boiling sweet wort destroy?


Answer: bitterness

Question: What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?


Answer: malted grain

Context: The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts will produce darker beers.

Question: What is generally used as starch in most beer?


Answer: by soaking it in water

Question: How does grain become malted?


Answer: a kiln

Question: What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?


Answer: germination

Question: What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?


Answer: fermentable sugars

Question: What does a grains starch become after an is malted?


Answer: More than 133 billion

Context: The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.

Question: How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?


Answer: $294.5 billion

Question: How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?


Answer: 2002

Question: What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?


Answer: InBev

Question: What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?


Answer: AB InBev

Question: What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?


Answer: alcohol by volume

Context: Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4–6%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.

Question: What does abv stand for?


Answer: freeze-distilling

Question: What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?


Answer: 5%

Question: What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?


Answer: table beer

Question: What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?


Answer: around 20%

Question: What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?


Answer: zythology

Context: In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings.

Question: What is the term used for the study of beer?


Answer: beer sommelier

Question: What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?


Answer: beer pong

Question: What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?


Answer: beer

Question: What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?


Answer: Beer

Context: Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.

Question: What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?


Answer: Beer

Question: What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?


Answer: brewing

Question: What is the term used to describe the making beer?


Answer: fermentation

Question: What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?


Answer: The Hymn to Ninkasi

Question: What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?


Answer: 822

Context: Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.

Question: What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?


Answer: Europe

Question: On what continent were hops first added to beer?


Answer: hops

Question: What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?


Answer: Abbess Hildegard

Question: Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?


Answer: Bingen

Question: Where did Abbess Hildegard live?


Answer: Old English ealu

Context: The word ale comes from Old English ealu (plural ealoþ), in turn from Proto-Germanic *alu (plural *aluþ), ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base *h₂elut-, which holds connotations of "sorcery, magic, possession, intoxication". The word beer comes from Old English bēor, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą, probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeusóm, originally "brewer's yeast, beer dregs", although other theories have been provided connecting the word with Old English bēow, "barley", or Latin bibere, "to drink". On the currency of two words for the same thing in the Germanic languages, the 12th-century Old Icelandic poem Alvíssmál says, "Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer."

Question: What is the origin of the word ale?


Answer: Old English bēor

Question: What is the origin of the word beer?


Answer: bibere

Question: What word means to drink in Latin?


Answer: Alvíssmál

Question: What 12th century poet once wrote "Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer."?


Answer: 10.5%

Context: The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter "33") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached 20% abv with Millennium, and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer. In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone.

Question: How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?


Answer: Vetter 33

Question: What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?


Answer: Samuel Adams

Question: What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?


Answer: 2011

Question: What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?


Answer: champagne yeasts

Question: What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?


Answer: Draught beer's

Context: Draught beer's environmental impact can be 68% lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences. A life cycle study of one beer brand, including grain production, brewing, bottling, distribution and waste management, shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds). The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square meters (26 square feet). Downstream emissions from distribution, retail, storage and disposal of waste can be over 45% of a bottled micro-brew beer's CO2 emissions. Where legal, the use of a refillable jug, reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar, rather than buying pre-bottled beer, can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption.

Question: What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?


Answer: 6.6

Question: How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?


Answer: a refillable jug

Question: What type of container can be used to transport draft beer, and is better for the environment that a bottle?


Answer: 2.5 square meters

Question: How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew?


Answer: 26

Question: How many square feet is 2.5 square meters?


Answer: artificial refrigeration

Context: Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager. Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 °C the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below 10 °C (50 °F). Beer served unchilled—either cool or at room temperature, reveal more of their flavours. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served.

Question: What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?


Answer: below 15.5 °C

Question: At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?


Answer: unchilled

Question: When is a beer at its most flavorful?


Answer: UK

Question: What country is the organisation Cask Marque located?


Answer: the 1870s

Question: In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular?


Answer: alcohol

Context: The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to beer. Consumption of small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and diabetes mellitus. The long term health effects of continuous, moderate or heavy alcohol consumption include the risk of developing alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease. A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol. Alcoholism often reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years. Alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.

Question: What is beers primary active ingredient?


Answer: alcoholic liver disease

Question: What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?


Answer: around ten

Question: How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life expectancy?


Answer: Alcohol

Question: What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US?


Answer: 3.3 million

Question: How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol?


Answer: dopamine

Context: A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.

Question: What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?


Answer: 2013

Question: What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?


Answer: beer

Question: What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?


Answer: 49

Question: How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?


Answer: Mulatto

Context: The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.

Question: What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?


Answer: Negro

Question: What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census?


Answer: Neg

Question: How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census?


Answer: one-drop rule

Question: What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?


Answer: their father

Question: Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census?


Answer: 2000

Context: Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.

Question: In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race?


Answer: nearly seven million

Question: How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?


Answer: one or more

Question: How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?


Answer: 1990

Question: What year was the last census before the Census 2000?


Answer: the American Anthropological Association

Context: In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 US Census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one in the same [sic] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people."

Question: What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census?


Answer: 1997

Question: In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census?


Answer: OMB directive no. 15

Question: Prior to 1997, where were racial categories declared for the U.S. Census?


Answer: race/ethnicity

Question: How did racial categories appear in the US 2000 census?


Answer: OMB

Context: The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

Question: Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?


Answer: national-origin

Question: What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?


Answer: ancestry

Question: In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?


Answer: two

Context: Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.

Question: How many ethnic categories are there in the US census?


Answer: Not Hispanic or Latino

Question: In addition to Hispanic and Latino, what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census?


Answer: the American Anthropological Association

Question: What association criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the UScensus?


Answer: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

Question: Members of what commission criticized the separation of race and ethnic city on the US Census?


Answer: Hispanic or Latino

Question: In ethnic classification for the U.S. Census, What option do respondents have other than not Hispanic or Latino?


Answer: Mexico

Context: President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a "good neighbor" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.

Question: What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship?


Answer: 1935

Question: In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because of their race?


Answer: Roosevelt

Question: What US President wanted to treat Hispanic people as white by the federal government?


Answer: Mexican

Question: People of what descent were classified as white by the federal government at the suggestion of President Roosevelt?


Answer: white

Question: In 1935, what race was a person required to be to become a United States citizen?


Answer: OMB

Context: In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws." Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.

Question: Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?


Answer: 1997

Question: In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?


Answer: consistent data

Question: What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?


Answer: one or more

Question: How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?


Answer: one

Question: How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997?


Answer: 1850

Context: The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked "B" if a person was black, and marked "M" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave was black and an "M" if mulatto.

Question: In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?


Answer: by head of household

Question: How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?


Answer: B

Question: In the 1850 US census, what was put into the color column for black persons?


Answer: mulatto

Question: If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census, How were they classified?


Answer: by owner

Question: How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census?


Answer: Some other race

Context: Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.

Question: What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?


Answer: 2010

Question: In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?


Answer: Some other race

Question: There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?


Answer: the American Community Survey

Question: In addition to the Census, where else is the "some other race" selection an option?


Answer: the Voting Rights Act

Context: "Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act)."

Question: What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election?


Answer: the Community Reinvestment Act

Question: What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?


Answer: the Civil Rights Act

Question: What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?


Answer: 1890

Context: For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White," "Black," "Mulatto," "Quadroon," "Octoroon," "Chinese," "Japanese," or "Indian."

Question: In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census?


Answer: for each family

Question: How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census?


Answer: individually

Question: How were residents listed in the census in 1890?


Answer: increased immigration

Question: Why were different East Asian races divided in 1890 Census?


Answer: a minimum of two

Context: The federal government of the United States has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: 'Hispanic or Latino' and 'Not Hispanic or Latino'." The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles.

Question: How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?


Answer: Hispanic or Latino

Question: How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?


Answer: Not Hispanic or Latino

Question: Aside from Hispanic or Latino, what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use?


Answer: Hispanic or Latino

Question: In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?


Answer: Hispanic or Latino

Question: In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census?


Answer: a decimal system of values

Context: Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as "fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as "shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.

Question: What is the US dollar based upon?


Answer: one-tenth of a dollar

Question: How much monetary value does a dime hold?


Answer: one hundred dollars

Question: How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?


Answer: $20

Question: What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?


Answer: Coinage Act of 1792

Question: In what legislation was the term "eagle" used?


Context: The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.

Question: Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?


Answer: ps

Question: What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?


Answer: peso

Question: What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?


Answer: 19th

Question: Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?


Answer: Spanish America

Question: In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?


Answer: green

Context: Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the version of the $100 bill already in process. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

Question: What color was predominantly used?


Answer: American Council of the Blind

Question: Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?


Answer: $1

Question: Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?


Answer: visually impaired

Question: Who are currency readers meant to assist?


Answer: Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Question: The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?


Answer: United States Congress

Context: The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power "To coin money". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms, in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as "legal tender" in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 50 dollars. These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.

Question: Who has the power "to coin money"?


Answer: 5112

Question: Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?


Answer: payment of debts

Question: Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction?


Answer: Sacagawea dollar

Question: What is an example of a copper alloy dollar?


Answer: American Silver Eagle

Question: What is the pure silver dollar referred to as?


Answer: Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia

Context: In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ("great guilder", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.

Question: Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?


Answer: Jáchymov

Question: What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?


Answer: silver

Question: What were the Joachimstalers composed of?


Answer: tallero

Question: How did the word "taler" translate into Italian?


Answer: Guldengroschen

Question: Other than "taler", what is the other name of the German coin?


Answer: deceased

Context: The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).

Question: What condition does a person have to meet to be allowed by law on a coin?


Answer: European monarchs

Question: Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?


Answer: 20th century

Question: When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?


Answer: composite Native Americans

Question: Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the "heads" side of past coins?


Answer: Dollar

Question: What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?


Answer: 1777

Context: In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.

Question: Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?


Answer: Civil War

Question: What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?


Answer: War of 1812

Question: Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?


Answer: "not worth a continental"

Question: The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?


Answer: article 1

Question: The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?


Answer: 2007

Context: In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.

Question: In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?


Answer: Statue of Liberty

Question: What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?


Answer: E Pluribus Unum

Question: What is the official version of "In God We Trust" printed on the coins?


Answer: "Liberty"

Question: Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?


Answer: Grover Cleveland

Question: Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?


Answer: Federal Reserve

Context: When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).

Question: Who can create "new high-powered money"?


Answer: U.S. Treasury Department

Question: Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?


Answer: Bureau of the Mint

Question: Which organization stamps coins?


Answer: Engraving and Printing

Question: Which Bureau prints new dollars?


Answer: Commercial banks

Question: Who can freely withdraw from their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve?


Answer: wartime

Context: The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial changes of quantity over short periods", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.

Question: During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?


Answer: 1913

Question: When was the Federal Reserve established?


Answer: an "elastic" currency

Question: What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?


Answer: gold standard

Question: What had previously kept prices stable?


Answer: 30%

Question: How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?


Answer: constant value

Context: There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.

Question: What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?


Answer: low, stable inflation

Question: What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?


Answer: some economists

Question: Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?


Answer: central bank

Question: A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?


Answer: stimulate the economy

Question: With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?


Answer: the Spanish milled dollar

Context: The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.

Question: What is "dollars" a reference to?


Answer: 8 Spanish units

Question: How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?


Answer: four hundred and sixteen

Question: How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?


Answer: a Spanish milled dollar

Question: How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?


Answer: three hundred and seventy-one

Question: How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?


Answer: "G"

Context: A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as "fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin", "Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick" or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson" (after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or "Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or "buck". The dollar has also been, referred to as a "bone" and "bones" in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".

Question: What is a "grand" sometimes shortened to?


Answer: "stack"

Question: What is another term other than "large" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?


Answer: the Roman numeral for 100

Question: What is a "C-note" a reference to?


Answer: $50

Question: Which note is occasionally called a "yardstick"?


Answer: Monopoly money

Question: What is another term for "bigface" notes?


Answer: Coinage Act of 1792

Context: The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.

Question: What defined the US dollar?


Answer: the Spanish milled dollar

Question: What was the dollar based on?


Answer: 17

Question: How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?


Answer: Alexander Hamilton

Question: Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?


Answer: 377

Question: What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?


Answer: Proof Sets

Context: The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.

Question: What is specifically produced for collectors?


Answer: 90%

Question: What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?


Answer: 1983

Question: When did the Mint being producing proof sets?


Answer: Presidential Dollar Proof Set

Question: Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?


Answer: December 13, 2011

Question: When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?


Answer: The Constitution

Context: The Constitution provides that "a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the "Statements" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.

Question: What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?


Answer: Section 331

Question: Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?


Answer: U.S. dollars

Question: Which currency are the sums of money in the "Statements" displayed in?


Answer: U.S. dollar

Question: What is the unit of account of the United States?


Answer: $100

Context: Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.

Question: What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?


Answer: 1946

Question: In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?


Answer: 1969

Question: When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?


Answer: organized crime

Question: What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?


Answer: an executive order

Question: What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?


Answer: quid

Context: The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).

Question: What is the British equivalent of a "buck"?


Answer: 18th

Question: In which century can the term "buck" be traced back to?


Answer: colonial leather trade

Question: What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "buck"?


Answer: Greenback

Question: What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?


Answer: black

Question: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?


Answer: gold

Context: The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.

Question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?


Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?


Answer: increase the money supply

Question: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?


Answer: the Phillips curve

Question: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?


Answer: two thirds

Question: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?


Answer: Spanish dollar

Context: The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

Question: What was the look of the dollar based on?


Answer: 16th

Question: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?


Answer: 1792

Question: When was the United States Mint founded?