Answer: 30,000

Question: How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?


Answer: Great Britain

Context: After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed. It was the only German army to fight against France throughout the entire Napoleonic wars. The Legion later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and since then has grown considerably.

Question: Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?


Answer: King's German Legion

Question: What did the soldiers who emigrated form?


Answer: The Congress of Vienna

Question: Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?


Answer: European botanical garden

Context: The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon. The Mausoleum of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the Paradies and the Prairie Garden. There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.[citation needed]

Question: What is the Berggarten?


Answer: Orchid House

Question: What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?


Answer: Library Pavillon

Question: What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?


Answer: Sea Life Centre Hanover

Question: What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?


Answer: butterflies

Question: Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?


Answer: Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter

Context: Various industrial businesses are located in Hannover. The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2. Jointly with a factory of German tire and automobile parts manufacturer Continental AG, they have a coal-burning power plant. Continental AG, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies, as is Sennheiser. Since 2008 a take-over is in progress: the Schaeffler Group from Herzogenaurach (Bavaria) holds the majority of the stock but were required due to the financial crisis to deposit the options as securities at banks. TUI AG has its HQ in Hanover. Hanover is home to many insurance companies, many of which operate only in Germany. One major global reinsurance company is Hannover Re, whose headquarters are east of the city centre.

Question: What does VWN stand for?


Answer: northern edge of town

Question: What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?


Answer: Continental AG

Question: Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?


Answer: Hanover

Question: Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?


Answer: Hannover Re

Question: Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?


Answer: 40

Context: Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater für Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden.

Question: How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?


Answer: Play House

Question: What is the Schauspielhaus in English?


Answer: Lower Saxony State Theatre

Question: Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?


Answer: Theater am Aegi

Question: Which theatre is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances?


Answer: Theater für Niedersachsen

Question: Which theater has it's own musical company?


Answer: Hannover 96

Context: Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium.

Question: Who does the nicname "Die Roten" belong to?


Answer: Bundesliga

Question: What is another name for the top football division?


Answer: HDI-Arena

Question: What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?


Answer: Eilenriedestadium

Question: Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?


Answer: fourth league

Question: Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?


Answer: 518,000

Context: With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest Oktoberfest in the world (beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau). In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of national importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo. The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east-west (Berlin–Ruhr area) and north-south (Hamburg–Munich, etc.) directions.

Question: What is Hanover's population?


Answer: thirteenth largest

Question: What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?


Answer: Oktoberfest of Blumenau

Question: What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?


Answer: 2000

Question: In which year did Hanover host the Expo?


Answer: Autobahnen

Question: What is "highways" in German?


Answer: Old Town

Context: Another point of interest is the Old Town. In the centre are the large Marktkirche (Church St. Georgii et Jacobi, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) and the Old Town Hall. Nearby are the Leibniz House, the Nolte House, and the Beguine Tower. A very nice quarter of the Old Town is the Kreuz-Church-Quarter around the Kreuz Church with many nice little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the Ballhof theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall, the Leine Palace, and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine, where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located. They are part of the Mile of Sculptures, which starts from Trammplatz, leads along the river bank, crosses Königsworther Square, and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic Basilica Minor of St. Clemens, the Reformed Church and the Lutheran Neustädter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis are located.

Question: Where are the large Martkirche located?


Answer: Ballhof theatre

Question: What is the old royal sports hall now called?


Answer: Aegidien Church

Question: What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?


Answer: Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle

Question: What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?


Answer: Trammplatz

Question: Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?


Answer: A cabinet of coins

Context: A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum. The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin. The Museum of veterinary medicine is unique in Germany. The Museum for Energy History describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The Home Museum Ahlem shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ahlem describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust, the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik.

Question: What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?


Answer: Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen

Question: What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?


Answer: Oriental Carpet Museum

Question: Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?


Answer: Berlin

Question: Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?


Answer: Modern art

Question: What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?


Answer: nervous

Context: Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components

Question: What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?


Answer: Extroverted

Question: What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?


Answer: introverted

Question: What type of people hide their emotions?


Answer: motivation

Question: What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?


Answer: psychological

Question: Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?


Answer: wheel of emotions

Context: Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.

Question: What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?


Answer: eight

Question: How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?


Answer: surprise

Question: In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?


Answer: contempt

Question: What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?


Answer: trust

Question: What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?


Answer: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Context: Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.

Question: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?


Answer: communication

Question: Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?


Answer: natural selection

Question: Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?


Answer: 19th

Question: In what century did Darwin write?


Answer: stimulus

Context: An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).

Question: In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?


Answer: physiological

Question: What sort of response does the stimulus cause?


Answer: as a particular emotion

Question: How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?


Answer: bodily states

Question: In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?


Answer: Richard Lazarus

Context: With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

Question: Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?


Answer: judgments

Question: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?


Answer: unconscious

Question: In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?


Answer: Gut Reactions

Context: Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

Question: What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?


Answer: Feelings

Question: What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?


Answer: psychologist

Question: What is Laird's job title?


Answer: philosopher

Question: What is Jesse Prinz's profession?


Answer: the perceptual theory

Question: What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?


Answer: sociology

Context: Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

Question: What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?


Answer: anthropology

Question: What discipline makes use of ethnography?


Answer: communication sciences

Question: What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?


Answer: Arlie Russell Hochschild

Question: Who developed the concept of emotional labor?


Answer: 700

Question: Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?


Answer: fear

Context: A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.

Question: Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?


Answer: changes in pulse rate

Question: Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?


Answer: baring teeth

Question: Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?


Answer: Jonathan Turner

Question: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?


Answer: four

Question: How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?


Answer: Carl Lange

Context: In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Question: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?


Answer: American

Question: What was William James' nationality?


Answer: Danish

Question: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?


Answer: the James–Lange theory

Question: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?


Answer: 1900

Question: In what year did Lange die?


Answer: computer science

Context: Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.

Question: Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?


Answer: GABA

Question: Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?


Answer: neurobiology

Question: Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?


Answer: emotional dispositions

Context: A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.

Question: What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?


Answer: character traits

Question: What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?


Answer: affective states

Question: What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?


Answer: psychological construction

Context: The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.

Question: What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?


Answer: at the moment of its occurrence

Question: At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?


Answer: fear

Question: What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?


Answer: Walter Bradford Cannon

Context: Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

Question: Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?


Answer: a conscious experience of an emotion

Question: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?


Answer: too slow and often imperceptible

Question: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?


Answer: Paul E. Griffiths

Context: A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

Question: Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?


Answer: external

Question: What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?


Answer: situationism

Question: The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?


Answer: phobias

Question: Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?


Answer: 1878

Context: Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

Question: When did Broca publish his pioneering work?


Answer: Papez

Question: Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?


Answer: hypothalamus

Question: Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?


Answer: ethics

Context: In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Question: Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?


Answer: romance

Question: Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?


Answer: zoology

Question: Of what discipline is ethology a branch?


Answer: field science

Question: Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?


Answer: ecology

Question: Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?


Answer: Emilé Durkheim

Context: Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.

Question: Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?


Answer: Australian aborigine society

Question: What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?


Answer: totemic rituals

Question: Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?


Answer: emotional energy

Question: What is another term for collective effervescence?


Answer: the appraisal theory of emotions

Context: Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946–2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (1927–2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986).

Question: What theory was developed by Arnold?


Answer: 2002

Question: When did Richard Lazarus die?


Answer: Robert C. Solomon

Question: Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?


Answer: Oxford

Question: Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?


Answer: Dutch

Question: What is Nico Frijda's nationality?


Answer: 1579

Context: The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language. The modern word emotion is heterogeneous In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research thus looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse. Another line of research asks about languages other than English, and one interesting finding is that many languages have a similar but not identical term

Question: When did the word emotion enter the English language?


Answer: émouvoir

Question: From what French word is emotion derived?


Answer: to stir up

Question: What does émouvoir mean in English?


Answer: passion

Question: Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?


Answer: depression

Question: Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?


Answer: the diencephalon

Context: Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.

Question: What is the thalamus a part of?


Answer: Cannon

Question: Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?


Answer: animals

Question: What creatures did Bard experiment on?


Answer: physiological

Question: Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?


Answer: Robert C. Solomon

Context: There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the ‘standard objection’ to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example.

Question: Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?


Answer: 1993

Question: In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?


Answer: judgments

Question: What does Solomon believe emotions to be?


Answer: Nico Frijda

Question: Whose theory discussed action tendencies?


Answer: cognitivism

Question: The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?


Answer: Kurt Kortschal

Context: Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems (Kurt Kortschal 2013). These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of genes and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In voles (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a vasopressin receptor gene that corresponds to major species differences in social organization and the mating system (Hammock & Young 2005). Another potential example with behavioral differences is the FOCP2 gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling speech and language (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005). Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans (Enard et al. 2002). Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.

Question: Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?


Answer: their parental germ cells

Question: From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?


Answer: 1.2%

Question: What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?


Answer: five

Question: How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?


Answer: 200,000 years

Question: About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?


Answer: personality

Context: Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.

Question: Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?


Answer: cognition

Question: What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?


Answer: rapid heartbeat and breathing

Question: Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?


Answer: nervous

Question: Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?


Answer: Michael C. Graham

Context: Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.

Question: Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?


Answer: Psychotherapist

Question: What is Michael Graham's profession?


Answer: terror

Question: What is an example of an extreme form of fear?


Answer: embarrassment

Question: What would be an example of mild shame?


Answer: Moods

Question: What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?


Answer: Paul Ekman

Context: For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.

Question: Who has argued that emotions are discrete?


Answer: six

Question: How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?


Answer: surprise

Question: Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?


Answer: stoic

Context: Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.

Question: What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?


Answer: Aristotle

Question: What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?


Answer: passions

Question: What did the Aristotelians call emotions?


Answer: Thomas Aquinas

Question: Who was a notable scholastic thinker?


Answer: Baruch Spinoza

Question: Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?


Answer: William James

Context: In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."

Question: Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?


Answer: the autonomic nervous system

Question: What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?


Answer: the perception of bodily changes

Question: What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?


Answer: Carl Lange

Question: Who developed a theory similar to that of James?


Answer: psychologist

Question: What was the profession of Lange?


Answer: constructivist

Context: The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.

Question: What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?


Answer: Schadenfreude

Question: According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?


Answer: Sweden

Question: Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?


Answer: gender

Question: Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?


Answer: Gregorio Marañón

Context: Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

Question: Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?


Answer: epinephrine

Question: What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?


Answer: Spanish

Question: What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?


Answer: Jerome Singer

Question: Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter?


Answer: 2004

Question: In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.

Question: In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?


Answer: pride and shame

Question: What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?


Answer: Retzinger

Question: Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?


Answer: Scheff

Question: Who developed the social bond theory?


Answer: Goffman

Question: Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?


Answer: Emotion regulation

Context: Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).

Question: What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?


Answer: behavioral

Question: What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?


Answer: Cognitively oriented schools

Question: Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?


Answer: Gestalt therapy

Question: What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?


Answer: limbic

Context: Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).

Question: What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?


Answer: neurochemicals

Question: What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?


Answer: pheromones

Question: What chemicals may mediate emotions?


Answer: reptiles

Question: Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?


Answer: mammalian

Question: The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?


Answer: Human sciences

Context: Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.

Question: What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?


Answer: psychiatry

Question: What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?


Answer: Nursing

Question: What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?


Answer: neuroscience

Question: What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?


Answer: education

Question: What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?


Answer: Randall Collins

Context: Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.

Question: Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?


Answer: totemic rituals

Question: From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?


Answer: Goffman

Question: In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?


Answer: Emotional energy

Question: What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?


Answer: collective effervescence

Question: What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?


Answer: computer science

Context: In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.

Question: Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?


Answer: Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper

Question: What is the foundational document of affective computing?


Answer: passive sensors

Question: In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?


Answer: analyzing speech patterns

Question: How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?


Answer: instrumental behavior

Context: Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.

Question: Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?


Answer: subjective experience

Question: With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?


Answer: instrumental behavior

Question: What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?


Answer: psychophysiologists

Question: What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?


Answer: Peggy Thoits

Question: Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?


Answer: components processing model

Context: In Scherer's components processing model of emotion, five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist. From the component processing perspective, emotion experience is said to require that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of cognitive appraisal as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and cognition are separate but interacting systems, the component processing model provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode.

Question: What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?


Answer: five

Question: How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?


Answer: appraisal

Question: What processes drive the other components processing model processes?


Answer: multidimensional scaling

Context: Through the use of multidimensional scaling, psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences, which allows a visual depiction of the "emotional distance" between experiences. A further step can be taken by looking at the map's dimensions of the emotional experiences. The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence (how negative or positive the experience feels) and arousal (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.

Question: What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?


Answer: arousal

Question: Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?


Answer: arousal

Question: What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?


Answer: valence

Question: What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?


Answer: core affect

Question: What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?


Answer: neuroimaging

Context: More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio.

Question: What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?


Answer: António Damásio

Question: Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?


Answer: Paul D. MacLean

Question: Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?


Answer: 1990s

Question: In what decade did Damásio and LeDoux do notable work?


Answer: Howard M. Weiss

Context: This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes— a "series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

Question: Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?


Answer: 1996

Question: When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?


Answer: work

Question: What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?


Answer: Howard M. Weiss

Question: Who did Beal write "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?


Answer: Research on Emotion in Organizations

Question: Where was "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published?


Answer: motor centers

Context: The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept—one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.

Question: What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?


Answer: smell

Question: What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?


Answer: reptiles slept

Question: Why were early mammals active at night?


Answer: limbic brain

Question: What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?


Answer: larger

Question: How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?


Answer: Direction Model

Context: This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.

Question: What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?


Answer: Movement Model

Question: What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?


Answer: passive yielding

Question: According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?


Answer: shyness

Question: Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?


Answer: microeconomics

Context: In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of "toughness," aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In law, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In political science, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.

Question: In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?


Answer: the analysis of voter decision-making

Question: What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?


Answer: tort law

Question: Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?


Answer: psychology

Question: Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?


Answer: purchase decision-making

Question: Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?


Answer: anger

Context: Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged in boys and men. Expectations attached to social roles, such as "acting as man" and not as a woman, and the accompanying "feeling rules" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as love in the case of contemporary institution of marriage. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.

Question: What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?


Answer: fear

Question: Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?


Answer: disgust

Question: The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?


Answer: marriage

Question: What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?


Answer: fear

Question: What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?


Answer: 27

Context: Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico.

Question: How many Copa del Rey trophies has Barcelona won?


Answer: five

Question: How many UEFA Champions League titles has Barcelona won?


Answer: 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015

Question: Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?


Answer: three

Question: How many Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies has Barcelona won?


Answer: second

Question: What position is Barcelona ranked on the UEFA club rankings?


Answer: five

Question: How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?


Answer: four

Question: How many UEFA Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?


Answer: three

Question: How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?


Answer: Real Madrid

Question: What club is Barcelona's long time rival?


Answer: five

Question: How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?


Answer: 14 June 1925

Context: On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club. This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club. On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara, against the Spanish national team. To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his airplane. In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled "Oda a Platko", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko. On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League. A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems.

Question: On what day did the stadium crowd jeer the Royal March in protest against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?


Answer: 1926

Question: In what year did the directors of Barcelona first claim to operate a professional football club?


Answer: 3 July 1927

Question: On what date did the FC Barca hold a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara against the Spanish national team?


Answer: Rafael Alberti

Question: Who wrote the poem titled "Oda a Platko"?


Answer: 30 July 1930

Question: When did Gamper commit suicide?


Answer: jeered the Royal March

Question: In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium?


Answer: six months

Question: How long was the stadium closed?


Answer: 1926

Question: What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club?


Answer: 23 June 1929

Question: When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?


Answer: Gamper

Question: What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930?


Answer: The 1973–74 season

Context: The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco. He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi, after the local Catalan Saint George. Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Bernabéu along the way. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona.

Question: When did Johan Cruyff join Barcelona?


Answer: he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco

Question: What did Johan Cruyff say to the European press that won over Barelona fans?


Answer: Catalan Saint George

Question: Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after?


Answer: 1973

Question: When was Johan Cruyff first crowned footballer of the year while playing for Barcelona?


Answer: 1974

Question: When was Johan Cruyff crowned footballer of the year for the third time?


Answer: £920,000

Question: How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?


Answer: Real Madrid

Question: For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?


Answer: Francisco Franco

Question: What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?


Answer: European Footballer of the Year

Question: What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?


Answer: 1974

Question: When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?


Answer: 1998

Context: Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale. However, new heroes emerged, such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998. In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera División title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year. Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000.

Question: In what year did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?


Answer: 1999

Question: In what year did Barcelona win the Primera División title?


Answer: 2000

Question: In what year did van Gaal and Núñez resign from Barcelona?


Answer: Rivaldo

Question: Who was the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year?


Answer: short time

Question: How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona?


Answer: 1998

Question: When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?


Answer: 1999

Question: When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated?


Answer: Primera División

Question: What title did Barcelona win in 1999?


Answer: Rivaldo

Question: Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year?


Answer: 77

Context: On 4 January 2016, Barcelona's transfer ban ended. The same day, they registered 77 players across all categories and ages, and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team. On 10 February, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique’s Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola’s team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey.

Question: How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?


Answer: Copa del Rey final

Question: What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?


Answer: 28

Question: How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?


Answer: Valencia

Question: With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?


Answer: Aleix Vidal

Question: Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?


Answer: Barcelona

Context: Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 80 seasons (1928–2015) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on five occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 and 1992). Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.

Question: What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?


Answer: Espanyol

Question: What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?


Answer: Barcelona

Question: What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?


Answer: Espanyol

Question: Which team has the largest margin win?


Answer: 1951

Question: When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?


Answer: Athletic Bilbao

Context: Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi-finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In June 2015, Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice.

Question: Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?


Answer: continental treble

Question: What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?


Answer: five

Question: How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?


Answer: June 2015

Question: When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?


Answer: five

Context: As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League.

Question: How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?


Answer: four

Question: What is the number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?


Answer: five

Question: How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?


Answer: three

Question: What is the number of FIFA Club World Cup trophies Barcelona has?


Answer: Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

Question: What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?


Answer: Josep Sunyol

Context: A month after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising, along with players from Athletic Bilbao. On 6 August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, a representative of the pro-independence political party. He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme, and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity. In the summer of 1937, the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic. The tour led to the financial security of the club, but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France, making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies.

Question: Who was murdered on 6 August, 1936?


Answer: pro-independence political party

Question: Besides being club president, what was Sunyol involved in to have caused his murder?


Answer: martyr

Question: What was Sunyol called after his death?


Answer: Second Spanish Republic

Question: What was club Barcelona considered to represent when on tour in 1937?


Answer: Mexico and France

Question: Where did half of the Barcelona team seek asylum in 1937?


Answer: four

Context: It was ten years after the inception of the youth program, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team. One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was previous Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola. Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman. They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point. He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years. Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Núñez, resulting in his departure. On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, "Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it."

Question: How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94?


Answer: Cruyff

Question: By 1992 who was Barcelona's most successful manager?


Answer: eight

Question: For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona?


Answer: passing style

Question: What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona?


Answer: win any trophies

Question: What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona?


Answer: Gaspart

Context: After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back. On the field, an influx of international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, and Rafael Márquez, combined with home grown Spanish players, such as Carles Puyol, Andrés Iniesta, Xavi and Víctor Valdés, led to the club's return to success. Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004–05, and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third, respectively, in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards.

Question: Under whose direction was there disappointment?


Answer: Frank Rijkaard

Question: After Gaspart, who was manager of team Barcelona?


Answer: international

Question: At this time, what type of players were added to Barcelona?


Answer: 2004–05

Question: What season did Barcelona win La Liga and Supercopa de Espana?


Answer: Ronaldinho

Question: Which player won FIFA World Player of the Year?


Answer: 25

Context: Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008–09 season. Barça finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team. The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time.

Question: How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?


Answer: Real Madrid

Question: What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?


Answer: Manchester United

Question: What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?


Answer: Athletic Bilbao

Question: Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?


Answer: sextuple

Question: When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?


Answer: 2012

Context: It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at FC Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager. Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points. Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in the League, including two hat-tricks. On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play. Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March. They reached the semifinal stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively. On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012.

Question: When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona?


Answer: Pep Guardiola

Question: Who did Vilanova replace as manager?


Answer: 100

Question: How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season?


Answer: Lionel Messi

Question: Who was Barcelona's top scorer?


Answer: 11 May 2013

Question: When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?


Answer: Court of Arbitration for Sport

Context: In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows. On 5 January 2015, Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football. The next month, Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission, made up of vice-president Jordi Mestre, board member Javier Bordas, Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida.

Question: To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad?


Answer: 2015

Question: During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use their transfer windows?


Answer: 5 January 2015

Question: When was Zubizareta fired by the board?


Answer: director of football

Question: What position did Zubizareta have?


Answer: Football Area Technical Commission

Question: After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?


Answer: 1,335

Context: In addition to membership, as of 2010[update] there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world. The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona. Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016. The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.

Question: How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?


Answer: penyes

Question: What are the fan clubs called?


Answer: over 90 million

Question: How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?


Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?


Answer: Borussia Dortmund

Question: What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona?


Answer: Espanyol

Context: Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board. The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners. The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid. Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià.

Question: What team is Barcelona's local rival?


Answer: Blanc-i-blaus

Question: What club was granted royal patronage?


Answer: Spanish football fans

Question: What type of group founded Espanyol?


Answer: multinational nature

Question: Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?


Answer: foreigners

Question: Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?


Answer: Crown of Aragon

Context: The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom.

Question: What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?


Answer: laurel

Question: Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?


Answer: 1910

Question: When was a competition held to produce a team crest?


Answer: Carles Comamala

Question: Who was the winner of the crest competition?


Answer: Catalan

Question: What flag is on the team crest?


Answer: 20,000

Context: In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators. After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches. This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950. After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators.

Question: What was the number of team Barcelona supporters by 1922?


Answer: Camp de Les Corts

Question: What did Barcelona build in 1922?


Answer: 20,000

Question: How many people could Camp de Les Corts hold?


Answer: 60,000

Question: After several expansions how many people could the stadium hold?


Answer: 1950

Question: When was the last expansion of Les Corts?


Answer: 16 March 1938

Context: On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force, causing more than 3,000 deaths, with one of the bombs hitting the club's offices. A few months later, Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the "undisciplined" Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions. All signs of regional nationalism, including language, flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain. The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non-Spanish names. These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest.

Question: When did the Italians bomb Barcelona?


Answer: "undisciplined" Catalanism

Question: Why was club Barcelona placed under restrictions during the occupation?


Answer: regional nationalism

Question: What kind of signs were removed form club Barcelona?


Answer: Catalan

Question: What flag was removed from the club's crest?


Answer: Club de Fútbol Barcelona

Question: What new named was the Barcelona club forced to adopt?


Answer: £5 million

Context: In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach Luis, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Maradona's time with Barcelona was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville.

Question: How much was the signing payment for Diego Maradona?


Answer: June 1982

Question: When was Diego Maradona signed by Barcelona?


Answer: Real Madrid

Question: Who did Barcelona defeat the season following the signing of Maradona?


Answer: Terry Venables

Question: Who was hired as manager in 1984?


Answer: penalties

Question: What caused the loss to Steaua Bucuresti in Seville?


Answer: 1899

Context: Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" (More than a club). Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.16 billion, and the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €560.8 million. The official Barcelona anthem is the "Cant del Barça", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs.

Question: When was Barcelona founded?


Answer: Joan Gamper

Question: Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club?


Answer: Més que un club

Question: What is the Barcelona motto?


Answer: $3.16 billion

Question: How much is club Barcelona worth?


Answer: "Cant del Barça"

Question: What is the title of the Barcelona club song?


Answer: 1902

Context: FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club president in 1908, finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.

Question: In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy?


Answer: Copa Macaya

Question: What was the first cup Barcelona won?


Answer: 1908

Question: When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?


Answer: five

Question: How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?


Answer: stable income

Question: Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?


Answer: Barcelona

Context: In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo (now the Copa del Rey). The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3–0. Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11–1. According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history." It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven.

Question: What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo?


Answer: 11–1

Question: What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid?


Answer: police

Question: Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid?


Answer: Paco Aguilar

Question: What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid's win?


Answer: nothing

Question: What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game?


Answer: Real Madrid

Context: The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga. The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players. The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966. Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1–0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Bernabéu in front of Franco, with coach Salvador Artigas, a former republican pilot in the civil war. With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again.

Question: What team was dominate in the 1960s in La Liga?