Answer: the Macintosh IIx

Context: With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

Question: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?


Answer: the Macintosh IIci

Question: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?


Answer: US$9,900

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?


Answer: two

Question: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?


Answer: 40 MHz

Question: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?


Answer: Mac OS, System 7

Context: As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products.

Question: Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?


Answer: Frogdesign

Question: Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?


Answer: the Apple Industrial Design Group

Question: What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?


Answer: Apple Industrial Design Group

Question: Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?


Answer: co-operative multitasking

Question: How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?


Answer: Steve Jobs

Context: When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.

Question: Who returned to Apple in 1997?


Answer: Mac OS 8

Question: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?


Answer: the clone line

Question: What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?


Answer: significant financial losses

Question: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?


Answer: USD$36 million

Question: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?


Answer: replacement

Context: Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called "Aqua". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 "Cheetah", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called "Classic". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 "Puma" (2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (2002), 10.3 "Panther" (2003) and 10.4 "Tiger" (2005).

Question: What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?


Answer: Pascal

Question: What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?


Answer: C++

Question: What language replaced Pascal for System 7?


Answer: Mac OS X

Question: What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?


Answer: Aqua

Question: Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?


Answer: Macintosh

Context: The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors. Apple introduced an emulator during the transition from PowerPC chips (called Rosetta), much as it did during the transition from Motorola 68000 architecture a decade earlier. The Macintosh is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture, and has done so twice. All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini, MacBook Pro (without Retina Display), and MacBook Air. Current Mac computers use ATI Radeon or nVidia GeForce graphics cards as well as Intel graphics built into the main CPU. All current Macs (except for the MacBook Pro without Retina Display) do not ship with an optical media drive that includes a dual-function DVD/CD burner. Apple refers to this as a SuperDrive. Current Macs include two standard data transfer ports: USB and Thunderbolt (except for the MacBook (2015 version), which only has a USB-C port and headphone port). MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini computers now also feature the "Thunderbolt" port, which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. USB was introduced in the 1998 iMac G3 and is ubiquitous today, while FireWire is mainly reserved for high-performance devices such as hard drives or video cameras. Starting with the then-new iMac G5, released in October 2005, Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models, and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer. Front Row has been discontinued as of 2011, however, and the Apple Remote is no longer bundled with new Macs.

Question: What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?


Answer: 8 GB

Question: What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?


Answer: Thunderbolt

Question: Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?


Answer: October 2005

Question: When was the iMac G5 released?


Answer: Front Row

Question: Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?


Answer: 8 GB

Question: What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?


Answer: Intel x86-64

Question: What processors are used by the current Mac product family?


Answer: two

Question: How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?


Answer: up to 10 gigabits per second.

Question: According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?


Answer: boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application

Context: Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs.

Question: Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?


Answer: Open Firmware-based PCI Macs

Question: What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?


Answer: bugs in the firmware implementation

Question: What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?


Answer: EFI

Question: Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?


Answer: Open Firmware

Question: Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?


Answer: Regis McKenna

Context: In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and Andy Cunningham, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products, including the "multiple exclusive," event marketing (credited to John Sculley, who brought the concept over from Pepsi), creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product's creation.

Question: Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?


Answer: primary authors

Question: What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?


Answer: John Sculley

Question: Who introduced the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept to Apple?


Answer: Pepsi

Question: Which company first used the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept?


Answer: a mystique

Question: What did the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product?


Answer: Compaq

Context: Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI.

Question: Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?


Answer: IBM

Question: Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?


Answer: struggled

Question: What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?


Answer: Windows 95

Question: What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?


Answer: Windows 95

Question: What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?


Answer: 2.06

Context: Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005).

Question: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?


Answer: research firms

Question: Who are IDC and Gartner?


Answer: 6.1 percent

Question: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?


Answer: 30

Question: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?


Answer: 16%

Question: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?


Answer: the Macintosh II

Context: The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $2900 (or $3900 with hard drive), as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot. The SE's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT, potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage. For this reason, Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier.

Question: When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?


Answer: The Macintosh SE

Question: What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?


Answer: $2900

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?


Answer: high voltage

Question: What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?


Answer: an authorized Apple dealer

Question: Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?


Answer: the success of the iPod and the iPhone

Context: In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. This has been attributed, in part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers.

Question: What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?


Answer: iCloud cloud service

Question: What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?


Answer: smartphones and tablet computers

Question: What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?


Answer: Apple's own iPhone

Question: Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?


Answer: iPhone and iPad

Question: What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?


Answer: relatively inexpensive Macs

Context: In response, Apple introduced a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh SE, was the least expensive Mac offered until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive "pizza box" case, offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512×384 pixel monitor. The Macintosh IIsi was essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot. All three machines sold well, although Apple's profit margin on them was considerably lower than that on earlier models.

Question: What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?


Answer: The Macintosh Classic

Question: What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?


Answer: LC

Question: Which Macintosh had a distinctive "pizza box" case?


Answer: only one

Question: How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?


Answer: considerably lower

Question: How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?


Answer: 2006

Context: Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro. These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. The iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini lines currently all use aluminum enclosures, and are now made of a single unibody. Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks. Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad for desktops.

Question: When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?


Answer: MacBook Pro

Question: Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?


Answer: Glass

Question: Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?


Answer: environmentally friendly

Question: Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?


Answer: replaceable batteries

Question: What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?


Answer: Jef Raskin

Context: The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to "Macintosh" for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., the audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested that McIntosh Laboratory give Apple a release for the name with its changed spelling so that Apple could use it, but the request was denied, forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name. (A 1984 Byte Magazine article suggested Apple changed the spelling only after "early users" misspelled "McIntosh". However, Jef Raskin had adopted the Macintosh spelling by 1981, when the Macintosh computer was still a single prototype machine in the lab. This explanation further clashes with the first explanation given above that the change was made for "legal reasons.")

Question: Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?


Answer: an Apple employee

Question: What was Jef Raskin's profession?


Answer: easy-to-use, low-cost

Question: What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?


Answer: for legal reasons

Question: Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?


Answer: audio equipment

Question: What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?


Answer: John Dvorak

Context: After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K—manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California—in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, "1984". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a "watershed event" and a "masterpiece." Regis McKenna called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself." "1984" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the "conformity" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother."

Question: Who discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project in 1983?


Answer: Apple factory in Fremont, California

Question: Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?


Answer: US$1.5 million

Question: How much did the television commercial "1984" cost?


Answer: Macintosh 128K

Question: What did the television commercial "1984" introduce?


Answer: "more successful than the Mac itself."

Question: What did Regis McKenna call the "1984" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?


Answer: 1997

Context: The Macintosh (/ˈmækᵻntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1997) is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was later renamed to "Macintosh 128k" for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apple's same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since the development of the first model.

Question: When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?


Answer: Apple Inc.

Question: Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?


Answer: original Macintosh computer

Question: What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?


Answer: integral graphical user

Question: What interface type did the original Macintosh include?


Answer: Since 1998

Question: When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of "Mac"?


Answer: 1985

Context: In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics—an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for other platforms. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator strengthened the Mac's position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market.

Question: When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?


Answer: Macintosh

Question: What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?


Answer: Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher

Question: What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?


Answer: design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics

Question: What did desktop publishing enable users to do?


Answer: Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator

Question: What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?


Answer: September 1979

Context: Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979, and he immediately asked his long-time colleague, Brian Howard, to join him. His initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. The rest of the original Mac team would include Bill Atkinson, Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Chris Espinosa, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Susan Kare, Larry Kenyon, and Caroline Rose with Steve Jobs leading the project.

Question: What year was Raskin hired by Apple?


Answer: his long-time colleague, Brian Howard

Question: Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?


Answer: Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble

Question: Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?


Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?


Answer: 3.36 million

Context: From 2001 to 2008, Mac sales increased continuously on an annual basis. Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season. As of Mid-2011, the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US, growing from 7.3% of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3% in 2011. According to IDC's quarterly PC tracker, globally, in 3rd quarter of 2014, Apple's PC market share increased 5.7 percent year over year, with record sales of 5.5 million units. Apple now sits in the number five spot, with a global market share of about 6% during 2014, behind Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer.

Question: How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?


Answer: 7.3%

Question: What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010?


Answer: 9.3%

Question: What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011?


Answer: about 6%

Question: What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014?


Answer: Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer

Question: Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?


Answer: Claris

Context: In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications, most notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the "Pro" series, including MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker Pro. To provide a complete office suite, Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program on the Mac, renaming it Claris Resolve, and added the new presentation software Claris Impact. By the early 1990s, Claris applications were shipping with the majority of consumer-level Macintoshes and were extremely popular. In 1991, Claris released ClarisWorks, which soon became their second best-selling application. When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998, ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0.

Question: In 1987, what did Apple spin off its software business as?


Answer: "Pro" series

Question: Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing?


Answer: Claris Resolve

Question: What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?


Answer: AppleWorks

Question: What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0?


Answer: 1998

Question: When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple?


Answer: MacWrite and MacPaint

Context: Two days after "1984" aired, the Macintosh went on sale, and came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. It was first demonstrated by Steve Jobs in the first of his famous Mac keynote speeches, and though the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, some labeled it a mere "toy." Because the operating system was designed largely around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten. This was a time-consuming task that many software developers chose not to undertake, and could be regarded as a reason for an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984, Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, with Microsoft Word following in January 1985. In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz for the Macintosh platform after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop. Apple introduced the Macintosh Office suite the same year with the "Lemmings" ad. Infamous for insulting its own potential customers, the ad was not successful.

Question: What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after "1984" was aired?


Answer: This was a time-consuming task

Question: Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?


Answer: 1984

Question: What year did Microsoft's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?


Answer: 1985

Question: What year was Apple's Macintosh Office suite introduced?


Answer: insulting its own potential customers

Question: What did Apple's "Lemmings" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?


Answer: Apple

Context: Apple has generally dominated the premium PC market, having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000 in 2009, according to NPD. The Macintosh took 45 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, compared to 13 percent for Dell, seven percent for Hewlett Packard, six percent for Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer. While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady, in comparison to Apple's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs. It also helped that the Macintosh lineup is simple, updated on a yearly schedule, and consistent across both Apple retail stores, and authorized resellers where they have a special "store within a store" section to distinguish them from Windows PCs. In contrast, Windows PC manufacturers generally have a wide range of offerings, selling only a portion through retail with a full selection on the web, and often with limited-time or region-specific models. The Macintosh ranked third on the "list of intended brands for desktop purchases" for the 2011 holiday season, then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard, and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell.

Question: According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?


Answer: third

Question: What was Macintosh ranked on the "list of intended brands for desktop purchases" for the 2011 holiday season?


Answer: Hewlett Packard

Question: Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season "list of intended brands for desktop purchases"?


Answer: Dell

Question: Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season "list of intended brands for desktop purchases"?


Answer: MacBooks

Question: Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?


Answer: memory

Context: The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.

Question: What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?


Answer: a hard disk drive

Question: What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?


Answer: larger-capacity chips

Question: What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?


Answer: quadruple

Question: How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?


Answer: the logic board

Question: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?


Answer: they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI

Context: In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple's actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years.

Question: On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?


Answer: against Apple

Question: How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?


Answer: seven years

Question: How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?


Answer: the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows

Question: What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?


Answer: GUIs in general

Question: What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?


Answer: confused potential buyers

Context: Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform.

Question: What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?


Answer: Macintosh clones

Question: What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?


Answer: cheaper hardware

Question: What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?


Answer: market share

Question: What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?


Answer: Apple

Question: Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?


Answer: early 2001

Context: In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been "late to the party" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a "digital hub" that linked and enabled an "emerging digital lifestyle". Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs, along with a controversial "Rip, Mix, Burn" advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy. This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device. Apple continued to launch products, such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube, the education-oriented eMac, and the titanium (and later aluminium) PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals.

Question: When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?


Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?


Answer: DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives

Question: What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?


Answer: "Rip, Mix, Burn"

Question: Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?


Answer: Power Mac G4 Cube

Question: What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?


Answer: Macintosh Portable

Context: It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer, the Macintosh Portable in 1989. Although due to considerable design issues, it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple's first portable computer to feature a color screen, displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution. The second generation of PowerBooks, the 68040-equipped 500 series, introduced trackpads, integrated stereo speakers, and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994.

Question: What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?


Answer: 1989

Question: When was the Macintosh Portable first released?


Answer: the PowerBook line

Question: What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?


Answer: a color screen

Question: What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?


Answer: second

Question: Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?


Answer: Darwin and NEXTSTEP

Context: In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple introduced Mac OS X 10.8 in February, and it was made available in the summer of 2012. Mountain Lion includes many new features, such as Mission Control, the Mac App Store (available to Mac OS X v10.6.6 "Snow Leopard." users by software update), Launchpad, an application viewer and launcher akin to the iOS Home Screen, and Resume, a feature similar to the hibernate function found in Microsoft Windows. The most recent version is OS X El Capitan . In addition to Mavericks, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player. Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June, and released it on October 15 of that year. It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later. Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps, functions, and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support, iBooks, Maps, app nap, and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life.

Question: What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?


Answer: everyone running Snow Leopard or later

Question: Who did Apple make Maverick free to?


Answer: most Macs from 2007 and later

Question: What computers is Maverick compatible with?


Answer: Mavericks

Question: What brought better multi display support to Mac?


Answer: 2013

Question: When was Mavericks introduced?


Answer: Power Mac G4 Cube

Context: In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube, their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3, to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4. Even with its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales. Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations, compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter, and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001. A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup, and it was discontinued in July 2001.

Question: What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?


Answer: too expensive

Question: Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?


Answer: earlier perception

Question: What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?


Answer: July 2001

Question: When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?


Answer: one third of expectations

Question: How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?


Answer: malware and spyware

Context: Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.

Question: Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?


Answer: early 2011

Question: When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?


Answer: an increasing problem

Question: How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?


Answer: 100,000

Question: How many users were affected by the increase in malware?


Answer: the removal

Question: What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?


Answer: slightly over 14%

Context: By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market.

Question: What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?


Answer: a budget PC

Question: Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?


Answer: Steve Jobs' return

Question: Apple has remained profitable since what time?


Answer: a higher-income demographic

Question: According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?


Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?


Answer: Jean-Louis Gassée

Context: Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names.

Question: Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?


Answer: a component shortage

Question: What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?


Answer: cut prices

Question: What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?


Answer: Apple USA head

Question: Who was Allan Loren?


Answer: May 1990

Question: When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?


Answer: CRT displays

Context: Starting in 2002, Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4. However, the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3, largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time. In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3, Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor; however the eMac's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated, while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors. The iMac G4's relatively high prices were approaching that of laptops which were portable and had higher resolution LCD screens. Meanwhile, Windows PC manufacturers could offer desktop configurations with LCD flat panel monitors at prices comparable to the eMac and at much lower cost than the iMac G4. The flop of the Power Mac G4 Cube, along with the more expensive iMac G4 and heavy eMac, meant that Macintosh desktop sales never reached the market share attained by the previous iMac G3. For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady, it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple's sales growth.

Question: What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?


Answer: higher cost of the LCD technology

Question: Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?


Answer: the education market

Question: Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?


Answer: relatively bulky and somewhat outdated

Question: What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?


Answer: the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service

Question: After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?


Answer: seven out of ten

Context: The sales breakdown of the Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs stayed mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009, a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010. The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable (iMac G3) to upscale (iMac G4) and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac, with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini (the only sub-$1000 offering from Apple, albeit without a monitor and keyboard), not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today. The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance, and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers.

Question: In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?


Answer: The use of Intel microprocessors

Question: What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?


Answer: Intel's latest CPUs

Question: In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?


Answer: MacBooks

Question: What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?


Answer: Mac Mini

Question: What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?


Answer: its multiple consumer-level desktop models

Context: In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand. Since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops (the all-in-one iMac, entry-level Mac mini, and the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation), and four laptops (the MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Pro with Retina display). Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro.

Question: What did Apple consolidate in 1998?


Answer: iMac G3

Question: What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?


Answer: revitalized the brand

Question: What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?


Answer: 2011

Question: When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?


Answer: Mac Mini and Mac Pro

Question: What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?


Answer: over a personality conflict with Jobs

Context: Burrel's innovative design, which combined the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisa's CPU, the Motorola 68K, received the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began to focus his attention on the project. Raskin left the team in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs. Team member Andy Hertzfeld said that the final Macintosh design is closer to Jobs' ideas than Raskin's. After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC, Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and its Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group's own ideas. Jobs also commissioned industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh line, resulting in the "Snow White" design language; although it came too late for the earliest Macs, it was implemented in most other mid- to late-1980s Apple computers. However, Jobs' leadership at the Macintosh project did not last; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley, Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985. He went on to found NeXT, another computer company targeting the education market, and did not return until 1997, when Apple acquired NeXT.

Question: Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?


Answer: Jobs

Question: According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?


Answer: Apple stock options

Question: What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?


Answer: Xerox PARC

Question: Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?


Answer: an internal power struggle

Question: What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?


Answer: the third industry standard

Context: Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction "we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC—including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet—although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs.

Question: What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?


Answer: Only about ten

Question: How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?


Answer: 79

Question: How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?


Answer: 280,000

Question: How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?


Answer: two

Question: How many databases did Apple have available the first year?


Answer: Motorola

Context: Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

Question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?


Answer: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

Question: What powered the Macintosh II?


Answer: $5500

Question: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?


Answer: The Macintosh II

Question: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?


Answer: the IBM PC

Question: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?


Answer: Macintosh

Context: Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, and according to a common saying at the time "Windows was not as good as Macintosh, but it was good enough for the average user". Though still a graphical wrapper that relied upon MS-DOS, 3.0 was the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the much more expensive Macintosh platform. It also did not help matters that during the previous year Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers. Finally, there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry in 1989, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins.

Question: When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?


Answer: the average user

Question: Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?


Answer: a component shortage

Question: What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?


Answer: Apple USA head Allan Loren

Question: Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?


Answer: Macintosh platform

Question: What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?


Answer: Intel chips

Context: Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips. Apple concluded that Intel's CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture ultimately would not be able to compete against RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip, the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems, especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed, giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents. Apple's product design and engineering didn't help matters as they restricted the use of the '040 to their expensive Quadras for a time while the 486 was readily available to OEMs as well as enthusiasts who put together their own machines. In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the '040 in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series, several years after the first 486-powered IBM compatible laptops hit the market which cost Apple considerable sales. In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486, while the Motorola 68050 was never released, leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology. In 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. However, in the long run, spurning Intel for the PowerPC was a mistake as the commoditization of Intel-architecture chips meant Apple couldn't compete on price against "the Dells of the world".

Question: What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?


Answer: Motorola 68040

Question: Which platform did Apple choose to use?


Answer: Intel

Question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?


Answer: a generation

Question: How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?


Answer: 1994

Question: When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?


Answer: Bondi blue

Context: In 1998, Apple introduced its new iMac which, like the original 128K Mac, was an all-in-one computer. Its translucent plastic case, originally Bondi blue and later various additional colors, is considered an industrial design landmark of the late 1990s. The iMac did away with most of Apple's standard (and usually proprietary) connections, such as SCSI and ADB, in favor of two USB ports. It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software, but was incapable of writing to CDs or other media without external third-party hardware. The iMac proved to be phenomenally successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days. It made the company an annual profit of US$309 million, Apple's first profitable year since Michael Spindler took over as CEO in 1995. This aesthetic was applied to the Power Macintosh and later the iBook, Apple's first consumer-level laptop computer, filling the missing quadrant of Apple's "four-square product matrix" (desktop and portable products for both consumers and professionals). More than 140,000 pre-orders were placed before it started shipping in September, and by October proved to be a large success.

Question: What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?


Answer: two USB ports

Question: What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?


Answer: a CD-ROM drive

Question: What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?


Answer: external third-party hardware

Question: What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?


Answer: 800,000

Question: How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?


Answer: 2006

Context: Apple discontinued the use of PowerPC microprocessors in 2006. At WWDC 2005, Steve Jobs announced this transition, revealing that Mac OS X was always developed to run on both the Intel and PowerPC architectures. All new Macs now use x86 processors made by Intel, and some were renamed as a result. Intel-based Macs running OS X 10.6 and below (support has been discontinued since 10.7) can run pre-existing software developed for PowerPC using an emulator called Rosetta, although at noticeably slower speeds than native programs. However, the Classic environment is unavailable on the Intel architecture. Intel chips introduced the potential to run the Microsoft Windows operating system natively on Apple hardware, without emulation software such as Virtual PC. In March 2006, a group of hackers announced that they were able to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac. The group released their software as open source and has posted it for download on their website. On April 5, 2006, Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp, software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7. Classic was discontinued in Mac OS X 10.5, and Boot Camp became a standard feature on Intel-based Macs.

Question: When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?


Answer: a group of hackers

Question: Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?


Answer: for download on their website

Question: How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?


Answer: April 5, 2006

Question: When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?


Answer: Boot Camp

Question: What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?


Answer: Apple

Context: Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels. Macs did not natively support pointing devices that featured multiple buttons, even from third parties, until Mac OS X arrived in 2001. Apple continued to offer only single button mice, in both wired and Bluetooth wireless versions, until August 2005, when it introduced the Mighty Mouse. While it looked like a traditional one-button mouse, it actually had four buttons and a scroll ball, capable of independent x- and y-axis movement. A Bluetooth version followed in July 2006. In October 2009, Apple introduced the Magic Mouse, which uses multi-touch gesture recognition (similar to that of the iPhone) instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball. It is available only in a wireless configuration, but the wired Mighty Mouse (re-branded as "Apple Mouse") is still available as an alternative. Since 2010, Apple has also offered the Magic Trackpad as a means to control Macintosh desktop computers in a way similar to laptops.

Question: Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?


Answer: Mighty Mouse

Question: What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?


Answer: four

Question: How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?


Answer: multi-touch gesture recognition

Question: What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?


Answer: Magic Mouse

Question: What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?


Answer: third-party platform virtualization

Context: Following the release of Intel-based Macs, third-party platform virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, and VirtualBox began to emerge. These programs allow users to run Microsoft Windows or previously Windows-only software on Macs at near native speed. Apple also released Boot Camp and Mac-specific Windows drivers that help users to install Windows XP or Vista and natively dual boot between Mac OS X and Windows. Though not condoned by Apple, it is possible to run the Linux operating system using Boot camp or other virtualization workarounds. Unlike most PCs, however, Macs are unable to run many legacy PC operating systems. In particular, Intel-based macs lack the A20 gate.

Question: What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?


Answer: at near native speed

Question: At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?


Answer: the Linux operating system

Question: What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?


Answer: the A20 gate

Question: What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?


Answer: MacBook Air

Context: Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air. The Air has been the best-selling ultra-portable in certain countries over Windows Ultrabooks, particularly the United States. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction". The Air was among the first to receive Intel's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers, and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, although being one of the higher-priced competitors, though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air. The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established "elitist aura" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were.

Question: What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?


Answer: MacBook Air

Question: What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?


Answer: Intel's latest CPUs

Question: What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?


Answer: 56

Question: Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?


Answer: when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks

Question: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?


Answer: counter-air defence

Context: Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

Question: What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?


Answer: the effectiveness of hostile air action

Question: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?


Answer: passive measures

Question: Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?


Answer: homeland defence

Question: What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?


Answer: anti-aircraft warfare

Question: What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?


Answer: Protivovozdushnaya oborona

Context: Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

Question: What is the Russian term for air defence?


Answer: zenitnye

Question: What are the AA systems called in Russian?


Answer: PVO

Question: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?


Answer: DCA

Question: What is air defence called in French?


Answer: aéronef

Question: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?


Answer: during the First World War

Context: Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".

Question: When were sensors initially developed?


Answer: optronics

Question: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?


Answer: Britain

Question: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?


Answer: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command

Question: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?


Answer: NATO

Question: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?


Answer: Soviet Union

Context: The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively

Question: Which country had the most severe case?


Answer: Voyska PVO

Question: This separate service was known as what in the Soviet Union?


Answer: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems

Question: What two systems did Voyska PVO have?


Answer: 1954

Question: What year did the PVO Strany become independent?


Answer: PVO SV

Question: What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?


Answer: 30 September 1915

Context: On 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots died from their injuries. The cannon Ljutovac used was not designed as an anti-aircraft gun, it was a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured during the First Balkan War in 1912. This was the first occasion in military history that a military aircraft was shot down with ground-to-air fire.

Question: When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac?


Answer: 45

Question: How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?


Answer: Radoje Ljutovac

Question: Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?


Answer: both pilots died

Question: What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?


Answer: First Balkan War in 1912

Question: Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?


Answer: successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position

Context: AA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as their target moved. In this method when the sights were on the target, the barrel was pointed at the target's future position. Range and height of the target determined fuse length. The difficulties increased as aircraft performance improved.

Question: What was the problem with AA gunnery?


Answer: predicted trajectory

Question: Different things could affect what with the shell?


Answer: 'off-set' angles for range and elevation

Question: What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?


Answer: the target's future position

Question: Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?


Answer: Range and height of the target

Question: What two things figured the fuse length?


Answer: World War I

Context: World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force. As the capabilities of aircraft and their engines improved it was clear that their role in future war would be even more critical as their range and weapon load grew. However, in the years immediately after World War I the prospect of another major war seemed remote, particularly in Europe where the most militarily capable nations were, and little financing was available.

Question: What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?


Answer: Gotha G.V bombers

Question: In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?


Answer: an independent air force

Question: The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?


Answer: their range and weapon load

Question: The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?


Answer: Europe

Question: Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?


Answer: eight

Context: From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain. Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft. However, the German Würzburg radar was capable of providing data suitable for controlling AA guns and the British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL radar was designed to be used on AA gun positions.

Question: How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?


Answer: Britain

Question: Where was the Observer Corps based?


Answer: 1925

Question: When was the Observer Corps formed?


Answer: hostile aircraft flying over Britain

Question: What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?


Answer: radar

Question: What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?


Answer: RAF

Context: Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.

Question: Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?


Answer: .50-inch

Question: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?


Answer: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell

Question: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?


Answer: The air-cooled Bofors

Question: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?


Answer: The Predictor AA No 3

Question: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?


Answer: solid fuel rockets

Context: During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period.

Question: What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?


Answer: for anti-aircraft fire

Question: Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?


Answer: unrotated projectiles

Question: What were rockets called at this time?


Answer: 2-inch

Question: How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?


Answer: 3-inch

Question: What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?


Answer: the Bofors 40 mm

Context: The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.

Question: What did the British get a license to build?


Answer: aircraft of any size

Question: While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?


Answer: a movie

Question: What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?


Answer: The Gun

Question: What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?


Answer: Americans

Question: Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?


Answer: The interceptor aircraft

Context: The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs. Invariably the type is differentiated from other fighter aircraft designs by higher speeds and shorter operating ranges, as well as much reduced ordnance payloads.

Question: What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?


Answer: bombers

Question: What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?


Answer: after the end of World War II

Question: When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?


Answer: the late 1960s

Question: When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?


Answer: ICBMs

Question: The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?


Answer: the laser

Context: Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.

Question: What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?


Answer: the late 1960s

Question: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?


Answer: Tactical High Energy Laser

Question: What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?


Answer: experimental usefulness

Question: The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?


Answer: in the next ten years

Question: When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?


Answer: Area air defence

Context: Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system (in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area). An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War, where the objective was to cover populated areas.

Question: What is the air defence of a certain area called?


Answer: Air Forces

Question: Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?


Answer: CIM-10 Bomarc

Question: What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?


Answer: medium to long range

Question: What range do area defence systems have?


Answer: to cover populated areas

Question: What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?


Answer: Britain

Context: The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; "ack-ack" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of "AA"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line "Archibald, certainly not!").

Question: Which country probably coined the term air defence?


Answer: Air Defence of Great Britain

Question: What does ADGB stand for?


Answer: 1925

Question: What year was the ADGB created?


Answer: Amyas Borton

Question: Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?


Answer: "Archibald, certainly not!"

Question: What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?


Answer: detect hostile aircraft

Context: The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target, or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it, taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile.

Question: What is the first purpose of air defence?


Answer: destroy them

Question: What is the second purpose of air defence?


Answer: to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space

Question: What is the critical issue in air defence?


Answer: at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it

Question: Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?


Answer: speed and direction

Question: What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?


Answer: Passive air defence

Context: Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green.

Question: What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?


Answer: ground forces

Question: Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?


Answer: concealment

Question: Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?


Answer: important buildings

Question: What was camouflaged during World War II?


Answer: the Cold War

Question: Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?


Answer: 2 to 12

Context: The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs.

Question: How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?


Answer: fire control elements

Question: In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?


Answer: in a small area

Question: Where do batteries typically get deployed?


Answer: SHORAD

Question: Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?


Answer: MANPADS

Question: Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?


Answer: in the air

Context: The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

Question: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?


Answer: shrapnel

Question: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?


Answer: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)

Question: Airburst fuses could be which two things?


Answer: Zeppelins

Question: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?


Answer: Smoke shells

Question: What was used as targets in training practices?


Answer: aimed fire

Context: Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,000 feet. Mechanical, as opposed to igniferous, time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight. Automated fire ensured a constant rate of fire that made it easier to predict where each shell should be individually aimed.

Question: What was the primary method for HAA fire?


Answer: its height

Question: Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?


Answer: speed and height

Question: Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?


Answer: 24,000 feet

Question: Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?


Answer: Mechanical

Question: What kind of fuses were needed?


Answer: throughout the inter-war period

Context: The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.

Question: When were improvements developed for these guns?


Answer: 1940

Question: What year was the M1 version approved?


Answer: 90 mm AA gun

Question: Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?


Answer: 1924

Question: When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?


Answer: two 3-inch AA guns

Question: What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?


Answer: Soviet Union

Context: In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent.

Question: Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?


Answer: NATO's Allied Command Europe

Question: What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?


Answer: forces in the field

Question: Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?


Answer: A surface-based air defence capability

Question: What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?


Answer: a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon

Context: After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.

Question: What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?


Answer: John M. Browning

Question: Who designed this cannon?


Answer: 125

Question: How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?


Answer: Bofors 40 mm

Question: What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?


Answer: US Navy

Question: What other US group was interested in the Bofors?


Answer: a 75 mm gun from Krupp

Context: Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as particularly deadly against light, medium, and even early heavy tanks.

Question: High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?


Answer: Bofors

Question: Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?


Answer: a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36

Question: Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?


Answer: Spain

Question: Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?


Answer: Spanish Civil War

Question: What war was the FlaK first used in?


Answer: 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system

Context: A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable, although they receive little attention. Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank's turret, as four of the ground-used "heavy barrel" (M2HB) guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm's M45 Quadmount weapons system (as a direct answer to the Flakvierling),which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Aircraft. Although of less power than Germany's 20 mm systems, the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other, rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft.

Question: What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?


Answer: Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems

Question: What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?


Answer: four

Question: How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?


Answer: the Flakvierling

Question: This system was a direct answer to what?


Answer: many kilometers

Question: The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?


Answer: barrage balloons

Context: Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences.

Question: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?


Answer: bomber aircraft over cities

Question: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?


Answer: steel cable

Question: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?


Answer: fly at a higher altitude

Question: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?


Answer: minimal

Question: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?


Answer: The maximum distance

Context: The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One term is 'ceiling', maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically, not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically, and maximum fuse duration may be too short, but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons.

Question: What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?


Answer: only the ascending part of the trajectory

Question: What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?


Answer: maximum ceiling

Question: What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?


Answer: vertically

Question: Few AA guns are able to fire which way?


Answer: guns

Context: As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.

Question: The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?


Answer: armored cars and tank chassis

Question: Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?


Answer: in the 1960s

Question: When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?


Answer: MANPADs

Question: What are man-portable missiles better known as?


Answer: the 1960s

Question: When were MANPADs introduced?