Answer: hub-and-spoke

Context: Houston's highway system has a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile (13 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles (37 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway), will form a third loop outside of Houston, totaling 180 miles in length and making an almost-complete circumference, with the exception of crossing the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern segments, totaling 38 miles, are actively under construction and scheduled to open to traffic late in 2015. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway loop mentioned above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently operates four spoke tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other spoke roads either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway.

Question: What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston?


Answer: Interstate 610

Question: What encircles the downtown area of Houston?


Answer: 8-mile

Question: What is the diameter of the downtown area?


Answer: middle loop

Question: What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8?


Answer: 23 miles

Question: What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8?


Answer: tenth-busiest

Context: The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.

Question: How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?


Answer: 182

Question: How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?


Answer: 2006

Question: When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?


Answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport

Question: Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?


Answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport

Question: What is Houston's primary airport?


Answer: Cyprus

Context: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

Question: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?


Answer: сuprum

Question: What term does the name copper originate from?


Answer: copper(II) salts

Question: What componds are common in copper?


Answer: blue

Question: What is one color common in copper salts?


Answer: green verdigris

Question: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.


Answer: 9000 BC

Context: Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

Question: When was copper first known to have been used?


Answer: Middle East

Question: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?


Answer: 2800 BC

Question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?


Answer: iron smelting

Question: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?


Answer: 5500 BC

Question: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?


Answer: Corinthian bronze

Context: The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.

Question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?


Answer: depletion gilding

Question: How is Corinthian bronze made?


Answer: Alexandria

Question: Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced?


Answer: copper

Question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?


Answer: Baghdad Battery

Question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?


Answer: copper

Context: Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation.

Question: What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?


Answer: Electrical wiring

Question: What is the most important market for copper today?


Answer: Roughly half

Question: How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?


Answer: aluminium

Question: What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?


Answer: high electrical conductivity

Question: What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?


Answer: biostatic

Context: Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

Question: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?


Answer: Muntz metal

Question: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?


Answer: ships

Question: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?


Answer: netting materials

Question: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?


Answer: corrosion-resistant

Question: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?


Answer: group 11

Context: Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

Question: What group of the periodic table is copper in?


Answer: one s-orbital electron

Question: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.


Answer: filled d-electron shell

Question: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?


Answer: fine-grained polycrystalline form

Question: How is copper normally supplied?


Answer: monocrystalline forms

Question: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?


Answer: 50 parts per million

Context: Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

Question: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.


Answer: 420 tonnes

Question: How large was the biggest find of copper?


Answer: 1857

Question: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?


Answer: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm

Question: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?


Answer: Michigan, US

Question: Where was the largest mass of copper found?


Answer: chalkos

Context: In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.

Question: What was copper called in Greece?


Answer: Cyprus

Question: In what area was copper first mined?


Answer: Aphrodite

Question: What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?


Answer: Venus

Question: What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?


Answer: lustrous beauty

Question: What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?


Answer: organocopper compounds

Context: Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands.

Question: What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?


Answer: copper(I) oxide

Question: What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?


Answer: Gilman reagent

Question: What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?


Answer: alkyl halides

Question: Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?


Answer: Copper(I) acetylide

Question: Which form of copper is shock sensitive?


Answer: Renaissance sculptors

Context: The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.

Question: Who used copper to produce art?


Answer: daguerreotype

Question: What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?


Answer: Statue of Liberty

Question: What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?


Answer: Christopher Columbus

Question: What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?


Answer: 1830

Question: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?


Answer: conductivity

Context: Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.

Question: What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?


Answer: 43%-46%

Question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?


Answer: 69%

Question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?


Answer: National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Question: What does the acronym NEMA stand for?


Answer: efficiency standards

Question: By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?


Answer: Chromobacterium violaceum

Context: Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

Question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?


Answer: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

Question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?


Answer: Suillus luteus

Question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity?


Answer: Aspergillus niger

Question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution?


Answer: fungus Aspergillus

Question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?


Answer: antimicrobial

Context: Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011–2014.

Question: What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?


Answer: 99.9%

Question: 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?


Answer: Environmental Protection Agency

Question: What does the acronym EPA stand for?


Answer: 355

Question: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?


Answer: Legionnaires' disease

Question: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?


Answer: wood preservative

Context: Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.

Question: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?


Answer: moss

Question: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?


Answer: antimicrobial protective fabrics

Question: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?


Answer: as a base

Question: How is copper used with nickel?


Answer: Copper compounds

Question: What is used to treat structures for dry rot?


Answer: at least 10,000 years

Context: Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.

Question: How long has copper been in use?


Answer: 95%

Question: What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?


Answer: more than half

Question: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?


Answer: 1014 tons

Question: How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?


Answer: Recycling

Question: What is a major source of cooper in modern times?


Answer: copper lumps

Context: The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.

Question: What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?


Answer: the shape and look

Question: What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?


Answer: Julius Caesar

Question: Who had his own coins produced out of brass?


Answer: 15,000 t

Question: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?


Answer: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys

Question: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?


Answer: 60%

Context: The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.

Question: What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?


Answer: 20%

Question: What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?


Answer: 15%

Question: What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?


Answer: hardness

Question: What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?


Answer: brass

Question: What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?


Answer: The softness

Context: The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.

Question: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?


Answer: silver

Question: What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?


Answer: 3.1×106 A/m2

Question: What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?


Answer: corrosion

Question: What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?


Answer: it begins to heat excessively

Question: What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?


Answer: copper sulfides

Context: Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.

Question: In what form is copper extracted?


Answer: open pit mines

Question: From what types of mines is copper extracted?


Answer: 0.4 to 1.0% copper

Question: What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?


Answer: Chile

Question: What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?


Answer: in-situ leach process

Question: What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?


Answer: 100%

Context: Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).

Question: What percent of copper is recyclable?


Answer: 80%

Question: What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?


Answer: aluminium

Question: What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?


Answer: aluminium

Question: Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?


Answer: 35–55 kg

Question: What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?


Answer: green

Context: The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.

Question: What pigment color is natural to copper?


Answer: highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion

Question: What property does the final patina on cooper have?


Answer: carbonate and sulfate

Question: What mixture of compounds is the final patina?


Answer: environmental

Question: What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?


Answer: finished

Question: What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?


Answer: suicide attempts

Context: Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.

Question: What are copper salts sometimes used for?


Answer: copper toxicity

Question: When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?


Answer: 3 ppm

Question: What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?


Answer: growth rates

Question: What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?


Answer: 30 mg/kg

Question: What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?


Answer: 3rd–2nd century BC

Context: Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd–2nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century.

Question: When did Britain first use brass?


Answer: Native Americans

Question: Who were the first copper miners in North America?


Answer: Isle Royale

Question: Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?


Answer: Peru

Question: What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD


Answer: early 20th century

Question: When did commercial production of copper begin?


Answer: 29

Context: There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3⁄2. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by β−, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by β+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.

Question: How many isotopes are there of copper?


Answer: 63Cu and 65Cu

Question: What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?


Answer: 63Cu

Question: Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?


Answer: 3.8 minutes

Question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?


Answer: 61.83 hours

Question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?


Answer: cupronickel

Context: The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

Question: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?


Answer: low-denomination coins

Question: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?


Answer: 75% copper and 25% nickel

Question: What is the metal composition of a US nickel?


Answer: resistance to corrosion

Question: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?


Answer: golden

Question: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?


Answer: Polyols

Context: Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.

Question: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?


Answer: reducing sugars

Question: What are copper salts used to test?


Answer: color change

Question: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?


Answer: reddish

Question: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?


Answer: cellulose

Question: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?


Answer: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze

Context: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.

Question: What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?


Answer: 4500 BC

Question: What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?


Answer: 3700–3300 BC

Question: When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?


Answer: Chalcolithic

Question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?


Answer: Brass

Question: What is an alloy of copper and zinc?


Answer: 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass

Context: Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.

Question: What is the level of copper in the human body?


Answer: in the gut

Question: How is copper absorbed in humans?


Answer: albumin

Question: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?


Answer: Ceruloplasmin

Question: What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?


Answer: via bile

Question: How can the body get rid of excess copper?


Answer: 0.6%

Context: The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:

Question: What is the average concentration of copper in ores?


Answer: sulfides

Question: What are most commercial ores?


Answer: floats on top

Question: What happens to the silicate slag during the flash smelting process?


Answer: iron

Question: What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?


Answer: oxides

Question: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?


Answer: four

Context: Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light. The same mechanism accounts for the yellow color of gold and caesium.

Question: How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?


Answer: orange-red

Question: What color is pure copper?


Answer: reddish tarnish

Question: What does copper aquire when exposed to air?


Answer: orange light

Question: The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?


Answer: yellow

Question: What color is the metal caesium?


Answer: architectural material

Context: Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.

Question: What has copper been used for since ancient times?


Answer: antimicrobial indoor products

Question: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?


Answer: low thermal movement

Question: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?


Answer: hundreds or thousands of years

Question: How long has copper been used in building construction?


Answer: antimicrobial

Question: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?


Answer: A psychological identity

Context: A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity" (Weinreich, 1986a).

Question: Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?


Answer: ethnic identity

Question: What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?


Answer: identity

Question: What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?


Answer: one's self-construal

Question: A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?


Answer: individual and group identity

Context: The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

Question: The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?


Answer: Weinreich

Question: Who developed the ISA?


Answer: Identity Structure Analysis

Question: ISA stands for what?


Answer: Weinreich's identity variant

Context: Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 65–67; 105-106). Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 22–23).

Question: Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?


Answer: diffused

Question: Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?


Answer: foreclosed or defensive

Question: Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?


Answer: the identity variant

Question: An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?


Answer: an optimal level

Question: What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?


Answer: Anthropologists

Context: Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses" (1969:15), social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.

Question: What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?


Answer: an appropriate analytical tool

Question: What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?


Answer: Barth

Question: What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?


Answer: the framework

Question: If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?


Answer: identity

Question: Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?


Answer: one's total identity

Context: The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The definition readily applies to the young child, to the adolescent, to the young adult, and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle. Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one's powers, how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers. Likewise, how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one's age and accumulated experiences. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, pp 26–34).

Question: What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?


Answer: age and accumulated experiences

Question: How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?


Answer: the life cycle

Question: The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?


Answer: the height of one's powers

Question: The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?


Answer: identity

Context: Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information (Cote & Levin 2002).

Question: What is distinct from the self?


Answer: how identity is maintained

Question: What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?


Answer: self-esteem

Question: What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?


Answer: self-psychology

Question: The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?


Answer: the social environment

Context: At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior.

Question: Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?


Answer: mental events and states

Question: What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?


Answer: identity

Question: What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?


Answer: identity

Context: Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall social context. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people.

Question: What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?


Answer: anthropologists

Question: Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?


Answer: the Eriksonian approach

Question: Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?


Answer: inclusive or exclusive

Context: Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.

Question: What are the two types of group boundaries?


Answer: exclusive

Question: A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?


Answer: inclusive

Question: A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?


Answer: language

Question: What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?


Answer: Neo-Eriksonian

Context: The "Neo-Eriksonian" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the explorations and commitments that he or she makes regarding certain personal and social traits. It follows that the core of the research in this paradigm investigates the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations, and the degree to which he or she displays a commitment to those explorations.

Question: What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?


Answer: exploration and commitment

Question: The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?


Answer: any individual's sense of identity

Question: In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?


Answer: a sense of positive self-esteem

Context: Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others (Cote & Levine 2002).

Question: What do many people gain from their identity groups?


Answer: discrimination

Question: People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?


Answer: the social identity tradition

Question: Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?


Answer: social identity theory

Question: Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?


Answer: a primordialist approach

Context: The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

Question: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?


Answer: social constructionist theory

Question: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?


Answer: political and historical contexts

Question: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?


Answer: the lens of identity

Context: The implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or "dirty work" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy and Trethewey (2005) state that "individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a "preferred organizational self" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of "glorified maids" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). "The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices." Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33). People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. "Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one's work is considered "dirty" by societal standards" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 7). "In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. "If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33).

Question: Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?


Answer: glorified maids

Question: What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?


Answer: occupational settings

Question: The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?


Answer: an identity they can live with

Question: What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?


Answer: workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life

Question: What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?


Answer: benign

Context: However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).

Question: What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?


Answer: malign

Question: What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?


Answer: defensive contra-identification

Question: Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?


Answer: significant others

Question: The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?


Answer: relative weakness or relative strength

Context: A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them.

Question: What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?


Answer: identity diffusion

Question: What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?


Answer: identity foreclosure

Question: What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?


Answer: identity moratorium

Question: What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?


Answer: identity achievement

Question: What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?


Answer: category of analysis

Context: These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

Question: Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?


Answer: their own preconceptions of identity

Question: What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?


Answer: the idea of identification

Question: The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea?


Answer: human social self-expression

Question: Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?


Answer: define it empirically

Question: What is it impossible to do with identity?


Answer: Gender identity

Context: Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also be more or less significant – or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26–34). In cognitive psychology, the term "identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)

Question: What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?


Answer: identity

Question: What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?


Answer: cognitive psychology

Question: Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?


Answer: Erik Erikson

Context: Erik Erikson (1902-1994) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as "the self"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. The process of forming a viable sense of identity for the culture is conceptualized as an adolescent task, and those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their initially given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion (Cote & Levine 2002, p. 22).

Question: Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?


Answer: ego identity

Question: What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?


Answer: the personal identity

Question: The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?


Answer: the social identity or the cultural identity

Question: What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?


Answer: the psychodynamic tradition

Question: In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?


Answer: Laing's

Context: Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. (Saunderson and O'Kane, 2005). Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.

Question: Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?


Answer: metaperspective of self

Question: One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?


Answer: self/identity

Question: The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?


Answer: Kenneth Gergen

Context: Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social "self". The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.

Question: Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?


Answer: The strategic manipulator

Question: In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?


Answer: The pastiche personality

Question: In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?


Answer: the relational self

Question: In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?


Answer: postmodern culture

Question: The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?


Answer: the concept of boundaries

Context: As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.

Question: What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?


Answer: identity

Question: What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?


Answer: other social beings

Question: Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?


Answer: boundaries

Question: What do markers help create?


Answer: influence

Question: Markers can be used to exert what on other people?


Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Context: The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]

Question: What is the third fastest growing economy in India?


Answer: fourth

Question: What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?


Answer: Abundance of perennial rivers

Question: What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?


Answer: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture

Question: What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?


Answer: Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan

Question: What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?


Answer: 15 April 1948

Context: After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Indian Union.

Question: When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?


Answer: 18 December 1970

Question: When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?


Answer: 25 January 1971

Question: When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?


Answer: 1 November 1956

Question: When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?


Answer: as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states

Question: Why did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?


Answer: In the assembly elections held in November 2012

Context: In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.

Question: When did Congress secure an absolute majority?


Answer: 36 of the 68 seats

Question: How many seats did Congress win?


Answer: Virbhadra Singh

Question: Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?


Answer: Governor Urmila Singh

Question: Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?


Answer: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla

Question: Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?


Answer: hydro electric resources

Context: Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at ₹ 254 billion as against ₹ 230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%. The recent years witnessed quick establishment of International Entrepreneurship. Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut have rapidly spread.

Question: Himachal is extremely rich in?


Answer: Himachal

Question: Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?


Answer: 20,300MW

Question: How much hydroelectric power can be generated?


Answer: Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut

Question: What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?


Answer: ₹ 254 billion

Question: What is current GDP estimated at?


Answer: handicrafts

Context: The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.

Question: What is the state well known for?


Answer: pit-loom

Question: The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?


Answer: Wool

Question: What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?


Answer: shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours

Question: What is Kullu famous for?


Answer: Kangra miniature paintings

Question: What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?


Answer: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats

Context: The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

Question: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: between 2250 and 1750 BCE

Question: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?


Answer: Mahmud Ghaznavi

Question: Who conquered Kangara?


Answer: 10th century

Question: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?


Answer: Timur and Sikander Lodi

Question: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?


Answer: handicrafts

Context: Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.

Question: What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?


Answer: increased

Question: Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?


Answer: woolen and pashmina shawls

Question: What handcrafts do they include?


Answer: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts

Question: What declined under competition?


Answer: within and outside the country

Question: Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?


Answer: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate

Context: A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Question: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: Superintendent of Police

Question: Who maintains law and order?


Answer: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Question: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?


Answer: 1948

Context: The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Question: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: ₹ 52.7 million

Question: How much was allocated?


Answer: five-year plan

Question: What kind of plan was it?


Answer: fourth

Question: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?


Answer: road construction

Question: What was more than 50% used on?


Answer: 21st

Context: Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

Question: Where did the state place on population chart?


Answer: Tripura

Question: Who was 22nd of chart?


Answer: Kangra district

Question: Who was top ranked in population strength?


Answer: Lahaul Spiti

Question: Who was last in population strength?


Answer: Buddhism and Sikhism

Context: Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: What other religions form a small percentage?


Answer: Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti

Question: Who are mainly Buddhists?


Answer: slightly 2.18%

Question: What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: towns and cities

Question: Where do Sikhs mostly live?


Answer: 1.16%

Question: HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?


Answer: 1768

Context: The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Question: When did the Gurkhas come into power?


Answer: Nepal

Question: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?


Answer: Amar Singh Thapa

Question: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?


Answer: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,

Question: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?


Answer: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami

Question: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?


Answer: great variation

Context: Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Question: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?


Answer: varies from hot and subhumid tropical

Question: What is the climate like?


Answer: summer, winter, and rainy season

Question: What three seasons does Himachal experience?


Answer: mid-April till the end of June

Question: How long does summer last?


Answer: late November till mid March.

Question: How long does winter last?


Answer: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members

Context: Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Question: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?


Answer: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence

Question: Who presides over meetings?


Answer: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.

Question: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?


Answer: The Governor

Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?


Answer: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term

Question: How long are the terms of office?


Answer: its narrow gauge tracks railways

Context: Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot–Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is Railway Himachal famous for?


Answer: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar

Question: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?


Answer: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?


Answer: survey

Question: What is being conducted to extend the railway?


Answer: 259 kilometres (161 mi)

Question: What is the total length of the railways?


Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Context: Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: Who is famous for natural beauty?


Answer: 1814–1816

Question: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?


Answer: snow

Question: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?


Answer: In the lap of Himalayas

Question: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma

Question: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Context: Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Question: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?


Answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

Question: What are the newspapers famous for?


Answer: All major English daily newspapers

Question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?


Answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal

Question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?


Answer: Radio and TV

Question: What has grown significantly?


Answer: Virbhadra Singh

Context: Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Question: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?


Answer: 41 of the 68 seats

Question: How many seats did the BJP win?


Answer: Prem Kumar Dhumal

Question: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?


Answer: December 2007

Question: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?


Answer: 30 December 2007

Question: When was he sworn in?


Answer: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig

Context: Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

Question: What type of agriculture is in the state?


Answer: Solan

Question: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?


Answer: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas

Question: Where is seed potato mostly grown?


Answer: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state

Question: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?


Answer: food grains

Question: What is the state deficient in?


Answer: Himachal

Context: Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

Question: Who was largely untouched by external customs?


Answer: technological advancements

Question: What has made the state change very rapidly?


Answer: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri

Question: What are the common languages spoken?


Answer: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis

Question: Who makes up the tribal populations?


Answer: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states

Question: Himachal is?


Answer: 2006 at Sundernagar

Context: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

Question: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?


Answer: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur

Question: What is the most renowned argricultural institues?


Answer: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)

Question: What are a few pioneer universities in the state?


Answer: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines

Question: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?


Answer: state-owned television broadcaster

Context: Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Question: What is Doordarshan?


Answer: Dial-up access

Question: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?


Answer: Private FM stations

Question: What is available in few cities?


Answer: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel

Question: Who are the cellular phone operators available?


Answer: public radio station

Question: What is All India Radio?