Answer: as the sick man of Europe

Context: The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided. The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States the now aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leaped into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the "Eastern Question," as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe.

Question: How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?


Answer: Christian

Question: The Balkan states were primarily what religion?


Answer: 1894

Question: When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?


Answer: the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people

Question: What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?


Answer: The Hamidian Massacres

Question: What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?


Answer: middle of the 19th century

Context: It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near East" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.

Question: When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?


Answer: the East Indies

Question: In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area


Answer: the Levant

Question: "Near East" applied to this mainly known area


Answer: the Ottoman Porte

Question: What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?


Answer: permits from the Ottoman Empire

Question: What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?


Answer: North Africa west of Egypt

Context: Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia. In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of the sick man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East". It is now generally used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of Western Asia from the Mediterranean to (or including) Iran. There is, in short, no universally understood fixed inventory of nations, languages or historical assets defined to be in it.

Question: What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?


Answer: Barbary Coast

Question: Where were the piratical kingdoms from?


Answer: because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia

Question: Why was Iran included in the collection of regions?


Answer: the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia

Question: What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?


Answer: of the sick man of Europe

Question: The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East"


Answer: the opposites of far and near

Context: The geographical terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century. Both terms were used before then with local British and American meanings: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.

Question: The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what?


Answer: the mid-19th century

Question: When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals?


Answer: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.

Question: The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what?


Answer: The Romans

Context: There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. Usually these terms were given with reference to a geographic feature, such as a mountain range or a river.

Question: Who used the terms near Gaul?


Answer: the Greeks

Question: The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?


Answer: a geographic feature

Question: Usually the terms were given when referencing what?


Answer: Ptolemy's Geography

Context: Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas (including the Tien Shan) were Serica and Serae (sections of China) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.

Question: What divided Asia on a similar basis?


Answer: In the north

Question: "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where?


Answer: To the south

Question: "India on this side of the Ganges" is located where?


Answer: In the north

Question: "Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where?


Answer: on the coast of Anatolia

Question: Where did Asia begin?


Answer: 1670

Context: By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun," used since Roman times for "east." The world map of Jodocus Hondius of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as India Orientalis, shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies.

Question: When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?


Answer: the East Indies

Question: What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become?


Answer: "the East Indies"

Question: China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what?


Answer: "east"

Question: What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?


Answer: 1590

Question: What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map?


Answer: England

Context: Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to Levant Company, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship The Great Susan transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the Ottoman Porte (government of the Ottoman Empire) at Constantinople. Compared to Anatolia, Levant also means "land of the rising sun," but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The East India Company (short for a much longer formal name) was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies.

Question: Where was Elizabeth I from?


Answer: trade with the east

Question: What was Elizabeth primarily interested in?


Answer: English merchants

Question: Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?


Answer: obtain trading concessions by treaty

Question: What was the goal of the first trading companies?


Answer: The East India Company

Question: What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?


Answer: to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire

Context: It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May, 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.

Question: What has pleased western historians?


Answer: The borders

Question: What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?


Answer: the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire

Question: What was the Ottoman Empire created from?


Answer: fighting hand-to-hand in the streets

Question: How did the last Roman emperor die?


Answer: Constantinople

Question: Where was the Roman emperor's capital?


Answer: Turkish rule

Context: The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the Barbary pirates to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.

Question: The populations did not accept what?


Answer: 1688

Question: The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year?


Answer: the Serbian Revolution

Question: What created Serbia?


Answer: 1815–1833

Question: When was the Serbian Revolution?


Answer: 1821–1832

Question: When was the Greek War of Independence?


Answer: 1853

Context: In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region.

Question: When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?


Answer: 1853–1856

Question: When was the Crimean War?


Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?


Answer: the incursions of the Russian Empire

Question: What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?


Answer: the Balkan region

Question: The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?


Answer: 1855

Context: Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to "the Near East," the Ottoman Empire, and "the Far East," the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated.

Question: Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region?


Answer: The Crimean War

Question: What brought a change in vocabulary?


Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?


Answer: the British government

Question: Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power?


Answer: the British Empire

Question: What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?


Answer: 1855

Context: In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:

Question: When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?


Answer: Thomas Taylor Meadows

Question: Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?


Answer: the suggestion by another interpreter

Question: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?


Answer: the letter to the Times

Context: Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general public. They became immediately popular, supplanting "Levant" and "East Indies," which gradually receded to minor usages and then began to change meaning.

Question: What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?


Answer: Meadows' terminology

Question: What was said must represent usage by that administration?


Answer: Duke of Wellington

Question: Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?


Answer: "Near East"

Context: "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the Biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became Biblical archaeology attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology.

Question: What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?


Answer: "the Nearer East,"

Question: What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?


Answer: the Biblical lands

Question: There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?


Answer: the land of the Old and New Testaments

Question: What did the Christians see the country as?


Answer: on the basis of archaeology

Question: How did the scholars attempt their definition?


Answer: 1861

Context: For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:

Question: When was the London Review?


Answer: The London Review of 1861

Question: Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?


Answer: (Telford and Barber

Question: Who wrote The London Review of 1861?


Answer: India

Context: The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.

Question: What region was explicitly excluded?


Answer: the Balkans

Question: What region has no mention?


Answer: regions in their inventory

Question: Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?


Answer: where and why

Context: Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for the Balkans, the region matches the later Middle East. It differs from the Ottoman Empire of the times in including Greece and Iran. Hogarth gives no evidence of being familiar with the contemporaneous initial concept of the Middle East.

Question: What does Hogarth say in detail?


Answer: the classics

Question: Hogarth makes no mention of what?


Answer: geopolitical

Question: How is Hogarth's analysis?


Answer: the 19th century

Context: In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans. For a time, "Near East" meant primarily the Balkans. Robert Hichens' book The Near East (1913) is subtitled Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople.

Question: When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?


Answer: English-speaking public

Question: The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?


Answer: the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians

Question: What was the cause of the onus?


Answer: they were Christians

Question: What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?


Answer: 1913)

Question: When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?


Answer: influential British travellers

Context: The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya. As the book was a big success, he was off to the Balkan states with his wife in 1896 to develop detail for a sequel, The People and Politics of the Near East, which Scribners planned to publish in 1897. Mrs. Norman, a writer herself, wrote glowing letters of the home and person of Mme. Zakki, "the wife of a Turkish cabinet minister," who, she said, was a cultivated woman living in a country home full of books. As for the natives of the Balkans, they were "a semi-civilized people."

Question: Reports from who made the change evident?


Answer: the Far East

Question: Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894


Answer: The Peoples and Politics of the Far East

Question: What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?


Answer: 1895

Question: What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out?


Answer: New York

Context: The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbarians for their own good to something considerably less. The difference was the Hamidian Massacres, which were being conducted even as the couple traveled the Balkans. According to Norman now, the empire had been established by "the Moslem horde" from Asia, which was stopped by "intrepid Hungary." Furthermore, "Greece shook off the turbaned destroyer of her people" and so on. The Russians were suddenly liberators of oppressed Balkan states. Having portrayed the Armenians as revolutionaries in the name of freedom with the expectation of being rescued by the intervention of Christian Europe, he states "but her hope was vain." England had "turned her back." Norman concluded his exhortation with "In the Balkans one learns to hate the Turk." Norman made sure that Gladstone read the article. Prince Nicolas of Montenegro wrote a letter thanking him for his article.

Question: Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?


Answer: June, 1896

Question: When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?


Answer: Scribner's Magazine

Question: What magazine did Norman publish his work in?


Answer: The Russians

Question: Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?


Answer: England

Question: Who did Norman say "turned her back"?


Answer: the countries where "the eastern question" applied

Context: Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania. The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just "the east."

Question: What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"?


Answer: just "the east."

Question: What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?


Answer: The rest of the Ottoman domain

Question: "The East" refers to what?


Answer: 1864–1945

Context: If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East," by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was in effect (whatever his formal associations if any) a point man of British near eastern intelligence.

Question: What was William Miller's life span?


Answer: the Near East

Question: What was William Miller an expert on?


Answer: signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires

Question: So to speak, what did William Miller do?


Answer: Oxford

Question: Where did Miller attend school?


Answer: fighting words

Context: These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances:

Question: Miller's words were considered what?


Answer: Turkey

Question: It was considered Europe needed what country?


Answer: the "collective wisdom" of Europe

Question: What was Miller citing?


Answer: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Context: If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies.

Question: The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?


Answer: the German Empire

Question: Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?


Answer: the Russian Empire

Question: Who did the British Empire side with?


Answer: World War I

Question: The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?


Answer: 1918

Question: By what year were three empires gone?


Answer: 1916

Context: By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms, he believed. If the Ottoman Empire had been a sick man, then:

Question: What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?


Answer: Arnold J. Toynbee

Question: Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?


Answer: Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms

Question: Arnold J Toynbee believed what?


Answer: new nations

Context: From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other changes, liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries. The demise of the political Near East now left a gap where it had been, into which stepped the Middle East.

Question: What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?


Answer: the Republic of Turkey

Question: What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?


Answer: with the west

Question: How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?


Answer: Mustafa Kemal

Question: Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?


Answer: Mustafa Kemal

Question: Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?


Answer: the 19th century

Context: The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East," derived ultimately from Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as "the Near East" because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.

Question: When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?


Answer: archaeology

Question: The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?


Answer: Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges."

Question: Where did the "Far East" derive from?


Answer: the eastern border of Iraq

Question: Where did the Ottoman Empire end?


Answer: because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there

Question: Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?


Answer: in British and American diplomatic circles

Context: The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of the Middle East, which began:

Question: Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?


Answer: Persia

Question: What was Iran known as to the west?


Answer: 1900

Question: When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish "The Problem of the Middle East"?


Answer: The Problem of the Middle East

Question: What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?


Answer: Thomas Edward Gordon

Question: The problem of the Middle East was published by who?


Answer: resumption of work on a railway

Context: The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on.

Question: What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?


Answer: Gordon

Question: Who was a diplomat and military officer?


Answer: Gordon

Question: Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?


Answer: Alfred Thayer Mahan

Context: A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:

Question: Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?


Answer: the naval vulnerability of the trade routes

Question: What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?


Answer: 1902

Question: When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?


Answer: the sailor

Context: Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen.

Question: Who did not connect with the soldier?


Answer: the term Middle East

Question: What did Mahan believe he was innovating?


Answer: the term Middle East

Question: What had already been there to be seen?


Answer: the period following World War I

Context: Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region consisted of "India, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabistan, Asia Minor, and last, but not least, Egypt." Simpson (under his pen-name, Weale) explains that this entire region "is politically one region – in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided." His own term revives "the Nearer East" as opposed to "the Far East."

Question: The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?


Answer: Bertram Lenox Simpson

Question: Who was the colonial officer killed in China?


Answer: Bertram Lenox Simpson

Question: Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?


Answer: Weale

Question: What was Simpson's pen-name?


Answer: color and colonial subjection

Context: The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whites were appearing as late as the 1920s works of James Henry Breasted, which were taught as the gospel of ancient history throughout the entire first half of the 20th century. A red wavelength was mainly of interest in America. The eastern question was modified by Simpson to "The Problem of the Nearer East," which had nothing to do with the Ottomans but everything to do with British colonialism. Simpson wrote of the white man:

Question: What is the basis of Simpson's unity?


Answer: the 1920s

Question: The great whites were appearing as late as what time?


Answer: James Henry Breasted

Question: In whose works were the great whites appearing?


Answer: A red wavelength

Question: What was mainly of interest in America?


Answer: the brown men

Context: These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire.

Question: These regions were occupied by who?


Answer: the Far East

Question: Where where the yellow?


Answer: Africa

Question: Where were the black?


Answer: 1963

Question: When did Kenya become independent?


Answer: Kenya became independent

Question: The color issue was not settled until when?


Answer: the slavers

Context: This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom, their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own. Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers. A dedicated Christian, he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf. He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War. In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire, working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt and the Sudan.

Question: The Ottomans were portrayed as what?


Answer: Charles George Gordon

Question: Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?


Answer: assignments living among the poor and donating his salary

Question: What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?


Answer: as a junior officer in the Crimean War

Question: When did he win Ottoman confidence?


Answer: a high official in the Ottoman Empire

Question: What did he become in his later career?


Answer: a few years before World War I

Context: The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of "Near East." Instead, the entire region is considered "the Middle East." The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now "Turkish" and not Ottoman.

Question: When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage?


Answer: The term "Near and Middle East,"

Question: What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?


Answer: 1916

Question: When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?


Answer: (troops of British India

Question: Who were the 40th Pathans?


Answer: "the Middle East.

Question: In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?


Answer: "Middle East"

Context: Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.

Question: What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"?


Answer: Near East

Question: What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?


Answer: Near East

Question: What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?


Answer: sentiment of unity

Context: Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but little basis except for history and convention to lump together peoples of multiple, often unrelated languages, governments, loyalties and customs.

Question: What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?


Answer: racial and colonial definitions

Question: What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?


Answer: no longer considered ideologically sound

Question: What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?


Answer: the 20th century

Context: In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities, fell into the shadow of international relations. Their domain became the Ancient Near East, which could no longer be relied upon to be the Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced with independent republics. Someone had to reconcile the present with the past. This duty was inherited by various specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of international relations, now so complex as to be beyond the scope and abilities of a diplomatic corps in the former sense. The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies say it is. In most cases this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range of their operations. The result is multiple definitions.

Question: When were terms such as "Near East", "Far East", and "Middle East" relegated to the experts?


Answer: the new field of political science

Question: Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?


Answer: the shadow of international relations

Question: Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?


Answer: independent republics

Question: What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?


Answer: The United States

Context: The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, may be used in a descriptive sense. The most influential agencies in the United States still using Near East as a working concept are as follows.

Question: What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?


Answer: the Near Eastern regional system

Question: What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?


Answer: The countries of the former empires of the 19th century

Question: Who has abandoned the term Near East?


Answer: the United States Department of State

Context: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.

Question: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?


Answer: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs

Question: What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?


Answer: statecraft

Question: Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?


Answer: the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)

Context: Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara).

Question: Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?


Answer: an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense

Question: What is NESA?


Answer: It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops

Question: What does NESA Teach?


Answer: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy

Context: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under "North Africa." Details can be found in Policy Focus #65.

Question: What is WINEP?


Answer: the Middle East

Question: What is WINEPS target countries as?


Answer: under "North Africa."

Question: How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?


Answer: The Library of Congress

Context: The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

Question: What does LoC stand for?


Answer: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government

Question: What is the Library of Congress?


Answer: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library

Question: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?


Answer: The United Nations

Context: The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNESCO recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East, but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well; for example, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.

Question: Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?


Answer: UNICEF

Question: Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?


Answer: the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East

Question: The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?


Answer: the Near East

Question: The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?


Answer: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Context: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its operations through a committee. The CIA was first formed under the National Security Act of 1947 from the army's Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which furnished both military intelligence and clandestine military operations to the army during the crisis of World War II. Many revisions and redefinitions have taken place since then. Although the name of the CIA reflects the original advised intent of Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, the government's needs for strategic services have frustrated that intent from the beginning. The press received by the agency in countless articles, novels and other media have tended to create various popular myths; for example, that this agency replaced any intelligence effort other than that of the OSS, or that it contains the central intelligence capability of the United States. Strategic services are officially provided by some 17 agencies called the Intelligence Community. Army intelligence did not come to an end; in fact, all the branches of the Armed Forces retained their intelligence services. This community is currently under the leadership (in addition to all its other leadership) of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

Question: What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?


Answer: multiple leadership

Question: The CIA appears to have what?


Answer: the president

Question: Who appoints the director of the CIA?


Answer: Congress

Question: Who oversees the operations of the CIA?


Answer: The World Factbook

Context: Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.

Question: The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?


Answer: Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis

Question: What does NESA stand for?


Answer: (NESA)

Question: Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"


Answer: U.S. Agency for International Development

Context: The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term Near East.

Question: What does USAID stand for?


Answer: USAID

Question: What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?


Answer: the term Near East

Question: What term does USAID not use?


Answer: a Middle East and North Africa region

Context: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

Question: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?


Answer: Near East

Question: What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?


Answer: Their original Middle East

Question: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?


Answer: "bilateral relationships"

Context: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

Question: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?


Answer: Near East

Question: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?


Answer: Republic of Turkey

Question: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?


Answer: The Ancient Near East

Context: The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.

Question: What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?


Answer: the Ancient Near East

Question: The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?


Answer: Fertile Crescent

Question: What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?


Answer: Texts relating to the Old Testament

Context: Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

Question: James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?


Answer: 1950

Question: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?


Answer: Leonard Woolley

Question: Who was a British archaeologist?


Answer: Leonard Woolley

Question: Who excavated ancient Ur?


Answer: library and museum collections

Context: Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

Question: What do most universities teaching liberal arts have?


Answer: the collection of resources

Question: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?


Answer: for scholarship and research

Question: What are these resources collected for?


Answer: Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents

Context: One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).

Question: What does CSAD stand for?


Answer: Oxford University

Question: Who founded the CSAD?


Answer: Great Britain

Question: Where is Oxford University?


Answer: university departments named for the Near East

Context: A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Question: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?


Answer: Middle East

Question: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?


Answer: Expertise on the modern Middle East

Question: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?


Answer: Near Eastern Languages

Question: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?


Answer: Chekiang

Context: Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

Question: What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?


Answer: Anhui

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?


Answer: Jiangxi

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?


Answer: Fujian

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?


Answer: East China Sea

Question: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?


Answer: Zhe River

Context: The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?


Answer: Hangzhou Bay

Question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?


Answer: Crooked

Question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?


Answer: Zhe River

Question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?


Answer: Hangzhou

Question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?


Answer: Neolithic

Context: Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.

Question: What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?


Answer: Zhejiang

Question: Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?


Answer: Liangzhu

Question: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?


Answer: O1

Question: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?


Answer: Hundred Yue

Context: The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Question: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?


Answer: Spring and Autumn Period

Question: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?


Answer: northern Zhejiang

Question: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?


Answer: Yu the Great

Question: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?


Answer: bird-worm seal script

Question: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?


Answer: Kuaiji Commandery

Context: Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

Question: What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?


Answer: the Han

Question: Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?


Answer: Kuaiji

Question: In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?


Answer: Xiang Yu

Question: Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?


Answer: the Qin Empire

Question: Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?


Answer: 220–280 CE

Context: At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

Question: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?


Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?


Answer: the Kingdom of Wu

Question: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?


Answer: Jianye

Question: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?


Answer: Funan

Question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?


Answer: during the Three Kingdoms

Context: Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

Question: When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?


Answer: Sun Wu

Question: What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?


Answer: Wu

Question: What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?


Answer: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Question: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?


Answer: Shu

Question: Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?


Answer: Jiankang

Context: Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

Question: What was Nanjing formerly known as?


Answer: Qiantang

Question: What was the former name of Hangzhou?


Answer: Chengdu

Question: Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?


Answer: 589

Question: What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?


Answer: three

Question: How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?


Answer: 265–420

Context: Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

Question: When was the Jin Dynasty?


Answer: Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)

Question: Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?


Answer: this day

Question: When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?


Answer: mountainous

Question: What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?


Answer: 181–234

Question: When did Zhuge Liang live from?


Answer: 589

Context: Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

Question: When did the Six Dynasties end?


Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?


Answer: the Sui dynasty

Question: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?


Answer: the Zhe River

Question: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?


Answer: 960

Context: The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

Question: When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?


Answer: 1127

Question: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?


Answer: Lin'an

Question: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?


Answer: Lin'an

Question: When was the Yuan dynasty established?


Answer: Kinsay

Question: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?


Answer: celadon

Context: Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.

Question: What were greenware ceramics made from?


Answer: bluish-green

Question: What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?


Answer: the Ming

Question: What period did Longquan ceramics decline?


Answer: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi

Question: What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?


Answer: Middle Eastern

Question: What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?


Answer: idle people

Context: "In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Question: What do 'to-min' mean?


Answer: music people

Question: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?


Answer: small people

Question: What does 'si-min' mean?


Answer: egg-people

Question: What does Tanka mean?


Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?


Answer: the First Opium War

Context: During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

Question: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?


Answer: 1843

Question: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?


Answer: Ningbo

Question: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?


Answer: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Question: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?


Answer: 1876

Question: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?


Answer: World War II

Context: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

Question: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?


Answer: Japan

Question: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?


Answer: 250,000

Question: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?


Answer: B-25

Question: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?


Answer: the Reorganized National Government of China

Question: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?


Answer: 1949

Context: After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province today. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity, and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao’s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.

Question: When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?


Answer: 1955

Question: When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?


Answer: 1966–76

Question: When was the Cultural Revolution?


Answer: 1966–69

Question: When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?


Answer: grain

Question: What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?


Answer: natural

Context: Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial.

Question: What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?


Answer: flooding

Question: What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?


Answer: capitalist

Question: What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?


Answer: Northeast Zhejiang

Question: Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?


Answer: flat

Question: What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?


Answer: hills

Context: Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).

Question: What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?


Answer: 70%

Question: What percent of Zhejiang is hills?


Answer: Huangmaojian Peak

Question: What is the highest peak of the province?


Answer: 1,929

Question: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?


Answer: 6,329

Question: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?


Answer: the Yangtze Delta

Context: Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

Question: What does the north of the province lie just south of?


Answer: Hangzhou

Question: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?


Answer: Ou Rivers

Question: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?


Answer: West Lake

Question: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?


Answer: South Lake

Question: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?


Answer: over three thousand

Context: There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest. Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy, and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer, and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.

Question: How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?


Answer: Zhoushan Island

Question: What is the largest island near Zhejiang?


Answer: Hangzhou Bay

Question: What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?


Answer: four

Question: How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?


Answer: March

Question: When does Spring start in Zhejiang?


Answer: eleven

Context: The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian is called "China's Hollywood".

Question: How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?


Answer: 90

Question: How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?


Answer: 1,570

Question: How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?


Answer: Jinhua

Question: What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?


Answer: Hengdian

Question: What is called 'China's Hollywood'?


Answer: a dual party-government system

Context: The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief".

Question: How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?


Answer: The Governor of Zhejiang

Question: Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?


Answer: the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary

Question: Who is the Governor subordinate to?


Answer: Zhejiang CPC Party Chief

Question: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?


Answer: dual

Question: What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?


Answer: 1949-1952

Context: Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956-1968), was the "chief justice" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002-2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998-2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007-2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.

Question: When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?


Answer: Tan Zhenlin

Question: Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?


Answer: 1967

Question: When was the so-called February Countercurrent?


Answer: 1956-1968

Question: When was Jiang Hua's term?


Answer: 1980

Question: When was the case against the Gang of Four?


Answer: Land of Fish and Rice

Context: The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

Question: What is the province traditionally known as?


Answer: rice

Question: What is the main crop of the province?


Answer: wheat

Question: What is the second main crop of the province?


Answer: north Zhejiang

Question: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?


Answer: Zhoushan fishery

Question: What is the largest fishery in the country?


Answer: Zhoushan

Context: Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

Question: What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?


Answer: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Question: What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?


Answer: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Question: What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?


Answer: commercial

Question: What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?


Answer: Cixi

Question: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?


Answer: Zhejiang model

Context: Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the "Zhejiang model", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively.

Question: What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?


Answer: entrepreneurship

Question: What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?


Answer: southeast

Question: What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?


Answer: 8.3%

Question: What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?


Answer: 3.20 trillion

Question: What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?


Answer: Thursday

Context: On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river. Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound, overturned eight company vehicles, and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd. Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles, officials said. Chen Hongming, a deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau, said the factory's waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April. The environmental watchdog had warned the factory, but it had not effectively controlled the pollution, Chen added.

Question: What day of the week was September 15, 2011?


Answer: Hongxiao

Question: What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?


Answer: eight

Question: How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company?


Answer: two

Question: How many more nights after the first day did protests last?


Answer: Chen Hongming

Question: Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?


Answer: Han

Context: Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population, and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese. There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities, including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese[citation needed]. Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China.

Question: What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?


Answer: Wu

Question: What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?


Answer: 400,000

Question: How many members of ethnic minorities are there?


Answer: 200,000

Question: How many She people are there?


Answer: Lishui

Question: Where is the only She autonomous county in China?


Answer: Chinese Buddhism

Context: The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

Question: What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?


Answer: 23.02%

Question: According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?


Answer: 2.62%

Question: According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?


Answer: 3.92%

Question: What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?


Answer: 74.36%

Question: What percent of the population may be irreligious?


Answer: 2015

Context: In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as "civil religion" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago.

Question: What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?


Answer: 1,800 years ago

Question: When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?


Answer: Buddhism

Question: What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago?


Answer: mid

Question: What part of 2015 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?


Answer: twenty

Question: More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?


Answer: 400

Context: Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage but higher than the national average.

Question: How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?


Answer: 150

Question: How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?


Answer: Wenzhou

Question: Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?


Answer: 2.8%

Question: What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?


Answer: Catholicism

Question: Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?


Answer: 2014

Context: The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named "Three Rectifications and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities" according to the locality. These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples, or the removal of crosses from churches' roofs and spires. An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church.

Question: When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?


Answer: Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities

Question: According to the locality, in addition to "Three Rectifications and One Demolition", what was another name for these measures?


Answer: folk religion temples

Question: These regulations have led to the demolition of churches and what else?


Answer: crosses

Question: What have these regulations led to the removal of from churches?


Answer: Sanjiang Church

Question: What was an exemplary case of all this?


Answer: 1,400 years

Context: Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).

Question: How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?


Answer: Islam

Question: What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?


Answer: virtually all

Question: How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?


Answer: She shamanism

Question: What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?


Answer: Islam

Question: What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?


Answer: extremely

Context: Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu, but the Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away. Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well, mostly along the borders; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui, while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian. (See Hangzhou dialect, Shaoxing dialect, Ningbo dialect, Wenzhou dialect, Taizhou dialect, Jinhua dialect, and Quzhou dialect for more information).

Question: How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?


Answer: Wu

Question: What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak?


Answer: with Anhui

Question: Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where?


Answer: with Fujian

Question: Min dialects are spoken on the border where?


Answer: mountainous

Question: What type of geography is Zhejiang?


Answer: 1949

Context: Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin, and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.

Question: When was the People's Republic of China founded?


Answer: Mandarin

Question: What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?


Answer: 1978

Question: A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?


Answer: Urban

Question: What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?


Answer: lingua francas

Question: Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?


Answer: Yueju

Context: Zhejiang is the home of Yueju (越劇), one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shaoju (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Taizhou Luantan (of Taizhou) and Zhuji Luantan (of Zhuji).

Question: What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera?


Answer: Shengzhou

Question: Where did Yueju originate?


Answer: actresses only

Question: Who is Yueju traditionally performed by?


Answer: actresses

Question: Who plays male roles in Yueju?


Answer: actresses

Question: Who plays female roles in Yueju?


Answer: dragon well tea

Context: Longjing tea (also called dragon well tea), originating in Hangzhou, is one of the most prestigious, if not the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine (itself subdivided into many traditions, including Hangzhou cuisine) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine.

Question: What is Longjing tea also called?


Answer: Hangzhou

Question: Where does Longjing tea originate from?


Answer: silk

Question: What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for?


Answer: hand

Question: What type of fans is Hangzhou known for?


Answer: eight

Question: Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine?


Answer: Jiangsu

Context: Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: "Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou" (上有天堂，下有苏杭), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities.

Question: What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south?


Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north?


Answer: prosperity

Question: North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?


Answer: dreaminess

Question: Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?


Answer: Hangzhou

Question: The fame of where led to a popular saying?


Answer: British

Context: The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.

Question: Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?


Answer: Ministry of Defence

Question: What does MoD stand for?


Answer: Her Majesty's Government

Question: Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?


Answer: British Armed Forces

Question: For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?


Answer: international peace and stability

Context: The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat; rather, it has identified weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to Britain's interests. The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement.

Question: What does the MoD wish to strengthen?


Answer: Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Question: The UK consists of what two areas?


Answer: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Question: What does the MoD defend?


Answer: weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states

Question: What are the threats that the MoD has identified?


Answer: day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement

Question: What does the MoD manage?