Answer: a compiler

Context: Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler. High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and more related to the language and structure of the problem(s) to be solved by the final program. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.

Question: Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer?


Answer: SQL

Context: These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL.

Question: An example of a 4GL is what?


Answer: provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer

Question: What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?


Answer: "bugs

Context: Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to "hang", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit, code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.

Question: Another name for errors in programs are called what?


Answer: programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design

Question: Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?


Answer: Admiral Grace Hopper

Context: Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947.

Question: Who was the developer of the first compier?


Answer: Admiral Grace Hopper

Question: Who first coined the term "bugs"?


Answer: moth

Question: What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?


Answer: Harvard Mark II

Question: What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth?


Answer: September 1947

Question: When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth?


Answer: arithmetic logic

Context: A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires.

Question: The ALU of a computer stands for what?


Answer: I/O

Question: Input and output devices are known as what term?


Answer: the control unit, the memory

Question: Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?


Answer: a bit (binary digit) of information

Context: Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.

Question: A circuit in a computer part represents what?


Answer: on

Question: In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what?


Answer: off

Question: In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what?


Answer: a control system or central controller)

Context: The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance.

Question: What are other names for a control unit for a computer?


Answer: (decodes

Question: Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?


Answer: a register

Context: A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

Question: A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?


Answer: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from

Question: A register of a CPU keeps track of what?


Answer: the program counter

Question: What is a component that all CPUs have?


Answer: the ALU

Context: Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).

Question: In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?


Answer: "jumps"

Question: Instructions that change the program counter are called what?


Answer: instructions that are repeated by the computer)

Question: Loops are defined as what?


Answer: microsequencer

Context: The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.

Question: In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what?


Answer: CPU

Question: A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?


Answer: central processing unit

Context: The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

Question: The CPU is an abbreviation for what?


Answer: The control unit, ALU, and registers

Question: What 3 parts make up the CPU?


Answer: a microprocessor

Question: CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?


Answer: mid-1970s

Question: Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?


Answer: sine, cosine,

Context: The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers, albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation—although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other ("is 64 greater than 65?").

Question: Some trigonometry functions are what?


Answer: (integers

Question: The term for whole numbers is what?


Answer: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT

Context: Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic.

Question: Boolean logic consists of what?


Answer: Superscalar

Context: Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.

Question: Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?


Answer: a single number

Context: A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595." The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.

Question: How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?


Answer: the software's

Question: What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?


Answer: a byte

Context: In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.

Question: A group of 8 bits is called what?


Answer: 256 different numbers

Question: How many numbers can a byte represent?


Answer: 0 to 255 or −128 to +127

Question: What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?


Answer: The CPU

Context: The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.

Question: What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?


Answer: two and one hundred registers

Question: What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?


Answer: ROM

Context: RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.

Question: What type of memory can a CPU only read from?


Answer: RAM

Question: What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?


Answer: ROM

Question: What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?


Answer: the BIOS

Question: A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?


Answer: firmware,

Question: Software stored in ROM is called what usually?


Answer: registers

Context: In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.

Question: RAM cache memory is slower than what?


Answer: peripherals

Context: I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

Question: Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?


Answer: input

Question: A mouse is what type of peripheral device?


Answer: output

Question: A printer is what type of peripheral device?


Answer: input and output

Question: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?


Answer: input

Question: A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?


Answer: multitasking

Context: While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn.

Question: In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?


Answer: "time-sharing"

Context: One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

Question: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?


Answer: an interrupt,

Question: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?


Answer: more slowly,

Context: Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

Question: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?


Answer: input/output devices

Question: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?


Answer: CPUs

Context: Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Question: Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?


Answer: thousands

Context: Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

Question: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?


Answer: Supercomputers

Question: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?


Answer: SAGE system

Context: Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.

Question: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?


Answer: the 1950s

Question: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?


Answer: ARPA

Context: In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.

Question: Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?


Answer: DARPA)

Question: ARPA is now known as what?


Answer: the Internet.

Context: In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Question: The network spread to be known as what today?


Answer: programs

Context: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

Question: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?


Answer: The Church–Turing thesis

Question: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?


Answer: a computer

Context: A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

Question: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?


Answer: transistors

Context: Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.

Question: Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?


Answer: photolithographed semiconductors

Question: Transistors are typically made up of what today?


Answer: billiard ball computer)

Question: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?


Answer: quantum computers

Context: There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

Question: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?


Answer: quantum factoring

Question: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?


Answer: artificial intelligence

Context: A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Question: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?


Answer: hardware

Context: The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

Question: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?


Answer: Software

Context: Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Question: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?


Answer: firmware

Question: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?


Answer: software

Question: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?


Answer: the motherboard

Context: Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

Question: A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?


Answer: BIOS set up

Question: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?


Answer: CPU

Context: When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:

Question: Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?


Answer: output devices

Question: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?


Answer: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,

Context: Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Question: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?


Answer: racial classification or of ethnicity

Question: What is "black people" a term for?


Answer: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies

Question: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?


Answer: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,

Question: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?


Answer: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.

Question: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?


Answer: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black"

Context: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

Question: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?


Answer: societal variables

Question: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?


Answer: mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."

Question: Are mixed race people classified as black?


Answer: it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

Question: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?


Answer: European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

Question: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?


Answer: Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla

Context: The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

Question: What made up Mauretania?


Answer: The Romans

Question: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?


Answer: the classical period.

Question: During what period did Mauretania exist?


Answer: in Classical literature

Question: Where were the people of the region noted?


Answer: Moors

Question: What is Mauri in English?


Answer: North Africa

Context: Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

Question: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?


Answer: the 7th century

Question: When were the Arab Invasions?


Answer: North Africa

Question: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities?


Answer: some dating from prehistoric communities.

Question: When did these communities begin?


Answer: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples

Question: Who are they descendants of?


Answer: (1672–1727)

Context: In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

Question: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?


Answer: 150,000

Question: How many black slaves did he own?


Answer: Black Guard

Question: What did he call his slave army?


Answer: coerced the country into submission.

Question: What did the Black Guard do?


Answer: In the 18th century

Question: When did the Black Guard exist?


Answer: because they have some distant white ancestry.

Context: According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.

Question: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?


Answer: Brazil's University of the State of Bahia

Question: Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?


Answer: in ways that resemble multi-racials

Question: How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?


Answer: Anwar Sadat

Context: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

Question: Who was the Egyptian President?


Answer: Nubian Sudanese

Question: What ethnicity was his mother?


Answer: Egyptian

Question: What ethnicity was his father?


Answer: reddish

Question: What color did he refer to himself as?


Answer: black women

Context: Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

Question: Who was enslaved more often?


Answer: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave

Question: What did the Qur'an permit?


Answer: domestic service and agriculture

Question: What were female slaves used for?


Answer: umm walad

Question: What is the term for a pregnant slave?


Answer: "mother of a child"

Question: What does umm walad mean?


Answer: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur

Context: Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

Question: Who was the ruler in Morocco?


Answer: from 1578 to 1608

Question: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?


Answer: Fulani

Question: What ethnicity was his mother?


Answer: (Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave")

Question: What Arabic term is still used for black people?


Answer: sub-Saharan peoples

Question: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?


Answer: early 1991

Context: In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Question: When did the Arab apartheid intensify?


Answer: non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe

Question: Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?


Answer: Sudan

Question: Where did these people live?


Answer: Sudanese Arabs

Question: Who controlled the government?


Answer: deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Question: What was the government being accused of?


Answer: George Ayittey

Context: American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Question: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?


Answer: the Arab government

Question: Who executed the apartheid?


Answer: blacks

Question: Who was excluded?


Answer: Sudan

Question: Where were they?


Answer: economist

Question: What is George Ayittey's profession?


Answer: Irwin Cotler

Context: Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

Question: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?


Answer: an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."

Question: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?


Answer: Irwin Cotler

Question: Who argeed with Dershowitz?


Answer: Canadian

Question: Where did Irwin Cotler live?


Answer: many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes

Context: In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

Question: What did the colonization of South Africa result in?


Answer: mixed-race children

Question: What was a result of these marriages?


Answer: second-class

Question: What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?


Answer: Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent

Question: Who was included in the Coloured group?


Answer: a system of legal racial segregation

Question: What does apartheid mean?


Answer: the Population Registration Act of 1945

Context: The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

Question: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?


Answer: pencil test

Question: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?


Answer: A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil

Question: How did the pencil test work?


Answer: Minor officials

Question: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?


Answer: Sandra Laing

Context: Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Question: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?


Answer: 2008

Question: What year was the movie "Skin" made?


Answer: age 10

Question: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?


Answer: South African

Question: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity?


Answer: three

Question: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?


Answer: those classed as "Coloured"

Context: During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

Question: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?


Answer: During the apartheid era

Question: What era did this discrimination take place?


Answer: those classed as "Black"

Question: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?


Answer: large townships located away from the cities

Question: Where were the "black" areas?


Answer: affirmative action policies

Context: In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

Question: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?


Answer: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"

Question: Who does the term "black" people include?


Answer: a "Non-racial democracy"

Question: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?


Answer: ANC (African National Congress)

Question: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?


Answer: "Africans

Question: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?


Answer: the High Court in South Africa

Context: In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

Question: Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?


Answer: 2008

Question: What year did this ruling happen?


Answer: solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits

Question: Why was this classification made?


Answer: Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid

Question: What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?


Answer: they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.

Question: Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits?


Answer: language

Context: Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

Question: What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?


Answer: Afrikaans or English

Question: What languages are most common?


Answer: Zulu or Xhosa

Question: What are less common languages spoken?


Answer: European-sounding names

Question: What types of names do "coloureds" have?


Answer: Bantu names

Question: What type of names do "blacks" have?


Answer: 10 to 18 million

Context: Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

Question: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?


Answer: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century

Question: In what time frame were these people enslaved?


Answer: Arab slave traders

Question: Who enslaved these people?


Answer: for them to serve as concubines

Question: Why were women slaves more popular?


Answer: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners

Question: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?


Answer: average of 38%

Context: Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Question: How many people in Yemen have African lineage?


Answer: 16%

Question: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?


Answer: 10%

Question: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?


Answer: African female-mediated gene

Question: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?


Answer: African-Iraquis

Context: Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Question: Who is seeking minority status from the government?


Answer: Parliament

Question: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?


Answer: as Arab

Question: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?


Answer: Distinctive and self-identified black communities

Question: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?


Answer: Alamin M. Mazrui et al.

Question: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?


Answer: About 150,000

Context: About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Question: How many East African and black people live in Israel?


Answer: just over 2%

Question: What percent of Israel's population is black?


Answer: during the 1980s and 1990s

Question: When did they migrate to Israel?


Answer: Ethiopia.

Question: Where did they migrate from?


Answer: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Question: Where are most of the black converts from?


Answer: around 60,000

Context: Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

Question: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?


Answer: asylum

Question: What have these immigrants sought?


Answer: Sudan and Eritrea

Question: Where are most of them from?


Answer: Niger-Congo

Question: What languages do they speak?


Answer: southern Nuba Mountains

Question: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?


Answer: during the period of the Ottoman Empire

Context: Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

Question: When did the slave trade begin?


Answer: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

Question: Where were the slaves brought?


Answer: İzmir area

Question: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?


Answer: 1923

Question: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?


Answer: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

Context: The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Question: Who are the Siddi?


Answer: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

Question: Who did the Siddi descend from?


Answer: "Sayyid"

Question: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?


Answer: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

Question: Where does the term Sayyid come from?


Answer: 1960s

Question: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?


Answer: The Negritos

Context: The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?


Answer: Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question: Where do the Negritos reside currently?


Answer: "little black people"

Question: What does Negrito mean?


Answer: Spanish

Question: What language does the term Negrito come from?


Answer: Semang

Question: What term is interchangable with Negrito?


Answer: Muslims

Context: The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

Question: What does the term "Moors" refer to?


Answer: Arab or Berber descent

Question: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?


Answer: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans

Question: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?


Answer: North Africa or Iberia

Question: Where did "Moors" migrate from?


Answer: derogatory

Question: What kind of term is "Moors"?


Answer: Isidore of Seville

Context: Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Question: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?


Answer: 7th century,

Question: When was this claim made?


Answer: black

Question: What does mauron mean?


Answer: Etymologies

Question: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?


Answer: Moors

Question: What was "Black by definition"?


Answer: Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent

Context: Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

Question: What are Afro-Spaniards?


Answer: Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal

Question: Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?


Answer: Equatorial Guinea

Question: Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?


Answer: an estimated 683,000

Question: How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?


Answer: over a million black

Context: According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

Question: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?


Answer: 1%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?


Answer: 0.8%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?


Answer: 0.2%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?


Answer: after World War II

Question: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?


Answer: 1960s

Context: As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

Question: When did African states become independent?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?


Answer: about 400,000

Question: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?


Answer: to pursue higher studies

Question: Why did students move to Russia?


Answer: Eastern bloc.

Question: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?


Answer: in the Balkans

Context: Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Question: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?


Answer: Ulcinj

Question: What town had it's own black community?


Answer: Montenegro

Question: What country is Ulcinj in?


Answer: 100

Question: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?


Answer: an estimated 30,000

Question: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?


Answer: Indigenous Australians

Context: Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

Question: Who has been referred to as "black people"?


Answer: skin colour

Question: What was the original term related to?


Answer: since the early days of European settlement

Question: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?


Answer: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry

Question: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians?


Answer: Aboriginal Protection Boards

Context: Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

Question: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?


Answer: where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.

Question: What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?


Answer: Aborigines were not allowed to vote

Question: Were Aborigines allowed to vote?


Answer: Sir Baldwin Spencer

Question: Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?


Answer: 1913

Question: What year was his report from?


Answer: mixed-race people

Context: After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

Question: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?


Answer: "half-caste menace"

Question: What did people fear in 1930?


Answer: the White Australia ideal

Question: What did this menace undermine?


Answer: Dr. Cecil Cook

Question: Who noted this particular fear?


Answer: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,

Question: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?


Answer: "half-caste" individuals

Context: The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Question: Who did the government want raised as white?


Answer: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

Question: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?


Answer: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

Question: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?


Answer: the Stolen Generation

Question: What was this process referred to?


Answer: The second half of the 20th century

Context: The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

Question: When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?


Answer: 1967

Question: What year was constitutional discrimination ended?


Answer: to include Aborigines in the national census.

Question: What else was included in the 1967 referendum?


Answer: "black"

Question: What term was embraced during this period?


Answer: Activist Bob Maza

Question: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?


Answer: Kevin Gilbert

Context: In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

Question: Who wrote "Living Black?


Answer: 1978

Question: What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?


Answer: a collection of Aboriginal people's stories

Question: What was Living Black about?


Answer: the Human Rights Award for Literature

Question: What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?


Answer: Inside Black Australia

Question: What was the award in 1998 for?


Answer: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

Context: This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

Question: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?


Answer: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

Question: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?


Answer: 2012

Question: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?


Answer: Anthony Mundine

Question: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?


Answer: Andrew Bolt

Question: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?


Answer: John Rolfe

Context: In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Question: Who described slaves as negars?


Answer: Colonial America

Question: Where was John Rolfe?


Answer: Virginia colony

Question: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?


Answer: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"

Question: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?


Answer: Cemetery of the Negro

Question: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?


Answer: By the 1900s

Context: By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Question: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?


Answer: colored

Question: What term replaced negro as mainstream?


Answer: "black"

Question: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?


Answer: the African-American Civil rights movement

Question: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?


Answer: Reverend Martin Luther King

Question: Who led the Civil Rights movement?


Answer: by their specific ethnic group

Context: In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

Question: How did black people identify in early America?


Answer: individual ethnic affiliations

Question: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?


Answer: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast

Question: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?


Answer: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status

Question: How was the new African American identity defined?


Answer: French and Spanish colonists

Question: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?


Answer: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors

Context: The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

Question: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?


Answer: socially based racial classification related to being African American,

Question: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?


Answer: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

Question: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?


Answer: they fulfill the social criteria

Question: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?


Answer: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

Context: By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Question: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?


Answer: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

Question: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?


Answer: 1835,

Question: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?


Answer: the African Methodist Episcopal Church

Question: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?


Answer: "Negro" or "colored"

Question: What terms did African Americans use instead?


Answer: Jesse Jackson

Context: In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

Question: Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?


Answer: 1988

Question: What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?


Answer: it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants

Question: Why did Jackson want this term to be used?


Answer: African-American

Question: Who also argued for the term "African American"?


Answer: because "African" suggests foreignness

Question: Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?


Answer: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

Context: The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

Question: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?


Answer: socio-political constructs

Question: What classification are given?


Answer: 17–18%

Question: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?


Answer: scientific or anthropological

Question: What is the Census definition not based on?


Answer: classify as black a person of any known African ancestry

Context: From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

Question: What did the "one-drop" rule do?


Answer: early 20th century.

Question: When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?


Answer: 18th and 19th centuries

Question: When was racial definition more flexible?


Answer: the American Civil War

Question: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?


Answer: 1662

Question: When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?


Answer: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.

Context: The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

Question: How is blackness described in the US?


Answer: political orientation, culture and behavior

Question: What defines "blackness"?


Answer: "acting white"

Question: What is the opposite of "blackness"?


Answer: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans

Question: How does one "act white"?


Answer: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,

Question: In what regards can one "act white"?


Answer: Toni Morrison

Context: Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

Question: Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?


Answer: Christopher Hitchens

Question: Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?


Answer: Nobel Prize-winning novelist

Question: Who is Toni Morrison?


Answer: Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain

Question: Why were people offended by this comment?


Answer: Rwandan Genocide

Question: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?


Answer: John Punch

Context: In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

Question: Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?


Answer: the first African slave in the Virginia colony

Question: Who is John Punch?


Answer: 1640

Question: When was Punch indentured?


Answer: trying to escape

Question: Why was he indentured for life?


Answer: they were born to free English women

Question: Why were his children free?


Answer: 12 million

Context: Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

Question: How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?


Answer: 11.5 million

Question: How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?


Answer: 5.5 million

Question: How many slaves were imported by Brazil?


Answer: 2.76 million

Question: How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?


Answer: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,

Question: How is black identified in South America?


Answer: by appearance

Context: The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

Question: How are people in Brazil classified?


Answer: Brazil

Question: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?


Answer: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color

Question: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?


Answer: like the colors of the spectrum

Question: How are people evaluated in Brazil?


Answer: lighter skin

Context: Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

Question: What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?


Answer: black

Question: What are poor whites considered in Brazil?


Answer: white

Question: What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?


Answer: (black)

Question: What does Preto mean?


Answer: estimated 3.5 million

Context: From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) — a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.

Question: How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?


Answer: more than half

Question: How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?


Answer: Afro-descendants

Question: Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?


Answer: segregation laws

Question: What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?


Answer: intermarriage

Question: What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?


Answer: 6.2%

Context: By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

Question: How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?


Answer: 40%

Question: How much identified as mixed race?


Answer: 55%

Question: How much identified as white?


Answer: 29%

Question: How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?


Answer: the binary polarization of society into black and white

Context: Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

Question: What has Brazil avoided?


Answer: civil war

Question: What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?


Answer: violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.

Question: How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?


Answer: Elio Ferreira de Araujo

Question: Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality?


Answer: black and indigenous communities.

Question: Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?


Answer: 75%

Context: In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]

Question: In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?


Answer: 50%

Question: In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?


Answer: one-drop rule

Question: What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?


Answer: discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.

Question: What does the one drop rule do?


Answer: illiteracy and education levels

Question: What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?


Answer: blacks

Context: Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Question: What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?


Answer: 80%

Question: How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?


Answer: 1965

Question: When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?


Answer: 1970s

Question: When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?


Answer: Hurricane Katrina

Question: What large hurricane hit New Orleans?


Answer: limited media visibility

Context: Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).

Question: What do critics claim people of color have?


Answer: hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.

Question: What has the Brazilian media been accused of?


Answer: northern Europeans

Question: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?


Answer: mulatto

Question: What is another word for "Light Skinned"


Answer: all African-descended people

Context: These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.

Question: What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?


Answer: a "black" consciousness and identity.

Question: What does this aim to stimulate?


Answer: a wide range of multiracial people

Question: What does the term "pardo" include?


Answer: mestizos

Question: What does caboclos mean?


Answer: London

Context: The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.

Question: The Times is based in what major British city?


Answer: 1785

Question: What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start?


Answer: The Daily Universal Register

Question: What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?


Answer: Times Newspapers

Question: The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?


Answer: News Corp group

Question: The Times, owned by News UK, is itself owned by what major corporation?


Answer: Times Newspapers

Question: The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?


Answer: 1788

Question: What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register?


Answer: 1785

Question: What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?


Answer: 1838

Context: The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (founded in 1838), The Straits Times (Singapore) (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), Le Temps (France) (1861-1942), the Cape Times (South Africa) (1872), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Manila Times (1898), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), El Tiempo (Colombia) (1911), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London.

Question: What year did The Times of India start?


Answer: 1845

Question: What year did The Strait Times (Singapore) start?


Answer: 1851

Question: What year did The New York Times start?


Answer: 1859

Question: What year did the Irish Times start?


Answer: 1872

Question: What year did the Cape Times (South Africa) start?


Answer: Times Roman

Context: The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.

Question: What major typeface font was started by The Times?


Answer: Stanley Morison

Question: Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times?


Answer: Times Modern

Question: In November 2006, The Times changed its font to what new font typeface?


Answer: 219 years

Question: How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format?


Answer: 2004

Question: In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size?


Answer: moderate

Context: Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour. The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,448 in March 2014; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average daily circulation of 839,077. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006. It has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitized paper is online from Gage Cengage publisher.

Question: Traditionally, what political spectrum did The Times support?


Answer: Labour Party

Question: What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections?


Answer: 394,448

Question: In March 2014, The Times had an average daily circulation of how many people?


Answer: Gage Cengage

Question: The complete historical file of the digitized paper of The Times is online and published by what publisher?


Answer: Conservative Party

Question: What political party has the highest readership of The Times?


Answer: John Walter

Context: The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up. It was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise (three years later, it was proved that it was not as efficient as had been said). Walter bought the logography's patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house, where he would daily produce an advertising sheet. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785. Unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. Walter Sr had spent sixteen months in Newgate Prison for libel printed in The Times, but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.

Question: The Times was founded by what publisher who also was the editor?


Answer: The Daily Universal Register

Question: The Times was known as what name before it became The Times?


Answer: 1785

Question: What year was the very first publication of The Times?


Answer: libel

Question: The first publisher and editor of The Times when to prison for what crime when printed in his newspaper?


Answer: 940

Question: Before the newspaper changed its name to The Times, how many editions were printed?


Answer: 5,000

Context: The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig. In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.

Question: In 1815, The Times had a circulation of how many people?


Answer: steam-driven cylinder press

Question: Beginning in 1814, The Times was printed using what new kind of press?


Answer: reputation

Question: The Times used contributions from significant figures to build what?


Answer: Friedrich Koenig

Question: Who developed the new press type in 1814 for The Times?


Answer: Thomas Barnes

Context: Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson(1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform."). The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.

Question: Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817?