Answer: 15,504

Context: There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34.

Question: How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?


Answer: 27.3%

Question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?


Answer: 44.8%

Question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?


Answer: 37.5%

Question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?


Answer: 3.34

Question: What was the average family size in Atlantic City?


Answer: 24.6%

Context: In the city, 24.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

Question: What percentage of the population was under the age of 18?


Answer: 12.7%

Question: What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older?


Answer: 36.3 years

Question: What was the median age?


Answer: 96.2

Question: For every 100 females, how many males were there?


Answer: 94.4

Question: For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?


Answer: $30,237

Context: The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $30,237 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,354) and the median family income was $35,488 (+/- $2,607). Males had a median income of $32,207 (+/- $1,641) versus $29,298 (+/- $1,380) for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,069 (+/- $2,532). About 23.1% of families and 25.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.6% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over.

Question: How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey?


Answer: $35,488

Question: How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?


Answer: $32,207

Question: How much was the median income for males according to the American Community Survey?


Answer: $20,069

Question: What was the per capita income for the city?


Answer: 25.3%

Question: What percentage of the population was below the poverty line?


Answer: 40,517

Context: As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 44.16% black or African American, 26.68% White, 0.48% Native American, 10.40% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 13.76% other races, and 4.47% from two or more races. 24.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.44% of the population was non-Hispanic whites.

Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, how many people were living in Atlantic City?


Answer: 3,569.8 people per square mile

Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, what was the population density?


Answer: 20,219

Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, how many housing units were there in Atlantic City?


Answer: 24.95%

Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino?


Answer: 26.68%

Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were white?


Answer: 27.7%

Context: There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26.

Question: How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?


Answer: 15,848

Question: How many households were there in Atlantic City?


Answer: 37.2%

Question: How many households were made up of individuals?


Answer: 2.46

Question: What was the average household size in Atlantic City?


Answer: 3.26

Question: What was the average family size in Atlantic City?


Answer: 35 years

Context: In the city the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.

Question: What was the median age of Atlantic City?


Answer: 96.1

Question: For every 100 females, how many males were there?


Answer: 93.2

Question: For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?


Answer: 25.7%

Question: What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was under the age of 18?


Answer: 14.2%

Question: What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older?


Answer: $26,969

Context: The median income for a household in the city was $26,969, and the median income for a family was $31,997. Males had a median income of $25,471 versus $23,863 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,402. About 19.1% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.

Question: What was the median income for a household in the city?


Answer: $31,997

Question: What was the median income for a family in the city?


Answer: $15,402

Question: What was the per capita income for the city?


Answer: 19.1%

Question: What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line?


Answer: 23.6%

Question: What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line?


Answer: unemployment

Context: As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8%, out of labor force of around 141,000.

Question: As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what?


Answer: 13.8%

Question: What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area, as of September 2014?


Answer: 141,000

Question: As of September 2014, what was the overall size of the labor force of the greater Atlantic City area?


Answer: 13.8%

Question: Out of a labor force of about 141,000 what was the unemployment rate?


Answer: Governor Chris Christie

Context: In July 2010, Governor Chris Christie announced that a state takeover of the city and local government "was imminent". Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an "antique car", Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four-year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and more recently, Maryland. In January 2011, Chris Christie announced the Atlantic City Tourism District, a state-run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field. Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind poll surveyed New Jersey voters' attitudes on the takeover. The February 16, 2011 survey showed that 43% opposed the measure while 29% favored direct state oversight. Interestingly, the poll also found that even South Jersey voters expressed opposition to the plan; 40% reported they opposed the measure and 37% reported they were in favor of it.

Question: In 2010, who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent?


Answer: antique car

Question: What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to?


Answer: Atlantic City Tourism District

Question: What was the name of the district that would encompass the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field?


Answer: 43%

Question: According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters opposed the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?


Answer: 29%

Question: According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters favored the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?


Answer: 2011

Context: On April 29, 2011, the boundaries for the state-run tourism district were set. The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements. The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions. New construction would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain.

Question: What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?


Answer: The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements

Question: What were the three major things that the district would include?


Answer: The CRDA

Question: Who would oversee all functions of the new district?


Answer: The CRDA

Question: Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions?


Answer: would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain

Question: What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction?


Answer: 10

Context: The tourism district would comprise several key areas in the city; the Marina District, Ducktown, Chelsea, South Inlet, Bader Field, and Gardner's Basin. Also included are 10 roadways that lead into the district, including several in the city's northern end, or North Beach. Gardner's Basin, which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium, was initially left out of the tourism district, while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries, owing to complaints from the city. Also, the inclusion of Bader Field in the district was controversial and received much scrutiny from mayor Lorenzo Langford, who cast the lone "no" vote on the creation of the district citing its inclusion.

Question: How many roadways will be included in the district?


Answer: Gardner's Basin

Question: What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium?


Answer: Gardner's Basin

Question: What place was originally left off of the tourism district?


Answer: Chelsea

Question: Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district?


Answer: mayor Lorenzo Langford

Question: Who cast the lone "no" vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field's inclusion?


Answer: Gambling Capital of the East Coast

Context: Atlantic City is considered as the "Gambling Capital of the East Coast," and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.

Question: What is Atlantic City known for?


Answer: eight

Question: How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?


Answer: 33,000

Question: Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011?


Answer: 28.5 million

Question: Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?


Answer: New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement

Question: What two entities regulate New Jersey's casino?


Answer: four

Context: In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.

Question: How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?


Answer: Trump Plaza

Question: What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?


Answer: 1984

Question: What year did Trump Plaza originally open?


Answer: Revel

Question: What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?


Answer: Atlantic Club

Question: What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?


Answer: selling

Context: Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.

Question: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?


Answer: Trump Taj Mahal

Question: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?


Answer: 2013

Question: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?


Answer: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business

Question: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?


Answer: Executives

Question: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?


Answer: three

Context: Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.

Question: How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?


Answer: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's

Question: What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?


Answer: Chapter 11

Question: What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?


Answer: 2015

Question: What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?


Answer: casino operating unit

Question: Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?


Answer: Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall

Context: Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) of showroom space, 5 exhibit halls, 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m2) of space, a garage with 1,400 parking spaces, and an adjacent Sheraton hotel. Both the Boardwalk Hall and Convention Center are operated by the Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority.

Question: What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?


Answer: an arena

Question: What is the Boardwalk Hall?


Answer: 1997

Question: In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?


Answer: 500,000 sq ft

Question: How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?


Answer: Sheraton hotel

Question: What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?


Answer: Monopoly City

Context: Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of local Quakers.

Question: What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?


Answer: Monopoly

Question: The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?


Answer: Ruth Hoskins

Question: Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?


Answer: Indianapolis

Question: What location was originally featured in the Monopoly game?


Answer: a group of local Quakers

Question: Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?


Answer: Marvin Gardens

Context: Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected.

Question: What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?


Answer: Marven Gardens

Question: What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?


Answer: Charles Darrow

Question: Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?


Answer: 1995

Question: In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?


Answer: Charles Darrow

Question: Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?


Answer: immune systems in all organisms

Context: Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Question: In general, what does immunology study?


Answer: both health and diseases

Question: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?


Answer: autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection

Question: Name three types of immunological disorders?


Answer: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo

Question: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?


Answer: organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology

Question: What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?


Answer: exempt

Context: Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Question: The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?


Answer: thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver

Question: What are the major organs of the immune system?


Answer: early physicians

Question: Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?


Answer: surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive

Question: How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?


Answer: thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues

Question: Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?


Answer: typically cellular in nature

Context: Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.

Question: The structure of immune system components can be described as what?


Answer: not associated with any specific organ

Question: Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?


Answer: embedded

Question: What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?


Answer: circulating

Question: What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?


Answer: epidemiology and medicine

Context: Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.

Question: Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?


Answer: the body systems, pathogens, and immunity

Question: Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?


Answer: 430 BCE

Question: When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?


Answer: Thucydides

Question: Which Greek historian made that notation?


Answer: 19th and 20th centuries

Question: When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?


Answer: innate immune system

Context: The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.

Question: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?


Answer: acquired or adaptive immune system

Question: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?


Answer: humoral (or antibody)

Question: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?


Answer: cell-mediated

Question: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?


Answer: molecular and cellular components

Question: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?


Answer: antibodies and antigens

Context: The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.

Question: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?


Answer: specific proteins

Question: What are antibodies comprised of?


Answer: B lymphocytes

Question: What cells produce antibodies?


Answer: "anti"body "gen"erators

Question: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?


Answer: cellular response

Question: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?


Answer: research

Context: Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).

Question: In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?


Answer: non-classical models of immunity

Question: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?


Answer: cells, organs and systems

Question: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?


Answer: not previously associated with the immune system

Question: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?


Answer: Clinical immunology

Context: Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.

Question: The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?


Answer: failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth

Question: What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?


Answer: cellular elements

Question: Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?


Answer: diseases of other systems

Question: What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?


Answer: immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features

Question: Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?


Answer: hypersensitivities

Context: Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.

Question: What is a type of immune system disorder?


Answer: asthma and other allergies

Question: What are some examples of hypersensitivities?


Answer: respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.

Question: What characterizes a hypersensitivity?


Answer: AIDS

Context: The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Question: What is the most famous immune system disease?


Answer: an immunodeficiency

Question: What kind of disease is AIDS?


Answer: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

Question: Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?


Answer: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question: What virus specifically suppresses those cells?


Answer: person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area

Context: The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.

Question: What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?


Answer: low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas

Question: Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?


Answer: phagocytic

Question: What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?


Answer: both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed

Question: Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?


Answer: activate T cells

Question: Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?


Answer: Maternal factors

Context: Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.

Question: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?


Answer: breast milk

Question: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?


Answer: up to 18 months

Question: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?


Answer: glycoproteins

Question: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?


Answer: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules

Question: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?


Answer: hormones

Context: During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.

Question: What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?


Answer: 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)

Question: What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?


Answer: testosterone

Question: Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?


Answer: increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity

Question: Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?


Answer: detect sex hormones in the system

Question: Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?


Answer: strongly experimental

Context: Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

Question: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?


Answer: "cellular" and "humoral"

Question: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?


Answer: phagocytes

Question: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?


Answer: soluble components (molecules)

Question: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?


Answer: the organism’s “humors”

Question: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?


Answer: Frank Burnet

Context: In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.

Question: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?


Answer: self/nonself distinction

Question: What triggers an immune response according to CST?


Answer: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)

Question: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?


Answer: the complex "two-signal" activation

Question: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?


Answer: In the mid-1950s

Question: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?


Answer: Bioscience

Context: Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.

Question: What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?


Answer: bioscience

Question: Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?


Answer: humans and animals

Question: The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?


Answer: research

Question: The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?


Answer: effective yet consistent research

Question: What two conditions apply to good immunological study?


Answer: AAI courses

Context: Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.

Question: Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?


Answer: Icahn School of Medicine

Question: What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?


Answer: Introductory Course and an Advance Course

Question: AAI immunology courses include what two components?


Answer: gives students an overview of the basics of immunology

Question: What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?


Answer: New York University

Question: The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?


Answer: an introduction to the basic principles of immunology

Context: In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.

Question: Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?


Answer: clinically-oriented lecture series

Question: Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?


Answer: a background of the principles of immunology

Question: What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?


Answer: two years of study

Question: How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?


Answer: a doctoral programme

Question: What program requires an additional two years of study?


Answer: MP3

Context: MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.

Question: What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?


Answer: digital

Question: What kind of audio is the coding format for?


Answer: consumer audio streaming

Question: Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?


Answer: lossy data compression

Question: What does MP3 use to format it's data?


Answer: digital audio players

Question: Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?


Answer: sound like a faithful reproduction

Context: The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source (44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s: 128,000 bit/s [1 k = 1,000, not 1024, because it is a bit rate]. Ratio: 1,411,200/128,000 = 11.025). An MP3 file can also be constructed at higher or lower bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality.

Question: What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?


Answer: created

Question: What kind of compression is used?


Answer: 1/11

Question: If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?


Answer: 1,411,200

Question: How many total bit/s would a CD have?


Answer: 128,000

Question: How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?


Answer: accuracy

Context: The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, and then records the remaining information in an efficient manner.

Question: What does the compression target in the song?


Answer: auditory resolution

Question: The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?


Answer: perceptual coding

Question: What is this method commonly referred to as?


Answer: psychoacoustic

Question: What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?


Answer: less audible

Question: These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?


Answer: Moving Picture Experts Group

Context: MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992 and published in 1993 (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993). Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995).

Question: Who designed MP3?


Answer: MPEG-1

Question: What was the first standard that this group had?


Answer: MPEG-2

Question: The first standard later developed into which standard?


Answer: 1991

Question: When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?


Answer: 1995

Question: When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?


Answer: perceptual limitation

Context: The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy. This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths.

Question: What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?


Answer: auditory masking

Question: What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?


Answer: Alfred M. Mayer

Question: Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.


Answer: 1959

Question: When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?


Answer: critical bandwidths

Question: The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?


Answer: The psychoacoustic masking codec

Context: The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit compression), but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech. Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations.

Question: What was first proposed in 1979?


Answer: United States

Question: Which country were the researchers located in?


Answer: Krasner

Question: Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?


Answer: linear predictive coding

Question: What does LPC stand for?


Answer: audio compression algorithms

Question: What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?


Answer: Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain

Context: The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips.

Question: What does OCF stand for?


Answer: Perceptual Transform Coding

Question: What does PXFM stand for?


Answer: ASPEC

Question: What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?


Answer: quality

Question: Which competition did ASPEC win?


Answer: Motorola 56000 DSP chips

Question: What was the first practical implementation based on?


Answer: doctoral

Context: As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg—working as a postdoc at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston ("JJ") of AT&T-Bell Labs—with the Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society (in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute).

Question: What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?


Answer: early 1980s

Question: When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?


Answer: Erlangen-Nuremberg

Question: Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?


Answer: Fraunhofer Society

Question: Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?


Answer: 1993

Question: When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?


Answer: Tom's Diner

Context: The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice.

Question: What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?


Answer: Suzanne Vega

Question: Who was the artist of the first song used?


Answer: Karlheinz Brandenburg

Question: Who adjusted the song?


Answer: scheme

Question: The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?


Answer: subtlety

Question: What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?


Answer: two

Context: In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), CCETT (France) and Institut für Rundfunktechnik (Germany) was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness, as well as its low computational power associated with the encoding of high quality compressed audio. The Musicam format, based on sub-band coding, was the basis of the MPEG Audio compression format (sampling rates, structure of frames, headers, number of samples per frame).

Question: How many proposals were available in 1991?


Answer: Musicam

Question: Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?


Answer: Netherlands

Question: The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?


Answer: error robustness

Question: Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?


Answer: sub-band coding

Question: What was the Musican format based on?


Answer: filter bank

Context: Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing of the standard was made under the responsibilities of Leon van de Kerkhof (Layer I) and Gerhard Stoll (Layer II).

Question: What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?


Answer: Professor Musmann

Question: Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?


Answer: Leon van de Kerkhof

Question: Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?


Answer: Gerhard Stoll

Question: Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?


Answer: ASPEC

Context: ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.

Question: What was the name given to the proposal?


Answer: the highest coding efficiency

Question: What did the joint proposal provide?


Answer: AT&T Bell Laboratories

Question: Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?


Answer: filter bank

Context: A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own ideas and created MP3, which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s.

Question: What did the working group integrate their ideas with?


Answer: Layer 2

Question: Where was the filter bank taken from?


Answer: ASPEC

Question: What did the working group take ideas from?


Answer: MP3

Question: What did the working group eventually create?


Answer: MP2 at 192 kbit/s

Question: What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?


Answer: 1991

Context: All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993.

Question: When were the algorithms approved?


Answer: 1992

Question: When were the approved algorithms finalized?


Answer: MPEG-1

Question: What was the first started suite by MPEG?


Answer: ISO/IEC 11172-3

Question: What was the official name of the internation standard?


Answer: 1993

Question: When was the international standard published?


Answer: second suite

Context: Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.

Question: Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?


Answer: MPEG-2

Question: What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?


Answer: half

Question: At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?


Answer: bitrate

Question: Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?


Answer: MPEG-2 Part 3

Question: Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?


Answer: MPEG-2.5 audio

Context: An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications requiring only 25% of the frequency reproduction possible with MPEG-1. While not an ISO recognized standard, MPEG-2.5 is widely supported by both inexpensive and brand name digital audio players as well as computer software based MP3 encoders and decoders. A sample rate comparison between MPEG-1, 2 and 2.5 is given further down. MPEG-2.5 was not developed by MPEG and was never approved as an international standard. MPEG-2.5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format.

Question: As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?


Answer: Fraunhofer IIS

Question: Where was this extension developed?


Answer: human speech

Question: The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?


Answer: MPEG-2.5

Question: What is not an ISO recognized standard?


Answer: proprietary

Question: As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?


Answer: bit rate

Context: Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2×16 bit), or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2×16 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with use of the term compression ratio for lossy encoders.

Question: What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?


Answer: input

Question: Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?


Answer: Compact Disc

Question: What does CD stand for?


Answer: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP

Question: Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?


Answer: compression ratios

Question: What can CD parameters be used as references for?


Answer: CD

Context: Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song "Tom's Diner" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some refer to Suzanne Vega as "The mother of MP3". This particular track has an interesting property in that the two channels are almost, but not completely, the same, leading to a case where Binaural Masking Level Depression causes spatial unmasking of noise artifacts unless the encoder properly recognizes the situation and applies corrections similar to those detailed in the MPEG-2 AAC psychoacoustic model. Some more critical audio excerpts (glockenspiel, triangle, accordion, etc.) were taken from the EBU V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats.

Question: What type of recording did Brandenburg use?


Answer: the MP3 compression algorithm

Question: What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?


Answer: monophonic

Question: What word describes the nature of the song used?


Answer: The mother of MP3

Question: As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?


Answer: EBU V3/SQAM

Question: Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?


Answer: the ISO MPEG Audio committee

Context: A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.

Question: Who developed the reference simulation software?


Answer: C

Question: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?


Answer: March 1994

Question: When was the reference software approved?


Answer: 1998

Question: When did the reference software become an international standard?


Answer: real time hardware decoding

Question: What could the reference software demonstrate?


Answer: 7 July 1994

Context: On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many people were able to encode and play back MP3 files on their PCs. Because of the relatively small hard drives back in that time (~ 500–1000 MB) lossy compression was essential to store non-instrument based (see tracker and MIDI) music for playback on computer.

Question: When was the first software MP3 encoder released?


Answer: l3enc

Question: What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?


Answer: .mp3

Question: What was the filename extension?


Answer: WinPlay3

Question: What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?


Answer: 1000 MB

Question: What was the average high end hard drive size?


Answer: sound scholar

Context: As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".

Question: What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?


Answer: Australian

Question: Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?


Answer: stolen credit card

Question: What did the hacker use to acquire the software?


Answer: user interface

Question: The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?


Answer: free

Question: How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?


Answer: the Internet

Context: In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998, despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA.

Question: Where did MP3s begin to spread?


Answer: Winamp

Question: Which audio player was released in 1997?


Answer: Nullsoft

Question: Who released the audio player?


Answer: MPMan

Question: What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?


Answer: South Korea

Question: In which country was the first portable audio player developed?


Answer: mp3.com

Context: In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, was launched in 1999.

Question: Which website offered MP3s for free?


Answer: thousands

Question: How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?


Answer: peer-to-peer

Question: What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?


Answer: ripped from CDs

Question: How did people come into possession of MP3s?


Answer: Napster

Question: Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?


Answer: copyright

Context: The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users who engaged in file sharing.

Question: What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?


Answer: music piracy

Question: What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?


Answer: Napster

Question: Who was the target of the record companies?


Answer: shut down and later sold

Question: What happened to Napster?


Answer: Unauthorized

Context: Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format.

Question: What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?


Answer: authorized

Question: Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?


Answer: unrestricted

Question: What kind of music is sold by these companies?


Answer: MP3

Question: Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?


Answer: MP3 frames

Context: An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio information in terms of frequencies and amplitudes. The diagram shows that the MP3 Header consists of a sync word, which is used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. This is followed by a bit indicating that this is the MPEG standard and two bits that indicate that layer 3 is used; hence MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MP3. After this, the values will differ, depending on the MP3 file. ISO/IEC 11172-3 defines the range of values for each section of the header along with the specification of the header. Most MP3 files today contain ID3 metadata, which precedes or follows the MP3 frames, as noted in the diagram.

Question: A header and data block together make up what?


Answer: elementary stream

Question: What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?


Answer: dard

Question: What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?


Answer: two

Question: How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?


Answer: ID3

Question: MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?


Answer: MPEG-1

Context: The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise their own algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input. As a result, there are many different MP3 encoders available, each producing files of differing quality. Comparisons are widely available, so it is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice. An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates (such as LAME) is not necessarily as good at lower bit rates.

Question: Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?


Answer: non-normative

Question: Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?


Answer: their own algorithms

Question: What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?


Answer: Comparisons are widely available

Question: It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?


Answer: lower bit rates

Question: An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?


Answer: 576

Context: During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.)

Question: How many domain samples are taken during encoding?


Answer: frequency-domain samples

Question: Domain samples are transformed into what?


Answer: there is a transient

Question: When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?


Answer: temporal spread

Question: When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?


Answer: quantization noise

Question: What accompanies a transient?


Answer: tree

Context: Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the "aliasing compensation" stage; however, that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain, thereby decreasing coding efficiency.[citation needed]

Question: What kind of structure does a filter bank have?


Answer: pre-echo problems

Question: Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?


Answer: time/frequency

Question: What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?


Answer: aliasing

Question: Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem?


Answer: coding

Question: The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency?


Answer: Decoding

Context: Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Therefore, comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process).

Question: What is carefully defined in the standard?


Answer: bitstream compliant

Question: What are most decoders?


Answer: specified degree of rounding tolerance

Question: The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?


Answer: computationally efficient

Question: Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?


Answer: CPU time

Question: The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?


Answer: gapless playback

Context: Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback.

Question: What is there no official provision for?


Answer: LAME

Question: What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?


Answer: seamless playback

Question: Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?


Answer: overall delay

Question: For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?


Answer: sound quality of the result

Context: When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger the compressed file will be, and, generally, the closer it will sound to the original file.

Question: A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?


Answer: creating an MP3 file

Question: What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?


Answer: the creator

Question: Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?


Answer: how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio

Question: What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?


Answer: larger

Question: If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?


Answer: compression artifacts

Context: With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts.

Question: If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?


Answer: compression artifacts

Question: Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?


Answer: compress

Question: Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?


Answer: ringing

Question: Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?


Answer: A sample of applause

Question: What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?


Answer: quality of the encoder

Context: Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s, one scored 3.66 on a 1–5 scale, while the other scored only 2.22.

Question: Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?


Answer: encoding algorithms

Question: The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?


Answer: bit rates

Question: As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?


Answer: 2.22

Question: An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?


Answer: 5

Question: To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?


Answer: one

Context: The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) files. The idea behind this is that, in any piece of audio, some parts will be much easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few instruments, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will vary the bit rate accordingly. Users who know a particular "quality setting" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate.

Question: How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?


Answer: Constant Bit Rate

Question: What does CBR stand for?


Answer: Variable Bit Rate

Question: What does VBR stand for?


Answer: music containing only a few instruments

Question: Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?


Answer: quality setting

Question: What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?


Answer: ambient noise

Context: Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones).

Question: A listening environment is also know by which term?


Answer: sound cards

Question: Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?


Answer: Perceived quality

Question: Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?


Answer: Music Professor Jonathan Berger

Context: A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.

Question: Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?


Answer: Stanford University

Question: Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?


Answer: risen each year

Question: Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?


Answer: sizzle

Question: What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?


Answer: The Ghost in the MP3

Context: An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom's Diner", the track originally used in the formulation of the MP3 standard. A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression, along with the conceptual motivation for the project, was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference.

Question: What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?


Answer: sounds lost during MP3 compression

Question: What did the study aim to isolate?


Answer: Tom's Diner

Question: What is the track "moDernisT" an anagram of?


Answer: International Computer Music Conference

Question: Where was an account of the study published?


Answer: 2014

Question: Which year was the study published?


Answer: Nyquist–Shannon

Context: Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz. MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III is restricted to bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.[citation needed] Because of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency, and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction.

Question: What is the name of the sampling theorem?


Answer: less than half

Question: In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?


Answer: 4 kHz

Question: Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?


Answer: imperfect filters

Question: What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?


Answer: 48

Question: A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?


Answer: 44.1 kHz

Context: A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread.

Question: What sampling rate is used for CD audio?


Answer: CD audio

Question: What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?


Answer: the Internet

Question: Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?


Answer: 11:1

Question: The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?


Answer: 320 kbit/s

Question: As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?


Answer: Uncompressed audio

Context: Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively.

Question: What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?


Answer: 11:1

Question: What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?


Answer: 9:1

Question: What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?


Answer: 7:1

Question: What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?


Answer: Non-standard

Context: Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s.

Question: The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?


Answer: freeformat

Question: Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?


Answer: 640 kbit/s

Question: What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?


Answer: 320

Question: The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?


Answer: Constant Bit Rate

Context: Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording.

Question: What does the term CBR mean?


Answer: Layer III

Question: Which early MPEG layer used CBR?


Answer: uniform

Question: The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?


Answer: bit reservoir

Question: What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?


Answer: the complexity of the sound

Question: What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?


Answer: variable bitrate audio

Context: A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate. Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread.

Question: What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?


Answer: layer III

Question: Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?


Answer: VBR

Question: What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?


Answer: final file size

Question: Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?


Answer: the user

Question: An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?


Answer: bit reservoir

Context: Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]

Question: A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?


Answer: Layer III

Question: What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?


Answer: encoding delay

Question: What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?


Answer: temporary

Question: A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?


Answer: constant bitrate

Question: A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?


Answer: sfb21

Context: There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding.

Question: What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?


Answer: 16 kHz

Question: What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?


Answer: less efficient storage

Question: The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?


Answer: wasted bitrate

Question: What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?


Answer: tag

Context: A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags.

Question: What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?


Answer: album

Question: What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track number?


Answer: tag formats for MP3 files

Question: What do MP3 standards not define?


Answer: a standard container format

Question: What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?


Answer: ID3v2

Context: However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, or just treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data.

Question: Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?


Answer: APEv2

Question: What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?


Answer: end

Question: What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?


Answer: separate from the actual MP3 frame data

Question: What is important to note about where the tags are stored?


Answer: treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data

Question: If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?


Answer: ReplayGain

Context: ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability.

Question: What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?


Answer: audio normalization

Question: What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?


Answer: the overall playback volume

Question: What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?


Answer: MP3Gain

Question: What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?


Answer: ReplayGain capability

Question: MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?


Answer: European Union

Context: The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015.

Question: Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?


Answer: expired

Question: What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?


Answer: 31 December 2017

Question: When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?


Answer: 2007 and 2015

Question: Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?


Answer: legal threats

Context: In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology.

Question: What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?


Answer: which patents must be licensed

Question: Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?


Answer: patent infringement

Question: What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?


Answer: early stages

Question: At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?


Answer: MPEG-1 standard

Context: The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172.

Question: What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?


Answer: after prior art has been made public

Question: When can patents not be filed in most countries?


Answer: 20 years

Question: How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?


Answer: 12 months

Question: How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?


Answer: December 2012

Question: When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?


Answer: 17 years after the publication date

Context: An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired which had a PCT filing in October 1992. If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires.

Question: How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?


Answer: submarine patents

Question: A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?


Answer: 2017

Question: What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?


Answer: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

Question: Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?


Answer: Technicolor

Question: Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?


Answer: Thomson Consumer Electronics

Context: Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents.

Question: What was Technicolor's previous name?


Answer: Layer 3

Question: What patent does Technicolor claim to control?


Answer: actively enforcing these patents

Question: What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?


Answer: September 1998

Context: In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute products using the [MPEG Layer-3] standard and thus our patents, you need to obtain a license under these patents from us."

Question: When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?


Answer: a license

Question: What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?


Answer: infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson

Question: What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing?


Answer: the [MPEG Layer-3] standard

Question: What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?


Answer: Thomson

Context: Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in December 2005. Except for three patents, the US patents administered by Sisvel had all expired in 2015, however (the exceptions are: U.S. Patent 5,878,080, expires February 2017, U.S. Patent 5,850,456, expires February 2017 and U.S. Patent 5,960,037, expires 9. April 2017.

Question: Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?


Answer: Sisvel S.p.A.

Question: Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?


Answer: a license to their patents

Question: What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?


Answer: 2015

Question: When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?


Answer: 9. April 2017

Question: When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?


Answer: MP3 players

Context: In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court, "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany" in the words of one commentator.

Question: What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?


Answer: IFA

Question: At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?


Answer: Sisvel

Question: Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?


Answer: The injunction was later reversed

Question: What happened after the injunction was successful?


Answer: bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany

Question: The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?


Answer: Texas MP3 Technologies

Context: In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009.

Question: Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?


Answer: eastern Texas federal court

Question: Which court did the lawsuit take place in?


Answer: all settled the claims against them

Question: What action did the three companies being sued take?


Answer: 2009

Question: What year did the lawsuits end?


Answer: infringement of a portable MP3 player patent

Question: What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?


Answer: Alcatel-Lucent

Context: Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 billion in damages for infringement of two of them. The court subsequently tossed the award, however, finding that one patent had not been infringed and that the other was not even owned by Alcatel-Lucent; it was co-owned by AT&T and Fraunhofer, who had licensed it to Microsoft, the judge ruled. That defense judgment was upheld on appeal in 2008. See Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft for more information.

Question: Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?


Answer: MP3 coding and compression

Question: What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?


Answer: seven

Question: How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on?


Answer: The court subsequently tossed the award

Question: What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages?


Answer: US $1.52 billion

Question: How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury?


Answer: MP3

Context: Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, and AT&T.

Question: AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?


Answer: psychoacoustic

Question: What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?


Answer: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft

Question: Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats?


Answer: open

Context: There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.

Question: Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?


Answer: any known patent restrictions

Question: Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?


Answer: free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format

Question: What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?


Answer: available free of charge

Question: How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?


Answer: lossless formats

Context: Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.

Question: What is a significant alternative to MP3?


Answer: unaltered audio content

Question: What can lossless formats provide?


Answer: increased file size

Question: What is the downside of using a lossless format?


Answer: FLAC

Question: What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?


Answer: Free Lossless Audio Codec

Question: What does FLAC stand for?