Answer: host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial

Question: What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?


Answer: several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy

Context: The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Question: How do you predict the clinical result?


Answer: bacterial functions or growth processes

Context: Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).

Question: What do anitibiotics mostly target?


Answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

Question: Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?


Answer: polymyxins

Question: Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?


Answer: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines

Question: What 3 types go after protein synthesis?


Answer: mechanism of action

Question: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?


Answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

Question: What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?


Answer: polymyxins

Question: whats another word for cell membrane?


Answer: four

Question: How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/


Answer: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity

Question: What three ways are antibiotics classified?


Answer: semisynthetic modifications

Context: With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]

Question: What are antibiotics in chemical terms?


Answer: beta-lactam antibiotics

Question: What type of antibiotics include penicilin?


Answer: aminoglycosides

Question: What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?


Answer: synthesis

Question: How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?


Answer: various natural compounds

Question: Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?


Answer: 2000 atomic mass units

Question: What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?


Answer: penicillins

Question: What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?


Answer: fungi

Question: What is penicillins produced by?


Answer: tuberculosis

Context: Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".

Question: What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?


Answer: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance

Question: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?


Answer: World Health Organization

Question: What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'


Answer: 20th century

Question: In which century were antibiotics first introduced?


Answer: anyone, of any age, in any country

Question: What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?


Answer: develop resistance

Question: What does there medicines do for livestock?


Answer: World Health Organization

Question: What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??


Answer: 20th

Question: In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?


Answer: antibiotic resistance

Question: Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause?


Answer: vaccination

Question: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?


Answer: 20th century

Question: When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?


Answer: develop resistance

Question: What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?


Answer: World Health Organization

Question: What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?


Answer: every region of the world

Question: What regions in the world does this apply in?


Answer: 20th century

Question: When were antibiotics created?


Answer: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance

Question: What is a common problem in antibiotic use?


Answer: livestock raising

Question: Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?


Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?


Answer: empirical therapy

Context: In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.

Question: What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?


Answer: laboratory

Question: Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?


Answer: broad spectrum antibiotic

Question: What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?


Answer: While the microorgainsim is being identified

Question: At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?


Answer: several days

Question: How long does the identification process take?


Answer: broad spectrum antibiotic

Question: What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?


Answer: a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified

Question: What happens in empirical therapy?


Answer: before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim

Question: When is empirical started?


Answer: fever and nausea

Context: Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.

Question: What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?


Answer: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora

Question: What causes diarrhea?


Answer: yeast

Question: What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?


Answer: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid

Question: What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?


Answer: alter the host microbiota

Question: What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?


Answer: negative effects

Question: What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?


Answer: clinical use

Question: What do antibiotics need approval for?


Answer: microbial organisms

Question: What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?


Answer: Adverse effects

Question: Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?


Answer: host microbiota

Question: What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?


Answer: negative effects on humans or other mammals

Question: Why are antibiotics checked before use?


Answer: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis

Question: Name some adverse effects?


Answer: diarrhea

Question: Name some side-effects?


Answer: overgrowth of yeast

Question: What can happen to vaginal flora?


Answer: Additional side-effects

Question: What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?


Answer: increased body mass

Context: Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.

Question: What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?


Answer: subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment

Question: What does STAT stand for?


Answer: penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline

Question: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?


Answer: unclear

Question: Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?


Answer: weighed against the beneficial effects

Question: Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven?


Answer: increased body mass

Question: What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?


Answer: Early life

Question: When do intestinal microbiota develop?


Answer: unclear

Question: Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?


Answer: The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills

Context: The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.

Question: Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?


Answer: about 1%

Question: What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?


Answer: reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon

Question: What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?


Answer: inconclusive and controversial

Question: Have these potential effects been proven through testing?


Answer: extra contraceptive measures

Question: What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?


Answer: contraceptive pills

Question: What do antibiotics interfere with?


Answer: about 1%

Question: What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills?


Answer: absorption of estrogens

Question: Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?


Answer: oral contraceptives

Question: In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?


Answer: antibiotics do interfere

Question: Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?


Answer: extra contraceptive measures

Question: What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?


Answer: about 1%

Question: What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?


Answer: decreased effectiveness

Context: Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.

Question: What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?


Answer: moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics

Question: Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?


Answer: there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects

Question: Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?


Answer: widespread

Question: How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?


Answer: decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy

Question: What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?


Answer: alcohol consumption

Question: What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics?


Answer: alcohol and antibiotics

Question: What belief should bever be mixed widespread?


Answer: alcohol

Question: What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?


Answer: specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects

Question: What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?


Answer: alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed

Question: Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?


Answer: Intrinsic antibacterial resistance

Context: Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.

Question: What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?


Answer: antibacterial resistance genes

Question: What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?


Answer: antibiotic target

Question: What can be absent from the bacterial genome?


Answer: vertical transmission

Question: When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/


Answer: mutation

Question: What does some resistance come from?


Answer: vertical transmission of mutations

Question: What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?


Answer: carry several different resistance genes

Question: What do plasmids do in resistance?


Answer: superbugs

Context: Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."

Question: What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?


Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?


Answer: half a million

Question: How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?


Answer: MDR-TB

Question: What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?


Answer: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse

Context: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.

Question: What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?


Answer: Self prescription

Question: What is a common method of misuse?


Answer: overuse of antibiotics

Question: What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?


Answer: prophylactic antibiotics

Context: Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.

Question: What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?


Answer: failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage

Question: What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?


Answer: failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery

Question: What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?


Answer: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment

Question: What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?


Answer: prescribe antibiotics

Question: What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?


Answer: US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance

Context: Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.

Question: What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?


Answer: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Question: Which agencies control this task force?


Answer: 2002

Question: When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?


Answer: 2003

Context: The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).

Question: When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?


Answer: Swann report 1969

Question: What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?


Answer: American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)

Question: What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?


Answer: S.742 and H.R. 2562

Question: Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?


Answer: American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)

Question: What 3 medical associations supported the bills?


Answer: animal husbandry

Context: There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.

Question: What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?


Answer: 1977

Question: When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?


Answer: March 2012

Question: When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?


Answer: medicinal folklore

Context: Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.

Question: What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?


Answer: over 2000 years ago

Question: When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?


Answer: mold and plant materials and extracts

Question: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?


Answer: against life

Question: What does antibiosis mean?


Answer: Jean Paul Vuillemin

Question: Who came up with the term antibiosis?


Answer: mold

Context: The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.

Question: What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?


Answer: Alexander Fleming

Question: Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?


Answer: penicillin

Question: What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?


Answer: chemotherapy

Question: What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?


Answer: Prontosil

Context: The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.

Question: What was the first available antibiotic?


Answer: IG Farben

Question: What company developed Prontosil?


Answer: Gerhard Domagk

Question: Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?


Answer: 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine

Question: What prize did Domagk get for his work?


Answer: tyrothricin

Context: In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.

Question: What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?


Answer: 1939

Question: When was tyrothricin created?


Answer: start of World War II,

Question: What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?


Answer: Rene Dubos

Question: Who discovered tyrothricin?


Answer: wounds and ulcers

Question: What was tyrothricin used for during the war?


Answer: 1942

Context: Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.

Question: When was penicillin G first purified?


Answer: 1945

Question: When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?


Answer: Norman Heatley

Question: Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?


Answer: 1945

Question: When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?


Answer: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

Question: Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?


Answer: immune modulation or augmentation

Context: Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.

Question: What do vaccines need to work?


Answer: Antibacterial vaccines

Question: What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?


Answer: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates

Question: What types of vaccines have been phased out?


Answer: Phage therapy

Context: Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Question: What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?


Answer: infecting pathogenic bacteria

Question: How have researchers been doing this?


Answer: phages will infect "good" bacteria

Question: What is a worry of using phages?


Answer: 2

Context: In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:

Question: How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?


Answer: seven

Question: How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?


Answer: 2013

Question: What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?


Answer: FDA

Context: Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."

Question: Who regulates antibiotic approval?


Answer: economic incentives

Question: What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?


Answer: superbugs

Question: What are resistant bacteria called in the media?


Answer: Allan Coukell,

Question: Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?


Answer: Polish and French

Context: Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.

Question: What was Frédéric's nationalities?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: In what era was Frédéric active in?


Answer: solo piano

Question: For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?


Answer: Duchy of Warsaw

Question: In what area was Frédéric born in?


Answer: 20

Question: At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?


Answer: 1810

Question: What year was Chopin born?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: What era was Chopin active during?


Answer: Warsaw

Question: Where did Chopin grow up?


Answer: solo piano

Question: What instrument did he mostly compose for?


Answer: 20

Question: At what age did Chopin leave Poland?


Answer: 17 October 1849

Question: When did Chopin die?


Answer: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin

Question: What was Chopin's full name?


Answer: solo piano

Question: The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: Chopin was active during what era?


Answer: 1810

Question: In what year was Chopin born?


Answer: Warsaw

Question: In what city was Chopin born and raised?


Answer: 20

Question: How old was Chopin when he left Poland?


Answer: Romantic

Question: In what era of music did Chopin compose?


Answer: 1849

Question: What year did Chopin die?


Answer: 21

Context: At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis.

Question: At what age did Frédéric move to Paris?


Answer: 30

Question: How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?


Answer: 1835

Question: In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France?


Answer: Majorca

Question: In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place?


Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where did he end up living when he was 21?


Answer: 30

Question: How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?


Answer: Franz Liszt

Question: What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?


Answer: 1835

Question: What year did he gain citizenship in France?


Answer: Maria Wodzińska

Question: What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?


Answer: 21

Question: At what age did Chopin move to Paris?


Answer: 30

Question: During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?


Answer: 1835

Question: What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?


Answer: Jane Stirling

Question: In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?


Answer: 1835

Question: In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?


Answer: Jane Stirling

Question: Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?


Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?


Answer: piano

Context: All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.

Question: What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include?


Answer: instrumental ballade

Question: What concept was Frédéric credited with creating?


Answer: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert

Question: Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?


Answer: nuance and sensitivity

Question: What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique?


Answer: Paris salons

Question: What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?


Answer: piano

Question: Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?


Answer: instrumental ballade

Question: What concept did Chopin create?


Answer: nuance and sensitivity

Question: What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?


Answer: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert

Question: What three composers influenced Chopin's work?


Answer: Polish

Question: Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?


Answer: piano

Question: What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?


Answer: Polish

Question: Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?


Answer: nuance and sensitivity

Question: Chopin's performances were known for what?


Answer: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert

Question: What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?


Answer: piano

Question: What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?


Answer: Polish

Question: What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?


Answer: Paris salons

Question: Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?


Answer: indirect

Context: In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.

Question: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?


Answer: his love life and his early death

Question: What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?


Answer: films and biographies

Question: In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?


Answer: France

Question: Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?


Answer: Poland

Question: Chopin is a native of what country?


Answer: political insurrection

Question: He had a non-direct association with what?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: Chopin is closely associated with what era?


Answer: France

Question: Where did Chopin create most of his works?


Answer: political insurrection

Question: Chopin was indirectly related to what?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?


Answer: Żelazowa Wola

Context: Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.

Question: In what village was Frédéric born in?


Answer: 22 February 1810

Question: On what date was Frédéric born on?


Answer: 1 March

Question: Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?


Answer: Fridericus Franciscus

Question: What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?


Answer: 29

Question: How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?


Answer: Żelazowa Wola

Question: Where was Chopin born?


Answer: Napoleon

Question: Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?


Answer: 22 February 1810

Question: When was his birthday recorded as being?


Answer: 1 March

Question: What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?


Answer: Fridericus Franciscus

Question: Chopin's given names in Latin are what?


Answer: Napoleon

Question: The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?


Answer: 22 February 1810

Question: Chopin's birth is recorded as when?


Answer: 1 March

Question: What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?


Answer: Fridericus Franciscus

Question: What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?


Answer: Żelazowa Wola

Question: Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?


Answer: Napoleon

Question: What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?


Answer: Justyna Krzyżanowska

Context: Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.

Question: Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?


Answer: 23 April 1810

Question: On what date was Frédéric baptised?


Answer: Polish

Question: What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?


Answer: Nicolas

Question: What was the given name of Chopin's father?


Answer: Lorraine

Question: Where was Chopin's father from?


Answer: Justyna Krzyżanowska

Question: Chopin's father married who?


Answer: Fryderyk Skarbek

Question: What is the name of Chopin's godfather?


Answer: Ludwika

Question: What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?


Answer: Nicolas

Question: What was Chopin's father's first name?


Answer: Lorraine

Question: From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?


Answer: Ludwika

Question: What is Chopin's older sister's name?


Answer: October

Context: In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.

Question: During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?


Answer: French

Question: What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?


Answer: the Palace grounds

Question: Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?


Answer: flute and violin

Question: What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time?


Answer: illnesses

Question: What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?


Answer: October 1810

Question: When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?


Answer: Warsaw Lyceum

Question: Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?


Answer: flute and violin

Question: What instruments did Chopin's father play?


Answer: piano

Question: What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?


Answer: six months

Question: How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?


Answer: French

Question: What language did Chopin's father teach?


Answer: flute and violin

Question: What two instruments did Chopin's father play?


Answer: piano

Question: What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?


Answer: Saxon Palace.

Question: Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?


Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Context: Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

Question: Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?


Answer: Ludwika

Question: Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?


Answer: 7

Question: At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?


Answer: two polonaises

Question: What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?


Answer: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821

Question: What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?


Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Question: Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?


Answer: Ludwika

Question: Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?


Answer: 7

Question: At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?


Answer: 1817

Question: What year did Chopin compose his first work?


Answer: 1816 to 1821

Question: During what years did Chopin receive instruction from Żywny?


Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Question: What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?


Answer: Ludwika

Question: Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?


Answer: 7

Question: How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?


Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Question: Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?


Answer: 1817

Context: In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.

Question: In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?


Answer: Warsaw University

Question: What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?


Answer: Kazimierz Palace

Question: What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?


Answer: Belweder Palace

Question: What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?


Answer: Nasze Przebiegi

Question: What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?


Answer: 1817

Question: The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?


Answer: Kazimierz Palace

Question: The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?


Answer: Grand Duke Constantine

Question: As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?


Answer: a march

Question: What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?


Answer: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz

Question: In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?


Answer: Belweder Palace

Question: What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?


Answer: Grand Duke Constantine

Question: What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?


Answer: a march

Question: What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?


Answer: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz

Question: Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?


Answer: 1823 to 1826

Context: From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the "eolomelodicon", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas".

Question: During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?


Answer: Józef Elsner

Question: Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?


Answer: eolomelodicon

Question: What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?


Answer: Alexander I

Question: Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?


Answer: 10 June 1825

Question: On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?


Answer: Wilhelm Würfel

Question: Who taught Chopin to play the organ?


Answer: Józef Elsner

Question: Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?


Answer: eolomelodicon

Question: What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?


Answer: diamond ring

Question: What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?


Answer: Rondo Op. 1

Question: What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown?


Answer: Wilhelm Würfel

Question: Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?


Answer: Józef Elsner

Question: What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?


Answer: eolomelodicon

Question: What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?


Answer: a diamond ring.

Question: What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?


Answer: Rondo Op. 1.

Question: What is the title of his first commercially successful work?


Answer: Dominik Dziewanowski

Context: During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.

Question: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?


Answer: Szafarnia

Question: In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?


Answer: his family

Question: To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?


Answer: Warsaw newspapers

Question: What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?


Answer: Dominik Dziewanowski

Question: During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?


Answer: Polish rural folk music

Question: What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?


Answer: Dominik Dziewanowski

Question: What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?


Answer: The Szafarnia Courier

Question: What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?


Answer: Szafarnia

Question: Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?


Answer: 1827

Context: In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]

Question: During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?


Answer: Krakowskie Przedmieście

Question: What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?


Answer: 1830

Question: What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?


Answer: a museum

Question: What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?


Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski

Question: Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?


Answer: 1827

Question: What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?


Answer: 1830

Question: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?


Answer: boarding house for male students

Question: What was the Chopin family's business?


Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski

Question: What artist painted the Chopin family?


Answer: sister Emilia

Question: Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?


Answer: 1830

Question: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?


Answer: Chopin Family Parlour

Question: What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?


Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski

Question: What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?


Answer: male

Question: Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?


Answer: Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana

Context: Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her – "It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight." His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius."

Question: Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris?


Answer: Konstancja Gładkowska

Question: Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to?


Answer: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana

Question: What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?


Answer: Konstancja Gładkowska

Question: Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?


Answer: Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)

Question: Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?


Answer: July 1829

Question: When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?


Answer: Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana

Question: Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?


Answer: Konstancja Gładkowska

Question: What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?


Answer: Tytus Woyciechowski

Question: To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?


Answer: Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)

Question: What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?


Answer: Four

Question: How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?


Answer: Feliks Jarocki

Context: In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.

Question: Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?


Answer: Gaspare Spontini

Question: Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?


Answer: Prince Antoni Radziwiłł

Question: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?


Answer: Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3

Question: What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?


Answer: September 1828

Question: When did Chopin visit Berlin?


Answer: Feliks Jarocki

Question: With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?


Answer: Gaspare Spontini

Question: While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?


Answer: Prince Antoni Radziwiłł

Question: In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?


Answer: Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3

Question: What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?


Answer: 1828

Question: What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?


Answer: Feliks Jarocki

Question: Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?


Answer: zoologist

Question: What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?


Answer: Gaspare Spontini

Question: Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?


Answer: 1829

Question: What year did Chopin return to Berlin?


Answer: Souvenir de Paganini

Context: Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews—in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on Là ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.

Question: What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin?


Answer: August

Question: During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna?


Answer: two

Question: How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time?


Answer: 17 March 1830

Question: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?


Answer: Souvenir de Paganini

Question: What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?


Answer: Vienna

Question: Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?


Answer: Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21

Question: What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?


Answer: September 1829

Question: When did Chopin return to Warsaw?


Answer: accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists

Question: Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?


Answer: Niccolò Paganini

Question: Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?


Answer: Vienna

Question: Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?


Answer: two

Question: How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?


Answer: three

Question: How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?


Answer: 2 November 1830

Context: Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, "I curse the moment of my departure." When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: "Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland."

Question: On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?


Answer: Austria

Question: Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?


Answer: 1830

Question: In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?


Answer: Zdzisław Jachimecki

Question: What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?


Answer: Zdzisław Jachimecki

Question: Who said that Chopin set out "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?"


Answer: Woyciechowski

Question: Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?


Answer: Italy

Question: Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?


Answer: the November 1830 Uprising

Question: Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?


Answer: western Europe

Question: What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?


Answer: Woyciechowski

Question: When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?


Answer: 1830

Question: What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?


Answer: "I curse the moment of my departure."

Question: What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?


Answer: 1831

Question: What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?


Answer: the Polish Great Emigration

Context: Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.

Question: What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?


Answer: French

Question: What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?


Answer: 1835

Question: In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?


Answer: friends and confidants

Question: What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?


Answer: Polish

Question: What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?


Answer: September 1831

Question: When did Chopin reach Paris?


Answer: Polish Great Emigration

Question: By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?


Answer: 1835

Question: In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?


Answer: Adam Zamoyski

Question: What is the name of Chopin's biographer?


Answer: Poland

Question: After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?


Answer: France

Question: What country's passport did he have from 1835?


Answer: French

Question: What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?


Answer: Adam Zamoyski

Question: What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?


Answer: Polish Great Emigration

Question: Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?


Answer: Paris

Context: In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.

Question: In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?


Answer: Adam Mickiewicz

Question: Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?


Answer: songs

Question: What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?


Answer: Adam Mickiewicz

Question: What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?


Answer: Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny

Question: What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?


Answer: Adam Mickiewicz

Question: What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?


Answer: principal of the Polish Literary Society

Question: What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?


Answer: Julian Fontana

Context: Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life." Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".

Question: Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?


Answer: Albert Grzymała

Question: Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?


Answer: elder brother

Question: What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?


Answer: Julian Fontana

Question: Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?


Answer: Polish

Question: What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?


Answer: England

Question: Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?


Answer: England

Question: Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?


Answer: Albert Grzymała

Question: Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?


Answer: Albert Grzymała

Question: Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?


Answer: Julian Fontana

Question: Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?


Answer: Warsaw Conservatory

Question: Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?


Answer: Robert Schumann

Context: At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.

Question: Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?


Answer: 26 February 1832

Question: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?


Answer: intimate keyboard technique

Question: What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?


Answer: his father

Question: Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?


Answer: Robert Schumann

Question: From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?


Answer: 26 February 1832

Question: When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?


Answer: Rothschild

Question: What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?


Answer: 1831

Question: When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?


Answer: keyboard technique

Question: What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?


Answer: publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students

Question: Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?


Answer: his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends

Context: Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.

Question: What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?


Answer: pianos

Question: What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?


Answer: Salle Pleyel

Question: Chopin gave a yearly performance where?


Answer: Hexameron

Question: Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?


Answer: Maurice Schlesinger

Question: In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?


Answer: Adolphe Gutmann

Question: What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?


Answer: apartment

Question: Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?


Answer: Liszt and Hiller

Question: On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?


Answer: Maurice Schlesinger

Question: Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?


Answer: Felix Mendelssohn

Context: In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.

Question: Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?


Answer: playing and discussing music

Question: What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?


Answer: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow

Question: Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?


Answer: Carlsbad

Question: Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?


Answer: the Lower Rhenish Music Festival

Question: Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?


Answer: Hiller

Question: Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?


Answer: Carlsbad

Question: In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?


Answer: July 1836

Question: When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?


Answer: Countess Wodzińska

Question: Who was Maria's mother?


Answer: Felix Mendelssohn

Question: Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?


Answer: Düsseldorf

Question: Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?


Answer: director of the Academy of Art

Question: What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?


Answer: Maria

Question: What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?


Answer: Woyciechowski

Context: Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art."

Question: Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?


Answer: Herz, Liszt, Hiller

Question: What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?


Answer: Liszt

Question: Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?


Answer: 26 February 1832

Question: What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?


Answer: Woyciechowski

Question: Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?


Answer: the Salle Pleyel

Question: Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?


Answer: 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin

Context: The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.

Question: What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?


Answer: a few blocks

Question: How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?


Answer: seven

Question: How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?


Answer: Harriet Smithson

Question: For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?


Answer: Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory

Question: At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?


Answer: 2 April 1833

Question: When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?


Answer: the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn

Question: What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?


Answer: Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory

Question: Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?


Answer: the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte

Question: When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?


Answer: seven

Question: How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?


Answer: Harriet Smithson

Question: Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?


Answer: love-hate relationship

Context: Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.

Question: What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?


Answer: theatricality, showmanship and success

Question: What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?


Answer: an apology

Question: What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?


Answer: my friend Liszt

Question: What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?


Answer: Op. 10 Études

Question: What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?


Answer: Marie d'Agoult

Question: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?


Answer: Liszt

Question: Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?


Answer: Liszt

Question: Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?


Answer: Marie d'Agoult

Question: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?


Answer: Hiller

Question: Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?


Answer: George Sand

Question: What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?


Answer: Marie d'Agoult

Context: In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

Question: Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?


Answer: My tragedy

Question: What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?


Answer: Grzymała

Question: Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?


Answer: George Sand

Question: What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?


Answer: his poor health

Question: What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?


Answer: My tragedy

Question: What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?


Answer: Marie d'Agoult

Question: Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?


Answer: 1837

Question: What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?


Answer: My tragedy

Question: What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?


Answer: Grzymała

Question: Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?


Answer: London

Context: In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.

Question: What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837?


Answer: his association with Sand began in earnest

Question: What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris?


Answer: six

Question: How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?


Answer: miserable

Question: What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?


Answer: Valldemossa

Question: Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?


Answer: Camille Pleyel

Question: With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?


Answer: piano maker

Question: What was James Broadwood's occupation?


Answer: six years

Question: How much older was George Sands than Chopin?


Answer: Félicien Mallefille

Question: During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?


Answer: a former Carthusian monastery

Question: After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?


Answer: June 1838

Question: When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?


Answer: Majorca

Question: Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?


Answer: Sand's two children

Question: Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?


Answer: Félicien Mallefille.

Question: One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?


Answer: a former Carthusian monastery

Question: Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?


Answer: Three

Context: On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die." He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.

Question: How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?


Answer: piano

Question: What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?


Answer: best possible condition

Question: What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?


Answer: 3

Question: How many doctors visited Chopin?


Answer: December

Question: What month did Chopin's piano arrive?


Answer: his bad health

Question: What did Chopin compalin about?


Answer: his Pleyel piano

Question: What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?


Answer: December

Question: What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?


Answer: Pleyel

Question: Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?


Answer: bad weather

Context: Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.

Question: What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?


Answer: Canuts

Question: What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?


Answer: Marseilles

Question: What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?


Answer: Nohant

Question: Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?


Answer: Square d'Orléans

Question: Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?


Answer: the Canuts

Question: Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?


Answer: Marseilles

Question: Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?


Answer: Nohant

Question: Where was Sand's home?


Answer: 5 rue Tronchet

Question: After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?


Answer: Square d'Orléans

Question: In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?


Answer: the bad weather

Question: What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?


Answer: the Canuts.

Question: Who did Sand sell the piano to?


Answer: Marseilles

Question: Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?


Answer: Square d'Orléans

Question: Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?


Answer: Nohant

Question: Where did they spend most summers until 1846?