Answer: investing internationally in emerging markets

Question: What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?


Answer: a series of regulatory proposals

Context: United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed "The Volcker Rule", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.

Question: What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?


Answer: consumer protection

Question: What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?


Answer: proprietary

Question: Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?


Answer: Paul Volcker

Question: Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?


Answer: Paul Volcker

Question: Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?


Answer: May 2010

Context: The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.

Question: When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?


Answer: December 2009

Question: When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?


Answer: Volcker Rule

Question: What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?


Answer: Senate

Question: Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?


Answer: bailout of banks

Context: It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity".

Question: What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?


Answer: trillions of U.S. dollars

Question: How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: August 9, 2007

Question: What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?


Answer: 2012

Question: What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?


Answer: BNP Paribas

Question: What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?


Answer: 2004

Context: The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

Question: What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?


Answer: 2009

Question: What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?


Answer: escalate

Question: Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?


Answer: subprime

Question: One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?


Answer: capital

Question: In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?


Answer: Levin–Coburn Report

Context: Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street." The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by "widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision", "dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions", "a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that "added to the uncertainty and panic", a "systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics", "collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and "the failures of credit rating agencies" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.

Question: What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?


Answer: Glass-Steagall Act

Question: Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?


Answer: Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission

Question: What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?


Answer: credit rating agencies

Question: What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?


Answer: regulatory

Question: What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?


Answer: mortgage-backed securities

Context: As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.

Question: What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?


Answer: collateralized debt obligations

Question: What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?


Answer: major global financial institutions

Question: When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?


Answer: institutions and investors around the world

Question: Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?


Answer: mortgage payments and housing prices

Question: MBS and CDO derive their value from?


Answer: trillions of U.S. dollars

Context: Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.

Question: How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?


Answer: foreclosure

Question: What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?


Answer: late 2006

Question: What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?


Answer: other loan types

Question: What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?


Answer: foreclosure epidemic

Question: What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?


Answer: investment banks and hedge funds

Context: While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.

Question: What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?


Answer: investment banks and hedge funds

Question: What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?


Answer: financialization

Question: What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?


Answer: deregulation

Question: What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?


Answer: U.S. Government policy

Question: Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?


Answer: MBS

Context: These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments.

Question: Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: slowing economic activity

Question: What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?


Answer: central banks

Question: Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: Governments

Question: Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: large loan defaults or MBS losses

Question: What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: January 2011

Context: The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels".

Question: When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?


Answer: the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation

Question: What was one of the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?


Answer: key policy makers

Question: Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?


Answer: financial firms

Question: Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?


Answer: tough competition

Context: During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004–2007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs.

Question: What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?


Answer: 2003

Question: In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?


Answer: 2004–2007

Question: What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?


Answer: 2004–2007

Question: What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?


Answer: government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)

Question: Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?


Answer: six

Context: The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed.

Question: How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?


Answer: Paul Krugman

Question: Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?


Answer: government affordable housing policy

Question: Several reports written by various agencies concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?


Answer: GSE loans

Question: According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?


Answer: 4

Question: How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?


Answer: 13 million

Context: In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.

Question: How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008?


Answer: over $2 trillion

Question: What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?


Answer: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac

Question: Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?


Answer: HUD

Question: Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?


Answer: 6

Question: How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?


Answer: Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)

Context: In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded.

Question: Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?


Answer: Bush administration

Question: Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?


Answer: September 10, 2003

Question: On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?


Answer: The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation

Question: What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?


Answer: House Financial Services Committee

Question: Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?


Answer: $467 billion

Context: A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.

Question: What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?


Answer: 10%

Question: What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?


Answer: Community Reinvestment Act

Question: What does CRA stand for?


Answer: 25%

Question: What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?


Answer: 25%

Question: What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?


Answer: 1995

Context: To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve’s classification of CRA loans as “prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.

Question: When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?


Answer: $4.5 trillion

Question: How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?


Answer: high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)

Question: What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?


Answer: prime

Question: How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?


Answer: after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001

Question: When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?


Answer: credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.

Context: Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.

Question: What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?


Answer: derivatives

Question: Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?


Answer: Portfolio Magazine

Question: Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?


Answer: derivatives

Question: What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?


Answer: credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs

Question: What are some names of derivatives?


Answer: substandard

Context: Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated." According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.

Question: Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?


Answer: low or no downpayments

Question: What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?


Answer: it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans

Question: According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?


Answer: 1997–2007

Question: Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?


Answer: Krugman

Question: Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?


Answer: 160

Context: Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.

Question: How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?


Answer: the Saint-Barthélemy Channel

Question: What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?


Answer: little Turtle rocks

Question: What does "Roques" mean in English?


Answer: the Renaissance

Question: St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?


Answer: satellite islets

Question: What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts?


Answer: Saint-Barthélemoise

Context: Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

Question: What are the people of St. Barts called?


Answer: French

Question: What is the native language of St. Barts?


Answer: 500–700

Question: About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?


Answer: French

Question: Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?


Answer: racially

Question: How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?


Answer: Saint Martin

Context: On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.

Question: What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?


Answer: five

Question: How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?


Answer: in March 2012

Question: When was the last election held for the executive council positions?


Answer: 15 July 2007

Question: When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?


Answer: nineteen

Question: How many people are on the Territorial Council?


Answer: September 2014

Context: One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).

Question: When was the last senate election in St. Barts?


Answer: the European Union

Question: What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?


Answer: One

Question: How many senators represent St. Barts in France?


Answer: 2008

Question: What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?


Answer: thirteen

Question: How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?


Answer: Agricultural production

Context: Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.

Question: What is often difficult on the island?


Answer: Sweet potato

Question: What is grown in patches on the island?


Answer: salt

Question: What seasoning is found naturally on the island?


Answer: fishing

Question: What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?


Answer: Gustavia

Question: What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?


Answer: the rich and famous

Context: International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as €61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.

Question: St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?


Answer: 200,000

Question: How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?


Answer: €61,200,000

Question: What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?


Answer: wealth generated by wealthy tourists

Question: What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?


Answer: by airplane

Question: Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?


Answer: 25

Context: St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.

Question: About how many hotels does St. Barts have?


Answer: 58

Question: How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?


Answer: Portugal

Question: Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?


Answer: 12

Question: How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?


Answer: 400

Question: About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?


Answer: succulent

Context: As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

Question: What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?


Answer: The eastern part

Question: Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?


Answer: several hundred

Question: A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?


Answer: Sea grapes

Question: What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?


Answer: the Pacific islands

Question: Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?


Answer: aloe or aloe vera

Context: Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.

Question: What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?


Answer: cereus

Question: What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?


Answer: South America

Question: Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?


Answer: 1773

Question: When did the british army invade the island?


Answer: barbary

Question: What type of fig grows on the island?


Answer: May

Context: Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.

Question: When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?


Answer: December

Question: When is the beggining of the whale migration season?


Answer: Turtles

Question: What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?


Answer: jellyfish

Question: What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?


Answer: amidst tall sea grasses

Question: Where do green turtles live?


Answer: pearly-pink

Context: The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.

Question: What color are conch shells?


Answer: conch

Question: What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?


Answer: shallow waters

Question: Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?


Answer: ghost

Question: What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?


Answer: garbage and sewerage

Question: What do hermit crabs eat?


Answer: 1.200

Context: Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier

Question: How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?


Answer: sea turtles

Question: What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?


Answer: Anchoring

Question: What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?


Answer: Reserve Naturelle

Question: What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?


Answer: mooring buoys

Question: Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?


Answer: the Swedes

Context: Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.

Question: Who built the three forts on St. Barts?


Answer: Gustav Adolph

Question: What was the former name of Fort Oscar?


Answer: 1787

Question: When was Fort Gustav built?


Answer: ruins

Question: Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?


Answer: La Pointe

Question: On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?


Answer: over 70

Context: French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.

Question: How many restaurants does the island have?


Answer: in the hotels

Question: Where are most of the nice restaurants located?


Answer: les petits creux

Question: What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?


Answer: spicier

Question: Creole food is often what?


Answer: gastronomic

Question: What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?


Answer: every alternate year

Context: The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.

Question: How often is the AG2R Race held?


Answer: Concarneau

Question: Where does the AG2R originate from?


Answer: boats

Question: What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?


Answer: 10 m

Question: What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?


Answer: two

Question: How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?


Answer: the north coast

Context: St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.

Question: Where is the airport located on the island?


Answer: charters

Question: What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?


Answer: Princess Juliana International Airport

Question: What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?


Answer: Sint Maarten

Question: What Island is the nearest major airport located on?


Answer: Gustaf III

Question: What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?


Answer: France

Context: Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: [sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.

Question: What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of?


Answer: Saint-Barth

Question: What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy?


Answer: English

Question: In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts?


Answer: Ouanalao

Question: What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island?


Answer: west

Question: In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy?


Answer: volcanic

Context: Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.

Question: What kind of island is St. Barts?


Answer: 9,035

Question: What is the population of St. Barts?


Answer: Gustavia

Question: What is the capital of St. Barts?


Answer: Swedish

Question: What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?


Answer: the winter holiday season

Question: When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?


Answer: Guadeloupe

Context: Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

Question: St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?


Answer: 2003

Question: When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?


Answer: 2007

Question: When did St. Barts finally received its independence?


Answer: Hotel de la Collectivité

Question: What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?


Answer: A senator

Question: Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation?


Answer: Colombier Bay

Context: Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.

Question: What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?


Answer: small

Question: Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?


Answer: visible coral reef

Question: The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?


Answer: shallow

Question: Reefs are almost always in what type of water?


Answer: a marine reserve

Question: Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?


Answer: 22

Context: There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.

Question: How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?


Answer: 15

Question: How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?


Answer: leeward

Question: What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?


Answer: windward

Question: What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?


Answer: windsurfing

Question: The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?


Answer: arid

Context: The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.

Question: What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?


Answer: 2,500

Question: How many hectares does the island have in total?


Answer: 1000 mm

Question: How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?


Answer: November

Question: When does summer end in St. Barts?


Answer: 13 °C

Question: What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?


Answer: 1744

Context: When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.

Question: When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?


Answer: 1785

Question: What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?


Answer: Carénage

Question: What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?


Answer: Gustavia

Question: What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?


Answer: the Caribbean war

Question: What war occurred in the 18th century?


Answer: St. Barts Municipal Museum

Context: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.

Question: What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?


Answer: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy

Question: What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?


Answer: Gustavia

Question: What town is the Museum located in?


Answer: British

Question: Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?


Answer: Creole

Question: What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?


Answer: molecular biology and genetics

Context: In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

Question: In what fields of science is the genome studied?


Answer: DNA

Question: What is the content of the human genome?


Answer: RNA

Question: What constitutes the viral genome?


Answer: Hans Winkler

Context: The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Question: Who coined the word genome?


Answer: 1920

Question: In what year was the word genome first created?


Answer: University of Hamburg

Question: At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?


Answer: biome, rhizome

Question: Which two similar words share etymology with genome?


Answer: half

Context: Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.

Question: A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?


Answer: meiosis

Question: What process splits the chromosome between gametes?


Answer: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question: What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?


Answer: genomics

Context: When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.

Question: What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?


Answer: single genes or groups of genes

Question: In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?


Answer: sequenced

Question: What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?


Answer: C-value paradox

Context: Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.

Question: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?


Answer: trichomoniasis

Question: Which organism has the most genes?


Answer: 60,000

Question: How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?


Answer: three times

Question: Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?


Answer: Walter Fiers

Context: In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.

Question: Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?


Answer: Bacteriophage MS2

Question: Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?


Answer: Fred Sanger

Question: Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?


Answer: Institute for Genomic Research

Question: What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?


Answer: 1996

Question: In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?


Answer: US National Institutes of Health

Context: The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Question: Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?


Answer: mouse

Question: What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?


Answer: puffer fish

Question: What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?


Answer: December 2013

Question: When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?


Answer: 130,000

Question: How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?


Answer: massive parallel sequencing

Context: New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.

Question: What is a recent development in sequencing methods?


Answer: Manteia Predictive Medicine

Question: Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?


Answer: James D. Watson

Question: Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?


Answer: the structure of DNA

Question: What is Watson famous for helping discover?


Answer: genome map

Context: Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

Question: What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?


Answer: The Human Genome Project

Question: Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?


Answer: Jean Weissenbach

Question: Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?


Answer: Genoscope

Question: Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?


Answer: Genome composition

Context: Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.

Question: What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?


Answer: evolutionary history

Question: What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?


Answer: prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Context: When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.

Question: What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?


Answer: exon-intron

Question: What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?


Answer: mammals and plants

Question: In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?


Answer: pathogenic microbe

Context: Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.

Question: What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?


Answer: virus

Question: What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?


Answer: plasmids

Question: Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?


Answer: plants, protozoa and animals

Context: In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".

Question: What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?


Answer: plastome

Question: What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?


Answer: mitochondrial genome

Question: What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?


Answer: Genome size

Context: Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

Question: What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?


Answer: morphological complexity

Question: What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?


Answer: repetitive DNA

Question: What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?


Answer: minimal genomes

Context: Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.

Question: What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?


Answer: in vivo and in silico

Question: In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?


Answer: Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes

Context: The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

Question: What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?


Answer: proportion of non-repetitive DNA

Question: In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?


Answer: genome size

Question: What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?


Answer: E. coli

Context: It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.

Question: What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?


Answer: C. elegans and fruit fly

Question: What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?


Answer: 20%

Question: What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?


Answer: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats

Context: The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

Question: What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?


Answer: proportion of repetitive DNA

Question: What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?


Answer: Tandem repeats

Context: Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.

Question: Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?


Answer: satellite DNA and microsatellites

Question: What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?


Answer: interspersed repeats.

Question: What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?


Answer: Transposable elements

Context: Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).

Question: What is the main source of interspersed repeats?


Answer: genome evolution

Question: What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?


Answer: retrotransposons

Question: What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?


Answer: DNA transposons

Question: What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?


Answer: RNA

Context: Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).

Question: What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?


Answer: cut and paste

Context: DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

Question: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?


Answer: RNA

Question: DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?


Answer: karyotype

Context: Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).

Question: What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?


Answer: genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content

Question: Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?


Answer: Duplications

Context: Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.

Question: What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?


Answer: genetic novelty

Question: What is a possible product of duplications?


Answer: Horizontal gene transfer

Context: Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.

Question: What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?


Answer: microbes

Question: In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?


Answer: chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes

Question: Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?


Answer: comprehensive school

Context: A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]

Question: What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?


Answer: selective school system

Question: What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?


Answer: England and Wales

Question: What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?


Answer: 90%

Question: How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?


Answer: Gesamtschule

Question: What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?


Answer: design and technology and vocational learning

Context: Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.

Question: What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?


Answer: Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges

Question: What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?


Answer: City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes

Question: Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?


Answer: 164

Context: In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.

Question: How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year were comprehensive schools first created?


Answer: neighbourhood

Context: In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.

Question: What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?


Answer: Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges

Question: What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?


Answer: 1970s

Context: Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yläkoulu) has been discontinued.

Question: In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?


Answer: 7 to 16

Question: What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?


Answer: comprehensive

Context: Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.

Question: What type of school is the Gesamtschule?


Answer: remedial

Question: What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?


Answer: the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur

Question: What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?


Answer: 50%

Context: The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

Question: What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?


Answer: less than 1%

Question: What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?


Answer: Stadtteilschule

Context: Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).

Question: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?


Answer: Sekundarschule

Question: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?


Answer: 2010/2011

Question: In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?


Answer: college preparatory classes

Context: The "Mittelschule" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.

Question: What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?


Answer: Abitur

Question: What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?


Answer: Hauptschule

Question: What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?


Answer: grade inflation

Context: Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "Three Plus". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule "Abitur light". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from "underprivileged groups" and sneering at their performance was a "piece of impudence".

Question: What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?


Answer: Barbara Sommer

Question: Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?


Answer: Sigrid Beer

Question: Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?


Answer: Christian Democratic Union

Question: Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?


Answer: Alliance '90/The Greens

Question: Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?


Answer: bright working class students

Context: Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.

Question: Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?


Answer: middle class peers

Question: From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?


Answer: Hauptschule

Question: At which school do students achieve the least success?


Answer: Helmut Fend

Context: According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.

Question: Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?


Answer: tripartite system

Question: To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?


Answer: 1972

Context: Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.

Question: When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?


Answer: sixth form

Question: Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?


Answer: A-levels

Question: What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?


Answer: 1966

Context: Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'

Question: When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?


Answer: Patrick Hillery

Question: Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?


Answer: vocational school system

Question: What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?


Answer: community school

Question: What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?


Answer: 1970s

Context: In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.

Question: In what decade were community schools conceived?


Answer: The state

Question: Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?


Answer: the denominational basis of the schools

Context: The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.

Question: What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?


Answer: Community colleges

Question: What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?


Answer: 1946

Context: The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.

Question: In what year was the Walworth School established?


Answer: London County Council

Question: Who established the Walworth School?


Answer: Holyhead County School

Question: What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?


Answer: 1949

Question: When was Holyhead County School established?


Answer: Woodlands Boys School

Question: Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?


Answer: Anthony Crosland

Context: The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]

Question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?


Answer: Secretary of State for Education

Question: what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?


Answer: Secondary technical schools

Question: Which type of school was not in widespread usage?


Answer: Margaret Thatcher

Context: In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.

Question: Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?


Answer: comprehensive

Question: What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?


Answer: Conservative

Question: What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?


Answer: 1975

Context: By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.

Question: By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?


Answer: neighbourhood comprehensives

Question: What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?


Answer: comprehensive schools

Question: Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?


Answer: Sandwell and Dudley

Question: What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?


Answer: James Callaghan

Context: In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.

Question: Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?


Answer: Comprehensive school

Question: What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?


Answer: Labour

Question: Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?


Answer: Education Reform Act

Context: Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.

Question: What law enables parents full control over their child's education?


Answer: 1988

Question: In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?


Answer: specialisation

Question: What concept does the government currently support for education?


Answer: league tables of school performance

Question: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?


Answer: comprehensive

Context: Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.

Question: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?


Answer: specialist schools

Question: What has Scotland refused to adopt?


Answer: 2005

Question: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?


Answer: Scotland

Context: Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.

Question: Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?


Answer: England and Wales

Question: Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?


Answer: République du Congo

Context: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

Question: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?


Answer: Central African Republic

Question: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?


Answer: Gabon

Question: Whic country lies on Congo's western border?


Answer: Cameroon

Question: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?


Answer: Central Africa

Question: In what part of Africa is the Congo located?


Answer: Bantu

Context: The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

Question: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?


Answer: 1960

Question: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?


Answer: Denis Sassou Nguesso

Question: Who is the ruler of the Congo?


Answer: President

Question: What title does Nguesso hold?


Answer: fourth

Context: The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

Question: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?


Answer: oil revenues

Question: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?


Answer: Pygmy

Context: Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

Question: What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?


Answer: 1500 BC

Question: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?


Answer: Bantu

Question: The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?


Answer: Diogo Cão

Context: The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.

Question: Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?


Answer: Portuguese

Question: What was Diogo Cao's nationality?


Answer: commodities, manufactured goods, and people

Question: What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?


Answer: late 19th century

Question: When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?


Answer: Bantu societies

Question: Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?