Answer: April 29

Context: Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng warning government agencies that "hostile forces" may try to disrupt the torch relay.

Question: When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?


Answer: Ho Chi Minh City

Question: Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?


Answer: 60

Question: How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?


Answer: the downtown Opera House

Question: Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?


Answer: the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium

Question: Where did the torch event end?


Answer: Ho Chi Minh City.

Question: Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?


Answer: the Spratly and Paracel Islands

Question: What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?


Answer: Sansha

Question: The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?


Answer: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Question: As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?


Answer: Nguyễn Tấn Dũng

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?


Answer: seven

Context: Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting "Boycott the Beijing Olympics" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, Điếu Cày (real name Nguyễn Văn Hải), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. Lê Minh Phiếu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's "politicisation of the Olympics", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.

Question: How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?


Answer: Điếu Cày

Question: Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?


Answer: Lê Minh Phiếu

Question: Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?


Answer: seven

Question: How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?


Answer: Nguyễn Văn Hải

Question: What is blogger Điếu Cày's real name?


Answer: tax evasion.

Question: Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Hải was charged with what crime?


Answer: Lê Minh Phiếu

Question: What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?


Answer: disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims

Question: What was removed from the website that Lê Minh Phiếu had written about?


Answer: May 2

Context: Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.

Question: When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?


Answer: Lee Lai Shan

Question: Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?


Answer: Hong Kong Cultural Centre

Question: Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?


Answer: Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai

Question: Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?


Answer: 120

Question: How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?


Answer: May 2.

Question: When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?


Answer: Donald Tsang

Question: Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?


Answer: a dragon boat

Question: What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?


Answer: 120

Question: How many torchbearers carried the torch?


Answer: pro-Beijing camp politicians.

Question: The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?


Answer: plastic Olympic flames

Context: There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying "I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out." Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like "running dog," "traitor," "get out!," and "I love the Communist Party." At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying "Aren't you Chinese?" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, "Olympic flame for democracy", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan "One world, two dreams". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting "What kind of Chinese are you?" and "What a shame!" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle "for their own protection." Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)

Question: What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?


Answer: Tiananmen Square protests

Question: This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?


Answer: Christina Chan

Question: Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?


Answer: police

Question: Who removed Chan from the protest?


Answer: her human rights were breached.

Question: Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?


Answer: democracy.

Question: Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?


Answer: Leung Kwok-hung

Question: Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?


Answer: Tibetan snow lion flag

Question: What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?


Answer: The Color Orange democracy group

Context: The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the "Pillar of Shame", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to "immigration reasons" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, "It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay." Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.

Question: Which group did Jens Galschiøt lead?


Answer: Pillar of Shame

Question: What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?


Answer: immigration reasons

Question: Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?


Answer: Mia Farrow

Question: Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?


Answer: one country, two systems

Question: A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?


Answer: The Color Orange

Question: What group did Jens Galschiøt lead?


Answer: Pillar of Shame

Question: What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?


Answer: immigration reasons

Question: Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong?


Answer: Mia Farrow

Question: Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?


Answer: May 3

Context: Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)

Question: When did the torch visit Macao?


Answer: Macau Fisherman's Wharf

Question: Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?


Answer: 120

Question: How many torchbearers participated in Macao?


Answer: Leong Hong Man

Question: Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?


Answer: athletes

Question: A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?


Answer: May 3

Question: When was the torch relay event held in Macao?


Answer: 120

Question: How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?


Answer: Leong Hong Man

Question: Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?


Answer: Stanley Ho.

Question: Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?


Answer: Macao Daily News

Question: Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?


Answer: cyberctm.com

Context: A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.

Question: A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?


Answer: orchidbbs.com

Question: In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?


Answer: A Macau resident

Question: Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?


Answer: cyberctm.com

Question: Where was the message posted?


Answer: The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation

Question: Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?


Answer: May 4

Context: China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.

Question: After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?


Answer: Jackie Chan

Question: What actor attended a torch celebration in China?


Answer: May 4

Question: When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?


Answer: April.

Question: When was the last time the torch had been in China?


Answer: IOC

Question: Who attended the celebrations?


Answer: Jackie Chan.

Question: Which actor also attended the celebrations?


Answer: partial and censored

Context: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame" and "supported a handful of saboteurs".

Question: The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?


Answer: biased.

Question: In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?


Answer: Libération

Question: Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?


Answer: media coverage

Question: What was under scrutiny?


Answer: censored

Question: Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?


Answer: Reporters Without Borders

Question: What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?


Answer: Libération

Question: Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?


Answer: saboteurs

Question: The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?


Answer: the more disruptive protesters

Context: In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to "a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists" intent on "disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay.

Question: What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?


Answer: condemned the protests

Context: Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the "smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were "radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit".

Question: Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?


Answer: Marie-José Pérec

Question: Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?


Answer: radicals

Question: What did Xinhua call protesters?


Answer: Marie-José Pérec

Question: Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?


Answer: Xinhua

Question: Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?


Answer: spirit of Olympics

Context: Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.

Question: Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?


Answer: sports and politics

Question: What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?


Answer: run for spirit of Olympics

Question: Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?


Answer: sports and politics

Question: Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?


Answer: The Daily Telegraph

Context: Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of "demonising" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question "Is the West demonising China?" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians "voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read "Shame on some Western media", "BBC CNN lies too" and "Stop media distortion!". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: "I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying." Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.

Question: Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?


Answer: Libération

Question: What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?


Answer: Western media bias.

Question: Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?


Answer: Fu Ying

Question: Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?


Answer: The Daily Telegraph

Question: Which newspaper published these accusations?


Answer: Libération

Question: What other newspaper was accused of bias?


Answer: CNN

Context: On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called "biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.

Question: Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?


Answer: CNN

Question: Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?


Answer: the Chinese government

Question: Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?


Answer: The challenges of reporting in China

Context: On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled "The challenges of reporting in China", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now "able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship", and that "many were critical of our coverage". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: "People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there." He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.

Question: What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?


Answer: Paul Danahar

Question: Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?


Answer: 1,300

Question: How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?


Answer: Paul Danahar

Question: Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?


Answer: Tibet

Question: Where is BBC banned from reporting?


Answer: People's Daily

Context: On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the "BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage."

Question: Who published "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage" on April 20?


Answer: People's Daily

Question: Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?


Answer: an anti-CNN website

Context: On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network’s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.

Question: What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?


Answer: a Beijing citizen.

Question: Who supposedly created the site?


Answer: a Beijing citizen.

Question: Who takes credit for creating the site?


Answer: foreign correspondents

Question: Who felt that the government was involved in the website?


Answer: 30

Context: The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the "Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed "Second Right Brother," has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.

Question: How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?


Answer: August 2007

Question: When were the 30 team members sworn in?


Answer: matching blue tracksuits

Question: What were their official team outfits?


Answer: Second Right Brother

Question: Which team member has his own fan following?


Answer: 30

Question: How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?


Answer: August 2007

Question: When were these 30 sworn in?


Answer: blue tracksuits

Question: What did these 30 attendants wear?


Answer: Second Right Brother

Question: What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?


Answer: Carrefour

Context: In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words "Beijing 2008" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.

Question: Which French company was boycotted?


Answer: LVMH Group

Question: Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?


Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?


Answer: the French flag

Question: What was burned during these boycotts?


Answer: LVMH Group

Question: Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?


Answer: anti-Chinese racism.

Question: Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?


Answer: anti-Japanese protests

Context: In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.

Question: The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?


Answer: People's Daily

Question: Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?


Answer: Sohu.com

Question: Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?


Answer: May 1

Question: When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?


Answer: the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.

Question: The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?


Answer: People's Daily

Question: Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?


Answer: the Chinese government

Question: Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?


Answer: May 1.

Question: What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?


Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Context: In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?


Answer: great nuisance

Question: How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?


Answer: a major Buddhist temple

Question: What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?


Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?


Answer: great nuisance

Question: What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?


Answer: a major Buddhist temple

Question: Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?


Answer: lanterns.

Context: The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]

Question: In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?


Answer: during protests

Question: The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?


Answer: Hong Kong legislator

Context: A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.

Question: Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?


Answer: Jin Jing

Context: Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention – despite a Chinese claim that "Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media".

Question: Which athlete did the official website call an angel?


Answer: Western media

Question: Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?


Answer: Two

Context: Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.

Question: How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?


Answer: 40

Question: How many members are on each of these two teams?


Answer: the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics

Context: The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Question: Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?


Answer: mixed

Question: What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica?


Answer: Kurt Gödel

Question: Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?


Answer: for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced

Question: What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?


Answer: Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book

Question: Why was Gödels finding ironic?


Answer: 1931

Question: When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?


Answer: some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them

Question: What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?


Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?


Answer: metaphysics

Question: Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?


Answer: The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916

Context: Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Question: What is the origin of the title of the book?


Answer: ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture

Question: How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?


Answer: "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Question: What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?


Answer: 1929

Question: When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?


Answer: between 1912 and 1927

Question: During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?


Answer: 1929

Question: What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?


Answer: numerous essays and addresses

Question: What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?


Answer: inert ideas

Question: What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?


Answer: Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts

Context: Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?


Answer: important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life

Question: How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?


Answer: For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model

Question: What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?


Answer: it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?


Answer: a relatively few important concepts

Question: Whitehead's education style was to teach what?


Answer: different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.

Question: What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?


Answer: value-free school model

Question: Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?


Answer: he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education

Context: Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Question: What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?


Answer: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?


Answer: in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians

Question: How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?


Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?


Answer: undergraduate

Question: What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy?


Answer: friend and former student

Question: What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?


Answer: rank amateur

Question: What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher?


Answer: one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Question: What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?


Answer: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."

Context: Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.

Question: What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?


Answer: such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?


Answer: people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress

Question: What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?


Answer: Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?


Answer: make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works

Question: What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?


Answer: they remain unexamined and unquestioned

Question: Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?


Answer: basic assumptions about how the universe works

Question: What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?


Answer: metaphysical investigations

Question: What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?


Answer: reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another

Context: Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."

Question: What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?


Answer: event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another

Question: What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?


Answer: He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience

Question: How did whitehead define "experience"?


Answer: two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental

Question: How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?


Answer: "philosophy of organism"

Question: How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?


Answer: Cartesian idea

Question: What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?


Answer: an event-based or "process" ontology

Question: Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?


Answer: interrelated and dependent

Question: Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?


Answer: experiential

Question: Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?


Answer: process philosophy

Question: Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?


Answer: By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete

Context: In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").

Question: How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness"?


Answer: "quality", "matter", and "form"

Question: What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?


Answer: These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.

Question: Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?


Answer: a continuum of overlapping events

Question: How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?


Answer: a "society" of events

Question: How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?


Answer: "classical" concepts

Question: What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?


Answer: change

Question: Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?


Answer: quality", "matter", and "form"

Question: What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?


Answer: society

Question: What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?


Answer: continuum of overlapping events

Question: Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?


Answer: discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing

Context: To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow", though it is often a useful way of speaking.

Question: What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?


Answer: "defining essence" or a "core identity"

Question: Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?


Answer: qualitative and secondary to their core identity

Question: In that line of thinking, how are changes described?


Answer: defining essence

Question: The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?


Answer: occasions of experience

Question: In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?


Answer: time and space

Question: Where do occasions of experience overlap?


Answer: all things flow"

Question: Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?


Answer: people define identities

Question: In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?


Answer: it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things

Context: Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

Question: Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?


Answer: should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?


Answer: limitations of language

Question: What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?


Answer: it is not philosophically or ontologically sound

Question: What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?


Answer: limitations of language

Question: Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?


Answer: limitations of language

Question: What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?


Answer: each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago

Question: Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?


Answer: Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things

Context: A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:

Question: What is the general materialistic view of an object?


Answer: The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything

Question: How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?


Answer: in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves

Question: What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?


Answer: It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.

Question: What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?


Answer: it obscures the importance of relations

Question: What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?


Answer: materialism

Question: What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?


Answer: distinct and discrete

Question: What does Materialism see each object as?


Answer: externally

Question: How is each object related to other things?


Answer: in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it

Context: In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?


Answer: A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it

Question: How does he describe what makes something real?


Answer: if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist

Question: In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?


Answer: Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?


Answer: nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities

Question: Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?


Answer: not be said to really exist.

Question: If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?


Answer: they are what the thing is

Question: If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?


Answer: rld around it

Question: What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?


Answer: in some way conform to it

Question: A real object forces the universe to do what?


Answer: Europe and China

Context: Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.

Question: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?


Answer: William Temple

Question: Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?


Answer: Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934

Question: What was the basis for "Nature, Man and God"?


Answer: practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education

Question: According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?


Answer: ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology

Question: What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?


Answer: at the University of Chicago's Divinity School

Context: Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.

Question: Where were the first followers mainly found?


Answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

Question: Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?


Answer: John B. Cobb

Question: Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?


Answer: Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams

Question: What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?


Answer: China

Context: But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy in order to create an "ecological civilization." To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.

Question: Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?


Answer: modernization and industrialization

Question: What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?


Answer: traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism

Question: What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy?


Answer: John Cobb and David Ray Griffin

Question: What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?


Answer: interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts

Question: Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?


Answer: his assertion that matter is an abstraction

Context: Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.

Question: what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?


Answer: the sheer difficulty and density of his prose

Question: Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?


Answer: perception of metaphysics itself as passé

Question: What is a common opinion of metaphysics?


Answer: Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools

Question: What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?


Answer: American pragmatism

Context: One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.

Question: What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?


Answer: William James and John Dewey

Question: What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to "Process and Reality"?


Answer: Nicholas Rescher

Question: Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?


Answer: Charles Sanders Peirce

Question: What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?


Answer: Richard Rorty

Question: What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?


Answer: It has been severely criticized

Context: In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Question: How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?


Answer: Henry Stapp and David Bohm

Question: What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?


Answer: Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves

Question: What affect did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?


Answer: phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes

Question: What are gravitational waves?


Answer: Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation

Question: How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?


Answer: Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order

Context: This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."

Question: What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?


Answer: Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology

Question: What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?


Answer: For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future

Question: On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?


Answer: Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy

Question: What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?


Answer: to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."

Question: What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?


Answer: Xie Bangxiu

Context: Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole." This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.

Question: Who established the FEELS model in China?


Answer: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher

Question: What does "FEELS" stand for?


Answer: It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole."

Question: What is the purpose of the FEELS model?


Answer: Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China

Question: What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?


Answer: Mark Dibben

Context: Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

Question: What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?


Answer: "applied process thought"

Question: What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?


Answer: philosophy of management and business ethics

Question: In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?


Answer: philosophy of business administration and organizational theory

Question: What business fields has Whitehead influenced?


Answer: this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."

Question: According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?


Answer: 1910s

Context: Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.

Question: During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?


Answer: philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics

Question: After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?


Answer: processes

Question: As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?


Answer: reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another

Question: What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?


Answer: Process and Reality

Question: What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?


Answer: mathematics

Question: What did Whitehead first study?


Answer: philosophy

Question: What was Whitehead's second area of study?


Answer: metaphysics

Question: What was Whitehead's final area of study?


Answer: metaphysical

Question: What type of system did he develop?


Answer: processes

Question: What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?


Answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

Context: Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?


Answer: 1861

Question: In what year was Whitehead born?


Answer: Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather

Question: Who founded Chatham House Academy?


Answer: minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?


Answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster

Question: Who was Whitehead's mother?


Answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?


Answer: 1861

Question: What year was Whitehead born?


Answer: minister and schoolmaster

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?


Answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead,

Question: What was Whitehead's mother's name?


Answer: Evelyn

Question: What was Whitehead's wife's name?


Answer: University of London system

Context: In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.

Question: In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?


Answer: Dean of the Faculty of Science

Question: What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?


Answer: chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council

Question: What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?


Answer: 1924

Question: In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?


Answer: Bachelor of Science

Question: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?


Answer: 1918

Question: When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?


Answer: Dean of the Faculty of Science

Question: What was he elected at the University of London?


Answer: University of London

Question: Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?


Answer: 1924

Question: When did Whitehead go to America?


Answer: Victor Lowe

Context: The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."

Question: Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?


Answer: his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death

Question: Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?


Answer: almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?


Answer: "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."

Question: What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?


Answer: two

Question: How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?


Answer: Victor Lowe

Question: Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?


Answer: all of his papers be destroyed after his death.

Question: What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?


Answer: right to privacy

Question: What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?


Answer: A Treatise on Universal Algebra

Context: In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.

Question: What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?


Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?


Answer: professional mathematicians

Question: Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?


Answer: An Introduction to Mathematics

Question: What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?


Answer: regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century

Question: What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?


Answer: mathematics

Question: What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?


Answer: three

Question: How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?


Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?


Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?


Answer: 1898

Question: When did Whitehead write his first book?


Answer: the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class

Context: At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?


Answer: comparative study of their several structures

Question: How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?


Answer: "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?


Answer: expand algebraic structures

Question: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?


Answer: unity of design

Question: What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed?


Answer: several structures

Question: Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?


Answer: a year

Context: Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?


Answer: ten years

Question: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica?


Answer: the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)

Question: Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica?


Answer: 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell

Question: Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?


Answer: today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica

Question: How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?


Answer: a year

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?


Answer: ten years

Question: How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?


Answer: three

Question: How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?


Answer: 2,000

Question: How many pages was Principia Mathematica?


Answer: Cambridge University Press

Question: Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?


Answer: generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon

Context: This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:

Question: What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?


Answer: Gifford lectures

Question: What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?


Answer: Process and Reality

Question: Under what name were those lectures later published?


Answer: professional philosophers

Question: Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?


Answer: Process and Reality

Question: Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead publish?


Answer: 1927–28

Question: When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?


Answer: the most difficult to understand

Question: In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?


Answer: Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest

Context: However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts – Henry Nelson Wieman – to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.

Question: What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?


Answer: perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications

Question: How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?


Answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

Question: What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?


Answer: Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years

Question: What was the result of that lecture?


Answer: Mathews

Question: Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?


Answer: Chicago's Divinity School

Question: What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?


Answer: 1927

Question: When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?


Answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

Question: Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?


Answer: hired

Question: What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?


Answer: "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,"

Context: Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Question: How has "Process and Reality" been described?


Answer: it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."

Question: What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?


Answer: he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Question: What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?


Answer: Process and Reality

Question: Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?


Answer: Isabelle Stengers

Question: Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?


Answer: how the universe works

Question: What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?


Answer: scientific and philosophical problems

Question: What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?


Answer: novel solutions

Question: What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?


Answer: creativity is the absolute principle of existence

Context: It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?


Answer: reaction to them.

Question: An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?


Answer: consciousness

Question: Most entities do not have what?


Answer: the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities

Question: All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?


Answer: creativity is the absolute principle of existence

Question: Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?


Answer: an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them

Question: Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?


Answer: has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws

Question: What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?


Answer: comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize."

Context: Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").

Question: What is the origin of the word "prehension"?


Answer: the mind only has private ideas about other entities

Question: What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?


Answer: prehension

Question: What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?


Answer: Latin

Question: What language does the term "prehensio" come from?


Answer: to seize

Question: What does the word "Prehensio" translate into?


Answer: conscious or unconscious

Question: What entities does the term prehension apply to?


Answer: two

Question: How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?


Answer: a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons

Question: What is prehension used to define?


Answer: entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them

Question: What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?


Answer: causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")

Question: What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?


Answer: unmediated by the senses

Context: Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").

Question: How do the senses affect causal efficacy?


Answer: it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive

Question: What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?


Answer: causal efficacy

Question: What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?


Answer: Presentational immediacy

Question: What is the other term for "pure sense perception"?


Answer: Presentational immediacy

Question: What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?


Answer: "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."

Question: How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?


Answer: "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation

Question: How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?


Answer: causal relationships

Context: In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).

Question: Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?


Answer: symbolic reference

Question: What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?


Answer: causal relationships

Question: What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?


Answer: causation

Question: What does symbolic reference link appearance with?


Answer: higher grade mentality

Question: What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?


Answer: links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it

Question: What is the purpose of symbolic reference?


Answer: An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair

Question: How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?


Answer: "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."

Question: How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?


Answer: "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."

Question: How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?


Answer: "life is comparatively deficient in survival value."

Context: Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.

Question: What observation did Whitehead make about life?


Answer: they are actively engaged in modifying their environment

Question: What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?


Answer: living, living well, and living better

Question: What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?


Answer: increasing its own satisfaction

Question: What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?


Answer: survival value

Question: Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?


Answer: modifying their environment

Question: What are higher life forms actively engaged in?


Answer: three

Question: How many goals of living is there?


Answer: increasing its own satisfaction

Question: Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?


Answer: unintelligible

Question: Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?


Answer: "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."

Question: What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?


Answer: "the brief Galilean vision of humility"

Context: Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

Question: What was Whitehead's description of God?


Answer: "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."

Question: What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?


Answer: primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power

Question: What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?


Answer: God is not necessarily tied to religion

Context: It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.

Question: What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?


Answer: primordial nature of God

Question: In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?


Answer: the consequent nature

Question: What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?


Answer: dipolar

Question: What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?


Answer: His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.

Question: Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?


Answer: God's reception of the world's activity

Context: God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

Question: How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?


Answer: God saves and cherishes all experiences forever

Question: What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?


Answer: It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.

Question: How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?


Answer: those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world

Question: What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?


Answer: God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

Question: What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?