Answer: three

Context: Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.

Question: How many brigades does the Army consist of?


Answer: one

Question: Each Brigade contains how many regiments?


Answer: tactical helicopter squadron

Question: What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?


Answer: a field ambulance

Question: What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?


Answer: CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.

Context: The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.

Question: Where is most of the major training performed?


Answer: the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force

Context: The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.

Question: Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?


Answer: Winnipeg

Question: Where is the commander based out of?


Answer: eleven

Question: How many air force wings are located across Canada?


Answer: tactical commander

Question: Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?


Answer: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba

Context: Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.

Question: What are some locations of the air bases?


Answer: Winnipeg and North Bay

Question: Where are the command facilities located?


Answer: Geilenkirchen, Germany

Question: Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?


Answer: Airborne Early Warning Force

Question: What NATO force are the Canadians part of?


Answer: Labrador

Question: What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?


Answer: Joint Task Force (North)

Context: The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.

Question: What does JTFN stand for?


Answer: a chain of forward operating locations

Question: What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?


Answer: fighter operations

Question: What can each forwarding operation location provide?


Answer: CF-18 squadrons

Question: What squadrons deploy to these locations?


Answer: Arctic sovereignty patrols.

Question: What patrols are organized from these locations?


Answer: October 2012

Context: The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters.

Question: When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?


Answer: Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command

Question: What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?


Answer: the 2012 federal budget

Question: What specifically prompted this merger?


Answer: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command

Context: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.

Question: what does CANSOFCOM stand for?


Answer: generating special operations forces

Question: What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?


Answer: CJOC

Question: What do the special forces support?


Answer: CFB Trenton

Question: Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?


Answer: 427

Question: How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?


Answer: electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks

Context: Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.

Question: What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?


Answer: CFS Leitrim in Ottawa

Question: Where is the Information Management Group located?


Answer: design and build cyber warfare capabilities

Question: What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?


Answer: June 2011

Question: When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?


Answer: the Director General Cyber

Question: Who heads the Directorate?


Answer: the Canadian Armed Forces

Context: The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command.

Question: Who does The Health Services Group serve?


Answer: Joint Task Force

Question: Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?


Answer: domestic support

Question: What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?


Answer: in times of national emergency or threat

Context: The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:

Question: When can the reserve force be called upon?


Answer: primary and supplementary

Question: What troops does The reserve force consists of?


Answer: Chief of Reserves and Cadets

Context: Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force – the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) – in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group.

Question: Who commands the reserves?


Answer: the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)

Question: What are some of the components of the reserve force?


Answer: Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service

Context: The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.

Question: Who conducts training of the cadets?


Answer: 12 to 18 years

Question: What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?


Answer: officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre

Question: What branch are the majority of COATS members?


Answer: Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS

Question: Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?


Answer: provide surveillance and patrol services

Context: The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.

Question: What do Canadian Rangers perform?


Answer: in Canada's arctic

Question: Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?


Answer: reserve force

Question: Which force are the Rangers part of?


Answer: Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory

Question: What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?


Answer: service dress

Context: Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.

Question: What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?


Answer: gloves, swords, and medals

Question: What other parts are there to a uniform?


Answer: operational dress is now the daily uniform

Question: What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?


Answer: Approved parkas

Question: What can be worn in cold winter weather?


Answer: a ceremonial/regimental full dress

Question: What is only worn for very specific occasions?


Answer: beret, wedge cap, ballcap

Context: Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or "regimental" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided "pillbox" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur "Astrakhan" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.

Question: What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?


Answer: coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn

Question: Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?


Answer: The beret

Question: What is the most popular head dress worn?


Answer: CG634 helmet

Question: What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?


Answer: The Constitution of Canada

Context: The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.

Question: What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?


Answer: 2005

Question: What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?


Answer: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

Context: In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

Question: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope?


Answer: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses

Question: What were the cardinals assigned?


Answer: cardinal

Context: The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.

Question: At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?


Answer: ninth century

Question: How early was this term used?


Answer: tituli

Question: The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?


Answer: cardo

Question: What Latin word does "cardinal" come from?


Answer: The Church of England

Question: Which church still holds on to the original meaning of "cardinal" from the above Latin word?


Answer: the deacons of the seven regions of the city

Context: There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

Question: Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome?


Answer: 8th century

Question: When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?


Answer: 769

Question: What year did the ruling "only a cardinal was eligible to become pope" come in effect?


Answer: Nicholas II

Question: Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?


Answer: the Papal Bull In nomine Domini

Question: What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?


Answer: 1244

Question: In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?


Answer: Pope Innocent IV

Question: Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?


Answer: cardinal

Context: In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.

Question: What term was given to certain church men of honor?


Answer: 747

Question: When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?


Answer: 1567

Question: When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?


Answer: Pope Zacharias

Question: In regards to the word "cardinal" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?


Answer: 747

Question: In what year was the letter sent?


Answer: Pius V.

Question: Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?


Answer: 1567

Question: In what year did the pope make the declaration?


Answer: 1563

Context: In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals?


Answer: Pope Pius IV

Question: Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?


Answer: 1563

Question: In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?


Answer: Pope Pius IV

Question: Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?


Answer: French kings

Context: The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]

Question: Who were generally temporal rulers?


Answer: secular affairs.

Context: In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the "four great" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.

Question: In what roles did cardinals have important roles?


Answer: Cardinal Richelieu

Question: What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?


Answer: Cardinal Richelieu

Question: Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?


Answer: Henry, King of Portugal

Question: Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?


Answer: 70

Context: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Question: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?


Answer: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

Question: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?


Answer: Pope John XXIII

Question: During who's term did the ruling exceed?


Answer: 120

Question: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to?


Answer: 80

Question: What is the maximum age for electors?


Answer: 120

Question: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?


Answer: the number of cardinals generally

Question: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?


Answer: a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees

Context: Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.

Question: Where do the cardinals work?


Answer: The Dean of the College of Cardinals

Context: The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.

Question: Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?


Answer: titular bishopric of Ostia

Question: What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?


Answer: 1630

Context: In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.

Question: In was year was the title decreed Eminence?


Answer: Pope Urban VIII

Question: Who decreed this?


Answer: Prince

Question: What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?


Answer: the Pope and crowned monarchs

Question: Who held more power then the cardinal?


Answer: Pope Urban VIII

Question: Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?


Answer: "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"

Context: In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.

Question: The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is?


Answer: Cardinal [First name] [Surname]

Question: What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?


Answer: by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname

Question: How do cardinals sign traditionally?


Answer: Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis

Question: How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?


Answer: because they do not belong to the Roman clergy

Question: Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?


Answer: [First name] Cardinal [Surname]

Context: In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..." (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.

Question: What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?


Answer: Cardinal

Question: What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?


Answer: 1378

Question: When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?


Answer: 1378

Question: When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?


Answer: no

Context: While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.

Question: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?


Answer: the cardinalate

Question: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?


Answer: Cardinal bishops

Context: Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees.

Question: Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?


Answer: cardinals of the episcopal order

Question: What is a cardinal bishop?


Answer: Cardinal bishops

Question: Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?


Answer: a Roman priest

Context: In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?


Answer: To preserve apostolic succession

Question: Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?


Answer: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop?


Answer: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?


Answer: seven

Context: There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.

Question: How many suburbicarian sees?


Answer: 1150 until 1914

Question: When were the two sees combined?


Answer: Pope Pius X

Question: Who separated them?


Answer: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri

Question: What are the seven sees?


Answer: 1962

Context: Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Question: Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?


Answer: Ostia

Question: Which see doesn't have its own bishop?


Answer: Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Question: Who is in charge of Ostia?


Answer: 1962

Question: In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?


Answer: Ostia

Question: What see is the one exception to this rule?


Answer: the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome

Question: Who has power over the exception?


Answer: College of Cardinals

Context: A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.

Question: The entire group of cardinals is known as what?


Answer: the pope

Context: Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.

Question: Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?


Answer: a gold ring

Context: To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]

Question: What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?


Answer: the pope

Question: Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?


Answer: a galero.

Context: In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?


Answer: 1969

Question: In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?


Answer: scarlet biretta

Question: What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?


Answer: Eastern Catholic cardinals

Context: Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.

Question: Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?


Answer: willingness to die for his faith

Context: When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]

Question: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?


Answer: rochet

Question: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?


Answer: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture

Question: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?


Answer: 1460s

Question: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?


Answer: the cardinalate expires

Context: If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

Question: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?


Answer: Pope Martin V

Context: During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.

Question: Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?


Answer: marry

Context: At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

Question: What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?


Answer: 1917

Question: In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?


Answer: only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals

Question: What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?


Answer: perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination

Context: A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.

Question: A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what?


Answer: 1962

Question: Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?


Answer: 1917

Context: Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.

Question: In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?


Answer: 1962

Question: In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?


Answer: collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals

Context: The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.

Question: In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?


Answer: The cardinal protodeacon

Context: The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.

Question: Who announces the election of a new pope?


Answer: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State

Question: Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?


Answer: Pope John Paul I

Question: Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?


Answer: white

Context: When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

Question: What color is the hat?


Answer: 30

Context: As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).

Question: How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?


Answer: 10 years

Question: How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?


Answer: about half

Context: Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.

Question: In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?


Answer: third

Question: In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?


Answer: seven deacons in the Papal Household

Context: Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.

Question: What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?


Answer: cardinal deacons

Context: The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.

Question: Which cardinals are ranked lowest?


Answer: The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests

Context: The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.

Question: Who can become the cardinal protopriest?


Answer: Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil

Question: Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?


Answer: the Pope

Context: The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.

Question: In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?


Answer: a suburbicarian see

Context: In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:

Question: Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?


Answer: cardinal deacons

Context: Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.

Question: Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?


Answer: cardinal bishops

Question: Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?


Answer: Cardinal priests

Question: Which rank has the most cardinals?


Answer: priests chosen by the pope

Context: In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.

Question: What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?


Answer: a titular church in Rome

Context: While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

Question: Each cardinal priest has what?


Answer: 1587

Context: While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

Question: In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?


Answer: 70

Question: What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?


Answer: Pope John XXIII

Question: Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?


Answer: Iranic languages

Context: The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.

Question: What is another term meaning Iranian languages?


Answer: Indo-Iranian languages

Question: What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?


Answer: Indo-European language family

Question: What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?


Answer: 400 BCE

Question: When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?


Answer: Middle Persian

Question: What is an example of a Sassanid language?


Answer: 86

Context: As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.

Question: How many different Iranian languages exist?


Answer: Proto-Iranian

Context: The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya.

Question: Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?


Answer: Persian and Sanskrit

Question: From what languages does the word Aryao come?


Answer: 1836

Context: The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.

Question: When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?


Answer: Christian Lassen

Question: Who first used the term Iranian language?


Answer: Robert Needham Cust

Question: Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?


Answer: 1878

Question: When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?


Answer: Proto-Iranian

Context: All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.

Question: From where did Iranian languages originate?


Answer: Central Asia

Question: What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?


Answer: Andronovo

Question: What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?


Answer: 2000 BC

Question: When did the Andronovo culture exist?


Answer: Indo-European

Context: It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.

Question: What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?


Answer: southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia

Context: Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.

Question: Where did early Iranian people establish societies?


Answer: linguistic diversity

Context: The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:

Question: What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?


Answer: two

Question: How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?


Answer: the Behistun inscription

Context: Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations.

Question: In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?


Answer: 520 BC

Question: When was the Behistun inscription written?


Answer: 4th century BC

Question: During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?


Answer: Avestan

Context: The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).

Question: What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?


Answer: Zoroastrianism

Question: What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?


Answer: Rigvedic Sanskrit

Question: What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?


Answer: Old Persian

Question: What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?


Answer: Kurdish

Context: In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian".

Question: What language is Carduchi thought to have become?


Answer: Scythian

Question: What language did Herodotus invent a name for?


Answer: western and eastern

Context: Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).

Question: What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?


Answer: Old Persian

Question: Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?


Answer: Avestan

Question: Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?


Answer: *ć and *dź

Context: Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:

Question: What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?


Answer: first-series palatal consonants

Question: What type of letters are *ć and *dź?


Answer: Nuristani languages

Context: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:

Question: What languages share a similar situation?


Answer: *ćw and *dźw

Question: What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?


Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?


Answer: other distinct dialect groups

Context: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw).

Question: What may have also been in use at the time?


Answer: Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian

Question: Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?


Answer: Old Parthian

Question: What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?


Answer: 9th century

Context: What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.

Question: When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?


Answer: Western and Eastern

Question: What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?


Answer: Eastern

Context: The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script.

Question: Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?


Answer: Avestan

Question: Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?


Answer: Aramaic

Question: Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?


Answer: Greek script

Question: What did the Bactrian language use for writing?


Answer: Pahlavi

Context: Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script.

Question: What is another term for Middle Persian?


Answer: 3rd century CE

Question: When did Middle Persian start being u sed?


Answer: Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian

Question: What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?


Answer: Syriac script

Question: What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?


Answer: Islam

Context: Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.

Question: The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?


Answer: Dari

Question: What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?


Answer: Saffarid

Question: What was the first dynasty to use Dari?


Answer: 875 CE

Question: When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?


Answer: Khorasan

Question: What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?


Answer: Arabic script

Context: The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.

Question: What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?


Answer: second half of the 8th century

Question: When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?


Answer: Tajik script

Question: What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?


Answer: the 1930s

Question: When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?


Answer: the Soviet government

Question: Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?


Answer: Khuzestan

Context: The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.

Question: What is another term for Western Iran?


Answer: Sogdian and Bactrian

Question: What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?


Answer: 6th century AD

Question: By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?


Answer: Zarafshan valley

Question: Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?


Answer: Saka

Question: Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?


Answer: Daylighting

Context: Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

Question: What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?


Answer: positive

Question: What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?


Answer: energy consumption

Question: Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?


Answer: artificial light sources

Question: Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?


Answer: Lighting or illumination

Question: The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?


Answer: Daylighting

Question: What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?


Answer: Lighting

Question: Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?


Answer: positive

Question: What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?


Answer: energy consumption

Question: What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?


Answer: Lighting or illumination

Question: What is the used to achieve a practical effect?


Answer: light fixtures

Context: Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.

Question: What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?


Answer: Indoor lighting

Question: What is considered a key part of interior design?


Answer: lighting

Question: What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?


Answer: light fixtures

Question: What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?


Answer: lighting

Question: What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?


Answer: 1939

Context: Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting.

Question: When was fluorescent lighting first available?


Answer: Recessed lighting

Context: Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED.

Question: What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?


Answer: 400,000 BCE

Context: With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture".

Question: Peking man kindled fire as early as?


Answer: birds and fish

Question: Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?


Answer: campfires or torches

Question: What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?


Answer: 15,000 years

Question: The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?


Answer: incandescent light

Context: Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.

Question: What type of lighting was powered by electricity?


Answer: early 1800s

Question: When did gas powered street lights became economically available.


Answer: urban crime.

Context: Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.

Question: Street lights help reduce?


Answer: Lighting fixtures

Context: Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.

Question: What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?


Answer: visual glare

Question: Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?


Answer: lumen per watt

Context: An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.

Question: Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?


Answer: 6400

Context: Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

Question: How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?


Answer: incandescent bulb

Question: What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?


Answer: blue-white

Question: It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?


Answer: Lower color temperature

Question: A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?


Answer: light produced by the fixture.

Context: Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.

Question: A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?


Answer: Lightolier

Context: Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.

Question: Who invented track lighting?


Answer: master transformer

Question: What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.


Answer: cable lighting

Question: What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?


Answer: 12 or 24 volts

Question: How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?


Answer: torchiere

Context: A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.

Question: What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?


Answer: table lamp

Context: The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.

Question: What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?


Answer: task lighting

Question: Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting?


Answer: dark nightclub

Context: The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.

Question: When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?


Answer: illuminated ceiling

Question: What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?


Answer: accent lighting

Question: Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?


Answer: small lights

Context: In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.

Question: What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?


Answer: LED based versions

Question: What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?


Answer: translucent tube

Question: What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?


Answer: Street Lights

Context: Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

Question: What is used to light walkways at night?


Answer: photovoltaic luminaires

Question: What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?


Answer: Floodlights

Context: Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.

Question: What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?


Answer: security lighting

Context: Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.

Question: Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?


Answer: Entry lights

Context: Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.

Question: What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?


Answer: red

Context: Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.

Question: What color are tail lights?


Answer: white or selective yellow

Question: What color are headlamps on a vehicle?


Answer: late 1950s

Question: When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?


Answer: White

Question: What color are reversing indicator lamps?


Answer: turn signals

Question: What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?


Answer: light bulbs

Context: Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

Question: What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?


Answer: electrical energy

Question: What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?


Answer: 60 w

Question: Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.


Answer: 800 lumens

Question: How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?


Answer: architectural lighting design

Context: Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.

Question: What is designing as it applies to built environments?


Answer: kno

Question: Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?


Answer: Radiance

Question: What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?


Answer: tabular

Question: Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?


Answer: Daylight factor calculation.

Question: What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.


Answer: dark paint

Context: In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.

Question: What type of paint tends to absorb light?


Answer: light paint

Question: What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?


Answer: Photometric studies

Context: Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).

Question: What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?


Answer: lighting cues

Context: Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.

Question: What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?


Answer: stage lighting

Context: Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.

Question: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?


Answer: candela (cd)

Context: Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

Question: What is the basic SI unit of measurement?


Answer: cd/m2

Question: What is the SI unit for lumiance?


Answer: stilb

Question: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?


Answer: lumen (lm)

Question: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in?


Answer: luminosity function

Context: The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural.

Question: What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?


Answer: Lux

Question: What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?


Answer: Unified Glare Rating

Context: Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.

Question: What does UGR stand for?


Answer: correlated color temperature

Context: To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural.

Question: What does CCT stand for?


Answer: color rendering index

Question: What does CRI stand for?


Answer: CRI

Question: What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?


Answer: CCT

Question: What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"?


Answer: gamut area index

Context: For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.

Question: What does GAI stand for?


Answer: GAI

Question: The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?


Answer: ano

Question: Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?


Answer: light dosimeters

Context: Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.

Question: What is typically used to measure light?


Answer: Daysimeter

Context: In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

Question: What measures the amount of light entering the eye?


Answer: circadian light meter

Question: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?


Answer: 30

Context: The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.

Question: How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?


Answer: short-wavelength light

Question: What type of light stimulates the circadian system?


Answer: Specification of illumination requirements

Context: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

Question: What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task?


Answer: Lighting control

Context: Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.

Question: What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed?


Answer: wireless mesh open standards

Context: Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).

Question: What type of standard do newer control systems use?


Answer: ZigBee

Question: What is the name of one type of control system used?


Answer: no

Question: Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?