Answer: 40

Context: In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.

Question: What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?


Answer: Solar Impulse

Question: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?


Answer: 1974

Question: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?


Answer: 29 April 1979

Question: When was the first solar powered manned flight made?


Answer: July 1981

Question: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?


Answer: California to North Carolina

Question: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?


Answer: 36 hours

Question: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?


Answer: hydrogen production from protons

Context: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

Question: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?


Answer: Solar chemical processes

Question: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?


Answer: artificial photosynthesis

Question: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?


Answer: The Solzinc process

Context: Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.

Question: What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?


Answer: pure zinc

Question: The Solznic process produces what?


Answer: Hydrogen production technologies

Question: What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?


Answer: uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures

Question: What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?


Answer: Solzinc process

Question: What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?


Answer: heat

Context: Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.

Question: In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?


Answer: Thermal mass systems

Question: What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?


Answer: water, earth and stone

Question: What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?


Answer: reduce overall heating and cooling requirements

Question: What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?


Answer: thermal

Context: Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

Question: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?


Answer: The "Dover House"

Question: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?


Answer: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt

Question: What are some examples of phase change materials?


Answer: 64 °C or 147 °F

Question: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?


Answer: Dover House

Question: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?


Answer: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems

Question: Why are salts good for thermal storage?


Answer: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)

Question: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?


Answer: rechargeable batteries

Context: Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.

Question: Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?


Answer: rechargeable batteries

Question: What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?


Answer: Net metering programs

Question: What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?


Answer: by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes

Question: How is the credit to households accomplished?


Answer: Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions

Question: Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?


Answer: a hydroelectric power generator

Context: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator.

Question: When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?


Answer: water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one

Question: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?


Answer: by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator

Question: How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?


Answer: 1973

Context: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE).

Question: The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?


Answer: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis

Question: What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?


Answer: the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan

Question: What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?


Answer: SERI, now NREL

Question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?


Answer: NEDO

Question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?


Answer: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

Question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?


Answer: the 1920s

Context: Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.

Question: The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?


Answer: 20% per year

Question: Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?


Answer: in the 1890s

Question: When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?


Answer: falling petroleum prices

Question: Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?


Answer: 20%

Question: Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999


Answer: 154 GW

Question: What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?


Answer: The International Energy Agency

Context: The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:

Question: Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?


Answer: The International Energy Agency

Question: Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?


Answer: glass in building

Context: The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.

Question: ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?


Answer: materials used in solar water heaters

Question: ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?


Answer: ISO 9050

Question: What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?


Answer: ISO 10217

Question: What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?


Answer: passive solar or active solar

Context: It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Question: What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?


Answer: photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating

Question: What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?


Answer: orienting a building to the Sun

Question: What is an example of a passive solar technique?


Answer: 559.8 EJ

Context: The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.

Question: What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?


Answer: 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)

Question: What is solar energy's yearly potential?


Answer: The large magnitude of solar energy available

Question: What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>


Answer: The United Nations Development Programme

Question: Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?


Answer: through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource

Context: In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

Question: How will solar energy increase energy security?


Answer: the costs of mitigating global warming

Question: What costs will solar energy lower?


Answer: learning investments

Question: What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?


Answer: keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise

Question: What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?


Answer: geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans

Context: The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.

Question: Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?


Answer: areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation

Context: Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.

Question: Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?


Answer: photovoltaics

Question: What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?


Answer: during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb

Question: Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?


Answer: clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells

Question: What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?


Answer: solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels

Context: In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.

Question: Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?


Answer: many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way

Question: Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?


Answer: insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans

Context: In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837 EJ per year (see table below).

Question: What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?


Answer: 1,575–49,837 EJ per year

Question: What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?


Answer: conversion of sunlight into electricity

Context: Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Question: What is solar power?


Answer: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)

Question: How is sunlight converted into electricity?


Answer: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems

Question: What does a concentrated solar power system use?


Answer: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam

Question: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?


Answer: photoelectric effect

Question: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?


Answer: Sunlight

Context: Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.

Question: What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?


Answer: Greeks and Chinese

Question: Who first utilized solar architecture?


Answer: toward the south

Question: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?


Answer: a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air

Context: A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.

Question: What is a solar balloon?


Answer: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force

Question: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?


Answer: the toy market

Question: What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?


Answer: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high

Question: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?


Answer: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce

Context: Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.

Question: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?


Answer: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum

Question: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?


Answer: 2060

Context: In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

Question: According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?


Answer: could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters

Question: What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?


Answer: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

Context: The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

Question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?


Answer: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

Question: What other culutres has ruled the area?


Answer: city of Sarazm

Question: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?


Answer: 1991

Question: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?


Answer: 1992 to 1997

Question: What years did the civil war take place?


Answer: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

Question: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?


Answer: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

Question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?


Answer: 1991

Question: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?


Answer: 1992 to 1997

Question: What years did the war last through?


Answer: 1939

Context: Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

Question: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?


Answer: 260,000 Tajik

Question: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?


Answer: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)

Question: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?


Answer: living conditions, education and industry

Question: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?


Answer: by clan loyalties

Context: The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.

Question: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?


Answer: 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition

Question: What did the ceasefire guaranteed?


Answer: Emomali Rahmon

Question: Who came into power in 1992?


Answer: because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities

Question: Why did more than half a million people flee?


Answer: Russian border troops

Context: Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.

Question: Who was stationed along the boarder?


Answer: at the Dushanbe Airport

Question: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?


Answer: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe

Question: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?


Answer: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.

Question: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?


Answer: 28 Tajik soldiers

Context: In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)

Question: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?


Answer: 2015

Question: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?


Answer: November 2010

Question: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?


Answer: that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August

Question: Why was there concerns in 2010?


Answer: a republic

Context: Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

Question: What type of government does Tajikistan have?


Answer: Kokhir Rasulzoda

Question: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?


Answer: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova

Question: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?


Answer: November 1994

Question: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?


Answer: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament

Question: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?


Answer: independent press outlets remain restricted

Context: Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

Question: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?


Answer: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated

Question: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?


Answer: all direct protest is severely suppressed

Question: What is not covered by local media?


Answer: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru

Question: What access is blocked?


Answer: Tajikistan

Context: Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Question: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?


Answer: the Pamir range

Question: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?


Answer: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley

Question: Where is Dushanbe located?


Answer: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)

Question: Where exactly is Tajikistan?


Answer: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys

Question: What area is under sea level?


Answer: the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe

Context: Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

Question: Where did the word Tajik come from?


Answer: "Land of the Tajiks"

Question: What does Tajikistan mean?


Answer: "place of" or "country"

Question: What does the suffix -stan mean?


Answer: because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

Question: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?


Answer: 650–680

Context: It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.

Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?


Answer: Umayyads

Question: Who took control of the regin in 710?


Answer: The Samanid Empire,

Question: Who restored Persian control of the region?


Answer: Khorasan

Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?


Answer: 650–680

Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?


Answer: Umayyads

Question: Who took control of the regin in 710?


Answer: 650–680

Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?


Answer: The Samanid Empire,

Question: Who restored Persian control of the region?


Answer: Umayyads

Question: Who took control of the regin in 710?


Answer: The Samanid Empire,

Question: Who restored Persian control of the region?


Answer: Khorasan

Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?


Answer: Khorasan

Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?


Answer: 650–680

Question: When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?


Answer: 710

Question: When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?


Answer: The Kara-Khanid Khanate

Question: Who conquered Tansaxania?


Answer: The Samanid Empire

Question: When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?


Answer: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era

Context: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

Question: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?


Answer: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand

Question: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?


Answer: gaining access to a supply of cotton

Question: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?


Answer: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan

Question: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?


Answer: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara

Question: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?


Answer: an Islamic social movement throughout the region

Context: During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]

Question: What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?


Answer: Russians

Question: Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?


Answer: between 1910 and 1913

Question: When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?


Answer: the threat of forced conscription during World War I

Question: Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?


Answer: guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi

Context: After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.

Question: Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?


Answer: to maintain independence

Question: What did they go to war against Bolshevick?


Answer: The Bolsheviks

Question: Who won the war?


Answer: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity

Question: What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?


Answer: Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.

Question: In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?


Answer: in the southern region

Question: Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?


Answer: collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place

Question: What happeded between 1927-1934?


Answer: Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement

Question: What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?


Answer: Moscow

Context: Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992).

Question: Who directed the purges of Soviets?


Answer: nearly 10,000 people

Question: How many people were expelled??


Answer: Ethnic Russians

Question: Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?


Answer: grew from less than 1% to 13%

Question: What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?


Answer: subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary

Question: What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?


Answer: PDPT lose four seats in Parliament

Context: The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.

Question: What happened in the Feb 2010 election?


Answer: accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment

Question: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?


Answer: "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."

Question: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?


Answer: The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people

Question: What was the Tajikistan governments response?


Answer: in Central Asia

Context: Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

Question: Where is Tajikistan located?


Answer: 8 million people

Question: How many people are living in Tajikistan?


Answer: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)

Question: What is the area of Tajikistan?


Answer: China

Question: What country lies to Tajikistans east?


Answer: Wakhan Corridor

Question: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?


Answer: China

Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the east?


Answer: 8 million

Question: How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?


Answer: 143,100 km2

Question: What is the area of Tajikistan?


Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the south?


Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the west?


Answer: about 500 BCE

Context: The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

Question: What was the first recorded history of this region?


Answer: the Achaemenid Empire

Question: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?


Answer: Alexander the Great

Question: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?


Answer: Yuezhi tribes

Context: The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

Question: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?


Answer: in the early eighth century

Question: When was Islam brought to the region?


Answer: Hephthalite Empire,

Question: What empire brought Islam practices with them?


Answer: Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

Question: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?


Answer: an average rate of 9.6%

Context: Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.

Question: What was the rate that the GDP expanded?


Answer: aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers

Question: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?


Answer: 60%

Question: What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?


Answer: Tajik Aluminum Company

Question: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?


Answer: the government

Context: Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.

Question: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?


Answer: hydropower potential

Question: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?


Answer: Nurek Dam

Question: What is the highest dam in the world?


Answer: CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan

Question: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?


Answer: US$1.25 per day

Context: According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.

Question: What is the average amount lived on per day?


Answer: estimated $2.1 billion US dollars

Question: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?


Answer: by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor

Question: How did Tajikistan change their economy?


Answer: remittances

Question: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?


Answer: opium poppy

Context: Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.

Question: What is raised locally for the domestic market?


Answer: with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities

Question: What all has helped with the fight against drugs?


Answer: heroin and raw opium confiscations

Question: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?


Answer: strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency

Question: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?


Answer: via roads, air, and rail.

Context: As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.

Question: What are the majority of transportation options?


Answer: Iran and Pakistan

Question: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?


Answer: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

Question: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?


Answer: 2012

Question: What year was the agreement signed?


Answer: 26 airports

Context: In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.

Question: How many airports does Tajikistan have?


Answer: Dushanbe International Airport

Question: What is the country's main airport?


Answer: Russia

Question: Where are the international flights maining going to?


Answer: Khorog Airport

Question: What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?


Answer: 7,349,145

Context: Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.

Question: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?


Answer: 70%

Question: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?


Answer: 35%

Question: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?


Answer: Tajik

Question: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?


Answer: Tajikistanis

Question: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?


Answer: The Pamiri people

Context: The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.

Question: What people live in the southeast area of the country?


Answer: distinct linguistically and culturally

Question: How are they different than most Tajiks?


Answer: Pamir Mountains

Question: What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?


Answer: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi

Context: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

Question: What school has been recognized by the government?


Answer: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion

Question: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?


Answer: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon

Question: What are the two national Islamic holidays?


Answer: 98%

Question: What percent of the population is muslim?


Answer: minority religious groups undermine national unity

Context: Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.

Question: What type of religions concerns are there?


Answer: a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere

Question: What concerns for the religions institutions are there?


Answer: Hizb ut-Tahrir

Question: What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?


Answer: aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state

Question: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?


Answer: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

Context: By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

Question: What do religions communities have to register with?


Answer: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

Question: What does the SCRA require?


Answer: a physical structure

Question: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?


Answer: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship

Question: What can happen if you do not register?


Answer: , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies

Context: Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.

Question: What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?


Answer: 104,272

Question: How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?


Answer: 1%

Question: What percent of the GDP was spent on health?


Answer: World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

Question: What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?


Answer: 11 years of primary and secondary education

Context: Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.

Question: How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?


Answer: a 12-year system

Question: What do they want to impliment in 2016?


Answer: Khujand State University

Question: What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?


Answer: 17%

Question: What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?


Answer: humans and their societies

Context: Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.

Question: What is anthropology a study of?


Answer: social

Question: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?


Answer: linguistic anthropology

Question: What investigates the influence of language in social life?


Answer: physical

Question: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?


Answer: United States

Question: Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?


Answer: 1870

Context: Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.

Question: Vienna created it's society in what year?


Answer: 1869

Question: When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?


Answer: 1902

Question: When was the American Anthropological Association founded?


Answer: 1865

Question: When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?


Answer: empirical foundation

Question: What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?


Answer: anthropological societies

Context: During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.

Question: What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?


Answer: international

Question: What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?


Answer: The major theorists

Question: Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?


Answer: 48

Question: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?


Answer: 13

Question: How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?


Answer: late 19th and early 20th centuries

Context: Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.

Question: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?


Answer: gender equality and sexual liberation

Question: What did Margaret Mead advocate for?


Answer: cross-cultural comparisons

Question: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?


Answer: 19th-century racial ideology

Question: What did Boas' argue against?


Answer: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques

Question: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?


Answer: humanities, social, and natural sciences

Context: Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

Question: What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?


Answer: Anthropology

Question: What builds upon natural and social sciences?


Answer: global

Question: What type of discipline is anthropology?


Answer: Greece and Persia

Question: Where did early anthropology originate?


Answer: cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies

Question: What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?


Answer: structuralist and postmodern theories

Context: Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.

Question: What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?


Answer: During the 1970s and 1990s

Question: When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?


Answer: nature and production of knowledge

Question: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?


Answer: archaeology and biological anthropology

Question: What two fields remained largely positivist?


Answer: cohesion

Question: What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?


Answer: Sociocultural anthropology

Context: Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.

Question: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?


Answer: social

Question: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?


Answer: social structures,

Question: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?


Answer: hard-and-fast

Question: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?


Answer: Cultural anthropology

Question: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?


Answer: cultural relativism

Context: Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.

Question: What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?


Answer: Ethnography

Question: What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?


Answer: Participant observation

Question: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?


Answer: emic

Question: What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"?


Answer: reductionism in cross-cultural comparison

Question: What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?


Answer: Sociocultural

Context: The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

Question: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?


Answer: consumption and exchange

Question: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?


Answer: kinship

Question: What is a human universal?


Answer: language

Question: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?


Answer: resolution

Question: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?


Answer: Archaeology

Context: Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.

Question: What field studies human's past through material remains?


Answer: human behavior and cultural practices

Question: What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?


Answer: past human groups

Question: What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?


Answer: in similar ways

Question: How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?


Answer: cultural and material lives of past societies

Question: What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?


Answer: anthropological

Context: Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.

Question: What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?


Answer: interpretation of sociocultural processes

Question: What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?


Answer: Linguistic

Question: What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?


Answer: sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis

Question: What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?


Answer: art

Context: One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.

Question: What is a cultural phenomenon?


Answer: do not exist

Question: What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?


Answer: evident 'aesthetic' qualities

Question: What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?


Answer: 1983

Question: When was Art as Cultural System penned?


Answer: culturally specific 'aesthetics'

Question: What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?


Answer: Étienne Serres

Context: Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned.

Question: Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?


Answer: 1838

Question: When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?


Answer: 1850

Question: When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?


Answer: France

Question: Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?


Answer: Société Ethnologique de Paris

Question: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?


Answer: comparative methods

Context: Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.

Question: What is anthropology the intellectual results of?


Answer: similarities

Question: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?


Answer: processes or laws unknown to them then

Question: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?


Answer: epiphany

Question: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?


Answer: comparison of species

Question: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?


Answer: late 1850s.

Context: Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature".

Question: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?


Answer: bring it into the social sciences

Question: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where did Paul Broca reside?


Answer: Société de biologie

Question: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?


Answer: Transformisme

Question: What did the French call evolutionism?


Answer: neurosurgeon

Context: Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously.

Question: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?


Answer: the pathology of speech

Question: What particularly interested Broca?


Answer: speech center

Question: What did Broca discover in the human brain?


Answer: psychology

Question: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?


Answer: six

Question: How many volumes was Waitz work?


Answer: the science of the nature of man

Context: Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".

Question: How did Waitz define anthropology?


Answer: an animist

Question: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?


Answer: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology

Question: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?


Answer: empirical

Question: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?


Answer: civilization

Question: What history was to be brought into the comparison?


Answer: British ethnologists

Context: Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.

Question: Who was Waitz influential among?


Answer: 1863

Question: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?


Answer: anthropology

Question: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?


Answer: French Société

Question: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?


Answer: Waitz

Question: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?


Answer: majority of the world's higher educational institutions

Context: This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.

Question: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?


Answer: subdivisions

Question: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?


Answer: Practical

Question: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?


Answer: recreate the final scene

Question: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?


Answer: about three dozen

Question: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?


Answer: Media anthropology

Context: Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

Question: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?


Answer: ethnographic

Question: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?


Answer: early 1990s

Question: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?


Answer: media reception

Question: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?


Answer: cyber

Question: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?


Answer: Visual

Context: Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

Question: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?


Answer: visual representation

Question: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?


Answer: all

Question: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?


Answer: ethnographic film

Question: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?


Answer: Economic

Context: Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.

Question: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?


Answer: historic, geographic and cultural

Question: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?


Answer: discipline of economics

Question: What is economic anthropology highly critical of?


Answer: Bronislaw Malinowski

Question: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?


Answer: exchange

Question: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?


Answer: traditional concerns

Context: Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

Question: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?


Answer: history and colonialism

Question: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?


Answer: Hunter-gatherers

Question: Who were the original affluent society?


Answer: population

Question: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?


Answer: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism

Question: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?


Answer: Applied

Context: Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

Question: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?


Answer: change or stability

Question: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?


Answer: direct

Question: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?


Answer: the practical side

Question: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?


Answer: participating

Question: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?


Answer: critical

Context: Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

Question: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?


Answer: pondering

Question: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?


Answer: increasing

Question: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?


Answer: gap

Question: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?


Answer: fail

Question: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?


Answer: Kinship

Context: Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.

Question: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?


Answer: anthropology

Question: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?


Answer: Over its history

Question: When has anthropology developed related terms?


Answer: one's social relations during development

Question: What does it mean if people are related by descent?


Answer: marriage

Question: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?


Answer: Feminist

Context: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

Question: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?