Answer: 1880

Context: The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

Question: When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?


Answer: Pierre de Brazza

Question: Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?


Answer: Middle Congo

Question: What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?


Answer: French Equatorial Africa

Question: What group of French colonies was created in 1908?


Answer: 14,000

Question: How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?


Answer: Brazzaville

Context: During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

Question: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?


Answer: Brazzaville Conference of 1944

Question: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?


Answer: 1946

Question: When did Brazzaville get its own local government?


Answer: the Fourth Republic

Question: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?


Answer: 1958

Context: Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.

Question: When was the Fifth Republic founded?


Answer: the AEF

Question: What was disbanded in 1958?


Answer: the Republic of the Congo

Question: In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?


Answer: 1959

Question: When did the Congo establish its first constitution?


Answer: August 15, 1960

Context: The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.

Question: On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?


Answer: Fulbert Youlou

Question: Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?


Answer: Alphonse Massamba-Débat

Question: Who replaced Youlou?


Answer: labour elements and rival political parties

Question: Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?


Answer: Congolese military

Question: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?


Answer: Massamba-Débat

Context: Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

Question: Who became president of the Congo in 1963?


Answer: scientific socialism

Question: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?


Answer: Cuban

Question: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?


Answer: September 1968

Question: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?


Answer: Marien Ngouabi

Context: Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.

Question: Who became president of the Congo in 1968?


Answer: People's Republic of the Congo

Question: What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?


Answer: Congolese Labour Party

Question: What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?


Answer: 1972

Question: In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?


Answer: March 16, 1977

Question: On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?


Answer: Eastern Bloc

Context: Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.

Question: Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?


Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?


Answer: dictatorship

Question: What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?


Answer: political repression

Question: What was an important tool of the Sassou government?


Answer: Pascal Lissouba

Context: Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.

Question: Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?


Answer: IMF

Question: Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?


Answer: civil war

Question: What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?


Answer: enhanced structural adjustment facility

Question: What does ESAF stand for?


Answer: Lissouba and Sassou

Context: Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.

Question: Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?


Answer: Cobras

Question: What is the name of Sassou's personal army?


Answer: Angolan

Question: What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?


Answer: October

Question: In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?


Answer: Milongo

Context: In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.

Question: Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?


Answer: seven years

Question: How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?


Answer: January 2002

Question: When was the new constitution ratified?


Answer: April 2003

Question: When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?


Answer: Sassou

Context: Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".

Question: Who won the presidential election in 2009?


Answer: Congolese Observatory of Human Rights

Question: Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?


Answer: very low

Question: What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?


Answer: multi-party

Context: Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.

Question: What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?


Answer: Congolese Labour Party

Question: Which party does Sassou belong to?


Answer: Parti Congolais du Travail

Question: What is the French term for Sassou's political party?


Answer: corruption revelations

Context: Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".

Question: What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?


Answer: France

Question: What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?


Answer: March 27, 2015

Context: On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.

Question: When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?


Answer: third

Question: Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?


Answer: the government

Context: In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.

Question: Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008


Answer: one

Question: How many government TV stations exist?


Answer: 10

Question: How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?


Answer: Bantus

Context: Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.

Question: Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?


Answer: pets

Question: The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?


Answer: December 30, 2010

Question: When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?


Answer: 4°N and 5°S

Context: Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.

Question: Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?


Answer: 11° and 19°E

Question: Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: What ocean connects to the Congo?


Answer: Cabinda

Question: Which country lies southwest of the Congo?


Answer: Angola

Question: What is another name for Cabinda?


Answer: Brazzaville

Context: The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Question: What is the capital of the Congo?


Answer: Congo River

Question: On what river can Brazzaville be found?


Answer: Kinshasa

Question: What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?


Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo

Question: What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?


Answer: coastal plain

Context: The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.

Question: What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?


Answer: Kouilou-Niari River

Question: Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?


Answer: plateau

Question: The middle of the country features what kind of geography?


Answer: Forests

Question: What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?


Answer: Equator

Context: Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November.

Question: On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?


Answer: 24 °C (75 °F)

Question: What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?


Answer: 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)

Question: What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?


Answer: June to August

Question: When does the Congo experience dry season?


Answer: Wildlife Conservation Society

Context: In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.

Question: Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?


Answer: Sangha Region

Question: What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?


Answer: inhospitable swamps

Question: What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?


Answer: Petroleum

Context: The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.

Question: What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?


Answer: budget problems and overstaffing

Question: What are two issues in the Congolese government?


Answer: forestry

Question: What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?


Answer: 65%

Question: What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?


Answer: 92%

Question: What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?


Answer: large-scale development projects

Context: In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.

Question: What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?


Answer: 5%

Question: What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?


Answer: 50%

Question: By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?


Answer: 46%

Question: How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?


Answer: civil war

Context: Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.

Question: What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?


Answer: slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict

Question: What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?


Answer: December 1998

Question: When did military conflict resume in the Congo?


Answer: stimulating recovery and reducing poverty

Context: The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.

Question: What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?


Answer: Natural gas and diamonds

Question: What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?


Answer: 2007

Question: When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?


Answer: base metal, gold, iron and phosphate

Context: The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.

Question: What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?


Answer: Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

Question: What business organization is the Congo a member of?


Answer: 200,000 hectares

Question: How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?


Answer: land, air and water

Context: Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.

Question: What forms of transport are available in the Congo?


Answer: 1930s

Question: When was the Congo's train system built?


Answer: Paris

Question: What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: On what ocean is a major port located?


Answer: southwest

Context: The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.

Question: In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?


Answer: 534-kilometre (332 mi)

Question: How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?


Answer: 62

Context: Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.

Question: How many languages are used in the Congo?


Answer: Kongo

Question: What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?


Answer: 2%

Question: How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?


Answer: 12%

Question: What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?


Answer: about 9,000

Context: Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.

Question: Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?


Answer: French

Question: What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?


Answer: Around 300

Question: How many Americans live in the Congo?


Answer: Catholics

Context: According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.

Question: What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?


Answer: 22.3%

Question: What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?


Answer: 19.9%

Question: What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?


Answer: 1.6%

Question: What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?


Answer: foreign workers

Question: Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?


Answer: 8.9%

Context: Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).

Question: How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?


Answer: 2.8%

Question: What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?


Answer: $30

Question: How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?


Answer: 20

Question: For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?


Answer: 560

Context: As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.

Question: As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?


Answer: Female genital mutilation

Question: What does FGM stand for?


Answer: 59.34

Question: How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?


Answer: 16

Context: Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.

Question: Public schooling is required for people under what age?


Answer: 44%

Question: What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?


Answer: baccalaureate

Question: What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?


Answer: French

Question: What language is used in Congolese schools?


Answer: executive

Context: A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

Question: What branch of government does the prime minister lead?


Answer: cabinet

Question: What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?


Answer: civil service

Question: In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?


Answer: Westminster system

Context: In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

Question: What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?


Answer: ceremonial

Question: What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?


Answer: ensure the passage of bills

Context: The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.

Question: What is a central duty of the prime minister?


Answer: royal prerogative

Question: What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?


Answer: parliament

Question: Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?


Answer: First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service

Context: As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior

Question: What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the UK?


Answer: Minister of Defence

Question: In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?


Answer: 1625

Context: The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.

Question: When was the title of prime minister first used?


Answer: Cardinal Richelieu

Question: Who coined the term prime minister?


Answer: France

Question: What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?


Answer: Louis XIV

Question: Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?


Answer: 18th century

Context: The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.

Question: When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?


Answer: Sir Robert Walpole

Question: Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?


Answer: Thomas Cromwell

Context: The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".

Question: Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?


Answer: Godolphin

Question: Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?


Answer: Clarendon

Question: Who served as the head minister under Charles II?


Answer: the monarch

Context: The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.

Question: From whom did ministers derive their power?


Answer: the monarch

Question: Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?


Answer: Harley and St John

Context: When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.

Question: Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?


Answer: Clarendon

Question: Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?


Answer: Glorious Revolution

Context: In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.

Question: What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?


Answer: Bill of Rights

Question: What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?


Answer: House of Commons

Question: What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?


Answer: George I

Context: A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.

Question: The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?


Answer: 1714

Question: In what year did Queen Anne die?


Answer: Hanover

Question: Where was George I's home?


Answer: twenty-one years

Context: From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

Question: For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?


Answer: Whig

Question: What party did Walpole belong to?


Answer: doctrine of cabinet solidarity

Question: What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?


Answer: resign

Question: What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?


Answer: Lord Melbourne

Question: Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?


Answer: parliamentarians and legal scholars

Context: Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

Question: Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?


Answer: George II and George III

Question: Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?


Answer: Benjamin Disraeli

Question: During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?


Answer: 1905

Question: When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?


Answer: president

Context: By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

Question: In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?


Answer: Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah

Context: Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.

Question: Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?


Answer: 1970

Question: When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?


Answer: Bahrain

Question: What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?


Answer: parliamentary republics

Context: The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".

Question: Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?


Answer: parliamentary republics

Question: In whic type of government is the leader elected?


Answer: Premier of the State Council

Context: This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.

Question: What is the term for the head of China's government?


Answer: Taiwan

Question: What is another name for the Republic of China?


Answer: legislature

Question: Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?


Answer: cohabitation

Context: Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.

Question: What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?


Answer: resignation of the government

Question: What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?


Answer: Bangladesh's

Context: Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Question: Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?


Answer: the process of his/her appointment and dismissal

Question: What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?


Answer: the National People's Congress

Context: The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.

Question: What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?


Answer: Zŏnglĭ

Question: What is the pinyin form of premier?


Answer: the Constitution Act

Context: Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.

Question: Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?


Answer: 1982

Question: When was the Constitution Act passed?


Answer: federal and provincial first ministers

Question: The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?


Answer: constitution

Context: Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Question: What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?


Answer: first decade of the twentieth century

Context: The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).

Question: When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?


Answer: Balfour

Question: Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?


Answer: 1905

Question: When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?


Answer: Margaret Thatcher

Context: Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.

Question: Which prime minister was appointed only one time?


Answer: 1979

Question: When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?


Answer: 1990

Question: When did Thatcher last hold power?


Answer: cabinet

Question: What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?


Answer: Taoiseach

Context: Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.

Question: What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?


Answer: the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament

Question: From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?


Answer: after every general election

Question: When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?


Answer: lower house of parliament

Context: In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

Question: Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?


Answer: upper houses

Question: Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?


Answer: vote of confidence

Question: What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?


Answer: head of state

Context: The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.

Question: Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?


Answer: resignation of the prime minister and his or her government

Question: If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?


Answer: prime minister

Question: In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?


Answer: 1918

Context: Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).

Question: When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?


Answer: 1937

Question: In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?


Answer: the Executive Council

Question: The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?


Answer: cabinet

Question: What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?


Answer: spill motion

Context: In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.

Question: What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?


Answer: Chairman of the government

Context: In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).

Question: What is the Russian term for prime minister?


Answer: Rosh HaMemshalah

Question: What is the Israeli term for prime minister?


Answer: President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)

Question: What is the term used in spain for prime minister?


Answer: Taoiseach

Question: What is the Irish term for prime minister?


Answer: president of the council of ministers

Context: Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.

Question: What is the Italian term for the prime minister?


Answer: statsminister

Question: What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?


Answer: premier

Context: The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.

Question: What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?


Answer: Germany and Austria

Question: Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?


Answer: Minister of State

Question: What is the head of Monaco's government called?


Answer: Secretary of State

Question: What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?


Answer: President

Question: What is the head of Iran's government called?


Answer: non-Commonwealth countries

Context: In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Question: In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?


Answer: Right Honourable

Question: What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?


Answer: Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council

Question: What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?


Answer: Canada

Question: What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?


Answer: devolved

Context: In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier".

Question: What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?


Answer: First Minister

Question: What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?


Answer: Pradhan Mantri

Question: What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?


Answer: Wazir-e-Azam

Question: What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?


Answer: Grand Vizier

Question: What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?


Answer: Office of the Prime Minister

Context: The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.

Question: What is the head of government's office called in Canada?


Answer: Cabinet Office

Question: What is the head of government's office called in the UK?


Answer: IT

Context: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.

Question: What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?


Answer: 19th century

Context: The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

Question: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?


Answer: École Polytechnique

Question: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?


Answer: Greek

Question: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?


Answer: polytechnic

Context: While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

Question: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?


Answer: the Berg-Schola

Context: The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.

Question: What was the first institute of technology in the world?


Answer: World War II

Question: What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?


Answer: Collegium Carolinum

Question: What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?


Answer: 1794

Question: In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?


Answer: institutions of higher education

Context: In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]

Question: What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?


Answer: 1992

Context: In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.

Question: In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?


Answer: University of Westminster

Question: What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?


Answer: Regent Street

Question: What street is the University of Westminster on?


Answer: polytechnics

Context: In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?

Question: What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?


Answer: University of Technology

Context: During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.

Question: What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?


Answer: College of Advanced Education system

Question: What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?


Answer: TAFE

Context: Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.

Question: What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?


Answer: Melbourne Polytechnic

Question: What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?


Answer: 2009

Context: In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au

Question: TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?


Answer: seven

Context: In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):

Question: In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?


Answer: Fachhochschule

Context: Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Question: What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?


Answer: master's degrees

Question: In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?


Answer: hogeschool

Context: Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.

Question: What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?


Answer: academization

Context: Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.

Question: What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?


Answer: four

Context: In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.

Question: How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?


Answer: three

Question: How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?


Answer: Cambodia

Context: In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Question: What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?


Answer: Affiliate Schools

Context: In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Question: What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?


Answer: Quebec

Context: Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.

Question: In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?


Answer: public funding

Question: In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?


Answer: Polytechnics Canada

Context: Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.

Question: What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?


Answer: collaborative institute-industry projects

Question: What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?


Answer: 1895

Context: China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.

Question: In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?


Answer: Capital University

Question: What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?


Answer: half

Question: What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?


Answer: 1997

Context: In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.

Question: What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?


Answer: The Geophysics Institute

Context: EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.

Question: What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?


Answer: Quito Astronomical Observatory

Context: One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.

Question: What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?


Answer: National Polytechnic School

Question: What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?


Answer: 1873

Question: When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?


Answer: one

Context: The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.

Question: EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?


Answer: the country's development

Context: Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

Question: If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?


Answer: 50

Context: MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.

Question: MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?


Answer: Instituts de technologie

Context: Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.

Question: What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?


Answer: 180

Context: Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.

Question: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?


Answer: 160

Question: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?


Answer: Finland

Context: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

Question: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?


Answer: ammattikorkeakoulus

Question: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?


Answer: yrkeshögskola

Question: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?


Answer: technology

Context: Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :

Question: Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?


Answer: institut universitaire de technologie

Context: In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.

Question: What are an institute of technology called in France?


Answer: IUT

Question: What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?


Answer: Fachhochschule

Context: In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).

Question: What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?


Answer: Polytechnicum

Context: Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).

Question: In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?


Answer: 18th

Question: What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?


Answer: Escola Politécnica

Question: What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?


Answer: 1970s

Context: Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Question: Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?


Answer: teaching

Question: Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?


Answer: business

Question: In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?


Answer: TU

Context: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Question: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?


Answer: research

Question: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?


Answer: medicine

Context: The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

Question: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?


Answer: nine

Question: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?


Answer: 17

Context: There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.

Question: How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?


Answer: 290,000

Question: What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?


Answer: Saxony

Question: Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?


Answer: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule

Context: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are

Question: What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?


Answer: Higher Education Reform Act

Context: In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).

Question: What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?


Answer: The Hong Kong Polytechnic

Context: The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

Question: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?


Answer: Hong Kong Technical College

Question: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?


Answer: 1984

Question: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?


Answer: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Question: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?


Answer: 1994

Question: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?


Answer: copper

Context: The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.

Question: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?


Answer: 1735

Question: What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?


Answer: Court Chamber of Vienna

Question: Who established the Berg-Schola?


Answer: 16

Context: There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.

Question: How many private institutes of technology are there in India?


Answer: 30

Question: How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?


Answer: AICTE

Question: What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?


Answer: Diploma in Engineering

Context: In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.

Question: What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?


Answer: four

Context: There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.

Question: How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?


Answer: three

Context: However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.

Question: Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?


Answer: Regional Technical College

Context: Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.

Question: What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?


Answer: Dublin Institute of Technology

Context: Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.

Question: What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?


Answer: Politecnico

Context: In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:

Question: What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?


Answer: two

Question: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?


Answer: Genoa

Context: In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.

Question: What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?


Answer: Imperial College of Engineering

Context: In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.

Question: What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?


Answer: sciences

Question: What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?


Answer: Malaysia

Context: Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Question: What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?


Answer: UNESCO

Question: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?


Answer: Ipoh

Question: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?


Answer: 32

Context: At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.

Question: How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?


Answer: 60,840

Question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?


Answer: 87,440

Question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?


Answer: University of Technology, Mauritius

Context: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.

Question: What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?


Answer: technology

Question: What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?


Answer: New Zealand

Context: New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.

Question: What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?


Answer: Universal College of Learning

Question: What does UCOL stand for?


Answer: 1989

Question: In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?


Answer: Wellington Polytechnic

Context: Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)

Question: What school did Massey University combine with?


Answer: 1990s

Question: In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?


Answer: Central Institute of Technology

Question: What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?


Answer: North Island

Question: What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?


Answer: Auckland University of Technology

Context: The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.

Question: What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?


Answer: 10th

Context: The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.

Question: In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?


Answer: trades

Question: What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?


Answer: three

Question: How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?


Answer: BE

Context: After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.

Question: What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering courses?


Answer: F.Sc

Context: University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.

Question: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?


Answer: Politechnika

Context: Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:

Question: What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?


Answer: bacharelatos

Context: The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.

Question: What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?


Answer: Bologna Process

Question: What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?


Answer: Millennia Institute

Context: Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

Question: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?


Answer: 5

Context: Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

Question: How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?


Answer: three

Question: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?


Answer: queen Maria Theresa

Context: The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.

Question: What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?


Answer: 1735

Question: What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?


Answer: silver and gold

Question: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?


Answer: 1764

Question: What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?


Answer: teaching

Question: What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?


Answer: Technikons

Context: South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.

Question: What are polytechnics called in South Africa?


Answer: 1993

Question: What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?