Answer: Dawa Norbu

Context: Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's "tribute-cum-trade" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by "three successive nationalistic regimes," which Norbu writes "Communist historians prefer to ignore."

Question: Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?


Answer: eastern Tibetan princes

Context: Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while "the Ming did not possess Tibet."

Question: Who did the Ming appoint titles to?


Answer: an army

Question: What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?


Answer: Tibet

Question: What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?


Answer: Yang Sanbao

Context: Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times "engaged in armed confrontation with them."

Question: What was the name of the eunuch?


Answer: Tibet

Question: Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?


Answer: 1413

Question: When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?


Answer: the allegiance of various Tibetan princes

Question: Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?


Answer: to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states

Question: Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?


Answer: the Ming court

Context: Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:

Question: Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?


Answer: 1430s

Question: Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?


Answer: the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu

Question: What was the Gelug not mentioned in?


Answer: various lamas

Context: Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of "King" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.

Question: Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?


Answer: the Phagmodru myriarchy

Question: Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?


Answer: Melvyn C. Goldstein

Context: Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that "by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality." Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642).

Question: Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?


Answer: 1435–1565

Question: What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?


Answer: Melvyn C. Goldstein

Question: Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?


Answer: 1565–1642

Question: What years did the Tsangpa start and end?


Answer: 1398–1402

Context: In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,

Question: What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?


Answer: the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao

Question: Who aided the Yongle Emperor?


Answer: the Hongwu Emperor

Question: Who was Yongle Emperor's father?


Answer: March 10, 1403

Question: When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?


Answer: Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang

Context: In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.

Question: Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?


Answer: to seek out the Karmapa

Question: Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?


Answer: 1407

Question: When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?


Answer: through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan

Question: Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?


Answer: 1403

Context: During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would "sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric" when receiving religious instructions from him.

Question: When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?


Answer: Nanjing

Question: Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?


Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?


Answer: Kublai

Question: Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?


Answer: the Yongle Emperor

Question: Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?


Answer: Linggu Temple

Context: Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of "King" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects.

Question: At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?


Answer: Nanjing

Question: Where was the Linggu Temple located?


Answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

Question: What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?


Answer: religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects

Question: Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?


Answer: the Mongols

Context: Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that "there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.

Question: Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past?


Answer: religious purposes

Question: Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose?


Answer: to send a military force into Tibet

Question: What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans?


Answer: to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools

Question: Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?


Answer: Deshin Shekpa

Question: Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?


Answer: Jianwen Emperor

Context: Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne.

Question: Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?


Answer: Deshin Shekpa

Question: Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?


Answer: Deshin Shekpa's miracles

Question: What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?


Answer: Chinese Communist historians

Context: With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between "the patron and the priest" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized "the religious nature of the relationship." Josef Kolmaš writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were "almost entirely of a religious character." Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to "resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa." She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as "part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri."

Question: According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?


Answer: Buddhist artifacts

Question: What were the items of tribute?


Answer: Josef Kolmaš

Question: Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?


Answer: 1435–1449

Context: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:

Question: What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?


Answer: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC

Question: Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?


Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who was the edict addressed to?


Answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

Question: Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?


Answer: after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court

Question: When was the edict written?


Answer: the Karmapa hierarchs

Context: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa.

Question: Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?


Answer: 1446

Question: What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?


Answer: 1415

Question: When did Deshin Shekpa die?


Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?


Answer: to facilitate trade with Tibet

Context: Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this "tribute-related trade" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses—while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants—"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021–1086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.

Question: Why did Yongle order the construction?


Answer: tea, horses, and salt

Question: What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?


Answer: through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan

Question: where did the trade route pass through?


Answer: to secure urgently needed horses

Context: Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax, and therefore Tibetans were "undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolmaš writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes "in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.

Question: Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?


Answer: Silk workshops

Question: What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?


Answer: Tibetan Buddhist

Question: What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?


Answer: the Ming

Question: who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?


Answer: a mandatory "corvée" tax

Question: Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?


Answer: Tibet

Context: While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention.

Question: Who did the Ming trade horses with?


Answer: Altan Khan

Question: Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?


Answer: the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony

Question: Who did Altan Khan overthrow?


Answer: the Ming dynasty

Question: Who did Altan Khan make peace with?


Answer: Altan Khan

Question: Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?


Answer: the 14th century

Context: Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (沐英) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.

Question: When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?


Answer: November 1378

Question: When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?


Answer: 30,000

Question: How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?


Answer: 200,000

Question: How many animals did Mu Ying capture?


Answer: Ming general Qu Neng

Question: Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?


Answer: recovery of the Ordos region

Context: Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on "Confucian instruments of tribute relations" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was "the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet," that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but "avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat." P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas "was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes."

Question: What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?


Answer: the Mongols

Question: Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids?


Answer: Ming China

Question: Where were the Mongols trying to raise?


Answer: to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes

Question: Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?


Answer: divide-and-rule

Context: Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power. Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi. Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than "comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet." Rossabi states that this theory "attributes too much influence to the Chinese," pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the "divide-and-rule" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa—one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas.

Question: What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?


Answer: after the Sakya regime had fallen

Question: When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?


Answer: fifth Karmapa

Question: Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?


Answer: many different Tibetan lamas

Question: Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?


Answer: the Phagmodrupa

Context: The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gendün Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gendün Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned.

Question: Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?


Answer: 1498

Question: When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?


Answer: New Years ceremonies and prayers

Question: What was the most important event to the Gelug?


Answer: 1518

Question: When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?


Answer: 1505–1521

Context: The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procurring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died.

Question: When did the Zhengde Emperor rule?


Answer: the company of lamas

Question: Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?


Answer: Mikyö Dorje

Question: Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?


Answer: Chinese writers of the early 20th century

Context: Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because "Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus" and also that "China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet." He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China’s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was "subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors.

Question: Who said Tibet wasn't an integral part of of China?


Answer: China's intervening Ming dynasty

Question: What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?


Answer: the 13th century

Question: Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China?


Answer: the 18th century

Question: When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?


Answer: the Qing dynasty

Context: Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government." Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.

Question: During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?


Answer: the Chinese central government

Question: Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government?


Answer: the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans

Context: P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively. He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."

Question: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?


Answer: the Republic of China and its Communist successors

Question: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?


Answer: the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco

Question: Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?


Answer: the Mongols

Question: Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?


Answer: patron and priest relationship

Question: The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?


Answer: the 13th century

Context: China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that the Ming dynasty "inherited the right to rule Tibet" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled People's Daily, the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text.

Question: When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?


Answer: the Ming dynasty

Question: Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?


Answer: 1981

Question: When was China Daily started?


Answer: the Ming

Question: Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?


Answer: the central government of China

Question: According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?


Answer: 1521–1567

Context: During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people.

Question: When did the Jiajing Emperor reign?


Answer: the native Chinese ideology of Daoism

Question: What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?


Answer: the Tibetan lamas

Question: Who stopped their trips to Ming China?


Answer: Yang Tinghe

Question: Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?


Answer: Yang Tinghe

Question: Who broke the eunuch influence at court?


Answer: Jiajing

Context: With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.

Question: Who was Zhengde's successor?


Answer: Neo-Confucian establishment

Question: What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of?


Answer: the Portuguese embassy

Question: Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?


Answer: Tibetan Buddhism and lamas

Question: Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?


Answer: Jiajing

Question: Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?


Answer: the Kokonor region

Context: Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher". The full title was "Dalai Lama Vajradhara", "Vajradhara" meaning "Holder of the Thunderbolt" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that "represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment." Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title "king of religion, majestic purity". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the "Protector of the Faith".

Question: What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?


Answer: the Ming Chinese frontier

Question: Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?


Answer: the Ming

Question: The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence?


Answer: 1571

Question: When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?


Answer: the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso

Question: Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?


Answer: the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice

Context: Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolmaš states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and Sönam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and "to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama." Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained "enormous power among the entire Mongol population."

Question: What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?


Answer: the Mongol princes and subjects

Question: Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?


Answer: execution

Question: What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?


Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?


Answer: Committed to their religious leader

Question: Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?


Answer: Tümen Khan

Context: Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.

Question: Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?


Answer: the great-grandson of Altan Khan

Question: To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?


Answer: the 5th Dalai Lama

Question: Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?


Answer: In 1642

Question: When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?


Answer: Sonam Gyatso

Context: Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that "the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time." Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism.

Question: Who was given the grandiose title?


Answer: Altan Khan

Question: Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?


Answer: Zhang Juzheng

Question: Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?


Answer: Zhang Juzheng

Question: Who was the Ming Chinese official?


Answer: Mongolia

Question: Where did Sonam Gyatso die?


Answer: the third Dalai Lama

Context: Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: "In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet."

Question: Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?


Answer: pay tribute

Question: What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?


Answer: the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama

Question: What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?


Answer: the fifth Dalai Lama

Question: In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?


Answer: the fifth Panchen Lama

Question: In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?


Answer: Master of Vajradhara

Context: Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.

Question: What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted?


Answer: Yonten Gyatso

Question: Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?


Answer: 1616

Question: When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?


Answer: Yonten Gyatso

Question: Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?


Answer: he died

Question: Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?


Answer: the Mongols

Context: Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and "fill once more the political vacuum in that country." On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that "the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists."

Question: Who's presence increased in Tibet?


Answer: their old vassal of Tibet

Question: What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?


Answer: 1642

Question: When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?


Answer: the Ming court

Question: Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?


Answer: 1565

Context: In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for "cursing" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the "Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama."

Question: When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?


Answer: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal

Question: Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?


Answer: 1611–1621

Question: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?


Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?


Answer: The fourth Dalai Lama

Question: Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?


Answer: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan

Context: When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.

Question: Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?


Answer: protector

Question: What role did Güshi Khan take on?


Answer: the Gelugpas

Question: Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat?


Answer: Amdo

Question: Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?


Answer: 1642

Question: When did the Ü-Tsang forces surrender?


Answer: Lozang Gyatso

Context: Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang, Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel. Although Güshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama "supreme authority" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon Güshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point Güshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and Güshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually "expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokiteśvara through the performance of rituals," by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of Güshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.

Question: Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?


Answer: his conquest of Tibet

Question: What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?


Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?


Answer: the regent Sonam Chöpel

Question: Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to?


Answer: Güshi Khan

Question: The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?


Answer: the rebellion of Li Zicheng

Context: Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Question: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?


Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?


Answer: Shunzhi

Question: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?


Answer: the Dzungar Mongols

Context: When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that "Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time."

Question: Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?


Answer: the Kangxi Emperor

Question: Who helped the Tibetan?


Answer: 1720

Question: When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?


Answer: 1751

Question: When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?


Answer: 1735–1796

Question: When did the Qianlong Emperor reign?


Answer: Apple

Context: The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

Question: Which company produces the iPod?


Answer: October 23, 2001

Question: When was the original iPod released?


Answer: three

Question: How many different types of iPod are currently available?


Answer: portable media players

Question: What kind of device is the iPod?


Answer: touchscreen

Question: The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?


Answer: 2001

Question: In what year was the first iPod released?


Answer: Apple

Question: What company manufactures the iPod?


Answer: 3

Question: How many versions of the iPod currently exist?


Answer: Shuffle

Question: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?


Answer: 2015

Question: In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?


Answer: data storage

Context: Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).

Question: In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?


Answer: 2 GB

Question: What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?


Answer: 128 GB

Question: What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?


Answer: iPod Shuffle

Question: Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?


Answer: iPod Touch

Question: Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?


Answer: 2 GB

Question: What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?


Answer: 128 GB

Question: What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?


Answer: iTunes

Context: Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Question: What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?


Answer: Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows

Question: Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?


Answer: iTunes

Question: What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?


Answer: one

Context: Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.

Question: Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?


Answer: iPhone

Question: In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?


Answer: iOS 5

Question: With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?


Answer: 2010

Question: In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?


Answer: "Music" and "Videos"

Question: What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?


Answer: A8

Context: In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).

Question: What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?


Answer: sixth

Question: Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?


Answer: sixth

Question: What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?


Answer: 2015

Question: In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?


Answer: A8

Question: What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?


Answer: 5

Question: In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?


Answer: 2001

Context: Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful," so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product ("the Walkman of the twenty-first century" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."

Question: In what year was the iPod first introduced?


Answer: 2004

Question: In what year did iPod sales show improvement?


Answer: Jon Rubinstein

Question: Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?


Answer: Braun T3 transistor radio

Question: What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?


Answer: 5 GB

Question: What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?


Answer: 2001

Question: in what year was the original iPod released?


Answer: 5 GB

Question: How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?


Answer: the Walkman

Question: What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?


Answer: Jon Rubinstein

Question: What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?


Answer: Toshiba

Question: Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?


Answer: Pixo

Context: Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).

Question: Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?


Answer: Chicago

Question: What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?


Answer: Helvetica

Question: The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?


Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?


Answer: PortalPlayer

Question: What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?


Answer: Helvetica

Question: What typeface does the current iPod use?


Answer: 2006

Context: In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.

Question: In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?


Answer: U2

Question: For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?


Answer: black

Question: What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?


Answer: video

Question: What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?


Answer: U2

Question: Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?


Answer: black

Question: What color was the special U2 iPod model?


Answer: 2006

Question: In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?


Answer: Burst.com

Context: In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.

Question: Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?


Answer: Kane Kramer

Question: Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?


Answer: UK

Question: In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?


Answer: 1981

Question: In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?


Answer: IXI

Question: What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?


Answer: Burst.com

Question: What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?


Answer: IXI

Question: What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?


Answer: Kane Kramer

Question: Who was the holder of the previous patent for the "plastic music box"?


Answer: Vinnie Chieco

Context: The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.

Question: Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?


Answer: freelance copywriter

Question: What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?


Answer: 2001: A Space Odyssey

Question: What film inspired the name of the iPod?


Answer: Joseph N. Grasso

Question: Who first trademarked the iPod name?


Answer: 2005

Question: In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?


Answer: 2001: A Space Odyssey

Question: What movie inspired the iPod name?


Answer: Vinnie Chieco

Question: What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name "iPod"?


Answer: Joseph N. Grasso

Question: Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?


Answer: mid-2015

Context: In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.

Question: When were images of new iPod colors leaked?


Answer: Pierre Dandumont

Question: Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?


Answer: 12.2

Question: What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?


Answer: 12.2

Question: What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?


Answer: Pierre Dandumont

Question: Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?


Answer: weak bass response

Context: The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

Question: What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?


Answer: high-impedance

Question: What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?


Answer: external headphone amplifier

Question: What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?


Answer: bass

Question: What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?


Answer: undersized DC-blocking capacitors

Question: What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?


Answer: Bass

Context: For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments.

Question: What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?


Answer: R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster

Question: Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.


Answer: clipping

Question: What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?


Answer: 2006

Question: iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?


Answer: R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster

Question: What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?


Answer: hearing loss

Context: From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users that have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version.

Question: What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?


Answer: EU

Question: In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?


Answer: 100 dB

Question: What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?


Answer: France

Question: In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?


Answer: 100 dB

Question: What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?


Answer: France

Question: What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?


Answer: FireWire

Context: Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.

Question: What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?


Answer: power adapter

Question: What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?


Answer: FireWire

Question: What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?


Answer: third generation

Context: The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.

Question: In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?


Answer: 30-pin dock connector

Question: What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?


Answer: fifth

Question: Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?


Answer: fourth

Question: Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?


Answer: 3.5 mm minijack

Question: What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?


Answer: third generation

Question: Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?


Answer: Shuffle

Question: Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?


Answer: FireWire

Question: What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?


Answer: USB

Question: What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?


Answer: iPod Hi-Fi

Context: The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.

Question: Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?


Answer: Belkin and Griffin

Question: What are two companies that make iPod accessories?


Answer: dock connector

Question: What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?


Answer: paying royalties

Question: What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?


Answer: third parties

Question: The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?


Answer: iPod Hi-Fi

Question: What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?


Answer: Lightning

Context: Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.

Question: What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?


Answer: seventh generation iPod Nano

Question: What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?


Answer: 30

Question: How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?


Answer: 8

Question: How many pins did the Lightning connector have?


Answer: both sides

Question: On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?


Answer: Lightning

Question: What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?


Answer: fifth generation

Question: What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?


Answer: iPod Hi-Fi

Context: Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.

Question: What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?


Answer: Nike+iPod pedometer

Question: What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?


Answer: Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation

Question: What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?


Answer: TV

Question: What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?


Answer: Nike

Question: Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?


Answer: Apple

Question: Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?


Answer: BMW

Context: BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

Question: What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?


Answer: 2005

Question: In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?


Answer: Scion

Question: Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?


Answer: BMW

Question: Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?


Answer: Scion

Question: Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?


Answer: JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon

Context: Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.

Question: What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?


Answer: FM

Question: What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?


Answer: audio input jacks

Question: What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?


Answer: FM transmitters

Question: Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?


Answer: audio input jacks

Question: What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?


Answer: United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates

Context: Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.

Question: In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?


Answer: individual seat-back displays

Question: Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?


Answer: KLM and Air France

Question: What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?


Answer: United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates

Question: Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?


Answer: Apple Lossless

Context: The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format—but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox).

Question: What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?


Answer: iPod photo

Question: Which product enabled users to view images on the device?


Answer: WMA

Question: What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?


Answer: Digital Rights Management

Question: What does DRM stand for?


Answer: Mac OS

Question: What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?


Answer: MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless

Question: What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?


Answer: iPod photo

Question: What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?


Answer: one

Context: During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library.

Question: How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?


Answer: library

Question: What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?


Answer: host computer

Question: What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?


Answer: five

Context: iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS.

Question: How many buttons do most iPods use?


Answer: click wheel

Question: On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?


Answer: earphone cable

Question: Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?


Answer: touch screen

Question: What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?


Answer: iPhone

Question: What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?


Answer: five

Question: Most iPods feature how many buttons?


Answer: Shuffle

Question: The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?


Answer: iPhone

Question: Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?


Answer: April 29, 2003

Context: The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.

Question: When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?


Answer: iTunes

Question: What program is required to access the iTunes Store?


Answer: October 12, 2005

Question: When were videos made available through the iTunes store?


Answer: September 12, 2006

Question: When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?


Answer: 2003

Question: In what year was the iTunes store established?


Answer: 2005

Question: In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?


Answer: 2006

Question: When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?


Answer: AAC

Context: At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

Question: When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?


Answer: five

Question: How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?


Answer: iTunes Plus

Question: In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?


Answer: January 6, 2009

Question: When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?


Answer: April 2009

Question: By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?


Answer: AAC

Question: What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?


Answer: FairPlay

Question: What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?


Answer: iTunes Plus

Question: What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?


Answer: 2009

Question: In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?


Answer: Napster and MSN Music

Context: iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street.

Question: What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?


Answer: iPods

Question: For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?


Answer: DRM

Question: The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?


Answer: Universal Music Group

Context: Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.

Question: What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?


Answer: iTunes Store

Question: What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?


Answer: The Beat Goes On...

Context: Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On...". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.

Question: What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?


Answer: September 5, 2007

Question: On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?


Answer: iPhone

Question: Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?


Answer: iPods

Context: Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

Question: On what devices can video games be used?


Answer: Brick

Question: What was included on the first iPod?


Answer: Steve Wozniak

Question: Who created Brick?


Answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

Question: What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?


Answer: easter egg

Question: What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?


Answer: Brick

Question: What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?


Answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

Question: What other games were later added to the original iPod?


Answer: 2006

Context: In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano.

Question: In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?


Answer: iTunes 7

Question: Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?


Answer: 5th generation

Question: What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?


Answer: 4th generation

Question: On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?


Answer: 2006

Question: In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?


Answer: fifth

Question: Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?


Answer: Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft

Context: With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.

Question: What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?


Answer: video game handheld console market

Question: What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?


Answer: GamePro and EGM

Question: What two publications have covered iPod games?


Answer: .ipg

Context: The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.

Question: What format is used for iPod game files?


Answer: .zip

Question: What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?


Answer: software development kit

Question: What does SDK stand for?


Answer: iOS

Question: What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?


Answer: .ipg

Question: What file format are iPod games distributed in?


Answer: iPod Touch and iPhone

Question: An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?


Answer: not

Question: Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?


Answer: iTunes

Context: Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.

Question: What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?


Answer: third-party

Question: What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?


Answer: iTunes

Question: Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?


Answer: DRM

Context: iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.

Question: What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?


Answer: iTunes 7

Question: What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?


Answer: hidden

Context: Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.

Question: In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?


Answer: host

Question: On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?


Answer: manual

Question: What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?


Answer: 2005

Context: In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.

Question: In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?


Answer: patent infringement

Question: What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?


Answer: Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch

Question: What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?


Answer: Ho Keung Tse

Question: On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?


Answer: Advanced Audio Devices

Question: Which company sued Apple for breach of a "music jukebox" patent in 2005?


Answer: FairPlay

Question: Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?


Answer: rotational user inputs

Context: Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.

Question: What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?


Answer: August 2005

Question: When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?


Answer: Creative Technology

Question: Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?


Answer: Zen Patent

Question: What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?


Answer: United States International Trade Commission

Question: From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?


Answer: rotational user inputs

Question: What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?


Answer: Creative Technology

Question: Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?


Answer: August 24, 2006

Context: On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.

Question: When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?


Answer: $100 million

Question: How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?


Answer: Made for iPod

Question: What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?


Answer: $100 million

Question: How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?


Answer: the Made for iPod program

Question: What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?


Answer: 90%

Context: Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.

Question: What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?


Answer: 2004

Question: When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?


Answer: 72.7%

Question: How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?


Answer: Bloomberg Online

Question: Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?


Answer: 90%

Question: Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?


Answer: 70%

Question: Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?


Answer: 74%

Question: What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?


Answer: January 8, 2004

Context: On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.

Question: When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?


Answer: Hewlett-Packard

Question: What does HP stand for?


Answer: Wal-Mart

Question: What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?


Answer: 5%

Question: HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?


Answer: unfavorable

Question: What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?


Answer: HP

Question: Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?