Answer: male bias

Question: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?


Answer: systematic bias

Context: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

Question: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?


Answer: gender

Question: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?


Answer: birth anthropology

Question: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?


Answer: Nutritional

Context: Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.

Question: What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?


Answer: food security

Question: Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?


Answer: globalization

Question: If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?


Answer: Nutritional status

Question: What affects overall health status?


Answer: economic

Question: What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?


Answer: Psychological

Context: Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

Question: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes?


Answer: humans' development and enculturation

Question: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?


Answer: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories

Question: What aspects define a cultural group?


Answer: cultural group

Question: What shapes processes of human cognition?


Answer: understanding

Question: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?


Answer: Cognitive

Context: Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

Question: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?


Answer: cognitive sciences

Question: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?


Answer: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology

Question: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?


Answer: implicit knowledge

Question: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?


Answer: Political

Context: Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

Question: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?


Answer: structure of societies

Question: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?


Answer: the 1960s

Question: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?


Answer: "complex"

Question: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?


Answer: Geertz

Question: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?


Answer: Cyborg

Context: Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.

Question: What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?


Answer: 1993

Question: When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?


Answer: the Society for the Social Studies of Science

Question: What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?


Answer: Donna Haraway

Question: Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?


Answer: its relations

Question: What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?


Answer: Environmental

Context: Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.

Question: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?


Answer: political ecology

Question: What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?


Answer: culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.

Question: What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?


Answer: corporate

Question: The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?


Answer: people of Hyde Park

Question: Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?


Answer: by examining historical records

Context: Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.

Question: How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?


Answer: ethnic

Question: Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?


Answer: its foundation

Question: What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?


Answer: documents and manuscripts

Question: What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?


Answer: Practitioners

Question: Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?


Answer: Urban

Context: Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.

Question: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?


Answer: Ulf Hannerz

Question: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?


Answer: notoriously agoraphobic

Question: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists?


Answer: two

Question: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?


Answer: social issues

Question: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?


Answer: human–animal studies

Context: Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

Question: What is Anthrozoology also known as?


Answer: Anthrozoology

Question: What is the study of interaction between living things?


Answer: number of other disciplines

Question: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?


Answer: positive

Question: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?


Answer: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy

Question: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?


Answer: Evolutionary

Context: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

Question: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?


Answer: natural science and social science

Question: What is evolutionary anthropology based in?


Answer: past and present

Question: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?


Answer: scientific

Question: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?


Answer: many lines

Question: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?


Answer: Ethical

Context: Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.

Question: What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?


Answer: mutilation

Question: What is the proper term for circumcision?


Answer: racism, slavery, and human sacrifice

Question: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?


Answer: man

Question: Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?


Answer: depth of an anthropological approach

Question: Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?


Answer: active in the allied war effort

Context: But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.

Question: What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?


Answer: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan

Question: What groups formed the Axis forces?


Answer: the armed forces

Question: What did many anthropologists serve in?


Answer: intelligence

Question: The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?


Answer: communist sympathies.

Question: Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?


Answer: the state

Context: Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."

Question: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?


Answer: secret

Question: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?


Answer: certain scholarship

Question: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?


Answer: The AAA

Question: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?


Answer: given

Question: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?


Answer: the US military

Context: Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

Question: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists?


Answer: US Army's strategy in Afghanistan

Question: What are the anthropologists part of?


Answer: Counterinsurgency

Question: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?


Answer: Iraq

Question: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?


Answer: ethics

Question: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?


Answer: Biological

Context: Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

Question: What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?


Answer: human universals

Question: What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?


Answer: into the field

Question: Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?


Answer: a community in its own setting

Question: To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?


Answer: genetic

Question: Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?


Answer: relevant time periods and geographic regions

Context: Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

Question: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?


Answer: cultural traditions based on material

Question: How has human time on Earth been divided up?


Answer: tool

Question: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?


Answer: geographers

Question: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?


Answer: comparative method

Question: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?


Answer: "other cultures

Context: Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

Question: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?


Answer: time

Question: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?


Answer: non-European/non-Western societies

Question: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?


Answer: Ulf Hannerz

Question: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?


Answer: only in late 1960s

Question: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?


Answer: set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region

Context: Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.

Question: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?


Answer: research to a single locale

Question: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?


Answer: daily life of ordinary people

Question: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?


Answer: scientific laboratories

Question: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?


Answer: research

Question: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?


Answer: wounded in an attempted assassination

Context: Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

Question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?


Answer: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro

Question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?


Answer: The Jesuits

Question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?


Answer: 1759

Question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?


Answer: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children

Question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?


Answer: 1770

Context: Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?


Answer: until Joseph I's death in 1779

Question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?


Answer: autocracy

Question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?


Answer: knew no opposition

Question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?


Answer: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation

Question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?


Answer: Napoleon

Context: With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?


Answer: 1822

Question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?


Answer: Brazil

Question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?


Answer: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

Question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?


Answer: until the 20th century

Question: How long did Portugal's decline last?


Answer: French

Context: As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Question: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?


Answer: until the Liberal Revolution of 1820

Question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?


Answer: Porto

Question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?


Answer: 1815

Question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?


Answer: the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family

Question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?


Answer: before the turn of the 20th century

Context: With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?


Answer: 1884

Question: When was the Conference of Berlin held?


Answer: Scramble for Africa

Question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?


Answer: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa

Question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?


Answer: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia

Question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?


Answer: 1 February 1908

Context: On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

Question: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?


Answer: on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902

Question: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?


Answer: Manuel II of Portugal

Question: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?


Answer: 5 October 1910

Question: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?


Answer: Political instability and economic weaknesses

Question: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?


Answer: António de Oliveira Salazar

Context: This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Question: Who led the Estado Novo?


Answer: 1933

Question: In what year was the Estado Novo established?


Answer: five

Question: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?


Answer: relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa

Question: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?


Answer: United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries

Context: Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

Question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?


Answer: unitary semi-presidential republican

Question: What form of government does Portugal maintain?


Answer: 18th highest

Question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?


Answer: France, Spain and Italy

Question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?


Answer: decriminalized the usage of all common drugs

Question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?


Answer: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors

Context: Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

Question: What was Pelayos' plan?


Answer: Moors

Question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?


Answer: Battle of Covadonga

Question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?


Answer: 722 AD

Question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?


Answer: Reconquista Cristã

Question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?


Answer: dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring

Context: After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

Question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?


Answer: King Alfonso III

Question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?


Answer: 868 AD

Question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?


Answer: First Count of Portus Cale

Question: What was Vimara knighted as?


Answer: Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália

Question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?


Answer: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture

Context: During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

Question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?


Answer: the Kingdom of Portugal

Question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?


Answer: Galician

Question: Portugese diverged from which language?


Answer: Spanish

Question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?


Answer: Castilian (Spanish Language)

Question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?


Answer: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun

Context: In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?


Answer: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo

Question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?


Answer: Queen consort of Portugal

Question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?


Answer: Queen consort of Portugal

Question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?


Answer: King John V of Portugal

Question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?


Answer: earthquakes

Context: Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

Question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?


Answer: marching troops around the models

Question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?


Answer: Lisbon suffered no epidemics

Question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?


Answer: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre

Question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?


Answer: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country

Question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?


Answer: Portuguese Republic

Context: Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?


Answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

Question: Where is Portugal located?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: Which ocean does Portugal border?


Answer: 1,214 km (754 mi)

Question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?


Answer: Azores and Madeira

Question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?


Answer: Portuguese Republic

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?


Answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

Question: Where is Portugal located?


Answer: Spain

Question: What other country does Portugal border?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: What ocean does Portugal border?


Answer: Portugal–Spain

Question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?


Answer: The Celts and the Romans

Context: The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?


Answer: Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples

Question: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?


Answer: 1139

Question: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?


Answer: Age of Discovery

Question: What age did Portugal pioneer?


Answer: 15th and 16th centuries

Question: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?


Answer: Lisbon

Context: Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

Question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?


Answer: 1822

Question: In which year did Brazel become independent?


Answer: 1910

Question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?


Answer: Macau

Question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?


Answer: 250 million

Question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?


Answer: Portus Cale

Context: The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Question: From what name is Portugal derived?


Answer: Pre-Celts and Celts

Question: By what group was the Portugal region settled?


Answer: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes

Question: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?


Answer: 45 BC until 298 AD

Question: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?


Answer: Alankerk

Question: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?


Answer: 27 BC

Context: In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

Question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?


Answer: Gallaecia

Question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?


Answer: Conímbriga and Mirobriga

Question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?


Answer: hill forts

Question: What are castros?


Answer: 16 km

Question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?


Answer: a few months

Context: After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

Question: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?


Answer: 711

Question: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?


Answer: 750

Question: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?


Answer: Abd-ar-Rahman

Question: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?


Answer: almost two centuries

Question: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?


Answer: Emir

Context: The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

Question: What were the governors of the taifas called?


Answer: the Christian kingdoms of the north

Question: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?


Answer: Taifa of Badajoz

Question: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?


Answer: 1086

Question: In which year did the taifa period end?


Answer: Battle of Sagrajas

Question: Which battle took place in 1147?


Answer: Muwallad or Muladi

Context: The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

Question: What are converts to Islam called?


Answer: noblemen from Oman

Question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?


Answer: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa

Question: Where were the Berbers originally from?


Answer: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus

Question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?


Answer: 800

Question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?


Answer: García, became king of León

Context: A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.

Question: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?


Answer: Ordoño, reigned in Galicia

Question: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?


Answer: Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital

Question: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?


Answer: 910

Question: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?


Answer: 1230

Question: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?


Answer: 1348 and 1349

Context: In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Question: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?


Answer: England

Question: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?


Answer: Portugal made an alliance with England

Question: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?


Answer: NATO

Question: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?


Answer: Oporto region

Question: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?


Answer: the Age of Discovery

Context: Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

Question: What European age did Portugal spearhead?


Answer: King João I

Question: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?


Answer: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde

Question: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?


Answer: Cape of Good Hope

Question: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?


Answer: Brazil

Question: What South American country did Portugal discover?


Answer: increased

Context: As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

Question: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?


Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?


Answer: British

Question: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?


Answer: Sebastião de Melo

Question: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?


Answer: Sebastião de Melo

Question: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?


Answer: economic and financial

Context: But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Question: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?


Answer: to ensure the wine's quality

Question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?


Answer: especially among the high nobility

Question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?


Answer: Sebastião de Melo

Question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?


Answer: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class

Question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?


Answer: April 1974

Context: The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

Question: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?


Answer: left-wing military coup in Lisbon

Question: What was the Carnation Revolution?


Answer: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces

Question: By what was the PREC characterized by?


Answer: Junta de Salvação Nacional

Context: The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

Question: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?


Answer: Socialist Party

Question: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?


Answer: Mário Soares

Question: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?


Answer: 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985

Question: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?


Answer: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model

Context: The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

Question: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?


Answer: 1976

Question: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?


Answer: to accommodate socialist and communist principles

Question: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?


Answer: Mediterranean

Context: Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

Question: What type of climate does Portugal have?


Answer: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)

Question: In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?


Answer: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)

Question: In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?


Answer: 900 metres (3,000 ft)

Question: How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?


Answer: subtropical

Context: Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.

Question: What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?


Answer: rough topography

Question: What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?


Answer: Mediterranean

Question: What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?


Answer: deciduous and coniferous

Context: Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.

Question: What two types of forests can be found in Geres?


Answer: the Tertiary period

Question: To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?


Answer: Pyrenean

Question: What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?


Answer: Boars

Question: What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?


Answer: 12

Question: How many national parks does Portugal have?


Answer: a unique type of subtropical rainforest

Context: Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

Question: What is Laurisilva?


Answer: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear

Question: What are some examples of mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?


Answer: migratory birds

Question: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?


Answer: more than 100

Context: There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.

Question: How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?


Answer: in the Tagus International Natural Park

Question: In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?


Answer: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought

Question: Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?


Answer: plankton

Question: What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?


Answer: five

Context: The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

Question: For how many years is the Portugal president elected?


Answer: Aníbal Cavaco Silva

Question: Who is the current president of Portugal?


Answer: 230

Question: How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?


Answer: four-year

Question: For how long of a term are deputies elected?


Answer: thirteen

Question: How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?


Answer: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

Context: Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

Question: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?


Answer: national-, regional- and local-levels

Question: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?


Answer: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

Question: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?


Answer: 5 and 15%

Question: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?


Answer: President of the Republic

Context: The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

Question: Who is the Head of State of Portugal?


Answer: five

Question: For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?


Answer: by direct, universal suffrage

Question: By what means is the President of the Republic elected?


Answer: President of the Republic

Question: Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?


Answer: The Council of Ministers

Context: The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.

Question: What group acts as the presidential cabinet?


Answer: define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate

Question: What process is required of each government's policies?


Answer: an absolute majority of deputies

Question: What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?


Answer: former colonies and territories

Context: Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.

Question: Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?


Answer: a civilian police force who work in urban areas

Question: What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?


Answer: a highly specialized criminal investigation police

Question: What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?


Answer: the Public Ministry.

Question: Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?


Answer: 2001

Context: Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.

Question: In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?


Answer: 10 days worth of personal use

Question: How much of a drug is legal to possess?


Answer: go to a rehab facility

Question: What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?


Answer: 50 percent

Question: By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?


Answer: 308

Context: Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).

Question: How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?


Answer: 3,092

Question: How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?


Answer: 18

Question: How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?


Answer: three

Context: The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.

Question: How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?


Answer: Navy, Army and Air Force

Question: What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?


Answer: primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security

Question: What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?


Answer: 7,500

Question: How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?


Answer: $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP

Question: How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?


Answer: 21,000

Context: The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft.

Question: What is the number of personnel in the army?


Answer: Pandur II APC

Question: With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?


Answer: Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC

Question: What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?


Answer: paratroopers, commandos and rangers

Question: What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?


Answer: 10,700

Question: How many personnel does the Navy have?


Answer: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War

Context: In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.

Question: In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?


Answer: 1961–1974

Question: During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?


Answer: East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon

Question: In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?


Answer: Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998

Question: What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?


Answer: Pedro Passos Coelho

Context: After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.

Question: Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?


Answer: improve the State's financial situation

Question: What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?


Answer: tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts

Question: How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?


Answer: 20%

Question: Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?


Answer: 1974

Context: A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.

Question: In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?


Answer: unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms

Question: Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?


Answer: Diário de Notícias

Question: By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?


Answer: 2007–08

Context: After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.

Question: In what two years was there a financial crisis?


Answer: Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)

Question: Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?


Answer: bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud

Question: What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?


Answer: its size, market share, and the political implications

Question: Why was the case of BPN more serious?


Answer: fraud

Question: On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?


Answer: the euro (€)

Context: The Portuguese currency is the euro (€), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas—the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.[citation needed] According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.

Question: What currency does Portugal use?


Answer: Portuguese Escudo

Question: What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?


Answer: Banco de Portugal

Question: What is the name of Portugal's central bank?


Answer: Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas

Question: In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?


Answer: Golf

Question: According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?


Answer: 1974

Context: Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.

Question: In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?


Answer: PREC period

Question: What period followed the Carnation Revolution?


Answer: changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector

Question: Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?


Answer: textiles, clothing, footwear and cork

Question: What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?


Answer: cork

Question: What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?


Answer: European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund

Context: In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.

Question: By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?


Answer: 2011

Question: In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?


Answer: €78 billion

Question: How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?


Answer: May 2014

Question: When did Portugal exit the bailout?


Answer: 15.3 percent

Question: By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?


Answer: small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units

Context: Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.

Question: Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?


Answer: Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro

Question: What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?


Answer: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms

Question: What types of crops does Portugal produce?


Answer: dairy products, poultry and beef

Question: What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?


Answer: Ramirez

Context: Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portimão and Madeira. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama.[citation needed]

Question: Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?


Answer: Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama

Question: What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?


Answer: fish

Question: What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?


Answer: copper

Context: Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves—mainly in the north—after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[citation needed]

Question: What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?


Answer: tin, tungsten and uranium

Question: What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?


Answer: hydrocarbon

Question: What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?


Answer: north

Question: In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?


Answer: 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization

Question: What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?


Answer: Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen

Context: Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]

Question: What automotive brands exist in Portugal?


Answer: Embraer and OGMA

Question: What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?


Answer: Palmela

Question: Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?


Answer: Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor

Question: What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?


Answer: Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro

Question: Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?


Answer: increase

Context: Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.

Question: Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?


Answer: Eastern European destinations

Question: With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?


Answer: focus upon its niche attractions

Question: How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?


Answer: health, nature and rural tourism

Question: What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?


Answer: The Economist

Context: The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% – a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to "negative" from "stable," voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.

Question: What magazine described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe?"


Answer: 65%

Question: Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?


Answer: 10.2%

Question: What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?


Answer: negative

Question: In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?


Answer: 2011

Question: In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?


Answer: that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility

Context: On 6 April 2011, after his proposed "Plan for Stability and Growth IV" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously. It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF—the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation's Revolution. In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.

Question: What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?


Answer: third

Question: How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?


Answer: Carnation's Revolution

Question: What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?


Answer: financial weakness

Question: For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?


Answer: 70.8

Context: In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors—over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.

Question: In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?


Answer: 62.4

Question: What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?


Answer: slow and inefficient

Question: In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?


Answer: Italy

Question: Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?


Answer: over 30

Question: How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?


Answer: Passos Coelho

Context: In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund—the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4.8 billion over a three-year period.

Question: Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?


Answer: significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours

Question: What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?


Answer: austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant

Question: For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?


Answer: European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund

Question: From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?


Answer: 66

Context: Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.

Question: To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?


Answer: pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses

Question: To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?


Answer: English

Question: Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?


Answer: social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions

Question: What did the instituting of these policies lead to?


Answer: third quarter of 2014

Context: After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past. In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3%, but the rate immediately rose the following period. By December 2009, unemployment had surpassed the 10% mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events, by 2010, the rate was around 11% and in 2011 it was above 12%.[citation needed] The first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.7%— up from 17% in the previous quarter — and the Government has predicted an 18.5% unemployment rate in 2014. However, in the third quarter of the same year, it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15.6%. From then on, the unemployment downtrend continued, declining to 13.9% in the second semester of 2014 and to 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015.

Question: Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?


Answer: 17.7%

Question: To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?


Answer: 7.3%

Question: In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?


Answer: December 2009

Question: By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?