Answer: 50

Question: What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?


Answer: April 2016

Context: In October 2014, Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015. The line will launch in April 2016.

Question: When will the full line appear?


Answer: Topshop

Question: What company did Beyoncé contract with to sell clothing in England?


Answer: Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd

Question: What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyoncé and the British company to come out in 2016?


Answer: activewear

Question: What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyoncé sell?


Answer: Hurricane Katrina

Context: After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later.

Question: What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?


Answer: 250,000

Question: How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?


Answer: Ike

Question: What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?


Answer: the Survivor Foundation

Question: What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?


Answer: $250,000

Question: How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?


Answer: expanded to work with other charities

Question: How has this foundation changed in recent years?


Answer: Survivor Foundation

Question: What foundation did Beyoncé start after Hurricane Katrina?


Answer: $250,000.

Question: How much money did Beyoncé contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?


Answer: Hurricane Ike

Question: What other hurricane did Beyoncé's foundation help with?


Answer: George Clooney and Wyclef Jean

Context: Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA "Fashion For Haiti" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyoncé joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single "Get Me Bodied". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song "God Bless the USA", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund.

Question: Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?


Answer: Brooklyn Phoenix House

Question: Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?


Answer: God Bless the USA

Question: After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?


Answer: $1 million

Question: How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make?


Answer: Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House

Question: What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?


Answer: New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund

Question: What charity benefited from the release of the song, God Bless the USA?


Answer: Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit

Question: What did she participate in with George Clooney?


Answer: George Clooney and Wyclef Jean

Question: Which two stars did Beyoncé help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?


Answer: Beyoncé Cosmetology Center

Question: What did Beyoncé open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?


Answer: God Bless the USA

Question: What Lee Greenwood song did Beyoncé cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?


Answer: Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting

Context: In December, Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for "Demand A Plan", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song "I Was Here" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci "Chime for Change" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 May 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyoncé said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was "finding the best qualities in every human being." With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyoncé is also taking part in "Miss a Meal", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.

Question: Which national event caused Beyonce to produce "Demand a Plan?"


Answer: I Was Here

Question: What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?


Answer: Miss a Meal

Question: Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?


Answer: London

Question: On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for "a Chime for Change"?


Answer: her mother

Question: Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was "finding the best qualities in every human being."?


Answer: Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.

Question: The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?


Answer: spread female empowerment

Question: What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?


Answer: Catapult

Question: What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?


Answer: Demand A Plan

Question: What is the name of the campaign that Beyoncé and others are involved in that deals with gun control?


Answer: Sandy Hook Elementary School

Question: What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?


Answer: I Was Here

Question: What song did Beyoncé donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?


Answer: Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini

Question: Who did Beyoncé work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?


Answer: Spanish word montaña (mountain)

Context: Montana i/mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently "The Last Best Place". Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.

Question: Where does the state's name come from?


Answer: 4th

Question: What is the states rank in size?


Answer: 44th

Question: What is its rank in popularion?


Answer: 77

Question: How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?


Answer: from the Spanish word montaña

Question: Where does the state's name come from?


Answer: 1908

Context: Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.

Question: What year was the state tree selected?


Answer: 1949

Question: When was the state tree actually assigned?


Answer: 1981

Question: What year was the state animal selected?


Answer: grizzly bear

Question: What is the state animal of Montana?


Answer: Maiasaura

Question: What is the state fossil


Answer: 1910

Context: The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a "state ballad", "Montana Melody", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.

Question: When was the state song composed?


Answer: Oro y Plata

Context: Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, "Montana Lullaby", adopted in 2007.

Question: What is Montana's motto?


Answer: "Gold and Silver"

Question: What does Montana's motto mean?


Answer: 1865

Question: When was the motto adopted?


Answer: 1895

Question: WHen was the state flower adopted?


Answer: bitterroot

Question: What is the state flower for Montana?


Answer: 35 percent

Context: The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the "big 7" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.

Question: How much of the states population does the "Big 7" have?


Answer: 56

Context: Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 "places", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

Question: How many counties does Montana have?


Answer: Billings

Question: What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?


Answer: Missoula and Great Falls

Question: What two cities have a population over 50,000?


Answer: "mountain"

Context: The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had "no meaning". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.

Question: Where does the state's name mean?


Answer: Montaña del Norte

Question: What did the Spanish call this region?


Answer: 147,040 square miles

Context: With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.

Question: What is the total area of Montana?


Answer: Wyoming

Question: What state does Montana border to the south?


Answer: Idaho

Question: What state does it border to the west?


Answer: western half of the state

Context: The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.

Question: Where are most of the states mountain ranges?


Answer: About 60 percent

Question: How much of the state is prarie?


Answer: north

Context: The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.

Question: Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?


Answer: Hudson Bay.

Question: Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?


Answer: over 10,000 feet

Context: East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.

Question: How high is the Beartooth Plateau?


Answer: Granite Peak

Question: What is thie highest point in the state?


Answer: 12,799 feet

Question: How high is Granite Peak?


Answer: one

Context: However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.

Question: How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?


Answer: 1996

Question: How long has the single congressional district been Republican?


Answer: 59 to 41.

Question: What is the split in the State House of Representatives?


Answer: 29 to 21

Question: What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?


Answer: a swing state

Context: In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.

Question: In elections, what is Montana considered?


Answer: 1992

Question: What year was the last Democrat for president supported?


Answer: 60 percent

Question: How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?


Answer: 40 percent

Question: How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?


Answer: Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport

Context: Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.

Question: What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?


Answer: 2013

Question: When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?


Answer: BNSF Railway

Context: Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.

Question: What is the states largest railway?


Answer: 1880s

Question: How long have railroads been important since in Montana


Answer: Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation

Context: Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.

Question: What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?


Answer: spring

Question: What season is black bear hunting allowed?


Answer: wolves and mountain lions

Question: What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?


Answer: 1930s

Context: Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.

Question: Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?


Answer: Federation of Fly Fishers

Question: What fishing organization has its home here?


Answer: trout and kokanee salmon fisheries

Question: What type of fisheries does the state have?


Answer: A River Runs Through It

Question: What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?


Answer: April 26, 1864

Context: The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.

Question: When was the Montana Territory formed?


Answer: 1862

Question: When was the first formal school on record?


Answer: $1.75

Question: How much were students charged per week?


Answer: 1886

Question: When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?


Answer: 450

Context: Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.

Question: How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?


Answer: Hudson Bay

Question: What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?


Answer: Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.

Question: Where do the watersheds divide at?


Answer: Pacific Ocean

Question: What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?


Answer: Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers

Context: East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.

Question: What rivers form the Missouri River?


Answer: Three Forks

Question: Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?


Answer: north

Question: Which direction does the water flow in this area?


Answer: 1976

Question: Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?


Answer: north

Context: The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)).

Question: Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?


Answer: North Dakota

Question: Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?


Answer: at least 3,223

Context: There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.

Question: How many named lakes are there in Montana?


Answer: Flathead Lake

Question: What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?


Answer: Fort Peck Reservoir

Question: What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?


Answer: Missouri river

Question: What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?


Answer: approximately 25 percent

Context: Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.

Question: About how much area do forests cover the state?


Answer: 90

Context: Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.

Question: How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?


Answer: grizzly bear

Question: What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?


Answer: five

Question: How many endangered species are in Montana?


Answer: at least 17

Question: How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?


Answer: 15 inches

Context: Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.

Question: What is the annual precipitation?


Answer: 34.70 inches

Question: How much precipitation does Heron recieve?


Answer: 105 inches

Question: How much precipitation does the Grinnell Glacier recieve?


Answer: 7

Context: Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others.

Question: How many tax brackets does Montana have?


Answer: 6.9 percent

Question: What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?


Answer: no

Question: Does Montana have a sales tax?


Answer: Approximately 66,000

Context: Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a "landless" people headquartered in Great Falls, recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small Métis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.

Question: About how many Native Americans live in Montana?


Answer: 1851

Question: When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?


Answer: 1887

Question: What year was the Dawes act passed?


Answer: Great Falls

Question: Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?


Answer: 63%

Question: About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?


Answer: German

Context: While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]

Question: What is the largest European-American race in Montana?


Answer: a mining camp

Question: What was Helena originally founded as?


Answer: 6.5 percent

Context: Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.

Question: What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?


Answer: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt

Question: What three counties are Native Americans a majority?


Answer: 1980 and 1990

Question: Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%


Answer: 2007

Context: The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.

Question: In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?


Answer: July

Question: What month was the hottest ever recorded?


Answer: forest fires

Question: What problem has substantially increased in its severity?


Answer: 1855

Context: As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.

Question: What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?


Answer: Isaac Stevens

Question: Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?


Answer: 1859

Question: What year was the treaty ratified?


Answer: Flathead Indian Reservation

Question: What did the treaty establish?


Answer: Camp Cooke

Context: The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.

Question: What was the name of the first US Army post?


Answer: on the Missouri River

Question: Where was Camp Cooke situated?


Answer: 1876

Question: What year was the Great Sioux War?


Answer: 1877

Question: What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?


Answer: English

Context: English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).

Question: What is the official language of Montana?


Answer: 94.8 percent

Question: What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?


Answer: Spanish

Question: What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?


Answer: 13,040

Question: How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?


Answer: about 1,700

Question: ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?


Answer: 89.4 percent

Context: According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).

Question: What percent of the state is White?


Answer: 6.3 percent

Question: What percent of the state is Native American Indian?


Answer: 2.9

Question: Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?


Answer: 1,032,949

Context: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.

Question: What was the population of the state in 2015?


Answer: 4.40%

Question: How much did the population increase since 2010?


Answer: Gallatin County

Question: What county saw the largest growth?


Answer: Kalispell

Question: What city saw the largest growth?


Answer: 1917

Context: In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.

Question: What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?


Answer: 1941

Question: When did she vote a second time against war?


Answer: smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.

Question: What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?


Answer: over 13 million

Context: Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.

Question: About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?


Answer: about 325

Question: In 1884 about how many bison remained?


Answer: General Philip Sheridan

Question: Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?


Answer: 1875

Question: What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?


Answer: 1881

Context: Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.

Question: When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?


Answer: 1882

Question: When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?


Answer: 1871, 1872 and 1873

Question: What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?


Answer: 1876

Question: What year was the Great White Sioux War?


Answer: 1883

Question: When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?


Answer: 1866

Context: Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.

Question: When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?


Answer: bid for statehood

Question: Why was this constitutional convention held?


Answer: 1884

Question: When was the second constitutional convention held?


Answer: 1889

Question: What year was Montana's statehood approved?


Answer: North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington

Question: What other three states were approved in the same year?


Answer: 1862

Context: The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.

Question: What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?


Answer: 160 acres

Question: How much land did the Homestead Act allow?


Answer: 1868

Question: What year was the first homestead claim claimed?


Answer: 1877

Context: The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.

Question: When was the Desert Land Act passed?


Answer: 640 acres

Question: How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?


Answer: $.25

Question: How much was the charge per acre at first?


Answer: James J. Hill

Context: In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.

Question: Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s


Answer: 1902

Question: In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?


Answer: 1909

Question: What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?


Answer: 320 acres

Question: How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?


Answer: 1917

Context: In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.

Question: When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?


Answer: 1918

Question: When was the Sedition Act passed?


Answer: criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means

Question: What were these acts make do to laws?


Answer: 200

Question: How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?


Answer: 78

Question: How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?


Answer: 40,000-plus

Context: When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.

Question: How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?


Answer: over 57,000

Question: How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?


Answer: At least 1500

Question: About how many Montanans died in the war?


Answer: First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade,"

Question: Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?


Answer: Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow

Question: Where were air bases built in Montana?


Answer: entire human groups

Context: The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole." The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.

Question: In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?


Answer: that group

Question: In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?


Answer: "in whole or in part"

Question: Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?


Answer: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic

Question: What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?


Answer: opinions of respected commentators

Question: Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?


Answer: that biological-physical destruction was necessary

Context: In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".

Question: Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?


Answer: the type of group destruction

Question: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?


Answer: Germany

Question: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?


Answer: Convention States municipal laws

Question: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?


Answer: the judgements of several international and municipal courts

Question: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?


Answer: the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Context: After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.

Question: In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act?


Answer: Nazi Germany

Question: In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized?


Answer: Lemkin

Question: Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?


Answer: United Nations General Assembly

Question: Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?


Answer: provide a legal definition of the crime

Question: While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?


Answer: political killings

Context: The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: “Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin’s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.”

Question: Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?


Answer: USSR

Question: What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?


Answer: international intervention in domestic politics

Question: What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?


Answer: William Schabas

Question: Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?


Answer: its own Great Purge

Question: What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?


Answer: majority of legal scholars

Context: In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.

Question: Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?


Answer: national, racial, religious or ethnic

Question: What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?


Answer: Jorgic v. Germany

Question: In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?


Answer: biological-physical

Question: What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?


Answer: as a descriptive term

Context: The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.

Question: Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?


Answer: Lemming

Question: Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?


Answer: international relations and community

Question: Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?


Answer: Australian

Question: What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?


Answer: "ritualcide"

Question: What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?


Answer: ritualcide

Question: What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?


Answer: anthropologist

Question: What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?


Answer: language, culture, and economic infrastructure

Question: What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?


Answer: legal aspect of the term

Context: The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.

Question: What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?


Answer: a crime

Question: In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?


Answer: the deliberate killing of a certain group

Question: In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?


Answer: officials in power of a state or area

Question: In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?


Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?


Answer: genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power

Question: Why does genocide often go unpunished?


Answer: ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups

Question: Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?


Answer: 1648

Question: What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?


Answer: 1944

Context: Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.

Question: When was the word "genocide" first used?


Answer: The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).

Question: What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?


Answer: a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them

Question: What is the definition of genocide?


Answer: Raphael Lemkin

Question: Who coined the term "genocide"?


Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?


Answer: 1944

Question: The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?


Answer: as "a crime without a name"

Question: In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?


Answer: Raphael Lemkin

Question: What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?"


Answer: Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)

Question: What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"


Answer: to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them

Question: As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?


Answer: when the targeted part is substantial enough

Context: The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."

Question: Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?


Answer: The numeric size

Question: What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?


Answer: absolute terms

Question: The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?


Answer: prominence within the group

Question: In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?


Answer: perpetrators' access to the victims

Context: In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."

Question: The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13?


Answer: historical examples of genocide

Question: What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?


Answer: possible extent of their reach

Question: The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?


Answer: the opportunity presented to him

Question: What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?


Answer: inform the analysis

Question: While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?


Answer: 12 January 1951

Context: The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.

Question: On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?


Answer: 20

Question: What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?


Answer: only two

Question: Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?


Answer: the United Kingdom

Question: What member ratified in 1970?


Answer: four

Question: The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?


Answer: a diplomatic compromise

Context: Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.

Question: In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?


Answer: a research tool

Question: Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?


Answer: international legal credibility

Question: What does the treaty possess that others lack?


Answer: alternative definitions

Question: The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?


Answer: Jonassohn and Björnson

Context: Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.

Question: What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?


Answer: their focus

Question: The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?


Answer: Frank Chalk

Question: What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?


Answer: R. J. Rummel

Question: With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?


Answer: Ted Gurr

Question: Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?


Answer: social and political groups

Context: The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.

Question: Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?


Answer: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response

Question: In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?


Answer: political groups

Question: Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?


Answer: Genocide

Question: In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?


Answer: intends to destroy a group

Question: In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?


Answer: policies

Context: Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that "... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."

Question: Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?


Answer: victimized groups

Question: Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?


Answer: politicides

Question: What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?


Answer: nationality

Question: Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?


Answer: pogroms

Question: What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"


Answer: murder by government

Context: According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.

Question: In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?


Answer: religious group

Question: Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?


Answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Question: The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?


Answer: eliminate the group

Question: Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?


Answer: preventing births

Question: In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?


Answer: Adrian Gallagher

Context: Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).

Question: In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?


Answer: collective power

Question: In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?


Answer: intent

Question: Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?


Answer: group identity

Question: The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?


Answer: destroyed

Question: In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?


Answer: acts of genocide

Context: All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.

Question: Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?


Answer: both in peace and wartime

Question: During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?


Answer: no claim of genocide could be brought against them

Question: In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?


Answer: the United States

Question: What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?


Answer: Norway

Question: Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?


Answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Context: Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."

Question: In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?


Answer: humanity

Question: Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?


Answer: crimes like murder

Question: An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?


Answer: the Holocaust

Question: After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?


Answer: Raphael Lemkin

Question: Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"


Answer: European Court of Human Rights

Context: On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide".

Question: Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?


Answer: wider interpretation of genocide

Question: In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?


Answer: ethnic cleansing

Question: The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?


Answer: expel Muslims and Croats from their homes

Question: The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?


Answer: the ICTY

Question: Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?


Answer: About 30

Context: About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).

Question: In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?


Answer: several plea bargains

Question: Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?


Answer: conspiracy to commit genocide

Question: Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?


Answer: aiding and abetting genocide

Question: Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?


Answer: German courts

Question: Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?


Answer: He died

Context: Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.

Question: What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?


Answer: Belgrade

Question: Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?


Answer: Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić

Question: With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?


Answer: genocide or complicity in genocide

Question: Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?


Answer: Slobodan Milošević

Question: Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?


Answer: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Context: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

Question: What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?


Answer: April 1994

Question: The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?


Answer: the Security Council of the United Nations

Question: the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?


Answer: serious violations of the international law

Question: The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?


Answer: Rwandan citizens

Question: The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?


Answer: situation in Darfur

Context: There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."

Question: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?


Answer: Colin Powell

Question: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?


Answer: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Question: In front of which committee did Powell testify?


Answer: an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur

Question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?


Answer: genocidal policy

Question: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?


Answer: Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

Context: In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.

Question: To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?


Answer: the Commission report

Question: What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?


Answer: the United States

Question: China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?


Answer: his fourth report

Question: In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?


Answer: structural conditions

Context: Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.

Question: In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?


Answer: psychological and social

Question: What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?


Answer: Ervin Staub

Question: Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?


Answer: devaluation of the group

Question: A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?


Answer: humanizing a devalued group

Question: What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?


Answer: resistance of bacteria

Context: The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

Question: What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?


Answer: evolution

Question: What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?


Answer: 1943

Question: When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?


Answer: penicillin and erythromycin

Question: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?


Answer: evolutionary processes

Question: What does emergence of resistance reflect?


Answer: survive high doses of antibiotics

Question: What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?


Answer: 1943

Question: When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?


Answer: Luria–Delbrück

Question: Who made the demonstration in 1943?


Answer: concentration

Context: The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Question: What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?


Answer: bacterial infection

Question: What does this eliminate?


Answer: bacterial growth phase

Question: What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?


Answer: division of bacterial cells

Question: What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?


Answer: concentration

Question: What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?