Question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?

Answer: 1993

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. <hl> Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. <hl>

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the <hl> 1993 <hl> constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.


Question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Answer: Andorranization policies

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. <hl> Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. <hl>

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several <hl> Andorranization policies <hl> have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.


Question: What is an Andorran school policy?

Answer: Catalan medium education

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. <hl> Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education . <hl>

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like <hl> Catalan medium education <hl>.

Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like <hl> Catalan medium education <hl> .


Question: What is the only language of Andorra?

Answer: Catalan

<hl> In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. <hl> Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

In Andorra, <hl> Catalan <hl> has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.


Question: What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Answer: language shift processes

<hl> On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. <hl> In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

On the other hand, there are several <hl> language shift processes <hl> currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.


Question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?

Answer: 60 or older

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. <hl> In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). <hl> Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being <hl> 60 or older <hl> (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.


Question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?

Answer: 2004

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. <hl> In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004 ). <hl> Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of <hl> 2004 <hl>). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of <hl> 2004 <hl> ).


Question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?

Answer: 30%

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). <hl> Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. <hl> The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by <hl> 30% <hl> of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.


Question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?

Answer: Catalan

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. <hl> In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). <hl> Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, <hl> Catalan <hl> has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.


Question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Answer: Spanish

<hl> In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish , and in Alghero by Italian. <hl> There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by <hl> Spanish <hl>, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by <hl> Spanish <hl> , and in Alghero by Italian.


Question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?

Answer: Italian

<hl> In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian . <hl> There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by <hl> Italian <hl>. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by <hl> Italian <hl> .


Question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?

Answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. <hl> There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. <hl>

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well <hl> ingrained diglossic attitudes <hl> against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.


Question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?

Answer: diglossic attitudes

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. <hl> There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. <hl>

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained <hl> diglossic attitudes <hl> against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.


Question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?

Answer: Catalan

<hl> In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. <hl> There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

In the Alicante province <hl> Catalan <hl> is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.


Question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?

Answer: Occitano-Romance

<hl> The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. <hl>

The ascription of Catalan to the <hl> Occitano-Romance <hl> branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.


Question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?

Answer: linguists

<hl> The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. <hl>

The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all <hl> linguists <hl> and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.


Question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?

Answer: Spanish ones

<hl> The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones , such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. <hl>

The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among <hl> Spanish ones <hl>, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among <hl> Spanish ones <hl> , such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.


Question: What is Catalan a variety of?

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Answer: Occitan language

<hl> Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). <hl> Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term <hl> Occitan language <hl> (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.


Question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?

Answer: varying degrees

<hl> Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). <hl> Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Catalan bears <hl> varying degrees <hl> of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.


Question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?

Answer: differences

<hl> Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). <hl> Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also <hl> differences <hl> between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.


Question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?

Answer: many traits

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). <hl> Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. <hl>

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares <hl> many traits <hl> with other Romance languages.


Question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?

Answer: closely related

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). <hl> Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. <hl>

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from <hl> closely related <hl> languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.


Question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Answer: many traits

<hl> Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). <hl> However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Catalan shares <hl> many traits <hl> with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).


Question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?

Answer: Iberian Peninsula

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). <hl> However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). <hl>

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the <hl> Iberian Peninsula <hl>, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

However, despite being mostly situated in the <hl> Iberian Peninsula <hl> , Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).


Question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?

Answer: Ibero-Romance group

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). <hl> However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). <hl>

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the <hl> Ibero-Romance group <hl> (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).


Question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?

Answer: Spanish and Portuguese

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). <hl> However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group ( Spanish and Portuguese ) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). <hl>

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (<hl> Spanish and Portuguese <hl>) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group ( <hl> Spanish and Portuguese <hl> ) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).


Question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?

Answer: Occitan

<hl> Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan , and Spanish). <hl> However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, <hl> Occitan <hl>, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, <hl> Occitan <hl> , and Spanish).


Question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?

Answer: 87%

<hl> According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. <hl>

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: <hl> 87% <hl> with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.


Question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?

Answer: 85%

<hl> According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. <hl>

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; <hl> 85% <hl> with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.


Question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?

Answer: 80%

<hl> According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. <hl>

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; <hl> 80% <hl> with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.


Question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?

Answer: 76%

<hl> According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. <hl>

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; <hl> 76% <hl> with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.


Question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?

Answer: 75%

<hl> According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. <hl>

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; <hl> 75% <hl> with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.


Question: What has Catalan often been considered?

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Answer: dialect of Spanish

<hl> During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish . <hl> This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere <hl> dialect of Spanish <hl>. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere <hl> dialect of Spanish <hl> .


Question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?

Answer: Francoist

<hl> During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. <hl> This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

During much of its history, and especially during the <hl> Francoist <hl> dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).


Question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Answer: rest of Roman Hispania

<hl> There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania . <hl> Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the <hl> rest of Roman Hispania <hl>. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the <hl> rest of Roman Hispania <hl> .


Question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?

Answer: Occitan

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. <hl> Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. <hl>

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, <hl> Occitan <hl> bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.


Question: What is Occitan a branch of?

Answer: Western Romance

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. <hl> Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. <hl>

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the <hl> Western Romance <hl> innovative core, especially Occitan.


Question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?

The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

Answer: Germanic

<hl> The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. <hl> For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

The <hl> Germanic <hl> superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.


Question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?

Answer: Latin origin

The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. <hl> For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. <hl>

The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of <hl> Latin origin <hl>; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of <hl> Latin origin <hl> ; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.


Question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?

Answer: Germanic superstrate

<hl> The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. <hl> For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

The <hl> Germanic superstrate <hl> has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.


Question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Answer: Arabic element

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. <hl> However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. <hl>

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the <hl> Arabic element <hl> in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.


Question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?

Answer: Arabic loanwords

<hl> The same happens with Arabic loanwords . <hl> Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

The same happens with <hl> Arabic loanwords <hl>. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

The same happens with <hl> Arabic loanwords <hl> .


Question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?

Answer: Spanish

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. <hl> Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. <hl> However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with <hl> Spanish <hl> tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.


Question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?

Answer: of Arabic origin

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. <hl> Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin , contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. <hl> However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", <hl> of Arabic origin <hl>, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", <hl> of Arabic origin <hl> , contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna.


Question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?

Answer: Latin origin

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. <hl> Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. <hl> However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of <hl> Latin origin <hl>; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of <hl> Latin origin <hl> ; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna.


Question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Answer: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance

<hl> Situated between two large linguistic blocks ( Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance ), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". <hl>

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (<hl> Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance <hl>), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Situated between two large linguistic blocks ( <hl> Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance <hl> ), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".


Question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?

Answer: unique

<hl> Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". <hl>

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many <hl> unique <hl> lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".


Question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?

Answer: lexical

<hl> Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". <hl>

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique <hl> lexical <hl> choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".


Question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?

Answer: enyorar

<hl> Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". <hl>

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as <hl> enyorar <hl> "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".


Question: What are the Paisos Catalans

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Answer: Catalan Countries

<hl> These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans ( Catalan Countries ), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. <hl> Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (<hl> Catalan Countries <hl>), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans ( <hl> Catalan Countries <hl> ), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status.


Question: What is that determination based on?

Answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

<hl> These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. <hl> Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on <hl> cultural affinity and common heritage <hl>, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on <hl> cultural affinity and common heritage <hl> , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status.


Question: What status does Catalan Countries have?

Answer: no official status

<hl> These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status . <hl> Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but <hl> no official status <hl>. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but <hl> no official status <hl> .


Question: What is the interpretation of the term?

Answer: Various interpretations

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. <hl> Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. <hl>

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. <hl> Various interpretations <hl> of the term may include some or all of these regions.


Question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?

Answer: Països Catalans

<hl> These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. <hl> Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

These territories are sometimes referred to as the <hl> Països Catalans <hl> (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.


Question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Answer: many monosyllabic words

<hl> In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words ; <hl> and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has <hl> many monosyllabic words <hl>; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has <hl> many monosyllabic words <hl> ;


Question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?

Answer: consonant clusters

<hl> In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters . <hl> Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some <hl> consonant clusters <hl>. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some <hl> consonant clusters <hl> .


Question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?

Answer: obstruent

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. <hl> Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). <hl>

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final <hl> obstruent <hl> devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").


Question: What do many words feature?

Answer: couplets

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. <hl> Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). <hl>

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many <hl> couplets <hl> like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").


Question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Answer: Central Catalan

<hl> Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. <hl> The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

<hl> Central Catalan <hl> is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.


Question: What is Central Catalan?

Answer: standard pronunciation

<hl> Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. <hl> The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Central Catalan is considered the <hl> standard pronunciation <hl> of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.


Question: What are the descriptions for?

Answer: standard pronunciation

<hl> Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. <hl> The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Central Catalan is considered the <hl> standard pronunciation <hl> of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.


Question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?

Answer: section pronunciation

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. <hl> For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. <hl>

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the <hl> section pronunciation <hl> of dialects in this article.


Question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Answer: Vulgar Latin

<hl> Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. <hl> Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of <hl> Vulgar Latin <hl>, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of <hl> Vulgar Latin <hl> , with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish.


Question: How many stressed phenoms are there?

Answer: seven

<hl> Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a <hl> ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with <hl> seven <hl> stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.


Question: Where is this a common feature?

Answer: Western Romance

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a <hl> ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish. <hl> Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in <hl> Western Romance <hl>, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in <hl> Western Romance <hl> , except Spanish.


Question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?

Answer: Spanish

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a <hl> ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish . <hl> Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except <hl> Spanish <hl>. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except <hl> Spanish <hl> .


Question: What differs in vowel reduction?

Answer: Dialects

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. <hl> Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. <hl>

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. <hl> Dialects <hl> differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.


Question: How many reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Answer: three

<hl> In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three : /a e ɛ/ > <hl> [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to <hl> three <hl>: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to <hl> three <hl> : /a e ɛ/ >


Question: What vowel stays distinct?

Answer: /i/

[u]; /i/ remains distinct.

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > <hl> [u]; /i/ remains distinct. <hl> The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; <hl> /i/ <hl> remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).


Question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?

Answer: different

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. <hl> The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). <hl>

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have <hl> different <hl> vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).


Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?

Answer: In Central Catalan

<hl> In Central Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a <hl> e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

<hl> In Central Catalan <hl>, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

<hl> In Central Catalan <hl> , unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a


Question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?

Answer: section pronunciation

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. <hl> The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). <hl>

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the <hl> section pronunciation <hl> of dialects in this article).


Question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

<hl> Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. <hl> It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

<hl> Catalan sociolinguistics <hl> studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).


Question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?

Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

<hl> Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. <hl> It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

<hl> Catalan sociolinguistics <hl> studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).


Question: What is this a subdiscipline of?

Answer: Catalan philology

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. <hl> It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). <hl>

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of <hl> Catalan philology <hl> and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).


Question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?

Answer: analyse the relation

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. <hl> It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). <hl>

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to <hl> analyse the relation <hl> between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).


Question: What outside affects does this study include?

Answer: other languages in contact

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. <hl> It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact ) <hl> .

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of <hl> other languages in contact <hl>).

It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of <hl> other languages in contact <hl> )


Question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Answer: uniformity

<hl> The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity , especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. <hl> Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative <hl> uniformity <hl>, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative <hl> uniformity <hl> , especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology.


Question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?

Answer: other Romance languages

<hl> The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages ; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. <hl> Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to <hl> other Romance languages <hl>; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to <hl> other Romance languages <hl> ; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology.


Question: What is high among dialects?

Answer: intelligibility

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. <hl> Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. <hl> The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual <hl> intelligibility <hl> between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.


Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?

Answer: 90% to 95%

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. <hl> Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95% . <hl> The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from <hl> 90% to 95% <hl>. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from <hl> 90% to 95% <hl> .


Question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?

Answer: Alguerese

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. <hl> The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. <hl>

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic <hl> Alguerese <hl> dialect.


Question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Answer: treatment of unstressed a and e

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. <hl> The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e ; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ <hl> in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the <hl> treatment of unstressed a and e <hl>; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

The main difference lies in the <hl> treatment of unstressed a and e <hl> ; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/


Question: How are a and e in western dialects?

Answer: distinct

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ <hl> in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ <hl> in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain <hl> distinct <hl> as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.


Question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?

Answer: merged

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. <hl> The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ <hl> and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have <hl> merged <hl> to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.


Question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Answer: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian

<hl> Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. <hl> Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of <hl> Northwestern Catalan and Valencian <hl>; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of <hl> Northwestern Catalan and Valencian <hl> ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese.


Question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?

Answer: four

<hl> Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. <hl> Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises <hl> four <hl> dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.


Question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?

Answer: Eastern block

<hl> Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. <hl> Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the <hl> Eastern block <hl> comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.


Question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?

Answer: subdialects

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. <hl> Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects . <hl>

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several <hl> subdialects <hl>.

Each dialect can be further subdivided in several <hl> subdialects <hl> .


Question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?

Answer: Western Catalan

<hl> Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. <hl> Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

<hl> Western Catalan <hl> comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.


Question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Answer: Central Catalan

<hl> Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. <hl> It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

<hl> Central Catalan <hl> is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.


Question: Where are the most speakers found?

Answer: Central Catalan

<hl> Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. <hl> It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

<hl> Central Catalan <hl> is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.


Question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?

Answer: Barcelona province

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. <hl> It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province , the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. <hl>

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the <hl> Barcelona province <hl>, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the <hl> Barcelona province <hl> , the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.


Question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?

Answer: eastern half

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. <hl> It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. <hl>

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the <hl> eastern half <hl> of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.


Question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?

Answer: Vulgar Latin

<hl> Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. <hl> Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of <hl> Vulgar Latin <hl>, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of <hl> Vulgar Latin <hl> , with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish.


Question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?

Answer: seven

<hl> Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a <hl> ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with <hl> seven <hl> stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.


Question: Where is this system common?

Answer: Western Romance

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a <hl> ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish. <hl> Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in <hl> Western Romance <hl>, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in <hl> Western Romance <hl> , except Spanish.


Question: What language is the exception?

Answer: Spanish

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a <hl> ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish . <hl> Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except <hl> Spanish <hl>. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except <hl> Spanish <hl> .


Question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?

Answer: Dialects

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. <hl> Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. <hl>

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. <hl> Dialects <hl> differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.


Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?

In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Answer: Eastern Catalan

<hl> In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a <hl> e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

In <hl> Eastern Catalan <hl> (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].


Question: What is the exception to this reduction?

Answer: Majorcan

<hl> In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan ), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a <hl> e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

In Eastern Catalan (except <hl> Majorcan <hl>), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

In Eastern Catalan (except <hl> Majorcan <hl> ), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a


Question: Which vowel remains distinct?

Answer: /i/

[u]; /i/ remains distinct.

In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > <hl> [u]; /i/ remains distinct. <hl> There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; <hl> /i/ <hl> remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].


Question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Answer: Majorcan

<hl> In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a <hl> e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

In <hl> Majorcan <hl>, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

In <hl> Majorcan <hl> , unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a


Question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?

Answer: Eastern Catalan

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a <hl> e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. <hl>

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the <hl> Eastern Catalan <hl> reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.


Question: What other pattern do other vowels follow?

Answer: Western Catalan

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a <hl> e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan . <hl>

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in <hl> Western Catalan <hl>.

e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in <hl> Western Catalan <hl> .


Question: What letter remains distinct?

Answer: /u/

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a <hl> e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. <hl>

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with <hl> /u/ <hl> remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.


Question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?

Answer: Western Catalan

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a <hl> e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan . <hl>

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in <hl> Western Catalan <hl>.

e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in <hl> Western Catalan <hl> .


Question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Answer: five

<hl> In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five : /e ɛ/ > <hl> [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to <hl> five <hl>: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to <hl> five <hl> : /e ɛ/ >


Question: Which letters remain distinct?

Answer: /a u i/

[o]; /a u i/ remain distinct.

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > <hl> [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. <hl> This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; <hl> /a u i/ <hl> remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.


Question: Where did this pattern come from?

Answer: Proto-Romance

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. <hl> This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance , is also found in Italian and Portuguese. <hl> Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from <hl> Proto-Romance <hl>, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

This reduction pattern, inherited from <hl> Proto-Romance <hl> , is also found in Italian and Portuguese.


Question: In what other languages is this pattern found?

Answer: Italian and Portuguese

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. <hl> This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese . <hl> Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in <hl> Italian and Portuguese <hl>. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in <hl> Italian and Portuguese <hl> .


Question: What do other Western dialects sometimes offer?

Answer: further reduction

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. <hl> Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. <hl>

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present <hl> further reduction <hl> or vowel harmony in some cases.


Question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Answer: Balearic

<hl> Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ <hl> and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Central, Western, and <hl> Balearic <hl> differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.


Question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?

Answer: /e/

<hl> Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. <hl> Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed <hl> /e/ <hl> and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.


Question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central, Western and Belearic?

Answer: higher incidence

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ <hl> in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. <hl>

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much <hl> higher incidence <hl> of /e/.


Question: What language is parle or tem ?

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Answer: Valencian

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. <hl> E.g. parle, tem, sent ( Valencian ); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). <hl> In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (<hl> Valencian <hl>); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

E.g. parle, tem, sent ( <hl> Valencian <hl> ); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern).


Question: What language is parlo or temo ?

Answer: Northwestern

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. <hl> E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento ( Northwestern ) <hl> . In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (<hl> Northwestern <hl>). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento ( <hl> Northwestern <hl> )


Question: What language is parl?

Answer: Balearic

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. <hl> E.g. parlo (Central), parl ( Balearic ), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). <hl>

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (<hl> Balearic <hl>), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

E.g. parlo (Central), parl ( <hl> Balearic <hl> ), parli (Northern), ('I speak').