Question: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Answer: four bands

<hl> Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands : E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. <hl> The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in <hl> four bands <hl>: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in <hl> four bands <hl> : E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo.


Question: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?

Answer: E1, E2, E5B, and E6

<hl> Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. <hl> The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: <hl> E1, E2, E5B, and E6 <hl> and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.


Question: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?

Answer: E1 and E2

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. <hl> The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. <hl> However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within <hl> E1 and E2 <hl> bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.


Question: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?

Answer: E1 and E2

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. <hl> The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. <hl> However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within <hl> E1 and E2 <hl> bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.


Question: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?

Answer: the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. <hl> However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. <hl> It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, <hl> the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency <hl> will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.


Question: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?

Answer: little was officially announced

<hl> Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver. <hl>

Although <hl> little was officially announced <hl> by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.


Question: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?

Answer: to study general characteristics of the signals

<hl> Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals , but even to build a COMPASS receiver. <hl>

Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only <hl> to study general characteristics of the signals <hl>, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only <hl> to study general characteristics of the signals <hl> , but even to build a COMPASS receiver.


Question: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?

Answer: to build a COMPASS receiver

<hl> Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver . <hl>

Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even <hl> to build a COMPASS receiver <hl>.

Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even <hl> to build a COMPASS receiver <hl> .


Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Answer: 14 April 2007

<hl> Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007 . <hl> The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on <hl> 14 April 2007 <hl>. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on <hl> 14 April 2007 <hl> .


Question: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?

Answer: for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing

<hl> Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. <hl> The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched <hl> for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing <hl> on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.


Question: The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?

Answer: the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. <hl> The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system . <hl> The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of <hl> the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system <hl>. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of <hl> the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system <hl> .


Question: What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?

Answer: 21,150 km

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. <hl> The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees. <hl>

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of <hl> 21,150 km <hl> and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.


Question: What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?

Answer: 55.5 degrees

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. <hl> The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees . <hl>

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of <hl> 55.5 degrees <hl>.

The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of <hl> 55.5 degrees <hl> .


Question: What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Answer: E2, E5B, and E6

<hl> Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6 . <hl> In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: <hl> E2, E5B, and E6 <hl>. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: <hl> E2, E5B, and E6 <hl> .


Question: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by Compass-M1?

Answer: 90 degrees (in quadrature)

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. <hl> In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature) . <hl> These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of <hl> 90 degrees (in quadrature) <hl>. These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of <hl> 90 degrees (in quadrature) <hl> .


Question: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?

Answer: "I" and "Q"

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). <hl> These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q" . <hl> The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as <hl> "I" and "Q" <hl>. The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

These signal components are further referred to as <hl> "I" and "Q" <hl> .


Question: What is the intended purpose of the "I" component?

Answer: likely to be intended for the open service

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". <hl> The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service . <hl> The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are <hl> likely to be intended for the open service <hl>. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

The "I" components have shorter codes and are <hl> likely to be intended for the open service <hl> .


Question: What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?

Answer: probably intended for the restricted service

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. <hl> The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service . <hl> IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are <hl> probably intended for the restricted service <hl>. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are <hl> probably intended for the restricted service <hl> .


Question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Answer: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007

<hl> The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007 . <hl> Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

The investigation of the transmitted signals started <hl> immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007 <hl>. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

The investigation of the transmitted signals started <hl> immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007 <hl> .


Question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?

Answer: the spectrum and structure of the signals

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. <hl> Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals . <hl> A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported <hl> the spectrum and structure of the signals <hl>. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported <hl> the spectrum and structure of the signals <hl> .


Question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?

Answer: researchers from Stanford University

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. <hl> A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. <hl> The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, <hl> researchers from Stanford University <hl> reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.


Question: Who built the COMPASS receiver?

Answer: a group of engineers at Septentrio

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. <hl> The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B. <hl>

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed <hl> a group of engineers at Septentrio <hl> to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.


Question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?

Answer: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. <hl> The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B . <hl>

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and <hl> report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B <hl>.

The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and <hl> report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B <hl> .


Question: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?

Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Answer: Compass signals have somewhat greater power

<hl> Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power . <hl> The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but <hl> Compass signals have somewhat greater power <hl>. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but <hl> Compass signals have somewhat greater power <hl> .


Question: When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Answer: December 2011

<hl> In December 2011 , the system went into operation on a trial basis. <hl> It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

In <hl> December 2011 <hl>, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

In <hl> December 2011 <hl> , the system went into operation on a trial basis.


Question: When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?

Answer: 27 December

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. <hl> It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December . <hl> During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from <hl> 27 December <hl>. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from <hl> 27 December <hl> .


Question: What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?

Answer: as more satellites are launched

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. <hl> During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched . <hl> Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve <hl> as more satellites are launched <hl>. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve <hl> as more satellites are launched <hl> .


Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?

Answer: accurate to the nearest 10 m

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. <hl> Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m , measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds. <hl>

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information <hl> accurate to the nearest 10 m <hl>, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information <hl> accurate to the nearest 10 m <hl> , measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.


Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?

Answer: within 0.2 m per second

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. <hl> Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second , and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds. <hl>

In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds <hl> within 0.2 m per second <hl>, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds <hl> within 0.2 m per second <hl> , and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.


Question: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Answer: December 2012

<hl> The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012 . <hl> At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in <hl> December 2012 <hl>. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in <hl> December 2012 <hl> .


Question: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?

Answer: the Asia-Pacific region

<hl> The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. <hl> At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for <hl> the Asia-Pacific region <hl> in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.


Question: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?

Answer: between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. <hl> At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N . <hl>

The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data <hl> between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N <hl>.

At this time, the system could provide positioning data <hl> between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N <hl> .


Question: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Answer: December 2011

<hl> In December 2011 , Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. <hl> The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

In <hl> December 2011 <hl>, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

In <hl> December 2011 <hl> , Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation.


Question: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?

Answer: by 2020

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. <hl> The global navigation system should be finished by 2020 . <hl> As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished <hl> by 2020 <hl>. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

The global navigation system should be finished <hl> by 2020 <hl> .


Question: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?

Answer: 16

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. <hl> As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service. <hl>

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, <hl> 16 <hl> satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.


Question: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?

Answer: 14

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. <hl> As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service. <hl>

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, <hl> 14 <hl> of them are in service.


Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Answer: 2007

<hl> The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007 . <hl> It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in <hl> 2007 <hl>. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in <hl> 2007 <hl> .


Question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?

Answer: nine

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. <hl> It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. <hl> A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further <hl> nine <hl> satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.


Question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?

Answer: functional regional coverage

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. <hl> It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage . <hl> A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving <hl> functional regional coverage <hl>. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving <hl> functional regional coverage <hl> .


Question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?

Answer: 16

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. <hl> A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase. <hl>

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of <hl> 16 <hl> satellites were launched during this phase.


Question: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?

In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

Answer: 2015

<hl> In 2015 , the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system. <hl>

In <hl> 2015 <hl>, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

In <hl> 2015 <hl> , the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.


Question: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?

Answer: with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites

<hl> In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites , and the 17th one within the new system. <hl>

In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage <hl> with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites <hl>, and the 17th one within the new system.

In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage <hl> with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites <hl> , and the 17th one within the new system.


Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Answer: July 25, 2015

<hl> On July 25, 2015 , the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. <hl> The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

On <hl> July 25, 2015 <hl>, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

On <hl> July 25, 2015 <hl> , the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket.


Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?

Answer: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center

<hl> On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. <hl> The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from <hl> the Xichang Satellite Launch Center <hl>, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from <hl> the Xichang Satellite Launch Center <hl> , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket.


Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?

Answer: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket

<hl> On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket . <hl> The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a <hl> Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket <hl>. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a <hl> Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket <hl> .


Question: What is the Expedition-1?

Answer: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. <hl> The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits . <hl>

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is <hl> an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits <hl>.

The Expedition-1 is <hl> an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits <hl> .


Question: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?

Answer: navigation services

<hl> The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready. <hl>

The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing <hl> navigation services <hl> when ready.


Question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?

Answer: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links

<hl> The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links , and start providing navigation services when ready. <hl>

The three latest satellites will jointly undergo <hl> testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links <hl>, and start providing navigation services when ready.

The three latest satellites will jointly undergo <hl> testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links <hl> , and start providing navigation services when ready.


Question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?

Answer: three

<hl> The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready. <hl>

The <hl> three <hl> latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.


Question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Answer: Canon law

<hl> Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. <hl> It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

<hl> Canon law <hl> is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.


Question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?

Answer: Christian

<hl> Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. <hl> It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a <hl> Christian <hl> organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.


Question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?

Answer: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. <hl> It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches ), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. <hl> The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both <hl> Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches <hl>), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both <hl> Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches <hl> ), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion.


Question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?

Answer: church council

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by <hl> a church council ; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. <hl>

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a <hl> church council <hl>; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

a <hl> church council <hl> ; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.


Question: What does canon law consist of?

Answer: canons

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. <hl> In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. <hl>

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these <hl> canons <hl> formed the foundation of canon law.


Question: What is the Greek term for canon?

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Answer: kanon

<hl> Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. <hl> the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Greek <hl> kanon <hl> / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").


Question: What is the Hebrew term for canon?

Answer: kaneh

<hl> Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. <hl> the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew <hl> kaneh <hl> / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").


Question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?

Answer: Qanun

<hl> Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. <hl> the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic <hl> Qanun <hl> / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").


Question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?

Answer: reed

<hl> Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is " reed " (cf. <hl> the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "<hl> reed <hl>" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is " <hl> reed <hl> " (cf.


Question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?

Answer: cane

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. <hl> the Romance-language ancestors of the English word " cane "). <hl>

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "<hl> cane <hl>").

the Romance-language ancestors of the English word " <hl> cane <hl> ").


Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Answer: eighty-five

<hl> The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees ( eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers <hl> In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (<hl> eighty-five <hl> in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees ( <hl> eighty-five <hl> in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers


Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?

Answer: fifty

<hl> The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers <hl> In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, <hl> fifty <hl> in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.


Question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?

Answer: Ecclesiastical Canons

<hl> The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers <hl> In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

The Apostolic Canons or <hl> Ecclesiastical Canons <hl> of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.


Question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?

Answer: 325

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers <hl> In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. <hl> There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (<hl> 325 <hl>) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea ( <hl> 325 <hl> ) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule.


Question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?

Answer: a rule

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers <hl> In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule . <hl> There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, <hl> a rule <hl>. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, <hl> a rule <hl> .


Question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?

Answer: the Church's hierarchical authorities

<hl> In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. <hl>

In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by <hl> the Church's hierarchical authorities <hl> to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.


Question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?

Answer: canon law

<hl> In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. <hl>

In the Catholic Church, <hl> canon law <hl> is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.


Question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?

Answer: external organization and government

<hl> In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. <hl>

In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its <hl> external organization and government <hl> and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.


Question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?

Answer: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church

<hl> In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church . <hl>

In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to <hl> order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church <hl>.

In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to <hl> order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church <hl> .


Question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?

Answer: rites

<hl> The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff: <hl>

The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five <hl> rites <hl> (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:


Question: How many major rites exist?

Answer: five

<hl> The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff: <hl>

The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main <hl> five <hl> rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:


Question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer: the Supreme Pontiff

<hl> The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff : <hl>

The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and <hl> the Supreme Pontiff <hl>:

The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and <hl> the Supreme Pontiff <hl> :


Question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer: full union

<hl> The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff: <hl>

The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in <hl> full union <hl> with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:


Question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?

Answer: Roman Catholic

<hl> The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff: <hl>

The <hl> Roman Catholic <hl> Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:


Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Answer: immutable divine and natural law

<hl> In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law , <hl> or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either <hl> immutable divine and natural law <hl>, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either <hl> immutable divine and natural law <hl> ,


Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

Answer: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law

<hl> In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. <hl> The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or <hl> changeable circumstantial and merely positive law <hl>, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or <hl> changeable circumstantial and merely positive law <hl> , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person.


Question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?

Answer: formal authority and promulgation

<hl> In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. <hl> The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive <hl> formal authority and promulgation <hl> from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.


Question: What is the pope's official title?

Answer: Supreme Pontiff

<hl> In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. <hl> The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as <hl> Supreme Pontiff <hl> possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.


Question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?

Answer: legislative, executive, and judicial

<hl> In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. <hl> The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of <hl> legislative, executive, and judicial <hl> power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.


Question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Answer: The Catholic Church

<hl> The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. <hl> What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

<hl> The Catholic Church <hl> has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.


Question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?

Answer: Roman law

<hl> The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. <hl> What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than <hl> Roman law <hl> but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.


Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?

Answer: canons

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. <hl> What began with rules (" canons ") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions. <hl>

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("<hl> canons <hl>") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

What began with rules (" <hl> canons <hl> ") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.


Question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?

Answer: first century

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. <hl> What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions. <hl>

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the <hl> first century <hl> has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.


Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?

Answer: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. <hl> What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions. <hl>

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), <hl> Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic <hl> legal traditions.