Answer: thirteen provinces

Context: Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.

Question: How many provinces are in the mountain range?


Answer: the Atlantic Coast Uplands

Question: What is one of the provinces?


Answer: the Adirondack provinces

Question: Which province is often left out?


Answer: the Adirondack Mountains

Question: What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?


Answer: Canada

Context: The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

Question: What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?


Answer: 100 to 300 mi

Question: How large is the zone in Canada?


Answer: Newfoundland

Question: Where does it start in Canada?


Answer: Central Alabama

Question: Where does it end in the US?


Answer: Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Question: What island is included in the range?


Answer: several different regions associated with the mountain range

Context: The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.

Question: What does the term Appalachian refer to?


Answer: Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina

Question: What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?


Answer: northern coast of Florida

Context: While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled "Appalachian," it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.

Question: What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?


Answer: 1528

Question: When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?


Answer: Apalchen

Question: What did they transcribe Florida's name as?


Answer: as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north

Question: What was the name eventually used for?


Answer: dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains

Context: In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama.

Question: What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians?


Answer: Catskill Mountains

Question: What mountains does that region include?


Answer: Cumberland Plateau

Question: What is the plateau known as in West Virginia?


Answer: divides the mountain system into two unequal portions

Context: The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.

Question: What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?


Answer: has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights

Question: What is common among all the mountains in the range?


Answer: None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.

Question: What is the climate like on the summits?


Answer: 3,000 ft

Context: Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 3,000 ft (900 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise to about 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m).

Question: How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland?


Answer: vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft

Question: How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia?


Answer: exceed 4,000 ft

Question: How tall are the mountains in Maine?


Answer: many summits rise above 5,000 ft

Question: How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?


Answer: over sixty summits

Context: In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet (917 m) and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft (1,000 m). In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft (1,482 m), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4,848 ft (1,478 m) and Bald Knob 4,842 ft (1,476 m) are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia.

Question: How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft?


Answer: over 3,000 ft

Question: How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob?


Answer: 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft

Question: How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain?


Answer: 3,007 feet

Question: How tall is the Pinnacle?


Answer: more than 150 peaks

Question: How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?


Answer: southern Pennsylvania

Context: The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth.

Question: Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin?


Answer: 2,000 ft

Question: What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains?


Answer: 2,145 ft

Question: How tall is Quirauk Mountain?


Answer: 2,000 ft

Question: How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?


Answer: Mount Rogers

Question: What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia?


Answer: on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin

Context: Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.

Question: Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?


Answer: the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains

Question: What happened after the French and Indian War?


Answer: it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians

Question: What was the general opinion of the law?


Answer: the American Revolutionary War

Question: What did the law likely lead to?


Answer: their settlement of Kentucky

Question: What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?


Answer: between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers

Context: In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now speak a unique American dialect of German known as the "Pennsylvania German language" or "Pennsylvania Dutch." These latecomers to the New World were forced to the frontier to find cheap land. With their followers of both German, English and Scots-Irish origin, they worked their way southward and soon occupied all of the Shenandoah Valley, ceded by the Iroquois, and the upper reaches of the Great Valley tributaries of the Tennessee River, ceded by the Cherokee.

Question: Where did a lot of Germans settle?


Answer: Pennsylvania German language

Question: What dialect was created because of this?


Answer: all of the Shenandoah Valley

Question: Where did these Germans eventually occupy?


Answer: wild turkey

Context: Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), as well as a great variety of "songbirds" (Passeriformes), like the warblers in particular.

Question: What is one typical bird found in the range?


Answer: five species

Context: Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.

Question: How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?


Answer: gray squirrel

Question: What is the most commonly seen species?


Answer: larger fox squirrel

Question: What does the squirrel share its habitat with?


Answer: red squirrel

Question: What is found more in the northern portions?


Answer: Appalachian northern flying squirrel

Question: Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?


Answer: oak

Context: Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.

Question: What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?


Answer: The American chestnut

Question: What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?


Answer: sapling-sized sprouts

Question: What does the tree live on?


Answer: oaks

Question: What trees replaced chestnut trees?


Answer: black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks

Context: The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.

Question: What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?


Answer: hickories

Question: What other tree is common there?


Answer: chestnut oak

Question: What trees are located in drier portions?


Answer: energy

Context: In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

Question: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?


Answer: joules

Question: In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?


Answer: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton

Question: Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?


Answer: kinetic energy of a moving object

Context: Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other kinds of energy. In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.

Question: Common energy forms include what?


Answer: destroyed

Question: In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?


Answer: Newtonian physics

Question: What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?


Answer: by adding up all forms of energy in the system

Context: For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the available energy. Mechanical and other forms of energy can be transformed in the other direction into thermal energy without such limitations. The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.

Question: How can the total energy of a system be calculated?


Answer: available energy

Question: The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?


Answer: heat

Question: What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?


Answer: second law of thermodynamics

Question: What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?


Answer: generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine

Context: Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.

Question: Give one example of energy transformation.


Answer: Sun

Question: What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?


Answer: lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor

Question: What is another example of energy transformation?


Answer: kinetic energy

Context: The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenient to distinguish gravitational energy, thermal energy, several types of nuclear energy (which utilize potentials from the nuclear force and the weak force), electric energy (from the electric field), and magnetic energy (from the magnetic field), among others. Many of these classifications overlap; for instance, thermal energy usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy.

Question: What is determined by an object's movement through space?


Answer: thermal energy

Question: What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?


Answer: potential energy

Question: What is a function of the position of an object within a field?


Answer: Elastic energy in materials

Context: Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical energy, which is stored and released from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons, and the molecules or atomic nuclei that attract them.[need quotation to verify].The list is also not necessarily complete. Whenever physical scientists discover that a certain phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy conservation, new forms are typically added that account for the discrepancy.

Question: What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?


Answer: from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons

Question: Where is chemical energy stored and released?


Answer: kinetic

Question: Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?


Answer: vis viva

Context: In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis viva only by a factor of two.

Question: What is a term for living force?


Answer: vis viva

Question: What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?


Answer: Gottfried Leibniz

Question: Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?


Answer: late 17th century

Question: In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?


Answer: Isaac Newton

Question: Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?


Answer: Thomas Young

Context: In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.

Question: Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?


Answer: 1807

Question: When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?


Answer: William Rankine

Question: Who coined the term "potential energy?"


Answer: James Prescott Joule

Question: Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?


Answer: 19th century

Question: When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?


Answer: William Thomson

Context: These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.

Question: Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?


Answer: Thermodynamics

Question: What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?


Answer: Jožef Stefan

Question: Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?


Answer: Noether's theorem

Question: What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?


Answer: Lagrangian

Context: Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).

Question: What is another energy-related concept?


Answer: Joseph-Louis Lagrange

Question: Who is the Lagrangian named after?


Answer: Lagrangian

Question: What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?


Answer: Lagrange formalism

Question: Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?


Answer: 1918

Context: Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.

Question: When was Noether's theorem created?


Answer: Noether's theorem

Question: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?


Answer: Noether's theorem

Question: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?


Answer: energy

Context: In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e−E/kT – that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.

Question: In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?


Answer: Chemical reactions

Question: What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?


Answer: e−E/kT

Question: What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?


Answer: Boltzmann's

Question: Who created the population factor e-E/kT?


Answer: Arrhenius equation

Question: What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?


Answer: energy

Context: In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.

Question: In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?


Answer: Energy

Question: What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?


Answer: Human energy conversion

Question: What does H-e stand for?


Answer: 746 watts

Question: How many watts is in one official horsepower?


Answer: Sunlight

Context: Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.

Question: What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?


Answer: oxygen

Question: What do plants release during photosynthesis?


Answer: Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis

Question: What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?


Answer: carbon dioxide and water

Question: What are two low-energy compounds?


Answer: an external source of energy

Context: Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules, the latter mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C6H12O6) and stearin (C57H110O6) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria

Question: What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?


Answer: 1500–2000

Question: How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?


Answer: mitochondria

Question: Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?


Answer: The second law of thermodynamics

Context: It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings").[note 3] Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.

Question: What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?


Answer: living organisms

Question: What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?


Answer: ecological niches

Question: Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?


Answer: Sunlight

Context: Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement.

Question: This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.


Answer: after it strikes the Earth

Question: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?


Answer: hurricane

Question: What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?


Answer: hurricane

Question: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?


Answer: Earthquakes

Context: In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.

Question: What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?


Answer: heat

Question: What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?


Answer: thermal energy

Question: What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?


Answer: elastic strain

Question: What is mechanical potential energy?


Answer: stellar phenomena

Context: In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight.

Question: What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?


Answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun

Question: What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?


Answer: Big Bang

Question: What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?


Answer: fusion

Question: Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?


Answer: energy

Context: In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept of quanta. In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation: (where is Planck's constant and the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons.

Question: In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?


Answer: The Schrödinger equation

Question: What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?


Answer: The Schrödinger equation

Question: What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?


Answer: electron–positron annihilation

Context: For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless, but as a system retain their mass. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In this system the matter (electrons and positrons) is destroyed and changed to non-matter energy (the photons). However, the total system mass and energy do not change during this interaction.

Question: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?


Answer: pair creation

Question: What is the inverse process called?


Answer: pair creation

Question: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?


Answer: Carnot's theorem

Context: There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces.

Question: What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?


Answer: what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind

Question: What is the direction of transformations in energy?


Answer: direction of transformations in energy

Question: What is often determined by entropy considerations?


Answer: because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces

Question: Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?


Answer: uranium

Context: Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.

Question: Name an example of a heavy isotope?


Answer: thorium

Question: Name another example of a heavy isotope.


Answer: nucleosynthesis

Question: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?


Answer: chemical potential energy

Question: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?


Answer: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum

Context: Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalence. The formula E = mc², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information).

Question: When does energy give rise to weight?


Answer: certain amount of energy

Question: Mass is also equivalent to what?


Answer: Albert Einstein

Question: Who created the formula E = mc2?


Answer: 1905

Question: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?


Answer: E = mc²

Question: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?


Answer: energy

Context: Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of ordinary amount of matter (for example, 1 kg) to other forms of energy (such as heat, light, and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of energy transformation into matter (i.e., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in high-energy nuclear physics.

Question: Matter may be converted to what?


Answer: Matter

Question: Energy may be converted to what?


Answer: mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule

Question: Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?


Answer: high-energy nuclear physics

Question: Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?


Answer: reversible processes and irreversible processes

Context: Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomisation in a crystal).

Question: Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?


Answer: Thermodynamics

Question: What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?


Answer: dissipation

Question: A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.


Answer: irreversible states

Context: As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.

Question: As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?


Answer: inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe

Question: What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?


Answer: energy of the universe

Question: In this heat death of energy, what does not change?


Answer: conservation of energy

Context: According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.

Question: According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?


Answer: total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system

Question: The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?


Answer: energy

Question: What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?


Answer: Noether's theorem

Context: This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.

Question: What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?


Answer: energy

Question: What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?


Answer: the uncertainty principle

Question: This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?


Answer: uncertainty principle

Question: What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?


Answer: Virtual photons

Context: In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.

Question: What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?


Answer: Virtual photons

Question: What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?


Answer: electrostatic interaction between electric charges

Question: What results in Coulomb law?


Answer: Energy transfer

Context: Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.[note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy.

Question: What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?


Answer: heat

Question: The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?


Answer: transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons

Question: Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?


Answer: first law of thermodynamics

Context: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as

Question: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.


Answer: energy

Question: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?


Answer: for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes

Question: What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?


Answer: entropy

Context: This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between "new" and "old" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics.

Question: What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?


Answer: measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system

Question: What is entropy?


Answer: second law of thermodynamics

Question: What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?


Answer: Teutonic Knights

Context: East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.

Question: Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?


Answer: Poles and Lithuanians

Question: What other groups during this period for form minorities?


Answer: Christianity

Question: The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?


Answer: Germans

Question: Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?


Answer: 17th or early 18th century

Question: Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?


Answer: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire

Context: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.

Question: Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?


Answer: 1701

Question: In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?


Answer: Prussia

Question: What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?


Answer: 1871

Context: The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]

Question: What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?


Answer: Versailles

Question: What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?


Answer: 1945

Question: What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?


Answer: 300,000

Question: How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?


Answer: Teutonic Knights

Context: Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.

Question: Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?


Answer: Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms

Question: Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?


Answer: several wars

Question: What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?


Answer: 1466

Question: What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?


Answer: Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach

Context: The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage. Walter von Cronberg, the next Grand Master, was enfeoffed with the title to Prussia after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, but the Order never regained possession of the territory. In 1569 the Hohenzollern prince-electors of the Margraviate of Brandenburg became co-regents with Albert's son, the feeble-minded Albert Frederick.

Question: Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?


Answer: 1525

Question: In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?


Answer: first duke of the Duchy of Prussia

Question: What did Albert establish himself as?


Answer: 1618

Context: The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau, Labiau, and Oliva, Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. The absolutist elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia.

Question: In what year did Maximilian III die?


Answer: Albert's line died out

Question: What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?


Answer: Frederick William

Question: Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?


Answer: Holy Roman Empire

Context: Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself "King in Prussia" in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia. The designation "Kingdom of Prussia" was gradually applied to the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia. To differentiate from the larger entity, the former Duchy of Prussia became known as Altpreußen ("Old Prussia"), the province of Prussia, or "East Prussia".

Question: Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?


Answer: Teutonic Order

Question: What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?


Answer: Frederick III

Question: Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?


Answer: Altpreußen ("Old Prussia")

Question: What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?


Answer: the plague and famine

Context: Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague and famine of 1709–1711, including the last speakers of Old Prussian. The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince Frederick William I led the rebuilding of East Prussia, founding numerous towns. Thousands of Protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg were allowed to settle in depleted East Prussia. The province was overrun by Imperial Russian troops during the Seven Years' War.

Question: What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?


Answer: speakers of Old Prussian

Question: What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?


Answer: Russian troops

Question: What military overran much of East Prussia?


Answer: 1772

Context: In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Chełmno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the "Polish Corridor" between his Prussian and Farther Pomeranian lands and cutting remaining Poland off the Baltic Coast. The territory of Warmia was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia, which, by administrative deed of 31 January 1773 were named East Prussia. The former Polish Pomerelian lands beyond the Vistula River together with Malbork and Chełmno Land formed the Province of West Prussia with its capital at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). The Polish Partition Sejm ratified the cession on 30 September 1773, whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King "of" Prussia.

Question: In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?


Answer: 31 January 1773

Question: In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated?


Answer: The Polish Partition Sejm

Question: What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?


Answer: Battle of Jena-Auerstedt

Context: After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him, while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via Königsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel. The French troops immediately took up pursuit but were delayed in the Battle of Eylau on 9 February 1807 by an East Prussian contingent under General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq. Napoleon had to stay at the Finckenstein Palace, but in May, after a siege of 75 days, his troops led by Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre were able to capture the city Danzig, which had been tenaciously defended by General Count Friedrich Adolf von Kalkreuth. On 14 June, Napoleon ended the War of the Fourth Coalition with his victory at the Battle of Friedland. Frederick William and Queen Louise met with Napoleon for peace negotiations, and on 9 July the Prussian king signed the Treaty of Tilsit.

Question: What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?


Answer: Königsberg

Question: What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?


Answer: 1807

Question: What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?


Answer: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg

Context: The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the Regierungsbezirke of Gumbinnen and Königsberg. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate Regierungsbezirk of Allenstein. East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824, and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878.

Question: Who instigated the Prussian reforms?


Answer: emancipation of the serfs and Jews

Question: What was included in the reform?


Answer: 1824

Question: In what year was East and West Prussia first united?


Answer: 1878

Question: When did East and West Prussia split again?


Answer: 1,996,626 people

Context: The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

Question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?


Answer: Protestants

Question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?


Answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians

Question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?


Answer: Russian Empire

Context: At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen, in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory.

Question: Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?


Answer: German Army had been directed towards the Western Front

Question: Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?


Answer: 1914

Question: In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?


Answer: 1918

Context: With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

Question: In what year did Germany become a republic?


Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?


Answer: The Seedienst Ostpreußen

Question: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?


Answer: Erich Koch

Context: Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in Königsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat "Königsberger Volkszeitung", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.

Question: Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?


Answer: mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province

Question: What large plans did Koch have?


Answer: attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats

Question: What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?


Answer: Gustav Sauf

Question: Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?


Answer: publicly funded emergency relief programs

Context: Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernführer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.

Question: How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?


Answer: Erich Koch Plan

Question: What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?


Answer: that unemployment had been banished entirely

Question: What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?


Answer: 1938

Context: In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.

Question: In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?


Answer: 1,500

Question: Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?


Answer: sent to concentration camps

Question: What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?


Answer: 2.49 million

Context: In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.

Question: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?


Answer: 85%

Question: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?


Answer: 3,000

Question: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?


Answer: deported and killed in the Holocaust.

Question: What happened to those Jews who remained?


Answer: 1939

Context: In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]

Question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?


Answer: Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein

Question: What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?


Answer: reunification with Germany

Question: Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?


Answer: Poland and the Soviet Union

Context: Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region). The city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944–46 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.

Question: What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?


Answer: Kaliningrad

Question: What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?


Answer: evacuated during the war

Question: What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?


Answer: 800,000

Context: Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

Question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?


Answer: 45 camps

Question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?


Answer: 48,000

Question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?


Answer: Wolf children

Question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?


Answer: 1945

Context: Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these "Autochthones" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.

Question: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?


Answer: Germanized Poles

Question: How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?


Answer: 18.5%

Question: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?


Answer: 1946

Context: In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the "Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).

Question: What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?


Answer: Mikhail Kalinin

Question: In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from Konigsberg?


Answer: 42,094

Question: Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?


Answer: expelled by the Soviet Union

Context: A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

Question: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?


Answer: fascists

Question: What did the Russians consider Curonians?


Answer: West Germany

Question: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?


Answer: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

Context: After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of Königsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new "House of the Soviets".

Question: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups settled into the nothern area?


Answer: eliminating all remnants of German history

Question: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?


Answer: names were replaced by new Russian names

Question: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?


Answer: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg

Context: Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.

Question: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?


Answer: Kaliningrad

Question: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?


Answer: violent and aggressive

Question: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?


Answer: schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails

Context: Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann ("Land Captain"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).

Question: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?


Answer: Provinzialverband

Question: What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?


Answer: elected by the citizens of the provinces

Question: What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?


Answer: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

Context: The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

Question: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?


Answer: 1299

Question: When was the Ottoman empire founded?


Answer: Oghuz Turks

Question: Who founded the Ottoman empire?


Answer: northwestern Anatolia

Question: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?


Answer: Murad I

Question: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?


Answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

Context: During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]

Question: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?


Answer: 16th and 17th centuries

Question: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?


Answer: 32 provinces

Question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?


Answer: vassal states

Question: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?


Answer: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa

Question: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?


Answer: Constantinople

Context: With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

Question: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?


Answer: lands around the Mediterranean basin

Question: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?


Answer: into the late nineteenth century

Question: When did the Ottoman empire decline?


Answer: Germany

Question: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?


Answer: military setbacks against European powers

Question: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?


Answer: Ottoman

Context: The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه), (literally "The Supreme State of the Ottomans") or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti (عثمانلى دولتى).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

Question: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?


Answer: House of Osman

Question: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?


Answer: House of Osman

Question: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty?


Answer: Arabic

Question: What is the origin of Osman's name?


Answer: The Supreme State of the Ottomans

Question: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?


Answer: Ertuğrul

Context: Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.

Question: Who was the father of Osman I?


Answer: 400 horsemen

Question: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?


Answer: 14th century

Question: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?


Answer: Ghazi emirates

Question: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?


Answer: Bursa

Context: In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.

Question: Which city did Osman's son capture?


Answer: 1324

Question: In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?


Answer: Orhan

Question: What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?


Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?


Answer: 1389

Question: In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?


Answer: conquest of Constantinople

Context: With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

Question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?


Answer: Byzantine

Question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?


Answer: Timur

Question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?


Answer: Timurid Empire

Question: Timur was the founder of what?


Answer: Battle of Ankara

Question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?


Answer: Murad II

Context: Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.

Question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?


Answer: Hungary

Question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?


Answer: Battle of Varna

Question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?


Answer: Second Battle of Kosovo

Question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?


Answer: 10 November 1444

Question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?


Answer: Mehmed the Conqueror

Context: The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

Question: Who was the son of Murad II?


Answer: Constantinople

Question: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?


Answer: its autonomy and land

Question: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?


Answer: Venetian rule

Question: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?


Answer: Albanian resistance

Question: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??


Answer: 1520–1566

Context: Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

Question: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?


Answer: 1521

Question: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?


Answer: Battle of Mohács

Question: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?


Answer: Hungary

Question: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?