Answer: early

Context: Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During Reconstruction, increasing numbers of Americans began to consider anyone with "one drop" of known "Black blood" to be Black, regardless of appearance.3 By the early 20th century, this notion was made statutory in many states.4 Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of "Indian blood" (called blood quantum). To be White one had to have perceived "pure" White ancestry. The one-drop rule or hypodescent rule refers to the convention of defining a person as racially black if he or she has any known African ancestry. This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black. The one-drop rule is specific to not only those with African ancestry but to the United States, making it a particularly African-American experience.

Question: Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?


Answer: a proliferation of categories

Question: What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?


Answer: in the late 19th century

Question: When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?


Answer: During Reconstruction

Question: When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of "Black blood" to be Black?


Answer: The one-drop rule

Question: What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States?


Answer: the 20th century

Context: The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races (Black, White, Amerindian, Asian, and mixed groups). However, there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican, Cuban, Colombian, Salvadoran, etc. are races. In contrast to "Latino" or "Hispanic", "Anglo" refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent.

Question: When did the term "Hispanic" begin being used?


Answer: Hispanic

Question: What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for?


Answer: non-race specific

Question: How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?


Answer: races

Question: What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?


Answer: of English descent

Question: Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?


Answer: Acta Anthropologica Sinica

Context: Wang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 review paper, Štrkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China, whereas "race" is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories, whereas in China they are encouraged to use them.

Question: What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?


Answer: Chinese anthropologists

Question: Who is the race concept widely used by?


Answer: social cohesion

Question: What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China?


Answer: sensitive issue

Question: Why does race undermine social cohesion in America?


Answer: racial categories

Question: What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not?


Answer: 2002–2003

Context: Kaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physical anthropologists, and middle-aged persons rejected race more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe, people in other branches of science, and those from both younger and older generations." The survey shows that the views on race are sociopolitically (ideologically) influenced and highly dependent on education."

Question: What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept?


Answer: Three

Question: How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists?


Answer: race

Question: What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe?


Answer: ideologically

Question: How are views on race influenced?


Answer: education

Question: What are views on race highly dependent on?


Answer: consensus

Context: One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.

Question: What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?


Answer: taxonomic

Question: What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?


Answer: race

Question: What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?


Answer: the concept of race

Question: What do some eschew altogether?


Answer: concept of population

Question: What is a less problematic unit of analysis?


Answer: Duke University

Context: Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, "I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo." The types of practices that take place under this new color-blind racism is subtle, institutionalized, and supposedly not racial. Color-blind racism thrives on the idea that race is no longer an issue in the United States. There are contradictions between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a color-coded system of inequality.

Question: Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor?


Answer: group power

Question: What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else?


Answer: whites

Question: Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group?


Answer: that race is no longer an issue

Question: What idea does color-blind racism thrive on?


Answer: contradictions

Question: What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality?


Answer: biological race

Context: The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept: from 1932 to 1976, only seven out of thirty-two rejected race; from 1975 to 1984, thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race; from 1985 to 1993, thirteen out of nineteen rejected race. According to one academic journal entry, where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or nearly synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm, only 36 percent did so in 1965, and just 28 percent did in 1996.

Question: What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?


Answer: physical anthropologists

Question: The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?


Answer: college

Question: What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?


Answer: thirteen

Question: How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?


Answer: 28 percent

Question: What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?


Answer: forensic

Context: According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep "is simply not true, as any experienced forensic anthropologist will affirm" and "Many morphological features tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding often with climatic zones. This is not surprising since the selective forces of climate are probably the primary forces of nature that have shaped human races with regard not only to skin color and hair form but also the underlying bony structures of the nose, cheekbones, etc. (For example, more prominent noses humidify air better.)" While he can see good arguments for both sides, the complete denial of the opposing evidence "seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all". He also states that many biological anthropologists see races as real yet "not one introductory textbook of physical anthropology even presents that perspective as a possibility. In a case as flagrant as this, we are not dealing with science but rather with blatant, politically motivated censorship".

Question: What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?


Answer: simply not true

Question: What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?


Answer: selective forces of climate

Question: What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?


Answer: socio-political motivation

Question: What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?


Answer: politically motivated censorship

Question: What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?


Answer: forensic

Context: "Race" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept "race" out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional ancestry. He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa, categorizing that skeletal as being "black" is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States, and which is not itself scientifically valid.

Question: What type of anthropology is "race" sometimes still used within?


Answer: regional ancestry

Question: What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?


Answer: specific region

Question: What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?


Answer: particular context

Question: What does Brace feel the term "black" in meaningful in?


Answer: is not itself scientifically valid

Question: Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?


Answer: 77

Context: The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether. The authors attributed this to biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of racial classifications, instead of discussing them, and to the ongoing discussions in biology about the validity of the concept "subspecies". The authors also noted that some widely used textbooks in biology such as Douglas J. Futuyama's 1986 "Evolutionary Biology" had abandoned the race concept, "The concept of race, masking the overwhelming genetic similarity of all peoples and the mosaic patterns of variation that do not correspond to racial divisions, is not only socially dysfunctional but is biologically indefensible as well (pp. 5 18-5 19)." (Lieberman et al. 1992, pp. 316–17)

Question: How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?


Answer: the 1970s

Question: Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?


Answer: their discussion of race

Question: What did biology textbooks drop altogether?


Answer: racial classifications

Question: What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?


Answer: biologically indefensible

Question: What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?


Answer: similar pattern

Context: Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and brief discussions of race in the context of medical disorders have increased from none to 93% of textbooks. In general, the material on race has moved from surface traits to genetics and evolutionary history. The study argues that the textbooks' fundamental message about the existence of races has changed little.

Question: What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?


Answer: 35%

Question: How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?


Answer: 43%

Question: After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to?


Answer: 93%

Question: What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to?


Answer: changed little

Question: What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races?


Answer: federal government

Context: In the United States, federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups. In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Doctors have noted that some medical conditions are more prevalent in certain racial or ethnic groups than in others, without being sure of the cause of those differences. Recent interest in race-based medicine, or race-targeted pharmacogenomics, has been fueled by the proliferation of human genetic data which followed the decoding of the human genome in the first decade of the twenty-first century. There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research. Proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine argue that continued use of racial categorizations in biomedical research and clinical practice makes possible the application of new genetic findings, and provides a clue to diagnosis.

Question: Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?


Answer: medical conditions

Question: What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?


Answer: more prevalent

Question: What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?


Answer: proliferation of human genetic data

Question: What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?


Answer: application of new genetic findings,

Question: What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?


Answer: genetic causation of the difference

Context: Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have "race-specific" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice.

Question: What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?


Answer: the individual

Question: What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?


Answer: reinforcing stereotypes

Question: What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?


Answer: living conditions

Question: What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for "race specific" diseases?


Answer: racial categorization

Question: What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?


Answer: job of law enforcement officers

Context: In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects, the United States FBI employs the term "race" to summarize the general appearance (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other such easily noticed characteristics) of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend. From the perspective of law enforcement officers, it is generally more important to arrive at a description that will readily suggest the general appearance of an individual than to make a scientifically valid categorization by DNA or other such means. Thus, in addition to assigning a wanted individual to a racial category, such a description will include: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.

Question: What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?


Answer: general appearance

Question: What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?


Answer: apprehend

Question: What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?


Answer: arrive at a description

Question: What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?


Answer: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.

Question: What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?


Answer: at least two

Context: Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime, as of 2010. One is the system used in the 2001 Census when individuals identify themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic group: W1 (White-British), W2 (White-Irish), W9 (Any other white background); M1 (White and black Caribbean), M2 (White and black African), M3 (White and Asian), M9 (Any other mixed background); A1 (Asian-Indian), A2 (Asian-Pakistani), A3 (Asian-Bangladeshi), A9 (Any other Asian background); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Any other black background); O1 (Chinese), O9 (Any other). The other is categories used by the police when they visually identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group, e.g. at the time of a stop and search or an arrest: White – North European (IC1), White – South European (IC2), Black (IC3), Asian (IC4), Chinese, Japanese, or South East Asian (IC5), Middle Eastern (IC6), and Unknown (IC0). "IC" stands for "Identification Code;" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications. Officers are instructed to "record the response that has been given" even if the person gives an answer which may be incorrect; their own perception of the person's ethnic background is recorded separately. Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in September 2007, as part of its Equality Data Review; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of "Not Stated."

Question: How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?


Answer: the 2001 Census

Question: When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?


Answer: visually

Question: How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?


Answer: Identification Code

Question: What does IC stand for?


Answer: Not Stated

Question: What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?


Answer: United States

Context: In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement. The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government.

Question: Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?


Answer: racial profiling

Question: What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?


Answer: de facto racial profiling

Question: What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?


Answer: adversely

Question: How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?


Answer: misuse of racial categories

Question: What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?


Answer: Mass incarceration

Context: Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison." She defines it further as "a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.

Question: What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?


Answer: Michelle Alexander

Question: Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?


Answer: virtual

Question: What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?


Answer: people of color

Question: Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?


Answer: racial

Question: What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?


Answer: highly heritable

Context: Similarly, forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, "If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?" He concluded:

Question: What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?


Answer: cranial

Question: What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?


Answer: Norman Sauer

Question: Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?


Answer: forensic anthropologists

Question: What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?


Answer: races

Question: What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?


Answer: culture

Context: Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates "the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity."[citation needed] As an example, she refers to recent work by Hammer et al., which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more closely related to one another than to neighbouring non-Jewish populations. Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated, and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci. They focused on the non-recombining Y-chromosome to "circumvent some of the complications associated with selection".

Question: What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?


Answer: neighbouring non-Jewish populations

Question: Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?


Answer: the degree of genetic similarity among Jews

Question: What shifted depending on the locus investigated?


Answer: natural selection acting on particular loci

Question: What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?


Answer: Y

Question: What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?


Answer: Y

Context: As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new "race science" calls attention to the importance of "ancestry" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this "race science", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status:

Question: Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?


Answer: ancestry

Question: What does the new "race science" call attention to the importance of?


Answer: their claims about ancestry

Question: What do people desire to use science to confirm?


Answer: race science

Question: What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?


Answer: to explain differences in human behaviour or social status

Question: How were older notions of race used?


Answer: admixture

Context: One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

Question: What is a problem with racial assignments?


Answer: Many

Question: How many people have a varied ancestry?


Answer: colonial and early federal history

Question: When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?


Answer: African

Question: Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?


Answer: 10%

Question: What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?


Answer: 10,550,350

Context: Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.

Question: What is the aggregate population of Paris?


Answer: 2012 census

Question: From what census is this information from?


Answer: 12,341,418

Question: What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?


Answer: 12,012 km²

Question: How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?


Answer: 12 million

Question: As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?


Answer: Louvre

Context: Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes écoles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération.

Question: What is the most visited art museum in the world?


Answer: French Impressionist art

Question: what is the Musee de Orsay known for?


Answer: 1889

Question: In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?


Answer: 22.4 million

Question: How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?


Answer: 12th

Question: In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?


Answer: Paris Saint-Germain

Context: Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.

Question: What is the name of the football club in Paris?


Answer: Stade Français

Question: What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?


Answer: 80,000

Question: How many seats are in Stade de France?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did Paris host the World Cup?


Answer: July

Question: In what month is the Tour de France?


Answer: Parisius

Context: By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" (Mons Martyrum), eventually "Montmartre". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.

Question: What was Paris known as in Latin?


Answer: 3rd

Question: In what century was Christianity introduced?


Answer: Saint Denis

Question: Who brought Christianity to Paris?


Answer: Basilica of Saint-Denis

Question: What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?


Answer: Mountain of Martyrs

Question: Where was Saint Denis beheaded?


Answer: Clovis the Frank

Context: Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris' strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–86). In 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) was elected King of the Franks (roi des Franks). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

Question: who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?


Answer: 987

Question: In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?


Answer: bridges

Question: What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?


Answer: Gaul

Question: The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?


Answer: Île de la Cité

Context: By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.

Question: What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?


Answer: Maurice de Sully

Question: Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?


Answer: The Left Bank

Question: Where was the University of Paris located?


Answer: Louis VII

Question: Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?


Answer: 1420 until 1436

Context: During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

Question: In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?


Answer: Joan of Arc

Question: Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?


Answer: 24 August 1572

Question: What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?


Answer: 1610

Question: In what year was Henri IV assassinated?


Answer: Henry IV

Question: Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's


Answer: 1682

Context: Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the city was safe against attack, he had the city walls demolished, replacing them with Grands Boulevards. To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.

Question: In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?


Answer: Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.

Question: What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?


Answer: To show that the city was safe against attack

Question: What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?


Answer: Paris

Question: In what city was the French Academy of Science founded


Answer: Tuileries Palace

Context: Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.

Question: Where did Louis XVI and his family live?


Answer: 9 November 1799

Question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?


Answer: 16,000

Question: Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?


Answer: 1848

Context: Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

Question: In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?


Answer: 1860

Question: In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?


Answer: Georges-Eugène Haussmann

Question: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?


Answer: Impressionism

Context: Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

Question: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?


Answer: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution

Question: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?


Answer: 1889 Universal Exposition

Question: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?


Answer: Symbolism

Question: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?


Answer: 6,000

Context: During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

Question: How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?


Answer: Les Années Folles

Question: What are the years after the war commonly known as?


Answer: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

Question: Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?


Answer: 14 June 1940

Context: On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

Question: On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?


Answer: 12,884

Question: How many Jews were arrested following German orders?


Answer: Vel d'Hiv

Question: Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?


Answer: None

Question: How many children came back from Auschwitz?


Answer: 25 August 1944

Question: On what date was the city liberated?


Answer: 11

Context: In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

Question: How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?


Answer: curfew on Muslims of Algeria

Question: What was the result of the police officer killing?


Answer: at least 40

Question: How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?


Answer: Organisation de l'armée secrète

Question: Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?


Answer: 1977

Context: Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Opéra Bastille (1985-1989), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.

Question: In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?


Answer: Musée d'Orsay

Question: What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?


Answer: 14

Question: How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?


Answer: 2006

Question: In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?


Answer: Musée du quai Branly

Question: What did Jacques Chirac have built?


Answer: 2.25 million

Context: In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.

Question: What was the population of Paris in 2011?


Answer: Bertrand Delanoë

Question: Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?


Answer: Vélib'

Question: What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?


Answer: June 2013

Question: When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?


Answer: 7 January 2015

Context: On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris–along with international political leaders–to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech. Ten months later, 13 November 2015, came a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis claimed by the 'Islamic state' organisation ISIL ('Daesh', ISIS); 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs, and more than 350 were injured. Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests. On the morning of 18 November three suspected terrorists, including alleged planner of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud, were killed in a shootout with police in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis. President Hollande declared France to be in a three-month state of emergency.

Question: On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?


Answer: thirteen

Question: How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?


Answer: 1.5 million

Question: How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?


Answer: ISIL

Question: Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?


Answer: setting off their explosive vests

Question: How did the attackers kill themselves?


Answer: northern central

Context: Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, "Martyr's mound", in 250.

Question: Where in France is Paris located?


Answer: 450

Question: How many kilometers is it away from London?


Answer: Seine

Question: What major river is located in Paris?


Answer: Île de la Cité

Question: What is the largest island in Paris?


Answer: Montmartre

Question: What is the largest hill in Paris?


Answer: Boulevard Périphérique

Context: Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).

Question: What road encircles Paris?


Answer: 2,300 km2

Question: How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?


Answer: 1860

Question: In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?


Answer: 20

Question: How many arrondissements are there?


Answer: 1929

Question: In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed?


Answer: North Atlantic Current

Context: Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, surged up to 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F).

Question: Which current affects Paris' weather?


Answer: mild and moderately wet

Question: How is Paris' climate categorized?


Answer: between 15 and 25 °C

Question: What are the average temperatures for summer?


Answer: 17.6 °C

Question: What was the average temperature for July 2011?


Answer: 7 °C

Context: Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 °C (45 °F). Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below −5 °C (23 °F) for only a few days a year. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.

Question: What is the average temperature during winter?


Answer: sometimes sees light snow or flurries

Question: Does Paris see snow?


Answer: a few days a year

Question: How often does the temperature drop below -5 C


Answer: 163

Context: The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties.

Question: How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?


Answer: majority of council members

Question: How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected


Answer: once a month

Question: How often does the council meet?


Answer: 2001-2014

Question: What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?


Answer: €7.6 billion

Context: The budget of the city for 2013 was €7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while €2.2 billion went for investment. The largest part of the budget (38 percent) went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools (which are mostly financed by the state budget); 5 percent for parks and gardens; and 4 percent for culture. The main source of income for the city is direct taxes (35 percent), supplemented by a 13-percent real estate tax; 19 percent of the budget comes in a transfer from the national government.

Question: What was the budget of the city in 2013


Answer: 5.4 billion

Question: How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?


Answer: 38

Question: What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects?


Answer: taxes

Question: What is the main source of income for Paris?


Answer: 8

Question: What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools?


Answer: January 1, 2016

Context: The Métropole du Grand Paris, or Metropolis of Greater Paris, formally came into existence on January 1, 2016. It is an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes, or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons.

Question: When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?


Answer: 814 square kilometers

Question: How large is the Metropole?


Answer: 6.945 million

Question: What is the population of the metropole?


Answer: Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne

Question: What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?


Answer: seven

Question: How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?


Answer: 210

Context: The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

Question: How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?


Answer: Patrick Ollier

Question: Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?


Answer: Rueil-Malmaison

Question: What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?


Answer: Republican

Question: What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?


Answer: 65 million Euros

Question: What is the budget for Metropole?


Answer: 7th

Context: The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is composed of 209 members representing the different communes within the region. On December 15, 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. In 2016, the new regional council will have 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.

Question: In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?


Answer: seventeen

Question: For how many years did the socialists governed the region?


Answer: 121

Question: How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?


Answer: Valérie Pécresse

Question: Who led the Union of the Right?


Answer: Paris

Context: France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.

Question: Where are France's highest courts located?


Answer: Court of Cassation

Question: What is the highest court in the judicial order?


Answer: Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal

Question: Where does the Constitutional Council meet?


Answer: Palais de Justice

Question: Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?


Answer: Palais-Royal

Question: Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?


Answer: Paris

Context: Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights.

Question: Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?


Answer: Prefecture of Police of Paris

Context: The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior of France. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité. There are 30,200 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters. In addition to traditional police duties, the local police monitors the number of discount sales held by large stores (no more than two a year are allowed) and verify that, during summer holidays, at least one bakery is open in every neighbourhood. The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS), a unit formed in 1944 right after the liberation of France. Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of the city when there are demonstrations and public events.

Question: Who is responsible for the security of Paris?


Answer: Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité

Question: Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?


Answer: 30,200

Question: How many officers are in the Prefecture of Police of Paris?


Answer: 1944

Question: When was the Compagnies Republicaines de Securite formed?


Answer: 6,000

Question: How many vehicles are in the fleet?


Answer: Baron Haussmann

Context: Most French rulers since the Middle Ages made a point of leaving their mark on a city that, contrary to many other of the world's capitals, has never been destroyed by catastrophe or war. In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map.[citation needed] At its origin, before the Middle Ages, the city was composed around several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine; of those, two remain today: the île Saint-Louis, the île de la Cité; a third one is the 1827 artificially created île aux Cygnes. Modern Paris owes much to its late 19th century Second Empire remodelling by the Baron Haussmann: many of modern Paris' busiest streets, avenues and boulevards today are a result of that city renovation. Paris also owes its style to its aligned street-fronts, distinctive cream-grey "Paris stone" building ornamentation, aligned top-floor balconies, and tree-lined boulevards. The high residential population of its city centre makes it much different from most other western global cities.

Question: Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century?


Answer: île Saint-Louis, the île de la Cité

Question: Which two islands remain in Paris today?


Answer: 1827

Question: When was ile aux Cygnes created?


Answer: 50 m

Context: Paris' urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. In recent developments, a 1974-2010 building height limitation of 37 metres (121 ft) was raised to 50 m (160 ft) in central areas and 180 metres (590 ft) in some of Paris' peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect. The 210 metres (690 ft) Montparnasse tower was both Paris and France's tallest building until 1973, but this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction. A new project for La Defense, called Hermitage Plaza, launched in 2009, proposes to build two towers, 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high, which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union, just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower. They were scheduled for completion in 2019 or 2020, but as of January 2015 construction had not yet begun, and there were questions in the press about the future of the project.

Question: What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?


Answer: Montparnasse

Question: Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?


Answer: Hermitage Plaza

Question: What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?


Answer: 2009

Question: When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?


Answer: two

Question: How many towers were planned to be built?


Answer: 1808-1842

Context: Parisian examples of European architecture date back more than a millennium; including the Romanesque church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (1014-1163); the early Gothic Architecture of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1144), the Notre Dame Cathedral (1163-1345), the Flamboyant Gothic of Saint Chapelle (1239-1248), the Baroque churches of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis (1627-1641) and Les Invalides (1670-1708). The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine (1808-1842); the Palais Garnier Opera House (1875); the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacré-Cœur (1875-1919), and the exuberant Belle Époque modernism of the Eiffel Tower (1889). Striking examples of 20th century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano (1977), and the Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei (1989). Contemporary architecture includes the Musée du Quai Branly by Jean Nouvel (2006) and the new contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014).

Question: When was La Madeleine built?


Answer: 1875

Question: When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built?


Answer: 1889

Question: When was the Eiffel Tower built?


Answer: Frank Gehry

Question: Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation?


Answer: I.M. Pei

Question: Who built the Louvre Pyramid?


Answer: 28,800

Context: In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters, called Centres d'hébergement et de réinsertion sociale or CHRS, which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations.

Question: What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?


Answer: 43

Question: What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?


Answer: 43

Question: What percentage of homeless people are women?


Answer: sixty

Question: How many homeless shelters are in Paris?


Answer: the city

Question: Who funds these homeless shelters?


Answer: Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes

Context: Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine département had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity. This problem was 'resolved' when its parent "District de la région parisienne" (Paris region) was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it. The Paris region was renamed "Île-de-France" in 1977, but the "Paris region" name is still commonly used today. Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1, 2016 when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.

Question: What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?


Answer: 1790

Question: When was the Siene department created?


Answer: 1968

Question: WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised?


Answer: "Île-de-France"

Question: What was the Paris region renamed to?


Answer: January 1, 2016

Question: When was Paris reunited with its suburbs?


Answer: 1961

Context: Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles ("new cities") and the RER commuter train network. Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population: these districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s). Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.

Question: When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?


Answer: lack of suburban transportation

Question: What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?


Answer: five

Question: How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?


Answer: northern and eastern Paris

Context: These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.

Question: Where are the quartiers sensibles located?


Answer: Goutte d'Or and Belleville

Question: What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?


Answer: Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative

Question: Why were these neighborhoods created?


Answer: 2,241,346

Context: The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities". The Paris Urban Area, or "unité urbaine", is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census.

Question: In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?


Answer: fifth

Question: Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?


Answer: London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome

Question: What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?


Answer: INSEE

Question: Who created The Paris Urban Area?


Answer: 10,550,350

Question: According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?


Answer: 2.9 million

Context: The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to an end in the 21st century; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009.

Question: What is Paris' peak population?


Answer: 1921

Question: When was Paris' population peak?


Answer: 2004

Question: What year was the first population increase since 1954?


Answer: 2,234,000

Question: What was the population in 2009?


Answer: Commune of Paris

Context: According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU.

Question: What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012?


Answer: 21,616

Question: How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits?


Answer: Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne

Question: What three departments surrounding Paris had densities greater than 10k/k?


Answer: 135,853

Context: The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world.

Question: How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?


Answer: 112,369

Question: How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?


Answer: 70,852

Question: How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt?


Answer: 91,297

Question: How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012?


Answer: 59.5

Context: At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.

Question: What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?


Answer: agriculture

Question: What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?


Answer: 0.2

Question: What percentage of people worked in agriculture?


Answer: 5.9

Question: What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?


Answer: 5.4 million

Context: The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires; it is in the western part of the City of Paris, in the 2nd, 8th, 9th, 16th and 18th arrondissements. In 2010 it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about thirty percent of the salaried employees in Paris and ten percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district also includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.

Question: How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?


Answer: La Défense

Context: The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Defense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a center of activity for the media and information technology.

Question: Who is the second largest business district employer?


Answer: 144,600

Question: How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?


Answer: finance and insurance

Question: What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in?


Answer: 16

Question: What percentage of people worked in business support?


Answer: Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret

Question: What two districts are extensions of the Paris business district?


Answer: €624 billion

Context: The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of €624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France.

Question: What was Paris Region's GDP in 2012?


Answer: 29

Question: How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris?


Answer: 30

Question: What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from the Paris Region's GDP?


Answer: high-value-added service industries

Context: The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine. While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.

Question: What as the Paris Region's economy shifted towards?


Answer: industry

Question: Prior to now, what was Paris' biggest economy?


Answer: west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine

Question: Where is Paris economic Centre located?


Answer: 8th, 16th and 17th

Context: The majority of Paris' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris' department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ 10 percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals. Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either in administration or education. The majority of Paris' healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600, and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.

Question: In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located?


Answer: 8th and 9th arrondissement

Question: Where are Paris' financial service companies majorly located?


Answer: department store

Question: What industry is located in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements?


Answer: Fourteen

Question: What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants?


Answer: 144,600

Question: How many peole work in the La Defense district?


Answer: transportation

Context: Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods and shoe trades. Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp decline: Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010, and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period. Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000. Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in the Yvelines department around the Renault and PSA-Citroen plants (this department alone employs 33,000), but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen assembly plant.

Question: What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?


Answer: 64

Question: How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?


Answer: 100,000

Question: How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ?


Answer: Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen

Question: The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry?


Answer: 75,000

Question: How many manufacturing workers does Paris have?


Answer: science and technology

Context: The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers. In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself, its metropolitan area employed 246,639, in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378) and Hauts-de-Seine (37,303) departments and the new business-park centres appearing there.

Question: What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?


Answer: food processing and beverages

Question: What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?


Answer: 56,927

Question: How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?


Answer: 246,639

Question: How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?


Answer: €36,085

Context: The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was €36,085 for 2011. It ranged from €22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to €82,449 in the 7th arrondissement. The median taxable income for 2011 was around €25,000 in Paris and €22,200 for Île-de-France. Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.[citation needed] Unemployment was estimated at 8.2 percent in the city of Paris and 8.8 percent in the Île-de-France region in the first trimester of 2015. It ranged from 7.6 percent in the wealthy Essonne department to 13.1 percent in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, where many recent immigrants live.

Question: What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?


Answer: €22,095

Question: What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?


Answer: €82,449

Question: What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement?


Answer: 8.2

Question: What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris?


Answer: 13.1

Question: What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department?


Answer: 14

Context: While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; 24 percent in the 18th, 22 percent in the 20th and 18 percent in the 10th. In the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line; 8 percent in the 6th arrondissement; and 9 percent in the 16th arrondissement.

Question: What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month?


Answer: 7

Question: What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris' wealthiest neighborhood?


Answer: Twenty-five

Question: WHat percentage of people in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line?


Answer: 72.1 million

Context: There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur (10.5 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6,740,000 visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3,745,000 visitors) and Musée d'Orsay (3,467,000 visitors). In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vallée, 32 km (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, was the most visited tourist attraction in France, with 14.9 million visitors in 2013.

Question: How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?


Answer: Notre Dame Cathedral

Question: What is Paris' top tourist attraction?


Answer: 9.2 million

Question: How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?


Answer: Disneyland Paris

Question: What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?


Answer: centre of Paris

Context: The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'Iéna have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historic axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the Tuileries Garden, the Luxor Column in the Place de la Concorde, the Arc de Triomphe, to the Grande Arche of La Défense.

Question: Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?


Answer: the tomb of Napoleon

Question: What is housed at Les Invalides?


Answer: 1991

Question: Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond'lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site?


Answer: 1,570

Context: As of 2013 the City of Paris had 1,570 hotels with 70,034 rooms, of which 55 were rated five-star, mostly belonging to international chains and mostly located close to the centre and the Champs-Élysées. Paris has long been famous for its grand hotels. The Hotel Meurice, opened for British travellers in 1817, was one of the first luxury hotels in Paris. The arrival of the railroads and the Paris Exposition of 1855 brought the first flood of tourists and the first modern grand hotels; the Hôtel du Louvre (now an antiques marketplace) in 1855; the Grand Hotel (now the Intercontinental LeGrand) in 1862; and the Hôtel Continental in 1878. The Hôtel Ritz on Place Vendôme opened in 1898, followed by the Hôtel Crillon in an 18th-century building on the Place de la Concorde in 1909; the Hotel Bristol on rue de Fabourg Saint-Honoré in 1925; and the Hotel George V in 1928.

Question: How many hotels are in the City of Paris?


Answer: 1817

Question: When did The Hotel Meurice open?


Answer: 1855

Question: When was the Hotel du Louvre opened?


Answer: Champs-Élysées

Question: Along what major road are most hotels located?


Answer: sculpture and reliefs

Context: For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royals commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.

Question: What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?


Answer: Pierre Mignard

Question: Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?


Answer: 1648

Question: In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?


Answer: 1793

Question: Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?


Answer: Romanticism

Context: Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Manet, Monet, Berthe Morisot, Gauguin, Renoir and others. The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Gericault. Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris. In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris. Picasso, living in Montmartre, painted his famous La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon between 1905 and 1907. Montmartre and Montparnasse became centres for artistic production.

Question: What type of art did Paris help develop with painters like Gericault?


Answer: Montmartre

Question: In what town did Picasso live?


Answer: Montmartre and Montparnasse

Question: What two towns were pinnacle for artistic production?


Answer: 1905 and 1907

Question: Between what two years did Picasso paint La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon?


Answer: 1825

Context: The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha.

Question: In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?


Answer: Nicéphore Niépce

Question: Who invented the first permanent photograph?


Answer: street scenes

Question: What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?


Answer: Marcel Bovis

Question: Who was knows for photographing night scenes?


Answer: late nineteenth century

Question: When did poster art become an important art form?


Answer: The Louvre

Context: The Louvre was the world's most visited art museum in 2014, with 9.3 million visitors. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, the second-most visited art museum in Paris, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. The Musée d'Orsay, in the former Orsay railway station, was the third-most visited museum in the city in 2014; it displays French art of the 19th century, including major collections of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. The original building - a railway station - was constructed for the Universal Exhibition of 1900. The Musée du quai Branly was the fourth-most visited national museum in Paris in 2014; it displays art objects from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art, including the famous tapestry cycle of The Lady and the Unicorn. The Guimet Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Picasso Museum the Rodin Museum, and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix.

Question: What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014?


Answer: The Louvre

Question: Where is the Mona Lisa housed?


Answer: Centre Georges Pompidou

Question: What is the second most visited art museum in Paris?


Answer: Musée du quai Branly

Question: What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century?


Answer: collections of Asian art

Question: What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing?


Answer: The National Museum of Natural History

Context: Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette. The National Museum of Natural History, on the Left Bank, is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. The military history of France, from the Middle Ages to World War II, is vividly presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides, near the tomb of Napoleon. In addition to the national museums, run by the French Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris; Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Palais de Tokyo; the House of Victor Hugo and House of Balzac, and the Catacombs of Paris. There are also notable private museums; The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

Question: What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?


Answer: October 2014

Question: When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open?


Answer: the tomb of Napoleon

Question: What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?


Answer: 14

Question: How many museums does the city of Paris operate?


Answer: January 2015

Context: The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), Théâtre-Italien, and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville). Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.

Question: When did Philharmonie de Paris open?


Answer: Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille;

Question: What are the two largest opera houses in Paris?


Answer: classic ballets and operas

Question: What does Opera Garnier specialize in?


Answer: 1913

Question: In what year were the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballet Russes?


Answer: Théâtre des Champs-Élysées

Question: Where di the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballets Russes take place?


Answer: 1680

Context: Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre. of Other famous theaters include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.

Question: When was the oldest Paris theater founded?


Answer: Comédie-Française

Question: What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?


Answer: French government

Question: Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?


Answer: the Louvre

Question: What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?


Answer: 1889

Context: The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889. It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère, Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. The Olympia Paris has presented Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland, and the Grateful Dead. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly visitors to the city.

Question: In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened?


Answer: French Cancan

Question: What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge?


Answer: 1951

Question: In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open?


Answer: The Olympia Paris

Question: Where did Grateful Dead play?


Answer: Epistolae

Context: The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.

Question: What was the title of the first book printed in France?


Answer: Gasparinus de Bergamo

Question: Who wrote Epistolae?