Answer: Indian nationalism

Context: One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", "racial discriminations", "the revelation of India's past", "inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions", and Indians coming in close contact with "European education".

Question: What movement rose in the 19th century?


Answer: self-rule

Question: What did Indian first want as government?


Answer: complete independence

Question: What did Indians finally begin to demand?


Answer: causes

Question: What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?


Answer: Probable reasons

Question: What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?


Answer: councillors

Context: The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Question: What appointments were the first step in Indian self-rule?


Answer: 1909

Question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?


Answer: Provincial Councils

Question: What more local councils were set up?


Answer: British

Question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?


Answer: minority groups

Question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?


Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Context: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Question: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?


Answer: three big provinces

Question: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?


Answer: two factions

Question: How was the Congress split in 1907?


Answer: The radicals

Question: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?


Answer: The moderates

Question: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?


Answer: Mahatma Gandhi

Context: From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.

Question: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?


Answer: peaceful

Question: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?


Answer: Indian National Army

Question: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?


Answer: 15 August 1947

Question: On what date did India gain its independence?


Answer: Government of India Act 1935

Question: What action did the movements combine to produce?


Answer: minority

Context: Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

Question: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?


Answer: Hindu rule

Question: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?


Answer: interim government

Question: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?


Answer: 500,000

Question: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?


Answer: 12 million

Question: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?


Answer: second

Context: Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.

Question: What number president of Egypt was Nasser?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?


Answer: 1956

Question: In what year did Nasser become president?


Answer: 1970

Question: In what year did Nasser die?


Answer: monarchy

Question: What type of government did Nasser overthrow?


Answer: five million

Context: Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

Question: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?


Answer: Suez Canal

Question: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?


Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?


Answer: North Yemen Civil War

Question: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?


Answer: Aswan Dam and Helwan City

Context: Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Question: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.


Answer: 20th

Question: What century did Nasser rule in?


Answer: anti-imperialist

Question: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?


Answer: human rights violations

Question: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?


Answer: postal worker

Context: Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

Question: What was Nasser's father's occupation?


Answer: Alexandria

Question: In what city was Nasser raised?


Answer: 1918

Question: What year was Nasser born?


Answer: Glory of the Arabs

Question: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?


Answer: two more boys

Question: What siblings did Nasser have?


Answer: Attarin

Context: In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

Question: What elementary school did Nasser attend?


Answer: Helwan

Question: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?


Answer: Ras el-Tin

Question: What secondary school did Nasser attend?


Answer: Manshia Square

Question: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?


Answer: Young Egypt Society

Question: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?


Answer: al-Nahda al-Masria

Context: When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

Question: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?


Answer: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom

Question: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?


Answer: British rule

Question: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?


Answer: Two

Question: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?


Answer: constitution

Question: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?


Answer: 45

Context: Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

Question: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?


Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Question: What treaty did Nasser object to?


Answer: British military bases

Question: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?


Answer: declined significantly

Question: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?


Answer: al-Nahda

Question: From where did Nasser graduate?


Answer: reading

Context: Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.

Question: What did Nasser do in his spare time?


Answer: National Library of Egypt

Question: What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?


Answer: Egyptian society's class divisions

Question: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?


Answer: well below the wealthy Egyptian elite

Question: What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?


Answer: nationalist leaders

Question: What kind of biographies did Nasser read?


Answer: Egyptian nationalism

Context: Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

Question: What political theory fascinated Nasser?


Answer: Mustafa Kamel

Question: What politician did Nasser admire?


Answer: Ahmed Shawqi

Question: What poet did Nasser read?


Answer: Return of the Spirit

Question: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?


Answer: Royal Military Academy

Question: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?


Answer: a military career

Context: In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

Question: What was Nasser's goal?


Answer: Royal Military Academy

Question: Where did Nasser apply in 1937?


Answer: record of anti-government protest

Question: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?


Answer: King Fuad University

Question: Where did Nasser attend law school?


Answer: one semester

Question: How long did Nasser attend law school?


Answer: wasta

Context: Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

Question: What's another term for influential intermediary?


Answer: Khairy Pasha

Question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?


Answer: Sadat and Amer

Question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?


Answer: widespread corruption

Question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?


Answer: monarchy

Question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?


Answer: 1941

Context: In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

Question: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?


Answer: instructor

Question: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?


Answer: British Ambassador Miles Lampson

Question: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?


Answer: nationalist

Question: What political group was Nasser associated with?


Answer: Amer

Question: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?


Answer: Palestine

Context: In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying "our soldiers were dashed against fortifications". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, "including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.

Question: Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?


Answer: 6th Infantry Battalion

Question: In what unit did Nasser serve?


Answer: lightly

Question: How badly was Nasser wounded?


Answer: Israeli

Question: What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?


Answer: Faluja

Question: What territory was given to Israel?


Answer: Umm Kulthum

Context: The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.

Question: What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?


Answer: Philosophy of the Revolution

Question: What book did Nasser start writing?


Answer: royal government

Question: What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?


Answer: British

Question: Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?


Answer: monarchy

Question: What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?


Answer: instructor at the Royal Military Academy

Context: After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.

Question: What did Nasser do after the war ended?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?


Answer: religious agenda

Question: What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?


Answer: humiliating

Question: How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?


Answer: Eilat

Question: What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?


Answer: Syrian

Context: Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.

Question: What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?


Answer: Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel

Question: Who questioned Nasser?


Answer: convincingly denied the allegations

Question: What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?


Answer: speed up his group's activities

Question: What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Context: In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.

Question: What group boycotted the 1950 elections?


Answer: Wafd

Question: What party advanced in the 1950 elections?


Answer: corruption

Question: What were Wafd members accused of?


Answer: Free Officers

Question: What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?


Answer: nearly two years

Question: How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?


Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Context: On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage "a large scale assassination campaign". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails "haunted" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.

Question: What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?


Answer: Hussein Sirri Amer

Question: Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?


Answer: Hassan Ibrahim

Question: Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?


Answer: royalist

Question: What was general Amer's political affiliation?


Answer: an innocent female passerby

Question: Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?


Answer: Sirri Amer

Context: Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.

Question: Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?


Answer: Muhammad Naguib

Question: Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?


Answer: three

Question: How many times was Naguib wounded?


Answer: al-Misri

Question: What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?


Answer: Palestine War

Question: In what war was Naguib wounded?


Answer: 1952

Context: On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.

Question: In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate?


Answer: Ismailia

Question: Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?


Answer: 76

Question: How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?


Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?


Answer: feudalism

Question: What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?


Answer: parliamentary democracy

Context: The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.

Question: What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?


Answer: General Naguib

Question: Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?


Answer: exile

Question: What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?


Answer: civilian clothing

Question: What did Nasser wear during the coup?


Answer: 22 July

Question: What day did the revolution begin?


Answer: Naguib

Context: On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.

Question: Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?


Answer: civilians

Question: Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?


Answer: Ali Maher

Question: Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?


Answer: Revolutionary Command Council

Question: What new name did the Free Officers take?


Answer: Agrarian Reform Law

Question: What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?


Answer: communist

Context: Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

Question: What group rioted at the textile factories?


Answer: nine

Question: How many people died in the textile factory riots?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What group supported the RCC?


Answer: two

Question: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?


Answer: opposed

Question: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?


Answer: secretary-general

Context: In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.

Question: What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?


Answer: all political parties

Question: What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?


Answer: parliamentary elections

Question: What was Nasser alone in supporting?


Answer: British withdrawal from the Suez Canal

Question: What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?


Answer: Naguib

Context: On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces—a position formerly occupied by Naguib.

Question: Who resigned in 1954?


Answer: RCC chairman and prime minister

Question: What two positions did Nasser assume?


Answer: Brotherhood

Question: What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?


Answer: imprisonment

Question: What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?


Answer: Amer

Question: Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?


Answer: transport workers

Context: On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the "impulse of the street." Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.

Question: What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?


Answer: Free Officers

Question: What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?


Answer: Mohieddin

Question: Who was sent to Switzerland?


Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?


Answer: assassination attempt

Context: The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.

Question: What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?


Answer: Brotherhood

Question: To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?


Answer: Sayyid Qutb

Question: Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?


Answer: house arrest

Question: Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?


Answer: Nasser

Question: Who assumed total control of Egypt?


Answer: street following

Context: Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.

Question: What was too small to keep Nasser in power?


Answer: press

Question: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?


Answer: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"

Question: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?


Answer: singers

Question: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?


Answer: 1955

Question: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?


Answer: Israel

Context: Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

Question: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?


Answer: Gaza Strip

Question: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?


Answer: did not retaliate militarily

Question: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?


Answer: a blow to his growing popularity

Question: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?


Answer: blockade on Israeli shipping

Question: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?


Answer: Baghdad Pact

Context: Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.

Question: What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?


Answer: modern weaponry

Question: What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?


Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: From what country did Nasser buy arms?


Answer: US$320,000,000

Question: How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?


Answer: equalized

Question: How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?


Answer: Final Communique

Context: Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

Question: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?


Answer: French

Question: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?


Answer: right of return

Question: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?


Answer: UN

Question: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?


Answer: positive neutralism

Context: Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.

Question: What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?


Answer: Cold War

Question: What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?


Answer: welcomed by large crowds

Question: How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?


Answer: heralded

Question: How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?


Answer: 1956

Context: In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

Question: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?


Answer: single-party system

Question: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?


Answer: National Union

Question: What was the dominant political party?


Answer: Liberation Rally

Question: From what group did the National Union originate?


Answer: citizens

Question: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?


Answer: Nasser

Context: Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.

Question: Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?


Answer: women

Question: Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?


Answer: RCC

Question: What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?


Answer: sidelining

Question: Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents?


Answer: high-ranking positions in the cabinet

Question: What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?


Answer: UK and France

Context: After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

Question: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?


Answer: Aswan Dam

Question: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?


Answer: China

Question: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?


Answer: Algerian

Question: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?


Answer: Baghdad Pact

Question: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?


Answer: took great offense

Context: Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

Question: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?


Answer: Suez Canal

Question: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize?


Answer: unaware

Question: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?


Answer: 1956

Question: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?


Answer: fund the Aswan Dam

Context: On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since "120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.

Question: What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?


Answer: 120,000

Question: How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?


Answer: existing stockholders

Question: Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?


Answer: UK

Question: What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?


Answer: support

Context: The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies." Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the "charismatic leader" and "spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and "soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.

Question: How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?


Answer: Israeli

Question: What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?


Answer: Henry A. Byroade

Question: What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?


Answer: not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World

Question: Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?


Answer: France and the UK

Context: France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as "impossible". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, "Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.

Question: What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?


Answer: Israel

Question: What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?


Answer: UN Security Council

Question: What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?


Answer: topple

Question: What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?


Answer: 1956

Context: On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.

Question: In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?


Answer: Egyptian airfields in the canal zone

Question: What did the British and French air forces bomb?


Answer: Port Said

Question: What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?


Answer: Amer

Question: Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?


Answer: blockage

Question: What did Nasser do to the canal?


Answer: 2,000

Context: Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, "Nobody is going to surrender." Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.

Question: How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?


Answer: 5,000

Question: How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?


Answer: civilian volunteers

Question: To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?


Answer: Salah Salem

Question: Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?


Answer: undamaged

Question: What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?


Answer: Between 750 and 1,000

Context: It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as "shattered" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5–6 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.

Question: How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?


Answer: Port Said

Question: What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?


Answer: shattered

Question: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?


Answer: British-French forces

Question: Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?


Answer: U.S.

Context: The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the "greatest and most decisive role" in stopping the "tripartite conspiracy". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews.

Question: What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?


Answer: Eisenhower

Question: What leader did Nasser applaud?


Answer: United Nations Emergency Force

Question: What military force was brought in to calm the situation?


Answer: rigorous requirements for residency

Question: What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?


Answer: Voice of the Arabs

Context: By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his "charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, "Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio." Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut—the press center of the Arab world—bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves "Nasserites", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term "Arab nationalists").

Question: What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?


Answer: Nasserites

Question: What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?


Answer: structure and organization

Question: What did the admirers of Nasser lack?


Answer: Eugene Rogan

Question: Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?


Answer: Arab nationalists

Question: What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?


Answer: Eisenhower Doctrine

Context: In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?


Answer: 1957

Question: When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?


Answer: King Saud

Question: What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?


Answer: Jordan

Question: What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?


Answer: pan-Arabism

Question: Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?


Answer: King Hussein

Context: Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him—although Nasser's involvement was never established—and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being "a tool of the imperialists". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.

Question: What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?


Answer: a tool of the imperialists

Question: What did Nasser call King Hussein?


Answer: King Saud

Question: What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?


Answer: citizens

Question: Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?


Answer: British and French

Context: By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.

Question: What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?


Answer: two-thirds

Question: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?


Answer: Helwan steelworks

Question: What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?


Answer: Aswan Dam

Question: What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?


Answer: Syria

Context: As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in "stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria." Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.

Question: What country wanted to join with Egypt?


Answer: communists

Question: What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?


Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?


Answer: 1958

Question: What year was the UAR formed?


Answer: King Saud

Context: While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.

Question: Who tried to assassinate Nasser?


Answer: shoot down Nasser's plane

Question: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?


Answer: King Faisal

Question: Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?


Answer: opponent

Question: What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?


Answer: 600

Context: A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

Question: How many members were in the National Assembly?


Answer: 400

Question: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?


Answer: Khrushchev

Question: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?


Answer: Communist Party

Question: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?


Answer: Boghdadi and Amer

Question: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?


Answer: Camille Chamoun

Context: In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training—short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a "special case", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.

Question: Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?


Answer: to unite with the UAR

Question: What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?


Answer: a second presidential term

Question: What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?


Answer: Sarraj

Question: Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?


Answer: limited

Question: What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?


Answer: Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref

Context: On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.

Question: What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?


Answer: Nuri al-Said

Question: What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?


Answer: Lebanon

Question: Where did US Marines land?


Answer: to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces

Question: Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?


Answer: unblocked

Question: How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?


Answer: Sarraj

Context: In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese–Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.

Question: Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?


Answer: police state

Question: What was Syria like under Sarraj?


Answer: Fuad Chehab

Question: Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?


Answer: improved considerably

Question: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?


Answer: 1959

Question: In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?


Answer: Qasim

Context: Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956.

Question: What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?


Answer: suppressed a rebellion in Mosul

Question: What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?


Answer: Egyptian communist activity

Question: What did Nasser suppress as a result?


Answer: Khaled Mohieddin

Question: What old ally did Nasser turn against?


Answer: elites

Context: Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were "foreign to him". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.

Question: What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?


Answer: worsening

Question: How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?


Answer: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy

Question: How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?


Answer: dismissed

Question: What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?


Answer: press

Question: What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?


Answer: secessionist army units

Context: On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.

Question: What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?


Answer: 1961

Question: In what year did Syria leave the UAR?


Answer: Latakia

Question: Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?


Answer: nervous breakdown

Question: What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?


Answer: his health began to deteriorate

Question: How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?


Answer: North Yemen

Context: Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".

Question: What country experienced a coup in 1962?


Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?


Answer: the new government

Question: Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?


Answer: 1967

Question: In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?


Answer: miscalculation

Question: How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?


Answer: Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance

Context: On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for "facilitating" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the "leader of the Arabs". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as "fascists".

Question: What groups completed a coup in Iraq?


Answer: Abdel Salam Aref

Question: Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?


Answer: Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters

Question: What caused the agreement to fail?


Answer: fascists

Question: How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?


Answer: Jordan River

Context: In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

Question: What river did the Israelis want to divert?


Answer: act of war

Question: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?


Answer: King Hussein

Question: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?


Answer: Palestine Liberation Organization

Question: What organization was formed as a result of the talks?


Answer: Ahmad Shukeiri

Question: Who was set to lead the PLO?


Answer: 1961

Context: After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

Question: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?


Answer: Nasser

Question: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?


Answer: Cold War

Question: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?


Answer: African

Context: Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Question: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?


Answer: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries

Question: Who did Nasser give asylum to?


Answer: anti-colonial propaganda

Question: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?


Answer: Organisation of African Unity

Question: What African group did Nasser help to form?


Answer: 1963

Question: What year was the OAU formed?


Answer: Egypt

Context: In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.

Question: What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?


Answer: Islamic and socialist

Question: What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?


Answer: al-Azhar

Question: What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?


Answer: Presidential Council

Context: Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.

Question: What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?


Answer: merit

Question: As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?


Answer: Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him

Question: Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?


Answer: Amer

Question: What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?


Answer: approve all senior military appointments

Question: What was the Presidential Council meant to do?


Answer: Amer

Context: In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

Question: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?


Answer: Nasser

Question: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?


Answer: directly confronting Nasser

Question: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?


Answer: painkillers

Question: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?


Answer: diabetes

Question: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?


Answer: socialism

Context: In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.

Question: What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?


Answer: National Charter

Question: What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?


Answer: widening the Suez Canal

Question: What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?


Answer: 1962

Question: What year was the National Charter released?


Answer: universal

Question: What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?


Answer: 51

Context: Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Question: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?


Answer: Arab Socialist Union

Question: What was the new name for the National Union?


Answer: repression

Question: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?


Answer: Islamists

Question: What group was targeted with imprisonment?


Answer: submit their resignations in protest

Question: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?


Answer: He was the only candidate

Context: During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Question: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?


Answer: executed

Question: What was Qutb's sentence?


Answer: private sector

Question: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?


Answer: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse

Question: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?


Answer: Soviet Union

Context: In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

Question: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?


Answer: dispatch troops to Sinai

Question: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?


Answer: Israeli-American

Question: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?


Answer: West Bank

Question: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?


Answer: US

Question: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?


Answer: Straits of Tiran

Context: On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although "Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, "our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.

Question: What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?


Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: Who was Nassir's vice president?


Answer: diplomacy towards a ceasefire

Question: How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?


Answer: Jordan

Question: What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?


Answer: Sharm el-Sheikh

Context: According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into "a nonstop shouting match". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.

Question: What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?


Answer: Nasser–Amer

Question: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing in the war?


Answer: rational analysis

Question: What did Nasser dismiss during the war?


Answer: imminent Arab victory

Context: During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, "We are your soldiers, Gamal!" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.

Question: What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?


Answer: 9 June

Question: What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?


Answer: announced his resignation

Question: What did Nasser do about his position as President?


Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?


Answer: retracted his decision

Question: What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?


Answer: Mohamed Fawzi

Context: On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing "the person closest to [him]". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.

Question: Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?


Answer: suicide

Question: How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?


Answer: depoliticizing the armed forces

Question: How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?


Answer: figures loyal to Amer

Question: What loyalists did Nasser target?


Answer: Khartoum

Context: At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of "playing the superpowers against each other" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence.

Question: Where was the Arab League summit held?


Answer: King Faisal

Question: What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?


Answer: Khartoum Resolution

Question: What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What nation granted military aid to Egypt?


Answer: UN Resolution 242

Question: What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?


Answer: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces

Context: Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

Question: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?


Answer: 1968

Question: When did students protest for political reforms?


Answer: Arab Socialist Union

Question: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?


Answer: external

Question: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?


Answer: ASU

Context: On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent elections for the Supreme Executive Committee, the ASU's highest decision-making body. Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization, although its promises would largely go unfulfilled.

Question: What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?


Answer: liberalization

Question: What trend was Nasser trying to cause?


Answer: unfulfilled

Question: How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?


Answer: independence

Question: How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?


Answer: War of Attrition

Context: Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

Question: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?


Answer: 1968

Question: In what year did the War of Attrition begin?


Answer: Yasser Arafat

Question: Who led the Fatah movement?


Answer: Battle of Karameh

Question: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?


Answer: Arafat

Question: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?


Answer: build a network of internal defenses

Context: Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.

Question: What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?


Answer: March 1969

Question: When did the war start up again?


Answer: PLO and the Lebanese military

Question: What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?


Answer: Palestinian guerrillas

Question: Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?