Answer: 663 AD

Context: Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taihō Code, of 702 AD, and the later Yōrō Code, the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3–4 adult males was drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called "Gundan-Sei" (軍団制) by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived.[citation needed]

Question: When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?


Answer: Tang China and Silla

Question: Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?


Answer: a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs

Question: What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?


Answer: Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji)

Question: Who led the Taika Reform?


Answer: 646 AD

Question: When was the Taika Reform?


Answer: early Heian period

Context: In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i-taishōgun (征夷大将軍) or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (kyūdō), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions.[citation needed] Though this is the first known use of the "Shogun" title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court.

Question: In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?


Answer: the late 8th and early 9th centuries

Question: When was the early Heian?


Answer: Emishi

Question: Who did Kammu fail to conquer?


Answer: sei'i-taishōgun

Question: What was the full title for Shogun?


Answer: Emperor Kammu

Question: Who introduced the Shogun concept?


Answer: late 12th century

Context: After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.

Question: When was the Genpei war?


Answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

Question: Who was given the right to appoint shugo?


Answer: clan leader

Question: What was Minamoto's position?


Answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

Question: Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?


Answer: 1192

Question: When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?


Answer: Heiji Rebellion

Context: Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the Hōgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160.

Question: What rebellion happened in 1160?


Answer: the rival Minamoto and Taira clans

Question: Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?


Answer: four-year

Question: How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?


Answer: Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans

Question: What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?


Answer: Taira no Kiyomori

Context: The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor.

Question: Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?


Answer: Taira no Kiyomori

Question: Who established the first samurai-led administration?


Answer: the Minamoto

Question: Who succeeded the Taira clan?


Answer: figurehead

Question: What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?


Answer: had its women marry Emperors

Question: How did the Taira clan expand power?


Answer: 1180

Context: The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tent government", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.

Question: When did the Gempei War begin?


Answer: 1185

Question: When did the Gempei War end?


Answer: The Taira and the Minamoto

Question: Which clans fought in the Gempei War?


Answer: Honshu and Kyushu

Question: What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?


Answer: 1192

Question: When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?


Answer: Yuan

Context: In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

Question: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?


Answer: 40,000

Question: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?


Answer: 900

Question: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?


Answer: northern Kyūshū

Question: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?


Answer: 10,000

Question: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?


Answer: a great stone barrier

Context: The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

Question: What was built around Hakata Bay?


Answer: 1276

Question: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?


Answer: 1277

Question: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?


Answer: 20 kilometers

Question: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?


Answer: executed

Question: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?


Answer: 1592

Context: In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku period, Japanese samurai armies made major gains in most of Korea. Kato Kiyomasa advanced to Orangkai territory (present-day Manchuria) bordering Korea to the northeast and crossed the border into Manchuria, but withdrew after retaliatory attacks from the Jurchens there, as it was clear he had outpaced the rest of the Japanese invasion force. A few of the more famous samurai generals of this war were Katō Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, and Shimazu Yoshihiro. Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai and, despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated a host of allied Ming and Korean forces at the Battle of Sacheon in 1598, near the conclusion of the campaigns. Yoshihiro was feared as Oni-Shimazu ("Shimazu ogre") and his nickname spread across not only Korea but to Ming Dynasty China. In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces, ultimately the two expeditions failed (though they did devastate the Korean landmass) from factors such as Korean naval superiority (which, led by Admiral Yi Sun-shin, harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars, resulting in supply shortages on land), the commitment of sizeable Ming forces to Korea, Korean guerrilla actions, the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders (in the first campaign of 1592, Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared, under-trained, and under-armed; they were rapidly overrun, with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more-experienced and battle-hardened Japanese forces - in the second campaign of 1597, Korean and Ming forces proved to be a far more difficult challenge and, with the support of continued Korean naval superiority, limited Japanese gains to parts southeastern Korea), and wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on. The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders (established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori).

Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?


Answer: 1597

Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?


Answer: 160,000

Question: How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?


Answer: 1598

Question: When was the Battle of Sacheon?


Answer: 1598

Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?


Answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu

Context: It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled Hideyoshi's call to invade Korea or contributed a small token force. Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army, while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son (a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa, who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army) were largely committed to the Western Army; the two opposing sides (so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders' domains) would later clash, most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara, which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces, paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question: Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?


Answer: Eastern Army

Question: What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?


Answer: Katō Kiyomasa

Question: Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?


Answer: Battle of Sekigahara

Question: Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?


Answer: Eastern Forces

Question: Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?


Answer: Oda Nobunaga

Context: Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had inflamed futile struggles among the populace for centuries. Attacking from the "sanctuary" of Buddhist temples, they were constant headaches to any warlord and even the Emperor who tried to control their actions. He died in 1582 when one of his generals, Akechi Mitsuhide, turned upon him with his army.

Question: Who used arquebuses a lot?


Answer: innovation

Question: What did Oda Nobunaga value?


Answer: Oda Nobunaga

Question: Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?


Answer: 1582

Question: When did Oda Nobunaga die?


Answer: Akechi Mitsuhide

Question: Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?


Answer: During the Tokugawa shogunate

Context: During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their daisho, the paired long and short swords of the samurai (cf. katana and wakizashi) becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not show proper respect kiri-sute gomen (斬り捨て御免?), but to what extent this right was used is unknown. When the central government forced daimyos to cut the size of their armies, unemployed rōnin became a social problem.

Question: When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?


Answer: the early 17th century

Question: When had samurai last been used in battle?


Answer: the Edo period

Question: What was another name for the Tokugawa era?


Answer: katana

Question: What was the samurai's long sword called?


Answer: wakizashi

Question: What was the samurai's short sword called?


Answer: daimyo

Context: Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period. Bushido was an ideal, and it remained fairly uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century — the ideals of Bushido transcended social class, time and geographic location of the warrior class.

Question: Who were most samurais' lords?


Answer: Confucius and Mencius

Question: Whose teachings did all samurai read?


Answer: social class, time and geographic location

Question: What did Bushido transcend?


Answer: before the Edo Period

Question: When was Bushido formalized?


Answer: several influential leaders and families

Question: Who formalized Bushido?


Answer: U.S. Navy

Context: The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).

Question: Which force invaded Japan in 1853?


Answer: Commodore Matthew Perry

Question: Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?


Answer: force Japan to open its borders to trade

Question: What was Perry's goal in Japan?


Answer: arquebus

Question: What technology helped the downfall of samurai?


Answer: 1854

Context: From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.

Question: When was the samurai military modernized?


Answer: Nagasaki

Question: Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?


Answer: Naval

Question: What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?


Answer: tradition

Question: What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?


Answer: eight

Question: How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?


Answer: Emperor Meiji

Context: Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.

Question: Who established a western-style army in Japan?


Answer: 1873

Question: When was a western-style army established in Japan?


Answer: Shizoku

Question: What did samurai become in 1873?


Answer: commoners who paid them disrespect

Question: Who had samurai been allowed to kill?


Answer: 19th

Question: In what century were the Meiji reforms?


Answer: Samurai

Context: Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.

Question: What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?


Answer: Iwasaki Yatarō

Question: Who started Mitsubishi?


Answer: great-grandson of a samurai

Question: What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?


Answer: private schools for higher educations

Question: What kind of schools did samurai start?


Answer: newspaper companies

Question: Who did samurai write for?


Answer: Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto

Context: The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.

Question: What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?


Answer: Zen

Question: What type of meditation did samurai do?


Answer: The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth

Question: What caused some samurai to stop fighting?


Answer: to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship

Question: What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?


Answer: 1198

Context: In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."

Question: When was Hojo Shigetoki born?


Answer: 1261

Question: When did Hojo Shigetoki die?


Answer: 13th and 14th century warrior writings

Question: What were gunki?


Answer: 1350

Question: When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?


Answer: 1410

Question: When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?


Answer: battle

Context: "First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety....It is forbidden that one should...attach little importance to his duties to his master...There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments."

Question: What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?


Answer: the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors

Question: What debt should samurai not forget?


Answer: loyalty and filial piety

Question: What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?


Answer: the Sengoku Era

Context: Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."

Question: When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?


Answer: 1592

Question: When did Japan begin invading Korea?


Answer: 1598

Question: When did Japan finish invading Korea?


Answer: to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die"

Question: What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?


Answer: Bushido

Question: What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?


Answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu

Context: Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:

Question: Who did Torii Mototada serve?


Answer: 1539

Question: When was Torii Mototada born?


Answer: 1600

Question: When did Torii Mototada die?


Answer: 40,000

Question: How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?


Answer: 2,000

Question: How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?


Answer: Uesugi Kenshin

Context: The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."

Question: Who was Takeda's rival?


Answer: the "way of the warrior as death"

Question: What did Uesugi encourage?


Answer: Japanese historian

Question: What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?


Answer: 1521

Question: When was Takeda born?


Answer: 1530

Question: When was Uesugi born?


Answer: Jesuit

Context: Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."

Question: What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?


Answer: 1506

Question: When was St. Francis Xavier born?


Answer: 1552

Question: When did St. Francis Xavier die?


Answer: 1549–1551

Question: When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?


Answer: the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines

Question: Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?


Answer: Malaysia

Context: In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.

Question: Where was Malacca?


Answer: India

Question: Where was Goa?


Answer: Anjiro

Question: Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?


Answer: Portuguese

Question: In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?


Answer: en masse

Question: How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?


Answer: William Scott Wilson

Context: In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

Question: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?


Answer: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari

Question: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?


Answer: the Heike Monogatari

Question: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?


Answer: samurai

Context: As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.

Question: Whose culture included tea ceremonies?


Answer: monochrome ink

Question: What kind of painting did samurai do?


Answer: Chinese arts

Question: What was Japanese culture influenced by?


Answer: Zen monks

Question: Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?


Answer: 1275

Question: When was Muso Soseki born?


Answer: an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony

Context: For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.

Question: What did Nobunaga mean?


Answer: a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province

Question: What did Kazusanosuke mean?


Answer: a formal nickname (yobina)

Question: What did Saburo mean?


Answer: a clan or family name

Question: What did Oda mean?


Answer: Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga

Question: What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?


Answer: akin to a marriage

Context: A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.

Question: How did the samurai treat concubines?


Answer: shameful, if not criminal

Question: How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?


Answer: many wealthy merchants

Question: Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?


Answer: her family's money erased the samurai's debts

Question: Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?


Answer: the son could inherit his father's social status

Question: What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?


Answer: rare

Context: A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

Question: How common was divorce for samurai?


Answer: adoption of a male heir

Question: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?


Answer: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage

Question: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?


Answer: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money

Question: What financial concern prevented divorce?


Answer: Maintaining the household

Context: Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.

Question: What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?


Answer: one who remains in the home

Question: What did okugatasama mean?


Answer: manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly

Question: What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?


Answer: a polearm

Question: What was a naginata?


Answer: the skill of the knife

Question: What was tantojutsu?


Answer: humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty

Context: Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.

Question: What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?


Answer: the children (and perhaps servants, too)

Question: Who did samurai wives have to teach?


Answer: elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof

Question: Who did samurai wives have to take care of?


Answer: her husband

Question: Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?


Answer: Confucian law

Question: What defined the samurais' code?


Answer: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate

Context: This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.

Question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?


Answer: Hino Tomiko

Question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?


Answer: lost interest in politics

Question: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?


Answer: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Question: Who was Nene?


Answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Question: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?


Answer: Tokugawa

Context: As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.

Question: In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?


Answer: intelligence and education as desirable attributes

Question: What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?


Answer: philosophical and literary classics

Question: What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?


Answer: the end of the Tokugawa period

Question: When had most samurai wives learned to read?


Answer: William Adams

Context: The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.

Question: Who was the first Western samurai?


Answer: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu

Question: Who made William Adams a samurai?


Answer: Anjin Miura

Question: What was William Adams's Japanese name?


Answer: bannerman

Question: What did hatamoto mean?


Answer: eighty or ninety

Question: How many servants did William Adams have?


Answer: Dutch

Context: Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

Question: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?


Answer: 1556

Question: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?


Answer: Yayousu

Question: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?


Answer: a Red Seal Ship

Question: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?


Answer: drowned after his ship ran aground

Question: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?


Answer: Prussian

Context: In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.

Question: What nationality was Edward Schnell?


Answer: military instructor and procurer of weapons

Question: What duties did Edward Schnell have?


Answer: the Aizu domain

Question: Who did Edward Schnell work for?


Answer: Hiramatsu Buhei

Question: What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?


Answer: Wakamatsu

Question: Where did Edward Schnell live?


Answer: a form of lamellar armor

Context: As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).

Question: What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?


Answer: yoroi

Question: What was the first samurai armor called?


Answer: kozane

Question: What were the small scales in yoroi called?


Answer: iron or leather

Question: What were kozane made of?


Answer: dou

Question: What was a full chest armor called?


Answer: the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection

Context: In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.

Question: Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?


Answer: kozane dou

Question: What type of armor was replaced?


Answer: plate armor

Question: What new type of armor replaced the old?


Answer: Tosei-gusoku

Question: What was the new armor called?


Answer: 1877

Question: When was samurai armor last used?


Answer: those who serve in close attendance to nobility

Context: The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):

Question: What did 'samurai' mean at first?


Answer: to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend

Question: What did 'samorapu' mean?


Answer: to serve, to attend

Question: What did 'saburahu' mean?


Answer: servant, attendant

Question: What did 'saburahi' mean?


Answer: the Edo period

Question: When was the word 'samurahi' used?


Answer: ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families

Context: Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.

Question: Who were the bushi class?


Answer: mainly in the north of Japan

Question: Where did the bushi live?


Answer: Kyoto

Question: Where did the imperial family live?


Answer: the "way of the warrior"

Question: What does Bushido mean?


Answer: the mansion of a warrior

Question: What was a bukeyashiki?


Answer: hara kiri

Context: Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.

Question: What was a synonym for seppuku?


Answer: allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death

Question: What was the reason for seppuku?


Answer: as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior

Question: How idealistic were samurai?


Answer: romanticized

Question: How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?


Answer: Akechi Mitsuhide

Context: Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.

Question: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?


Answer: Kusunoki Masashige)

Question: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?


Answer: Tokugawa

Question: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?


Answer: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy

Question: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?


Answer: historical drama

Context: Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

Question: What is Jidaigeki?


Answer: One of Japan’s most renowned directors

Question: Who is Akira Kurosawa?


Answer: Akira Kurosawa

Question: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?


Answer: Seven Samurai

Question: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?


Answer: The Magnificent Seven

Question: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?


Answer: one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists

Context: Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.

Question: Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?


Answer: for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture

Question: Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?


Answer: manga

Question: What are Japanese comic books called?


Answer: anime

Question: What are Japanese animation called?


Answer: Moscardi, N.D.

Context: Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.

Question: Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?


Answer: hack-and-slash

Question: What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?


Answer: gritty urban

Question: What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?


Answer: Takashi Okazaki

Context: Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.

Question: Who created Afro Samurai?


Answer: Studio Gonzo

Question: Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?


Answer: 2007

Question: When did Afro Samurai first air?


Answer: Spike TV

Question: On what channel did Afro Samurai air?


Answer: Samuel L. Jackson

Question: Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?


Answer: Marvel

Context: American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)

Question: In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?


Answer: an energy charged katana

Question: What is Silver Samurai's weapon?


Answer: over 350

Question: How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?


Answer: Tom Cruise

Question: Who starred in The Last Samurai?


Answer: US Army Captain Nathan Algren

Question: Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?


Answer: finding software bugs

Context: As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.

Question: What is the purpose of testing software?


Answer: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite

Question: Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?


Answer: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,

Question: What can come from one bug being fixed?


Answer: all the defects

Context: Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles—principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.

Question: What can testing not completely find?


Answer: furnishes a criticism or comparison

Question: While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?


Answer: oracles—principles or mechanisms

Question: What does the software compare during testing against?


Answer: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions

Question: What make up the oracle during testing?


Answer: to detect software failures

Context: A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.

Question: What is the primamry reason for testing software?


Answer: cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions

Question: What can testing software not fully completely establish?


Answer: examination of code as well as execution of that code

Question: What does the scope of testing the software also look at?


Answer: testing organization may be separate from the development team

Question: Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?


Answer: programmer makes an error

Context: Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform, alterations in source data, or interacting with different software. A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.

Question: What is the first step that leads to a software failure?


Answer: defect (fault, bug)

Question: What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?


Answer: run on a new computer hardware platform

Question: When can software defects in dead code cause problems?


Answer: testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible

Context: A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)—usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability—can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another.

Question: What is the primary issue with running software testing?


Answer: defects that occur infrequently

Question: What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?


Answer: usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability

Question: What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?


Answer: use combinatorial test design

Context: Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that "coverage", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.

Question: Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum?


Answer: get greater test coverage with fewer tests

Question: What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?


Answer: speed or test depth

Question: What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?


Answer: the earlier a defect is found

Context: It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found, the cheaper it is to fix it. The following table shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the stage it was found. For example, if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release, then it would cost 10–100 times more to fix than if it had already been found by the requirements review. With the advent of modern continuous deployment practices and cloud-based services, the cost of re-deployment and maintenance may lessen over time.

Question: What determines the cost of fixing a bug?


Answer: 10–100 times more

Question: Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?


Answer: cloud-based services

Question: What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?


Answer: Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections

Context: There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.

Question: Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?


Answer: dynamic testing

Question: What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?


Answer: before the program is 100% complete

Question: When can dynamic testing occur?


Answer: stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment

Question: What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?


Answer: clear box testing

Context: White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).

Question: What is another term used for White-box testing?


Answer: by seeing the source code

Question: What is involved with White-box testing?


Answer: testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills

Question: Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?


Answer: seeing the source code

Context: Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

Question: What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?


Answer: aware of what the software is supposed to do

Question: What are the software testers aware of?


Answer: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis

Question: What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??


Answer: Specification-based testing

Context: Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to do. It uses external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements, and designs to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional.

Question: What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?


Answer: specifications and requirements

Question: What are the test cases built around?


Answer: functional

Question: When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?


Answer: no programming knowledge is required

Context: One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight." Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.

Question: What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?


Answer: like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.

Question: What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?


Answer: tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality

Question: What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?


Answer: having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms

Context: Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the "black box" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test.

Question: What does grey-box testing involve?


Answer: not required to have full access to the software's source code

Question: What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?


Answer: Manipulating input data and formatting output

Question: What does not qualify as grey-box testing?


Answer: intelligent test scenarios

Context: By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.

Question: What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?


Answer: an isolated testing environment

Question: What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?


Answer: SQL statements

Question: What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?


Answer: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing

Context: There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective.

Question: What are the four recognized levels of testing software?


Answer: software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test

Question: What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?


Answer: unit-, integration-, and system testing

Question: What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?


Answer: the testing objective

Question: What are the other levels classified by?


Answer: reduce software development risks, time, and costs

Context: Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

Question: What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum?


Answer: software developer or engineer

Question: Who performs the Unit testing phase?


Answer: construction errors

Question: What does Unit testing look to eliminate?


Answer: increase the quality of the resulting software

Question: By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?


Answer: component interface testing

Context: The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.

Question: What is it called to check data passed between units?


Answer: message packets

Question: What is it called when data is being passed?


Answer: keep a separate log file of data items being passed

Question: What is an option of component interface testing used while sending message packets?


Answer: Component interface testing

Question: What is a variation of black-box testing?


Answer: Operational Acceptance

Context: Operational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported, and/or to become part of the production environment. Hence, it is also known as operational readiness testing (ORT) or Operations readiness and assurance (OR&A) testing. Functional testing within OAT is limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system.

Question: What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?


Answer: operational readiness of the system

Question: What does Operational Acceptance focus on?


Answer: limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system

Question: What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?


Answer: compatibility with other application software

Context: A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.

Question: What is the most common reason for software failure?


Answer: lack of backward compatibility

Question: What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?


Answer: lack of its compatibility with other application software

Question: What is the most common cause for software failure?


Answer: a lack of backward compatibility

Question: What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?


Answer: test software only on the latest version of the target environment

Question: What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?


Answer: Regression testing

Context: Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly, stops working as intended. Typically, regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code. Common methods of regression testing include re-running previous sets of test-cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged. The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features. They can either be complete, for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky, or be very shallow, consisting of positive tests on each feature, if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk. Regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development, due to checking numerous details in prior software features, and even new software can be developed while using some old test-cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported.

Question: Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?


Answer: stops working as intended

Question: What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??


Answer: re-running previous sets of test-cases

Question: What is a common method used during regression testing?


Answer: phase in the release process and the risk of the added features

Question: What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?


Answer: typically the largest test effort in commercial software development

Question: If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing?


Answer: Beta testing

Context: Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier, for an extended or even indefinite period of time (perpetual beta).[citation needed]

Question: What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?


Answer: limited audience outside of the programming

Question: To whom is the beta testing released to?


Answer: perpetual beta

Question: What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?


Answer: Destructive testing

Context: Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault injection, in the form of fuzzing, is an example of failure testing. Various commercial non-functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page; there are also numerous open-source and free software tools available that perform destructive testing.

Question: What method is used to cause a system to fail?


Answer: software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs

Question: What does Destructive testing verify?


Answer: Software fault injection

Question: What is one example of failure testing?


Answer: Load testing

Context: Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period.

Question: What method is used to test software under a specific load?


Answer: data or a large number of users

Question: What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?


Answer: Volume testing

Question: What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?


Answer: endurance testing

Question: What is Stable testing also called?


Answer: Stress testing

Question: What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?


Answer: Development Testing

Context: Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

Question: What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?


Answer: construction phase of the software development lifecycle

Question: When is development testing used?


Answer: construction errors

Question: What does Development testing look to eliminate?


Answer: extreme programming and the agile software development

Context: In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.

Question: Which two current movements adhere to the "test-driven software development"?


Answer: unit tests are written first

Question: Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?


Answer: achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently

Question: What is the goal of Unit testing?


Answer: modules, procedures, and functions

Context: Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.[citation needed] This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]

Question: What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?


Answer: the testing of higher level components

Question: Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?


Answer: makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage

Question: What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?


Answer: Class II

Context: It has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of states belongs to Class I (and all subsequent classes). However, if the number of states is not known, then it only belongs to all classes from Class II on. If the implementation under test must be a deterministic finite-state machine failing the specification for a single trace (and its continuations), and its number of states is unknown, then it only belongs to classes from Class III on. Testing temporal machines where transitions are triggered if inputs are produced within some real-bounded interval only belongs to classes from Class IV on, whereas testing many non-deterministic systems only belongs to Class V (but not all, and some even belong to Class I). The inclusion into Class I does not require the simplicity of the assumed computation model, as some testing cases involving implementations written in any programming language, and testing implementations defined as machines depending on continuous magnitudes, have been proved to be in Class I. Other elaborated cases, such as the testing framework by Matthew Hennessy under must semantics, and temporal machines with rational timeouts, belong to Class II.

Question: If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?


Answer: each class is strictly included into the next

Question: There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?


Answer: Class III

Question: If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?


Answer: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software

Context: Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.

Question: With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?


Answer: testing field is not ready for certification

Question: What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?


Answer: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge

Question: What four traits can a certification not measure?


Answer: Software testing

Context: Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called "defect rate". What constitutes an "acceptable defect rate" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]

Question: What makes up part of the SQA?


Answer: software development process

Question: What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?


Answer: video game

Question: What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?


Answer: metallic salts

Context: Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and reading glasses.

Question: What ingredient makes glass colorful?


Answer: organic polymer plastic

Question: What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?


Answer: transparency

Question: What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?


Answer: optical fibers

Question: What type of glass products can be used for sending information?


Answer: thermal insulating material

Question: In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?


Answer: Iron

Context: Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.

Question: What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?


Answer: increases the refractive index

Question: How does barium affect glass?


Answer: radioactivity

Question: What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?


Answer: flint glass

Question: What is another name for lead glass?


Answer: low dispersion

Question: What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?


Answer: soda

Context: Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, "soda"), which lowers the glass transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide [CaO], generally obtained from limestone), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.

Question: What causes glass to dissolve in water?


Answer: better chemical durability

Question: Why is lime often added to glass?


Answer: 70 to 74

Question: What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?


Answer: excellent thermal shock characteristics

Question: What is a benefit of fused quartz?


Answer: high melting-temperature

Question: What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz?


Answer: removal of bubbles

Context: Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles), the glass is formed. Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glass process, developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers, who created a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity. The top surface of the glass is subjected to nitrogen under pressure to obtain a polished finish. Container glass for common bottles and jars is formed by blowing and pressing methods. This glass is often slightly modified chemically (with more alumina and calcium oxide) for greater water resistance. Further glass forming techniques are summarized in the table Glass forming techniques.

Question: What happens during refining?


Answer: float glass process

Question: What method is used for making windows?


Answer: nitrogen

Question: What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth?


Answer: alumina and calcium oxide

Question: What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance?


Answer: Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff

Question: Who were the inventors of the float glass process?


Answer: boron

Context: Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as "crystal" when used in glass vessels) cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.

Question: What can be used to make glass less refractive?


Answer: 1.5

Question: What is the refraction index of typical glass?


Answer: lead oxide

Question: What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?


Answer: crystal

Question: What are high-index glasses erroneously called?


Answer: for their diamond-like optical properties

Question: Why are high-index glasses valued?


Answer: silicate glasses

Context: The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives. A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica, but the high melting point and very narrow glass transition of quartz make glassblowing and hot working difficult. In glasses like soda lime, the compounds added to quartz are used to lower the melting temperature and improve workability, at a cost in the toughness, thermal stability, and optical transmittance.

Question: Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?


Answer: soda-lime glass

Question: What kind of glass are containers made from?


Answer: silica

Question: What is sand mostly made of?


Answer: pure silica

Question: What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from?


Answer: silicate glasses

Question: What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean?