Answer: copper and zinc

Context: Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

Question: What two metals are mixed to create Brass?


Answer: 10th

Question: When was brass first used?


Answer: India

Question: Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?


Answer: end of the 16th century

Question: When was zinc introduced to Europe?


Answer: Zawar

Question: Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?


Answer: copper and zinc

Question: Brass is an alloy of what two elements?


Answer: Judea

Question: The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?


Answer: Rajasthan

Question: We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?


Answer: distillation process

Question: What early process was used to make zinc?


Answer: "philosopher's wool" or "white snow"

Question: What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?


Answer: Paracelsus

Context: The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Question: Who named the element zinc?


Answer: Zinke

Question: What was zinc named after?


Answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

Question: Who is credited with discovering zinc?


Answer: Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta

Question: What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?


Answer: deodorants

Question: Where can you find zinc chloride?


Answer: Paracelsus

Question: Who is credited as giving zinc its name?


Answer: (prong, tooth)

Question: What does the name zinc or zinke mean?


Answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

Question: Who discovered pure metallic zinc?


Answer: (hot-dip galvanizing

Question: What is the most common use for zinc?


Answer: deodorants

Question: What is a common use for zinc chloride?


Answer: two billion

Context: Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.

Question: How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?


Answer: ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency

Question: What can consumption of excess zinc cause?


Answer: biochemistry,

Question: Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?


Answer: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea

Question: What can a lack of zinc cause in children?


Answer: Zinc

Question: What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?


Answer: Zinc deficiency

Question: What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?


Answer: alcohol dehydrogenase

Question: In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?


Answer: excess zinc

Question: What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?


Answer: bluish-white

Context: Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

Question: What color is zinc?


Answer: It is somewhat less dense than iron

Question: Is iron more dense than zinc?


Answer: 100 and 150 °C

Question: At what temperature does the metal become malleable?


Answer: 210 °C

Question: At what temperature to zinc become brittle?


Answer: 907 °C

Question: What is the boiling point of zinc?


Answer: bluish-white

Question: In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?


Answer: hexagonal

Question: What is the crystalline structure of sync?


Answer: becomes malleable

Question: What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?


Answer: 210 °C

Question: At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?


Answer: Several dozen

Context: Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.

Question: How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?


Answer: 243.66

Question: What is the longest half life of the isotopes?


Answer: metastable isotope

Question: What does the superscript m represent?


Answer: three

Question: How many excited states does 61Zn have?


Answer: two

Question: How many excited states does 73Zn have?


Answer: 65Zn

Question: What is the most long lived radio isotope?


Answer: 46.5 hours

Question: What is the half life of 72Zn?


Answer: 10

Question: How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?


Answer: metastable isotope

Question: What does the superscript "m" indicate?


Answer: emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray

Question: What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?


Answer: +2

Context: The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H 2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn 2Cl 2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.

Question: What oxidation state dominates zinc?


Answer: The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C

Question: What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?


Answer: +1 or +2

Question: what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?


Answer: +2

Question: What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?


Answer: +1 or +2

Question: What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?


Answer: diamagnetic and mostly colorless.

Context: Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.

Question: Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?


Answer: zinc and magnesium

Question: The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?


Answer: ionic radius

Question: What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?


Answer: N- and S-

Question: Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?


Answer: bulky ligands

Context: Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.

Question: What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?


Answer: [Zn2]2+

Question: What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?


Answer: diamagnetic nature of the ion

Question: What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?


Answer: yellow glass

Question: When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?


Answer: noble gases

Context: Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn 3N 2, Zn 3P 2, Zn 3As 2 and Zn 3Sb 2), the peroxide (ZnO 2), the hydride (ZnH 2), and the carbide (ZnC 2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF 2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl 2, ZnBr 2, and ZnI 2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.

Question: What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?


Answer: strong basic and acidic solutions

Question: ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?


Answer: electronics and optics.

Question: What applications do chalcogenides have?


Answer: zincates

Context: In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH) 2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3) 2, chlorate Zn(ClO3) 2, sulfate ZnSO 4, phosphate Zn 3(PO4) 2, molybdate ZnMoO 4, cyanide Zn(CN) 2, arsenite Zn(AsO2) 2, arsenate Zn(AsO4) 2·8H 2O and the chromate ZnCrO 4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O 2CCH3) 2).

Question: Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?


Answer: The Charaka Samhita

Context: The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.

Question: Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?


Answer: Mauryan period

Question: Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?


Answer: smelting of metallic zinc

Question: What process occurred around the 12th century?


Answer: 13th century AD,

Question: When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?


Answer: metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes

Question: What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?


Answer: Paracelsus

Context: The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply "tin-like" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word سنگ seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

Question: Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?


Answer: imply "tin-like"

Question: Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?


Answer: metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance

Question: Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?


Answer: Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

Question: What are some of the other terms for zinc?


Answer: William Champion's brother, John,

Context: William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect "animal electricity". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Question: Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?


Answer: calamine

Question: Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?


Answer: Johann Christian Ruberg

Question: Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?


Answer: animal electricity

Question: What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?


Answer: electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Question: The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?


Answer: extractive metallurgy.

Context: Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO 2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).

Question: What is used to produce the metal zinc?


Answer: get an ore concentrate

Question: What is froth flotation used for?


Answer: grinding the ore

Question: What is the first step in zinc metal production?


Answer: 50%

Question: What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?


Answer: The production for sulfidic zinc ores

Context: The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

Question: Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?


Answer: heavy metals

Question: Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?


Answer: mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium

Question: Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?


Answer: 20 to 1

Question: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?


Answer: iron or steel

Context: Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn 5(OH) 6(CO 3) 2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.

Question: What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?


Answer: protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate

Question: What forms as zinc corrodes?


Answer: electrochemically or as molten zinc

Question: How is zinc applied?


Answer: Galvanization

Question: What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?


Answer: relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation

Context: The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.

Question: What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?


Answer: cathodic protection

Question: Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?


Answer: protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion

Question: What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?


Answer: will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked

Question: Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?


Answer: lead/tin alloy

Context: Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.

Question: What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?


Answer: machine bearings

Question: Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?


Answer: one cent coins

Question: Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?


Answer: thin layer of copper

Question: What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?


Answer: spin casting

Context: Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.

Question: Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?


Answer: Zamak

Question: Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?


Answer: small and intricate shapes

Question: What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?


Answer: Prestal

Question: What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?


Answer: die casts made of ceramics and cement.

Question: What is used to mold Prestal?


Answer: cold-rolled into sheets

Context: Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used as sheet metal and for methods such as deep drawing, roll forming or bending, zinc alloys with titanium and copper are used. Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes.

Question: What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?


Answer: stamping dies

Question: What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?


Answer: too expensive

Question: Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?


Answer: too brittle

Question: Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?


Answer: zinc compounds

Context: Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

Question: In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?


Answer: Zinc oxide

Question: What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?


Answer: Zinc oxide

Question: What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?


Answer: semiconductor

Question: Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?


Answer: thermochemical

Question: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?


Answer: Zinc chloride

Context: Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3) 2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.

Question: What is added to wood in order to preserve it?


Answer: luminescent pigments

Question: What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?


Answer: mid-infrared

Question: What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?


Answer: antifouling paints.

Question: Where is zinc pyrithion used?


Answer: 64Zn

Context: 64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.

Question: What is the most abundant zinc isotope?


Answer: intense gamma radiation

Question: What does 65Zn produce?


Answer: anti-corrosion agent

Question: Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?


Answer: 65Zn

Question: What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?


Answer: vitamin and mineral supplements

Context: Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.

Question: What consumable product is zinc included in?


Answer: antioxidant

Question: What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?


Answer: speed up the healing

Question: What is the benefit of zinc after injury?


Answer: prostate

Context: Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.

Question: What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?


Answer: chemotherapeutic

Question: What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?


Answer: prostate cancer

Question: What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?


Answer: prostate.

Question: Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?


Answer: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

Context: There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

Question: What does organozinc chemisty describe?


Answer: The Barbier reaction

Question: What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?


Answer: presence of just about any water

Question: When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?


Answer: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds

Question: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?


Answer: structural

Context: Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

Question: What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?


Answer: transcription factors,

Question: What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?


Answer: four

Question: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?


Answer: DNA helix

Question: What does the transcription factor wrap around?


Answer: zinc oxide

Context: Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.

Question: What is the most common supplement in the US?


Answer: nearly insoluble

Question: Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?


Answer: 20 mg/day

Question: What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?


Answer: 40 mg/day

Question: What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?


Answer: cereals

Context: For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.

Question: Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?


Answer: maize tortillas

Question: In what product did various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?


Answer: zinc picolinate

Question: What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?


Answer: zinc glycinate

Question: What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?


Answer: mild zinc deficiency

Context: Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Question: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?


Answer: depresses immunity

Question: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?


Answer: twice as much food

Question: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?


Answer: plant sources

Context: Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.

Question: What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?


Answer: phytates

Question: What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?


Answer: seeds and cereal bran,

Question: Where is zinc chelator phytate found?


Answer: diet is high in phytates,

Question: What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?


Answer: zinc

Context: Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Question: What are two billion people in the world deficient in?


Answer: deficient in zinc

Question: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?


Answer: zinc supplementation

Question: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?


Answer: zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Question: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?


Answer: high-pH soils

Context: Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

Question: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?


Answer: disease.

Question: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?


Answer: toxic

Question: Excess zinc has what effect on plants?


Answer: weathering of rocks

Question: How is zinc primarily added to soil?


Answer: copper

Context: There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

Question: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?


Answer: urinary

Question: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?


Answer: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals

Question: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?


Answer: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"

Question: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?


Answer: denture cream

Question: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?


Answer: nerve receptors

Context: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Question: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?


Answer: polio infections

Question: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?


Answer: zinc-based intranasal cold products

Question: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?


Answer: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione

Question: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?


Answer: pennies

Context: In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

Question: What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?


Answer: zinc toxicosis

Question: What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?


Answer: ataxia

Question: Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?


Answer: ingestion of zinc coins

Question: Why have people reported zinc intoxication?


Answer: Pennies

Context: Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

Question: What are dogs known to ingest?


Answer: zinc toxicity

Question: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?


Answer: parrots

Question: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?


Answer: juices stored in galvanized cans

Question: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?


Answer: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux

Context: Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?


Answer: eternality

Question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?


Answer: sublime

Question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?


Answer: architectural character

Question: What concept did Ledoux address?


Answer: building should immediately communicate its function

Question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?


Answer: 18th century

Context: The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

Question: What century were most four influential books published?


Answer: Colen Campbell

Question: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?


Answer: 18th-century

Question: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?


Answer: 1727

Question: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?


Answer: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

Context: At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Question: Who was the "architect earl"?


Answer: 1729

Question: When was Chiswick House designed?


Answer: Palladio's Villa Capra

Question: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?


Answer: Holkham Hall

Question: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?


Answer: Ancient Greece

Context: By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?


Answer: Sir William Hamilton

Question: What englishman excavated pompeii?


Answer: Rome

Question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?


Answer: Sweden and Russia.

Question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?


Answer: Napoleonic Empire

Context: A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?


Answer: Louis XVI style

Question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?


Answer: "Directoire" or Empire

Question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?


Answer: The Rococo style

Question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?


Answer: Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Context: Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

Question: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?


Answer: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).

Question: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?


Answer: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts

Question: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?


Answer: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in

Question: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?


Answer: authentically Roman

Context: The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Question: What were interiors seeking to recreate?


Answer: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours

Question: What colors were utilized for interiors?


Answer: Marie Antoinette

Question: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?


Answer: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones

Question: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?


Answer: Parisian

Question: What were styles in France initially?


Answer: Robert and James Adam

Context: A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?


Answer: Italy and Dalmatia

Question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?


Answer: The Works in Architecture

Question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?


Answer: rococo and baroque styles

Question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?


Answer: lighter and more elegant feel

Question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?


Answer: Greek architectural

Context: From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

Question: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?


Answer: Greek Revival

Question: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?


Answer: 18th century

Question: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?


Answer: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

Question: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?


Answer: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)

Question: What was the first Greek building in England?


Answer: William Wilkins

Context: Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).

Question: Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?


Answer: Burns Monument at Alloway

Question: What monument was created in 1818?


Answer: 1824–29

Question: When was the General Post Office built?


Answer: 1823–48

Question: In what year was the British Museum built?


Answer: 1832–38

Question: When was the National Gallery constructed?


Answer: more grandiose

Context: At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".

Question: How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?


Answer: Napoleon I

Question: What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?


Answer: Regency

Question: What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?


Answer: Federal style

Question: In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?


Answer: Late Baroque architecture

Context: High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

Question: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?


Answer: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes

Question: What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?


Answer: isolated rather than interpenetrating

Question: In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?


Answer: international movement

Question: How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?


Answer: ancient Romans

Context: Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

Question: What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?


Answer: grid system

Question: What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?


Answer: very logical and orderly

Question: What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?


Answer: Ancient Greco-Roman ideal

Context: From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

Question: What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?


Answer: Palmyra and Baalbec

Question: What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?


Answer: James 'Athenian' Stuart

Question: Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?


Answer: Adam Brothers

Question: What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?


Answer: Albert Richardson

Context: In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.

Question: What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?


Answer: interwar period

Question: In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?


Answer: New Delhi

Question: Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?


Answer: Gothic Revival

Question: What new design was trending after neoclassical?


Answer: Louis XVI style

Context: The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Question: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?


Answer: Directoire and "Empire"

Question: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?


Answer: Robert Adam

Question: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?


Answer: Sir John Soane

Question: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?


Answer: Marie Antoinette

Question: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?


Answer: Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80

Context: What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.

Question: What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?


Answer: Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French

Question: How concerned was France with Greek architecture?


Answer: Laboustre

Question: Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?


Answer: second Empire

Question: In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?


Answer: Vác

Context: The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

Question: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?


Answer: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval

Question: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?


Answer: Charles Moreau

Question: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?


Answer: József Hild

Question: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?


Answer: late 18th century

Context: Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).

Question: When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?


Answer: Hospitaller

Question: What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?


Answer: 1832

Question: When was RNH Bighi built?


Answer: 1844

Question: In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built?


Answer: New Classical Architecture

Context: As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.

Question: In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?


Answer: Traditional Architecture

Question: What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?


Answer: Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism

Question: What is another name for New Classical Architecture?


Answer: The Driehaus Architecture Prize

Question: What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?


Answer: roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s

Context: After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.

Question: When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?


Answer: New Urbanism

Question: What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?


Answer: ironic

Question: Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?


Answer: Thomas Gordon Smith

Question: What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?


Answer: Prince Charles

Context: In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.

Question: Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?


Answer: Qatari Royal family

Question: What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?


Answer: Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College

Question: What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?


Answer: ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library

Question: What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?


Answer: a number of architects are active in the neoclassical

Question: Is neoclassical design current in Britain?


Answer: last

Context: On October 9, 2006 at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel, the CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library. Its French counterpart, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, still signs off every night.

Question: Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?


Answer: early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)

Question: When did stations previously sign off the air?


Answer: infomercials

Question: What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed?


Answer: local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library

Question: What does CBC use unallotted airtime for?


Answer: Ici Radio-Canada Télé

Question: Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule?


Answer: 1998

Context: Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007-08 season, hit series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade.

Question: In what year did the network end American programming?


Answer: a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats

Question: What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?


Answer: Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border

Question: Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?


Answer: Rogers Communications

Context: Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.

Question: Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?


Answer: a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers

Question: Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?


Answer: on CBC-owned stations

Question: Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?


Answer: analysis and documentary segment

Context: The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.

Question: What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?


Answer: The National

Question: Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?


Answer: October 2006

Question: When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?


Answer: during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada

Question: During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?


Answer: from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

Context: In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon. Weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.

Question: What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?


Answer: weekend evenings

Question: When do most other stations view their local newscasts?


Answer: weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon

Question: When does CBC News Now air?


Answer: 1952

Context: One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada. It has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights. Many cultural groups criticized this and suggested the CBC air games from minor hockey leagues; the CBC responded that most such broadcast rights were already held by other groups, but it did base each Movie Night broadcast from a different Canadian hockey venue. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties include Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC Soccer, and various other amateur and professional events.

Question: What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?


Answer: various recent and classic movies

Question: What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?


Answer: Saturday

Question: On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey?


Answer: Movie Night in Canada

Question: What did CBC call it's movie showings during the NHL Lockout?


Answer: Curling

Context: It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–2005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life Television, the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.

Question: CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?


Answer: Cottage Life Television

Question: What is CBC Country Canada now called?


Answer: TSN

Question: Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?


Answer: June 15, 2006

Question: On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?


Answer: The One

Context: Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

Question: Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?


Answer: to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer

Question: Why did CBC move The National in some areas?


Answer: to attract a younger audience to the network

Question: For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?


Answer: 2005

Context: Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.

Question: What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?


Answer: the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008

Question: When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?


Answer: Torchwood

Question: Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?


Answer: Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me

Question: Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?


Answer: Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)

Context: On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT) and St. John's (CBNT-DT). CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner (included in most new television sets) on the following channels:

Question: What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?


Answer: over-the-air

Question: Where is CBC available for free?


Answer: a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner

Question: What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?


Answer: Toronto's CBLT

Context: Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are "CB" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is "T". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with "CF" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.

Question: What station does not identify itself by its call letters?


Answer: CBC itself

Question: Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?


Answer: "CB"

Question: What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?


Answer: "T"

Question: What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations?


Answer: CBC North

Question: Which stations break convention and begin with "CF" instead of "CB"?


Answer: stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules

Context: Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they may opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may be broadcast at a different time than the network, or may not be broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opt out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carry the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates have begun adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day.

Question: What are private affiliates?


Answer: 40

Question: Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?


Answer: 10 p.m

Question: Which broadcast do affiliates generally carry?


Answer: CHBC-TV in Kelowna

Context: Private CBC affiliates are not as common as they were in the past, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliates with another network, the CBC has normally added a retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops, CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008 and joined E!, but the CBC announced it will not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group. With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates have since joined City or Global, or closed altogether.

Question: Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?


Answer: CFJC-TV in Kamloops

Question: Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?


Answer: CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat

Question: What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?


Answer: Jim Pattison Group

Question: CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?


Answer: August 31, 2011

Context: According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),[citation needed] the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it is not expected that the CBC will open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed may pare back its existing transmitter network. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Whether the stations will remain CBC affiliates or become owned-and-operated stations of CTV or CTV Two following the completion of the merger is undetermined.

Question: What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?


Answer: it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates

Question: What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?


Answer: five

Question: In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?


Answer: Bell Media

Question: Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?


Answer: September 2010

Context: CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie. As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter. As a result, there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario. Both CBC - Toronto and CBC - Windsor are both over 100 miles from London, ON and out of range for even the largest antennas[citation needed].

Question: When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?


Answer: South-Western Ontario

Question: Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?


Answer: Ashtabula, Ohio

Question: Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?


Answer: more complete and consistent

Context: CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime).

Question: Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?


Answer: more

Question: Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?


Answer: tape delaying events to air in primetime

Question: Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?


Answer: August 31, 2011

Context: While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.

Question: What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?


Answer: only about half

Question: How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?


Answer: London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)

Question: Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?


Answer: August 31, 2012

Context: Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.

Question: When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?


Answer: Barrie, Ontario

Question: At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?


Answer: both

Question: Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?


Answer: 113,930 people

Context: In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain analogue service to Saint John. According to CBC's application for this transmitter to the CRTC, the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter. In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.

Question: How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?


Answer: 303,465

Question: How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?


Answer: only some northeastern parts

Question: In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?


Answer: 27

Context: CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10 million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to use of subchannels, citing costs, amongst other reasons.

Question: How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?


Answer: July 31, 2012

Question: When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?


Answer: $10 million

Question: How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?


Answer: 15

Context: On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011 due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital.

Question: How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?


Answer: financial reasons

Question: For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?


Answer: 27

Question: How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?


Answer: On December 16, 2010

Context: On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011." On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets, the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6, 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31, 2011.

Question: On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?


Answer: August 31, 2011

Question: On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?


Answer: reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets

Question: Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?


Answer: 62.5%

Context: On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The CBC issued a press release stating "CBC/Radio-Canada intends to re-file its application with the CRTC to provide more detailed cost estimates that will allow the Commission to better understand the unfeasibility of replicating the Corporation’s current analogue coverage." The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to "allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today – much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit."

Question: What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?


Answer: rejected

Question: Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected?


Answer: if the CRTC were to "allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today

Question: What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue?


Answer: August 18, 2011

Context: On August 18, 2011, the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31, 2012. Before that deadline, CBC's licence renewal process would take place and CBC's digital transition plans would be examined as part of that process. The requirement remains for all of CBC's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters. In some cases, CBC has opted to reduce the power of existing transmitters to low-power transmitters, which will result in signal loss for some viewers.

Question: On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?


Answer: 2 to 51

Question: Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?


Answer: 52 to 69

Question: Which of CBC's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power?


Answer: July 17, 2012

Context: On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters, noting that "while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences, even on application from a licensee, it cannot direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters." On July 31, 2012, at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone, the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down, leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country, and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations.

Question: On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?


Answer: July 31, 2012

Question: On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?


Answer: 620

Question: How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31, 2012?


Answer: les Appalaches

Context: The Appalachian Mountains (i/ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn/ or /ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.

Question: What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?


Answer: a system of mountains in eastern North America

Question: What are the Appalachian mountains?


Answer: roughly 480 million years ago

Question: When did the Appalachian mountains form?


Answer: Ordovician Period

Question: In what era did the mountains form?