Answer: 1744

Context: The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall. After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall. The 19th century produced some prominent players, including Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati. However, professional virtuosity was in decline, and the mandolin music changed as the mandolin became a folk instrument; "the large repertoire of notated instrumental music for the mandolino and the mandoline was completely forgotten". The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815, and when Carmine de Laurentiis wrote a mandolin method in 1874, the Music World magazine wrote that the mandolin was "out of date." Salvador Léonardi mentioned this decline in his 1921 book, Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo, saying that the mandolin had been declining in popularity from previous times.

Question: What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?


Answer: in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall

Question: Where did the mandolin grow in popularity?


Answer: After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall

Question: When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?


Answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati

Question: Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?


Answer: 1815

Question: What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?


Answer: Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878

Context: Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the energy and awareness created by the day's hit sensation, a wave of Italian mandolinists travelled Europe in the 1880s and 1890s and in the United States by the mid-1880s, playing and teaching their instrument. The instrument's popularity continued to increase during the 1890s and mandolin popularity was at its height in "early years of the 20th century." Thousands were taking up the instrument as a pastime, and it became an instrument of society, taken up by young men and women. Mandolin orchestras were formed worldwide, incorporating not only the mandolin family of instruments, but also guitars, double basses and zithers.

Question: When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?


Answer: Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)

Question: What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition?


Answer: early years of the 20th century.

Question: When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked?


Answer: bandurria

Question: What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's?


Answer: Mandolin orchestras

Question: What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?


Answer: early 20th century,

Context: The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin. Musicians began playing it in Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

Question: When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?


Answer: Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument

Question: Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?


Answer: Luthiers

Question: Who created the rasonator mandolin?


Answer: mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin

Question: What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?


Answer: Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

Question: What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?


Answer: decay to silence

Context: Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes or chords. The mandolin's paired strings facilitate this technique: the plectrum (pick) strikes each of a pair of strings alternately, providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would.

Question: What happens to mandolin notes when plucked?


Answer: faster

Question: Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?


Answer: rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings

Question: What is tremolo?


Answer: paired strings

Question: What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?


Answer: pick

Question: What is a plectrum?


Answer: almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood

Context: The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden tuning pegs, while newer instruments tend to use geared metal tuners. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood. A pickguard is glued below the sound hole under the strings. European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch scale instead of the 13.876 common on archtop Mandolins.

Question: What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?


Answer: 8

Question: How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?


Answer: metal strings

Question: What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?


Answer: hardwood fingerboard

Question: What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?


Answer: 13-inch scale

Question: How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks?


Answer: Milan and Lombardy

Context: Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d" g". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.

Question: Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?


Answer: mandolino or mandore

Question: What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?


Answer: They are shorter and wider

Question: What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?


Answer: 6 strings

Question: How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?


Answer: Antonio Monzino

Question: Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?


Answer: Samuel Adelstein

Context: Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."

Question: Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?


Answer: 4

Question: How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?


Answer: C, D, A, E, B, G.

Question: What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?


Answer: 20 frets

Question: How many frets did the Lombardi have?


Answer: three octaves

Question: How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?


Answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi

Context: In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone." He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.

Question: Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?


Answer: Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi

Question: What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?


Answer: four single-strings

Question: How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?


Answer: uncomfortable to play

Question: Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins?


Answer: less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone

Question: What did Bortolazzi say about the sound?


Answer: end of the 19th century

Context: At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock.

Question: When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?


Answer: violin family instruments

Question: What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?


Answer: European-style bowl-back

Question: What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?


Answer: Orville Gibson

Question: Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited?


Answer: two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)

Context: These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.

Question: What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have?


Answer: directly under the strings

Question: Where are the soundholes located?


Answer: Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins

Question: What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?


Answer: A-style

Question: What style is associate with other types of music?


Answer: complicated woodwork

Question: Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?


Answer: Gibson F-5

Context: Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers. Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include, in addition to Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings. Mandolins from other countries include The Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Canada), Gilchrist (Australia) and Morgan Monroe (China).

Question: What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?


Answer: early 1920s

Question: When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?


Answer: Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar

Question: Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication?


Answer: Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers

Question: Who are the other makers from the Loar period?


Answer: Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.

Question: Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers?


Answer: violin

Context: The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a "fad" instrument in the early 20th century. This "mandolin craze" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.

Question: What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?


Answer: classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras

Question: Where was the mandolin primarily used?


Answer: early 20th century

Question: When was the mandolin considered a fad?


Answer: Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri

Question: Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad?


Answer: 1930s

Question: When did the mandolin craze end?


Answer: Phil Skinner

Context: Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.

Question: Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement?


Answer: 20th century

Question: When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?


Answer: 1979

Question: When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE?


Answer: Harry Skinner

Question: What was Phil Skinner's birth name?


Answer: 10

Question: At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music?


Answer: Adrian Hooper

Context: The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of their members, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross. He has performed and recorded these works with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. As well, Paul Hooper has had many solo works dedicated to him by Australian composers e.g., Caroline Szeto, Ian Shanahan, Larry Sitsky and Michael Smetanin.

Question: Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?


Answer: over 200 works

Question: How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?


Answer: Compact Disks

Question: On what media was most of these work released?


Answer: ABC and MBS networks

Question: What radio stations can they be heard on?


Answer: mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper

Question: Who has had many Concertos written for him?


Answer: mandolin orchestras

Context: In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belgium. She is also mandolin teacher and gives lessons in the music academies of Lier, Wijnegem and Brasschaat. She is now also professor mandolin at the music high school “Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen”. She also gives various concerts each year in different ensembles. She is in close contact to the Brasschaat mandolin Orchestra. Her site is www.gevoeligesnaar.be

Question: What is an Etsudiantinas?


Answer: Belgium

Question: Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?


Answer: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen).

Question: What groups remain today?


Answer: Belgium

Question: Where is Gerda Abts well know in?


Answer: Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen

Question: Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?


Answer: Golden Age of Mandolins

Context: Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a strong presence in France. Prominent mandolin players or composers included Jules Cottin and his sister Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, and Edgar Bara. Paris had dozens of "estudiantina" mandolin orchestras in the early 1900s. Mandolin magazines included L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, École de la mandolie.

Question: Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where in France did the mandolinists play?


Answer: Napoleonic Wars.

Question: When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?


Answer: Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio

Question: Who were the players and composers during this time?


Answer: 1880s-1920s

Question: What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?


Answer: island of Crete

Context: On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.

Question: What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music?


Answer: around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.

Question: When did the mandolin appears on Crete?


Answer: mantola

Question: What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?


Answer: Stelios Foustalierakis

Question: Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria?


Answer: woman

Question: The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex?


Answer: Indian Carnatic

Context: Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.

Question: Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music?


Answer: E-B-E-B.

Question: What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?


Answer: absolute pitch

Question: There is no concept of what in Indian music?


Answer: C-G-C-G

Question: What is another popular madonlin tuning?


Answer: Bhangra

Question: These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called?


Answer: might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes

Context: Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. The f-hole mandolin, however, does come into its own in a traditional session, where its brighter tone cuts through the sonic clutter of a pub. Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s.

Question: What types of instruments do irish player prefer?


Answer: too soft-toned

Question: Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session?


Answer: the carved-top mandolins with f-holes

Question: Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?


Answer: flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins

Question: Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings?


Answer: WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin

Question: What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?


Answer: Andy Irvine

Context: Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who, like Johnny Moynihan, almost always tunes the top E down to D, to achieve an open tuning of GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna, respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners, are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. The instruments used are either flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above (made by UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars), or carved-top, oval hole instruments with arched back (made by Stefan Sobell in Northumberland). The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song "Going To My Hometown."

Question: Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?


Answer: John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna

Question: Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?


Answer: The Dubliners,

Question: What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?


Answer: UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars

Question: Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?


Answer: Rory Gallagher

Question: What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?


Answer: Antonio Vivaldi

Context: Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo).

Question: Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?


Answer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question: Who placed it in his 1787 work?


Answer: Don Giovanni and Beethoven

Question: What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?


Answer: Antonio Maria Bononcini

Question: Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?


Answer: 1748

Question: When was Alexander Balus composed?


Answer: Japan

Context: The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and can include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections. Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age, purchased by Morishige Takei.

Question: What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?


Answer: 40 or 50 members

Question: How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?


Answer: include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.

Question: What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?


Answer: 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age

Question: Japan hold and extensive collection of what?


Answer: Morishige Takei.

Question: Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines?


Answer: Portuguese for "mandolin"

Context: The bandolim (Portuguese for "mandolin") was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island. Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas. The mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado is one of Portugal's most accomplished mandolin players. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil.

Question: What does bandolim mean?


Answer: 19th century

Question: When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?


Answer: traditional and folk culture

Question: Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal?


Answer: Madeira Island

Question: Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located?


Answer: over 17

Question: How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have?


Answer: Simon Mayor

Context: The mandolin has been used extensively in the traditional music of England and Scotland for generations. Simon Mayor is a prominent British player who has produced six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents. The instrument has also found its way into British rock music. The mandolin was played by Mike Oldfield (and introduced by Vivian Stanshall) on Oldfield's album Tubular Bells, as well as on a number of his subsequent albums (particularly prominently on Hergest Ridge (1974) and Ommadawn (1975)). It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne, who featured two members on the instrument, Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe, and whose "Fog on the Tyne" was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972. The instrument was also used extensively in the UK folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s with bands such as Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span taking it on as the lead instrument in many of their songs. Maggie May by Rod Stewart, which hit No. 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100, also featured Jackson's playing. It has also been used by other British rock musicians. Led Zeppelin's bassist John Paul Jones is an accomplished mandolin player and has recorded numerous songs on mandolin including Going to California and That's the Way; the mandolin part on The Battle of Evermore is played by Jimmy Page, who composed the song. Other Led Zeppelin songs featuring mandolin are Hey Hey What Can I Do, and Black Country Woman. Pete Townshend of The Who played mandolin on the track Mike Post Theme, along with many other tracks on Endless Wire. McGuinness Flint, for whom Graham Lyle played the mandolin on their most successful single, When I'm Dead And Gone, is another example. Lyle was also briefly a member of Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance, and played mandolin on their hit How Come. One of the more prominent early mandolin players in popular music was Robin Williamson in The Incredible String Band. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull is a highly accomplished mandolin player (beautiful track Pussy Willow), as is his guitarist Martin Barre. The popular song Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want by The Smiths featured a mandolin solo played by Johnny Marr. More recently, the Glasgow-based band Sons and Daughters featured the mandolin, played by Ailidh Lennon, on tracks such as Fight, Start to End, and Medicine. British folk-punk icons the Levellers also regularly use the mandolin in their songs. Current bands are also beginning to use the Mandolin and its unique sound - such as South London's Indigo Moss who use it throughout their recordings and live gigs. The mandolin has also featured in the playing of Matthew Bellamy in the rock band Muse. It also forms the basis of Paul McCartney's 2007 hit "Dance Tonight." That was not the first time a Beatle played a mandolin, however; that distinction goes to George Harrison on Gone Troppo, the title cut from the 1982 album of the same name. The mandolin is taught in Lanarkshire by the Lanarkshire Guitar and Mandolin Association to over 100 people. Also more recently hard rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures have been playing a song based primarily using a mandolin. This song was left off their debut album, and features former Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones.[citation needed]

Question: Who is a famous British player?


Answer: six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents.

Question: What did Simon mayer produce?


Answer: Mike Oldfield

Question: Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells?


Answer: "Fog on the Tyne

Question: What was UK's biggest selling album?


Answer: Maggie May

Question: What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin?


Answer: Estudiantina Figaro

Context: The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students." The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned other groups who imitated their musical style and costumes. An Italian musician, Carlo Curti, hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the "Original Spanish Students," counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins. The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States.

Question: What group in the US was popular?


Answer: January 2, 1880

Question: When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?


Answer: Boston and New York

Question: Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play?


Answer: Original Spanish Students

Question: What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro?


Answer: the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins

Question: What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American public not to know?


Answer: 1880s

Context: Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a "peculiar shape" and "crude construction," and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were "superior" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.

Question: When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?


Answer: 1883 or 1884

Question: When was the first madolin made in the US?


Answer: Joseph Bohm

Question: Who made the first US mandolin?


Answer: Chicago

Question: Where was Joseph Bohmann from?


Answer: French-made mandolin

Question: What type of madolin was Partee using ?


Answer: The Music Man

Context: Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.

Question: What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer?


Answer: mandolin orchestras

Question: What did these teacher-dealers often conduct?


Answer: 4-50 musicians

Question: How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras?


Answer: Samuel Siegel

Question: Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville?


Answer: composer James Reese Europe.

Question: Who was the famous African American musican and director?


Answer: ensemble setting

Context: The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. However, The "Loar" became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument.

Question: The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was?


Answer: bluegrass

Question: Where did the mandolins find a new home?


Answer: Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson

Question: What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?


Answer: Loar

Question: What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?


Answer: F-5 S/N 73987

Question: What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use?


Answer: mandolin-based guitar programs

Context: The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.

Question: What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?


Answer: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra

Question: What are two of the popular public school groups?


Answer: Norman Levine

Question: Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?


Answer: Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla

Question: Who are modern mandolinists and composers?


Answer: Cowan Powers and his family

Context: When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926, his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin. By the 1930s, single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a "parlor" sound typical of brother duets to the modern "bluegrass" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders.

Question: What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?


Answer: Orpha Powers

Question: Who was the earliest known southern music artist?


Answer: single mandolins

Question: What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's?


Answer: Bill Monroe

Question: Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?


Answer: Blue Grass Boys

Question: What was Bill Monroe's group called?


Answer: the chop

Context: Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.

Question: What chording sound was Monroe popular for?


Answer: B and E

Question: What keys was Monroe popular for?


Answer: Frank Wakefield

Question: Who was Monroe's most influential follower?


Answer: Moore of the Texas Playboys

Question: Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?


Answer: Western Swing music

Question: What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?


Answer: Jesse McReynolds

Context: Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking—and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.

Question: Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?


Answer: Jim and Jesse

Question: What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?


Answer: crosspicking

Question: What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?


Answer: syncopated banjo-roll-like style

Question: What is crosspicking?


Answer: Ronnie McCoury

Question: Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music?


Answer: half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro

Context: Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.

Question: What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?


Answer: jazz mandolinist

Question: What type of music did Jethro Burns play?


Answer: Tiny Moore

Question: Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?


Answer: Chris Thile of California is

Question: Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?


Answer: Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs

Question: Who are othe rwell know players?


Answer: Howard Armstrong,

Context: Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder, who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell, Johnny "Man" Young, Carl Martin, and Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, who is famous for blues violin, got his start with his father's mandolin and played in string bands similar to the other Tennessee string bands he came into contact with, with band makeup including "mandolins and fiddles and guitars and banjos. And once in a while they would ease a little ukulele in there and a bass fiddle." Other blues players from the era's string bands include Willie Black (Whistler And His Jug Band), Dink Brister, Jim Hill, Charles Johnson, Coley Jones (Dallas String Band), Bobby Leecan (Need More Band), Alfred Martin, Charlie McCoy (1909-1950), Al Miller, Matthew Prater, and Herb Quinn.

Question: Who got his start with his father's mandolin?


Answer: Ry Cooder

Question: Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?


Answer: ukulele in there and a bass fiddle

Question: What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use?


Answer: Willie Black

Question: Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band?


Answer: psychedelic era of the late 1960s

Context: The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on Rag Mama Rag, Rockin' Chair, and Evangeline. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on Fat Man, from their second album, Stand Up, and also occasionally on later releases. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff. David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, Friend of the Devil and Ripple, which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on Led Zeppelin songs. The popular alt rock group Imagine Dragons feature the mandolin on a few of their songs, most prominently being It's Time. Dash Crofts of the soft rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980, which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin. The song didn't chart in the United States but was popular in much of Europe and the Philippines.

Question: When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?


Answer: Levon Helm

Question: Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?


Answer: Maggie May

Question: What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?


Answer: David Grisman

Question: What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?


Answer: Boat on the River

Question: Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?


Answer: single-stringed electric

Context: Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit "Losing My Religion" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song "Locust Street." Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song "Dream of the Archer" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song "The Battle of Evermore." "Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.

Question: What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use?


Answer: Dropkick Murphys

Question: Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?


Answer: Losing My Religion

Question: What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?


Answer: System of A Down

Question: What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins?


Answer: Days of Thunder

Question: What film's theme song uses a mandolin?


Answer: Venezuela

Context: As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument in their versions of Joropo as well as Puntos, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues and Malagueñas. Also, in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, and Waltzes. In the western city of Maracaibo the Mandolin has been played in Decimas, Danzas and Contradanzas Zulianas; in the capital, Caracas, the Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles and Waltzes have also been played with mandolin for almost a century. Today, Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.

Question: What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?


Answer: regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes

Question: What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country?


Answer: Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.

Question: Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist?


Answer: mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles

Context: To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.

Question: What type of music has mandolins played?


Answer: Japan and Germany

Question: Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular?


Answer: first and second mandolins,

Question: What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?


Answer: two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,

Question: What are smalled ensambles composed of?


Answer: cello

Question: What are the mandocellos usually tuned like?


Answer: arthropod

Context: Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

Question: In what phylum are insects classified?


Answer: three-part

Question: How many parts comprise the body of an insect?


Answer: thorax

Question: In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?


Answer: chitinous

Question: What type of exoskeleton do insects have?


Answer: three

Question: How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?


Answer: cut into sections

Question: What does insect mean in latin?


Answer: insectum

Question: What is the Latin word for insect?


Answer: invertebrates

Question: Insects are a class of what?


Answer: chitinous exoskeleton

Question: Insects have what kind of skeleton?


Answer: head

Question: An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?


Answer: hatch from eggs

Context: The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22–28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.

Question: How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?


Answer: inelastic exoskeleton

Question: What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?


Answer: pupal stage

Question: What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?


Answer: nymphal

Question: What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?


Answer: Paleozoic

Question: What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans?


Answer: eggs

Question: Insects hatch from what?


Answer: the inelastic exoskeleton

Question: Insects growth is constrained by what?


Answer: molts

Question: An insects developement involves a series of what?


Answer: 4-stage

Question: How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?


Answer: flowering plants

Question: The most diverse insects coevolved with what?


Answer: tripedal

Context: Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.

Question: What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?


Answer: gills

Question: What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?


Answer: water striders

Question: What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?


Answer: stridulate

Question: What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?


Answer: Lampyridae

Question: What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?


Answer: swimming

Question: Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?


Answer: Adult

Question: Which insects walk, fly, and swim?


Answer: triangles

Question: Insects walk the ground in alternating what?


Answer: tripedal gait

Question: Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?


Answer: communicate

Question: What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?


Answer: insecticides

Context: Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.

Question: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?


Answer: terrestrial

Question: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?


Answer: Silkworms

Question: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?


Answer: blow-flies

Question: What insect is known to consume carrion?


Answer: pests

Question: Humans consider most insects as what?


Answer: insecticides

Question: Humans can control insects using what?


Answer: crops

Question: Insects have the potential to damage what?


Answer: leaves

Question: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?


Answer: silk

Question: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?


Answer: insectum

Context: The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', "to cut"), etc.

Question: What is the Latin term for insect?


Answer: Pliny the Elder

Question: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?


Answer: three

Question: How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?


Answer: Aristotle

Question: Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?


Answer: 1601

Question: In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?


Answer: body

Question: Insect means to have a notched or divided what?


Answer: three sections

Question: Insects are cut into how many sections?


Answer: Aristotle

Question: Who gave this class of life the name "insect"?


Answer: 1601

Question: In what year did the word "insect" appear in a document?


Answer: Pliny the Elder

Question: Who introduced the Latin version of the word "insect"?


Answer: Carboniferous

Context: The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.

Question: From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?


Answer: Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti

Question: What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?


Answer: 2008

Question: In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?


Answer: dicondylic

Question: What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?


Answer: winged

Question: With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?


Answer: phylogeny

Question: What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?


Answer: arthropods

Question: The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?


Answer: full-body

Question: What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?


Answer: insect

Question: A University discovered a primitive flying what?


Answer: 300 million-year-old

Question: How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?


Answer: Early Permian

Context: Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

Question: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?


Answer: 55 to 70

Question: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?


Answer: oxygen

Question: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism?


Answer: 270

Question: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun?


Answer: Permian-Triassic

Question: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?


Answer: insect orders

Question: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?


Answer: extant groups

Question: The insect orders include both of what?


Answer: Paleozoic groups

Question: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?


Answer: dragonfly-like forms

Question: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?


Answer: 55 to 70 cm

Question: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?


Answer: chemical

Context: Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems.

Question: What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?


Answer: herbivores

Question: What is the term for a plant-eating insect?


Answer: plant toxins

Question: What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?


Answer: colors

Question: How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?


Answer: pollination

Question: What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?


Answer: herbivores

Question: Insects are considered terrestrial what?


Answer: plants

Question: What were insects the major selection agents of?


Answer: chemical defenses

Question: What did plants eventually form against insects?


Answer: plant toxins

Question: Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?


Answer: warning colors

Question: Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?


Answer: Pterygota

Context: Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).

Question: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?


Answer: Apterygota

Question: What is the term for the class of insects without wings?


Answer: Archaeognatha

Question: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?


Answer: Dicondylia

Question: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?


Answer: two groups

Question: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?


Answer: Pterygota

Question: Insects with wings are known as what?


Answer: wingless

Question: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?


Answer: silverfish

Question: What is a Thysanura?


Answer: Dicondylia

Question: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?


Answer: systematics

Context: Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.

Question: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?


Answer: superclass

Question: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?


Answer: four groups

Question: How many groups are defined in the superclass?


Answer: Collembola

Question: Springtails are also known as what?


Answer: Entognatha

Question: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?


Answer: winged

Context: Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

Question: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders?


Answer: sclerites

Question: An insects hard body parts are called what?


Answer: abdomen

Question: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?


Answer: metamorphosis-based

Question: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?


Answer: related

Question: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?


Answer: The Exopterygota

Context: The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs – a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Many questions remain in the basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly the Hymenoptera.

Question: What are likely to be paraphyletic?


Answer: Matters

Question: Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?


Answer: Halteria

Question: Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?


Answer: the entomological community

Question: A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?


Answer: The Neuropterida

Question: What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?


Answer: uncertain

Context: Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate. About 850,000–1,000,000 of all described species are insects. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 3 million species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. A recent study estimated the number of beetles at 0.9–2.1 million with a mean of 1.5 million.

Question: The true diversity within the insect species remains what?


Answer: 2.6–7.8 million species

Question: How many insect species are estimated to exist?


Answer: 20,000

Question: How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?


Answer: less than 20%

Question: Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?


Answer: undescribed

Question: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?


Answer: segmented bodies

Context: Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs—one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax—and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22–48 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.

Question: What kind of bodies to insects have?


Answer: exoskeletons

Question: Insects bodies are supported by what?


Answer: hard

Question: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?


Answer: interconnected

Question: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?


Answer: tagmata

Question: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?


Answer: head

Context: The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures and sclerites. Here, the vertex, or the apex (dorsal region), is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head. In prognathous insects, the vertex is not found between the compound eyes, but rather, where the ocelli are normally. This is because the primary axis of the head is rotated 90° to become parallel to the primary axis of the body. In some species, this region is modified and assumes a different name.:13

Question: What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?


Answer: epicranium

Question: What is another word for head capsule?


Answer: Orthoptera

Question: What displays the most features on an insect?


Answer: apex

Question: What is the vertex also known as?


Answer: compound

Question: The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?


Answer: three sections

Context: The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax, with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, with the major features being the second pair of legs and the anterior wings. The third and most posterior segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which features the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used.

Question: The throax has how many sections?


Answer: thorax

Question: Another term for tagma is?


Answer: head

Question: The anterior section is closest to the what?


Answer: anterior

Question: The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?


Answer: two

Question: The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?


Answer: abdomen

Context: The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.

Question: What is the largest tagma of an insect?


Answer: 11–12 segments

Question: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?


Answer: head

Question: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?


Answer: sternum

Question: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?


Answer: Spiracles

Question: The pleural area holds what?


Answer: the cuticle

Context: The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22–24 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.

Question: Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?


Answer: two

Question: The cuticle has how many layers?


Answer: the epicuticle

Question: Which cuticle later is like wax?


Answer: chitin

Question: The epicuticle does not consist of what?


Answer: thicker

Question: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?


Answer: invertebrates

Context: Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water.

Question: Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?


Answer: flight

Question: Insects have developed what kind of active capability?


Answer: important

Question: Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?


Answer: multiple

Question: How many times are insects muscles able to contract?


Answer: exoskeletons

Question: Insects muscles are attached to their what?


Answer: ganglion

Context: The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in the abdomen, whereas the wasp Vespa crabro has only two in the thorax and three in the abdomen. Some insects, like the house fly Musca domestica, have all the body ganglia fused into a single large thoracic ganglion.

Question: What is on each side of a thoracic segment?


Answer: one

Question: How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?


Answer: a pair

Question: Ganglia are connected into a what?


Answer: one pair

Question: How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?


Answer: abdomen

Question: What other location on an insect are ganglia located?


Answer: a few

Context: At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one. The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereotypical rolling behavior that was not exhibited when the larvae were touched by the unheated probe. Although nociception has been demonstrated in insects, there is no consensus that insects feel pain consciously

Question: How many insects have nociceptors?


Answer: nociceptors

Question: Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?


Answer: 2003

Question: When were nociceptors discovered?


Answer: fruitfly Drosophila

Question: Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?


Answer: the heated probe

Question: Which probe did the larvae react to?


Answer: salivary glands

Context: The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect can mix its food with saliva. The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down. Some insects, like flies, have extra-oral digestion. Insects using extra-oral digestion expel digestive enzymes onto their food to break it down. This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source.:31 The gut is where almost all of insects' digestion takes place. It can be divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut.

Question: What produces saliva in an insects mouth?


Answer: salivary ducts

Question: What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?


Answer: salivarium

Question: What is an opening through the head called?


Answer: behind the hypopharynx

Question: Where is the salivarium located?


Answer: The gut

Question: Where does an insect's digestion happen?


Answer: midgut

Context: Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut. In some insects, the role of the microvilli and where they are located may vary. For example, specialized microvilli producing digestive enzymes may more likely be near the end of the midgut, and absorption near the origin or beginning of the midgut.:32

Question: What is another name for mesenteron?


Answer: the crop

Question: Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?


Answer: the mesenteron

Question: The majority of an insects digestion happens where?


Answer: Microscopic

Question: What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?


Answer: microvilli

Question: What are microscopic projections called?


Answer: the hindgut

Context: In the hindgut (element 16 in numbered diagram), or proctodaeum, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets. The rectum absorbs 90% of the water in these fecal pellets, and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus (element 17), completing the process of digestion. The uric acid is formed using hemolymph waste products diffused from the Malpighian tubules (element 20). It is then emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some insects to over 100 tubules in others.:71–72, 78–80

Question: What is a proctodaeum?


Answer: undigested

Question: What kind of food particles have uric acid?


Answer: uric acid

Question: What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?


Answer: 90%

Question: An insects rectum absorbs how much water?


Answer: the anus

Question: Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?


Answer: ovaries

Context: The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by the number of ovarioles with the rate that eggs can be develop being also influenced by ovariole design. Female insects are able make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands or glandular parts of the oviducts produce a variety of substances for sperm maintenance, transport and fertilization, as well as for protection of eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called oothecae. Spermathecae are tubes or sacs in which sperm can be stored between the time of mating and the time an egg is fertilized.:880

Question: Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?


Answer: accessory glands

Question: What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?


Answer: ducts

Question: What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?


Answer: ovaries

Question: Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?


Answer: ovarioles

Question: What are egg tubes called?


Answer: testis

Context: For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885

Question: What is the male reproductive system called?


Answer: the body cavity

Question: Where is tracheae located?


Answer: testes

Question: Most make insects contain a pair of what?


Answer: sperm tubes

Question: What are inside male testes?


Answer: the vas deferens

Question: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?


Answer: lungs

Context: Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically. Toward the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) divides into chambers and acts like the insect's heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, inside the body cavity.:61–65 Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles.

Question: Respiration for insects happens without what?


Answer: internal tubes

Question: Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?


Answer: gases

Question: What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?


Answer: oxygen

Question: What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?


Answer: circulatory system

Question: Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?


Answer: gas exchange

Context: There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects. Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65–68 During continuous gas exchange, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle. In discontinuous gas exchange, however, the insect takes in oxygen while it is active and small amounts of carbon dioxide are released when the insect is at rest. Diffusive ventilation is simply a form of continuous gas exchange that occurs by diffusion rather than physically taking in the oxygen. Some species of insect that are submerged also have adaptations to aid in respiration. As larvae, many insects have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water, while others need to rise to the water surface to replenish air supplies which may be held or trapped in special structures.

Question: What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?


Answer: diffusive ventilation

Question: Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?


Answer: continuous gas exchange

Question: Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?


Answer: discontinuous gas exchange

Question: What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?


Answer: diffusion

Question: Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?


Answer: eggs.

Context: The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the amnion and the serosa. This serosa secretes a cuticle rich in chitin that protects the embryo against desiccation. In Schizophora however the serosa does not develop, but these flies lay their eggs in damp places, such as rotting matter. Some species of insects, like the cockroach Blaptica dubia, as well as juvenile aphids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous. The eggs of ovoviviparous animals develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera, are viviparous, and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive.:129, 131, 134–135 Some insects, like parasitic wasps, show polyembryony, where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos.:136–137 Insects may be univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, i.e. they may have one, two or many broods (generations) in a year.

Question: Where are insects hatched from?


Answer: inside the egg

Question: Fertilization happens where?


Answer: development

Question: Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?


Answer: shell

Question: Chorion is another word for what?


Answer: generations

Question: Broods is another term for what word?


Answer: variations

Context: Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism.:143 In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms, as in the oblong winged katydid, which has four different varieties: green, pink and yellow or tan. Some insects may retain phenotypes that are normally only seen in juveniles; this is called paedomorphosis. In peramorphosis, an opposite sort of phenomenon, insects take on previously unseen traits after they have matured into adults. Many insects display sexual dimorphism, in which males and females have notably different appearances, such as the moth Orgyia recens as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects.

Question: Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?


Answer: sex-determination system

Question: Haplodiploidy is what type of system?


Answer: sex

Question: The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?


Answer: bees and wasps

Question: The sex-determination system is found in which insects?


Answer: morphs

Question: Polymophism species have different forms or what else?


Answer: Some

Context: Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants, in which they spawn males. However, overall, most individuals are female, which are produced by fertilization. The males are haploid and the females are diploid. More rarely, some insects display hermaphroditism, in which a given individual has both male and female reproductive organs.

Question: How many insects use parthenogenesis?


Answer: parthenogenesis

Question: GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?


Answer: aphids

Question: What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?


Answer: reproduction

Question: Aphis have asexual and sexual what?


Answer: parthenogenetic

Question: Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?


Answer: Hemimetabolous

Context: Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, which makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest.:142

Question: Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?


Answer: incomplete

Question: What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?


Answer: gradually

Question: Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?


Answer: molts

Question: Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?


Answer: exoskeleton

Question: Insect's molt when they outgrow what?


Answer: Holometabolism

Context: Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This worm-like form can be one of several varieties: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement and often sealed within a cocoon. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.:151 Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, although most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis.

Question: What is a complete metamorphosis called?


Answer: four stages

Question: How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?


Answer: embryo

Question: What is another word for egg?


Answer: the adult

Question: What is an imago?


Answer: Butterflies

Question: Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?