Answer: Executive Order 10925

Context: The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the executive order. He wanted a phrase that "gave a sense of positivity to performance under the order." He was torn between the words "positive action" and "affirmative action," and selected the later due to its alliterative quality. The term "active recruitment" started to be used as well. This order, albeit heavily worked up as a significant piece of legislation, in reality carried little actual power. The scope was limited to a couple hundred defense contractors, leaving nearly $7.5 billion in federal grants and loans unsupervised.:60

Question: Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"?


Answer: Hobart Taylor Jr.

Question: Who co - authored the executive order?


Answer: Vice President Johnson

Question: Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?


Answer: positive action

Question: What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered?


Answer: alliterative quality

Question: What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"?


Answer: NAACP

Context: NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dollar contract. Due to taxpayer-funding being 90% of Lockheed's business, along with disproportionate hiring practices, black workers charged Lockheed with "overt discrimination." Lockheed signed an agreement with Vice President Johnson that pledged an "aggressive seeking out for more qualified minority candidates for technical and skill positions.:63–64 This agreement was the administration's model for a "plan of progress." Johnson and his assistants soon pressured other defense contractors, including Boeing and General Electric, to sign similar voluntary agreements indicating plans for progress. However, these plans were just that, voluntary. Many corporations in the South, still afflicted with Jim Crow laws, largely ignored the federal recommendations.:63–64

Question: Who had issues with JFK's proposal?


Answer: NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill

Question: Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?


Answer: Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

Question: Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?


Answer: Vice President Johnson

Question: Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?


Answer: Jim Crow

Question: Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?


Answer: Civil Rights Act

Context: This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74

Question: Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?


Answer: integrate public facilities

Question: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?


Answer: 11114

Question: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?


Answer: to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees

Question: What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?


Answer: ending discrimination in the nation's workplace

Question: What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?


Answer: Title VII

Context: Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power to the Commission to require hiring, firing, and promotion to meet a racial 'quota.' [. . .] Title VII is designed to encourage the hiring on basis of ability and qualifications, not race or religion." Title VII prohibits discrimination. Humphrey was the silent hero of the bill's passing through Congress. He pledged that the bill required no quotas, just nondiscrimination. Doing so, he convinced many pro-business Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (IL) to support Title VII.:78–80

Question: Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial?


Answer: a de facto quota system

Question: What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?


Answer: Hubert Humphrey

Question: Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?


Answer: Everett Dirksen

Question: Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?


Answer: Senate Minority Leader

Question: What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?


Answer: his successor Nixon

Context: The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained, "The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws . . . openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle." The order included definite "goals and timetables." As President Nixon asserted, "We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment."

Question: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?


Answer: Philadelphia Order

Question: Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?


Answer: construction

Question: Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?


Answer: craft unions

Question: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?


Answer: Arthur Fletcher

Question: Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?


Answer: became less prevalent

Context: After the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. "During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, yet the world was changing and new issues were being raised. People began to look at affirmative action as a glorified issue of the past and now there were other areas that needed focus. "Of all the triumphs that have marked this as America's Century –...none is more inspiring, if incomplete, than our pursuit of racial justice."

Question: In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?


Answer: there were other areas that needed focus

Question: What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?


Answer: Ford

Question: Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?


Answer: racial

Context: In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented minorities were to only be upheld if necessary and promoted a compelling governmental purpose. (See Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.) There is no clear guidance about when government action is not "compelling", and such rulings are rare.

Question: What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny?


Answer: necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest

Question: What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?


Answer: U.S. Supreme Court

Question: Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?


Answer: Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.

Question: What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?


Answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

Context: Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion. Although 23% of those taking the test were African American, none scored high enough to qualify. Because of the possibility the tests were biased in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, no candidates were promoted pending outcome of the controversy. In a split 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority.

Question: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?


Answer: New Haven, Connecticut

Question: Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?


Answer: 17

Question: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?


Answer: 23

Question: What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?


Answer: 5-4

Question: What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?


Answer: Kennedy

Context: President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that "discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States"; that "it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin, employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts"; that "it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government"; and that "it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy, security, and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower".

Question: Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?


Answer: Executive Order 10925

Question: Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?


Answer: Federal Government and on government contracts

Question: What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?


Answer: class

Context: Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination. The AAPF believes that "Race-conscious affirmative action remains necessary to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success of countless people of color of all classes". The groups goes on to say that affirmative action is responsible for creating the African American middle class, so it does not make sense to say that the system only benefits the middle and upper classes.

Question: Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?


Answer: African American Policy Forum

Question: Which organization believed in the class based argument?


Answer: African American middle class

Question: What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?


Answer: non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination

Question: What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?


Answer: to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success

Question: What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?


Answer: end of World War II

Context: Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furthermore, at the time of its introduction, segregation was still the law of the land barring blacks from the best institutions. Overall, "Nearly 8 million servicemen and servicewomen were educated under the provisions of the GI Bill after World War II. But for blacks, higher educational opportunities were so few that the promise of the GI Bill went largely unfulfilled."

Question: What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans?


Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill

Question: What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?


Answer: loans at the same rate as whites

Question: What did returning black veterans not receive?


Answer: Nearly 8 million

Question: How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill?


Answer: higher educational

Question: What opportunities were few for black veterans?


Answer: Dr. Paul Brest

Context: According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged compared to White Americans and are more likely to live in poverty. They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975-1990. In 1990, they constituted 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded. At times when it is favorable to lawmakers, Latinos were considered "white" by the Jim Crow laws during the Reconstruction. In other cases, according to Paul Brest, Latinos have been classified as an inferior race and a threat to white purity. Latinos have encountered considerable discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education. Brest finds that stereotypes continue to be largely negative and many perceive Latinos as "lazy, unproductive, and on the dole." Furthermore, native-born Latino-Americans and recent immigrants are seen as identical since outsiders tend not to differentiate between Latino groups.

Question: Who conducted a study about the origins of "Latinos"?


Answer: 80%

Question: How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991?


Answer: least well educated

Question: In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?


Answer: 12%

Question: What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990?


Answer: 3.1%

Question: How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos?


Answer: people who lived in North America before European settlement

Context: The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were far smaller and less productive. According to Brest, land belonging to Native Americans was reduced from 138 million acres in 1887 to 52 million acres in 1934. In 1990, the poverty rate for Native Americans was more than triple that of the whites and only 9.4% of Native Americans have completed a bachelor's degree as opposed to 25.2% of whites and 12.2% of African Americans.

Question: Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?


Answer: During the U.S. government's westward expansion

Question: When did the Native Americans lose their land?


Answer: reservations

Question: Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?


Answer: 52 million acres

Question: How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?


Answer: more than triple

Question: In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?


Answer: not having the ability to become naturalized citizens

Context: Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost their property, homes, and businesses. Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages. In addition, whites and non-Asians do not differentiate among the different Asian groups and perpetuate the "model minority" stereotype. According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University, Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education, but lacking in communication skills and personality. A negative outcome of this stereotype is that Asians have been portrayed as having poor leadership and interpersonal skills. This has contributing to the "glass ceiling" phenomenon in which although there are many qualified Asian Americans, they occupy a disproportionately small number of executive positions in businesses. Furthermore, the model minority stereotype has led to resentment of Asian success and several universities and colleges have limited or have been accused of limiting Asian matriculation.

Question: What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?


Answer: school segregation

Question: What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?


Answer: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Question: Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?


Answer: Immigration Act of 1924

Question: Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?


Answer: communication skills and personality

Question: According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?


Answer: inherently unequal

Context: Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. "Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does."

Question: What is one of the issues with affirmative action?


Answer: an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice

Question: How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?


Answer: overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion

Question: What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?


Answer: make special efforts at inclusion

Question: What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?


Answer: Bill Clinton

Context: There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19, 1995, nearly two and a half years after his inauguration. In his speech, he discussed the history in the United States that brought the policy into fruition: slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough" speech, and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality. He addressed the arguments that affirmative action hurt the white middle class and said that the policy was not the source of their problems. Clinton plainly outlined his stance on affirmative action, saying:

Question: Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?


Answer: two and a half years

Question: How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?


Answer: President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"

Question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?


Answer: just outlawing discrimination

Question: What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?


Answer: the policy was not the source of their problems

Question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.


Answer: Washington D.C.

Context: The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace. By valuing diversity, employers have the capacity to create an environment in which there is a culture of respect for individual differences as well as the ability to draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population. By creating this diverse workforce, these employers and companies gain a competitive advantage in an increasingly global economy. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, many private sector employers have concluded that a diverse workforce makes a "company stronger, more profitable, and a better place to work." Therefore, these diversity promoting policies are implemented for competitive reasons rather than as a response to discrimination, but have shown the value in having diversity.

Question: Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?


Answer: help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education

Question: What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?


Answer: actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace

Question: What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?


Answer: draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population

Question: Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?


Answer: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question: Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?


Answer: American Association of University Professors

Context: In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members. According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and José F. Moreno, the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education, Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity, and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions. Furthermore, a diverse population of students offers unique perspectives in order to challenge preconceived notions through exposure to the experiences and ideas of others. According to Professor Gurin of the University of Michigan, skills such as "perspective-taking, acceptance of differences, a willingness and capacity to find commonalities among differences, acceptance of conflict as normal, conflict resolution, participation in democracy, and interest in the wider social world" can potentially be developed in college while being exposed to heterogeneous group of students. In addition, broadening perspectives helps students confront personal and substantive stereotypes and fosters discussion about racial and ethnic issues in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the 2000 AAUP study states that having a diversity of views leads to a better discussion and greater understanding among the students on issues of race, tolerance, fairness, etc.

Question: What does AAUP stand for?


Answer: positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students

Question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?


Answer: helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education

Question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?


Answer: Caucasian students

Question: Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?


Answer: 2000

Question: In which year did the AAUP release their study?


Answer: Richard Sander

Context: Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes, black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites, and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation; thus, blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched. He claims that the supposed "beneficiaries" of affirmative action – minorities – do not actually benefit and rather are harmed by the policy. Sander's claims have been disputed, and his empirical analyses have been subject to substantial criticism. A group including some of the country's lead statistical methodologists told the Supreme Court that Sander's analyses were sufficiently flawed that the Court would be wise to ignore them entirely. At the same time many scholars have found that minorities gain substantially from affirmative action.

Question: Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?


Answer: high dropout rates

Question: What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?


Answer: bottom 20 percent

Question: Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?


Answer: four times

Question: What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?


Answer: class inequality

Context: The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.

Question: Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?


Answer: Hispanic Americans

Question: Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?


Answer: lower-class European Americans

Question: At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?


Answer: class-based affirmative action

Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?


Answer: people of color

Question: Who primarily makes up America's poor group?


Answer: City University of New York

Context: In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrepresented. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies.

Question: Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?


Answer: 1976

Question: Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?


Answer: white

Question: What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?


Answer: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study

Question: What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?


Answer: to take advantage of group preference policies

Question: Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?


Answer: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action

Context: Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.

Question: What book did Frederick Lynch author?


Answer: reverse discrimination

Question: What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?


Answer: against affirmative action

Question: What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?


Answer: enforcing equal opportunity

Question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?


Answer: From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice

Context: Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities. Additionally, she argues that affirmative action carries with it a stigma that can create feelings of self-doubt and entitlement in minorities. Eastland believes that affirmative action is a great risk that only sometimes pays off, and that without it we would be able to compete more freely with one another. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell identified what he says are negative results of affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class blacks), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g., poor white or Asian); that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best – the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile – thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well.:115–147

Question: Which book did Terry Eastland write?


Answer: how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it

Question: What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?


Answer: remedying past discrimination

Question: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?


Answer: because doing so is unnecessary

Question: Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?


Answer: because it can prove futile

Question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?


Answer: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority

Context: Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.

Question: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?


Answer: these policies are just another form of discrimination

Question: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?


Answer: Ward Connerly

Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?


Answer: merit

Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?


Answer: mediocrity and incompetence

Question: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?


Answer: compensation argument

Context: Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

Question: What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?


Answer: society today should compensate for the injuries

Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?


Answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical

Question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?


Answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over

Question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?


Answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

Question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?


Answer: undesirable side-effects

Context: Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups (such as lower-class whites and Asians).There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions, in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger. In 2006, nearly 60% of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions. Michigan joined California, Florida, Texas, and Washington in banning the use of race or sex in admissions considerations. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it's supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action claim that these policies dehumanize individuals and applicants to jobs or school are judged as members of a group without consideration for the individual person.

Question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?


Answer: may increase racial tension

Question: Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?


Answer: 2006

Question: When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?


Answer: 60%

Question: How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?


Answer: Grutter v. Bollinger

Question: Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?


Answer: admission to universities and other forms of higher education

Context: In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead.

Question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?


Answer: legacy admissions

Question: What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?


Answer: Bakke v. Regents

Question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?


Answer: set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment

Question: What are public universities not allowed to do?


Answer: "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set

Question: Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?


Answer: competing notions of the mission of colleges

Context: The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.

Question: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?


Answer: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities

Question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?


Answer: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it

Question: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?


Answer: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate

Question: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?


Answer: banning any use of race in school admissions

Context: To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria. Class rank tends to benefit top students at less competitive high schools, to the detriment of students at more competitive high schools. This effect, however, may be intentional since less-funded, less competitive schools are more likely to be schools where minority enrollment is high. Critics argue that class rank is more a measure of one's peers than of one's self. The top 10% rule adds racial diversity only because schools are still highly racially segregated because of residential patterns. The class rank rule has the same consequence as traditional affirmative action: opening schools to students who would otherwise not be admitted had the given school used a holistic, merit-based approach. From 1996 to 1998, Texas had merit-based admission to its state universities, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the "top 10 percent" rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels.

Question: What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?


Answer: entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class

Question: What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?


Answer: California

Question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?


Answer: class rank

Question: What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?


Answer: returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels

Question: After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?


Answer: a panel discussion

Context: During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.

Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?


Answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

Question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?


Answer: a third

Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?


Answer: the descendants

Question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?


Answer: possible remedies

Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?


Answer: UCLA

Context: UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.

Question: To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?


Answer: Stanford Law Review

Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?


Answer: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school

Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?


Answer: eight percent

Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?


Answer: Proposition 209

Question: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?


Answer: economics

Context: A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

Question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?


Answer: 2007

Question: In which year did Long publish his study?


Answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools

Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?


Answer: white students

Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?


Answer: 14

Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?


Answer: Office for Civil Rights

Context: In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding".

Question: With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?


Answer: Princeton University

Question: Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?


Answer: Janet Rapelye

Question: Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?


Answer: many others had far better qualifications

Question: What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?


Answer: placement on the waitlist

Question: Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?


Answer: University of Texas

Context: In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a "race-conscious policy" that "violated their civil and constitutional rights". The University of Texas employs the "Top Ten Percent Law", under which admission to any public college or university in Texas is guaranteed to high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. Fisher has brought the admissions policy to court because she believes that she was denied acceptance to the University of Texas based on her race, and thus, her right to equal protection according to the 14th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher on October 10, 2012, and rendered an ambiguous ruling in 2013 that sent the case back to the lower court, stipulating only that the University must demonstrate that it could not achieve diversity through other, non-race sensitive means. In July 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a "holistic" approach in its application of affirmative action, and could continue the practice. On February 10, 2015, lawyers for Fisher filed a new case in the Supreme Court. It is a renewed complaint that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit got the issue wrong — on the second try as well as on the first. The Supreme Court agreed in June 2015 to hear the case a second time. It will likely be decided by June 2016.

Question: Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?


Answer: race-conscious policy

Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?


Answer: their civil and constitutional rights

Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?


Answer: US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

Question: Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?


Answer: June 2016

Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?


Answer: November 17, 2014

Context: On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students, while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants. Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time. This Supreme Court case will likely be decided in June 2016 or slightly earlier.

Question: On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?


Answer: Students for Fair Admissions

Question: Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?


Answer: white

Question: Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?


Answer: Project on Fair Representation

Question: What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?


Answer: until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law

Question: What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?


Answer: more than 60

Context: In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its "holistic" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.

Question: How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?


Answer: Education and Justice Departments

Question: Who did the organizations file the complaints with?


Answer: Harvard University

Question: Who was the target of the filing?


Answer: top-one-percent grade point averages

Question: What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?


Answer: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations

Question: Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?


Answer: any eligible club

Context: The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.

Question: Who is the competition open too?


Answer: 763 clubs

Question: How many clubs competed in 20011-12?


Answer: 12

Question: How many rounds in the tournament?


Answer: six to fourteen

Question: How many games are needed to win?


Answer: Premier League and Football League

Question: What league can compete?


Answer: first six rounds

Context: The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

Question: What rounds are the qualifiers?


Answer: 92 professional teams.

Question: How many teams in the first round?


Answer: Premier League and Championship clubs

Question: What league enters in the third round?


Answer: never reached the quarter finals

Question: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??


Answer: Level 2 have never reached the final.

Question: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?


Answer: the FA Cup trophy

Context: Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4–0 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.

Question: What do winners receive?


Answer: two

Question: How many FA cup designs have there been?


Answer: five actual cups

Question: How many FA cups have there been?


Answer: 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911

Question: When was the latest design intoduced?


Answer: 1863

Context: In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

Question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?


Answer: C. W. Alcock

Question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?


Answer: November 1871

Question: When did the inaugural FA cup tournament take place?


Answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners

Question: Who won the first and second cups?


Answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,

Question: When was the modern cup established?


Answer: competition was suspended due to the First World War

Context: Following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and didn't resume until 1919–20. The 1922–23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition wasn't played between the 1938–39 and 1945–46 editions. Due to the wartime breaks, the competition didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium, but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard.

Question: Was competition suspended due to the first world war?


Answer: 1919–20.

Question: what year did competition resume after world war 1?


Answer: 1922–23

Question: When did Wembly stadium open?


Answer: Empire Stadium

Question: What was Webly stadium called at that time?


Answer: didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81

Question: When did the competition celebrate its centennial?


Answer: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

Context: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

Question: Is the competition open to anyone?


Answer: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

Question: Is there anyone automatically eligible?


Answer: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

Question: Who else can play?


Answer: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

Question: Can new clubs play too?


Answer: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

Question: Do I need a stadium to compete?


Answer: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition

Context: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

Question: Does anyone ever miss a tournament?


Answer: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,

Question: What clubs have missed the competition?


Answer: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.

Question: Why did they miss that competition?


Answer: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige

Question: How did people feel about Manchester's decision?


Answer: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

Question: Did the club later regret their choice?


Answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,

Context: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

Question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition?


Answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)

Question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition?


Answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,

Question: Have any other countries ever competed?


Answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.

Question: Why can't those countries compete?


Answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

Question: Has any other country been allowed to enter the competition since?


Answer: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years

Context: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004–05 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921–22 season. In 2005–06 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006–07 to 687, in 2007–08 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010–11, a record 763 in 2011–12, 758 for 2012–13, 737 for 2013–14 and 736 for 2014–15. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

Question: Has the number of entrants stayed the same?


Answer: 660 clubs entered the competition

Question: How many clubs entered in 2004-05?


Answer: 674

Question: How many clubs entered in 2005-06?


Answer: 687

Question: How many clubs entered in 2006-07?


Answer: 731

Question: How many clubs entered in 2007-08?


Answer: May

Context: Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the semi-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only. The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the "proper" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.

Question: When is the final?


Answer: clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages

Question: When do clubs above 9 enter?


Answer: There is no seeding,

Question: Is there seeding?


Answer: fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only

Question: What happens in the event of a tie?


Answer: The first six rounds are qualifiers

Question: What are the first 6 rounds?


Answer: The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May.

Context: The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May. The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000, when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment, and 2010–11 and 2012–13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final, as well as in 2011–12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer's European Championships.

Question: When does the final take place?


Answer: in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000

Question: Was there a time this was not the case?


Answer: most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment

Question: Why was that?


Answer: 2010–11 and 2012–13

Question: Did that ever happen again?


Answer: the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final

Question: What happened during those years?


Answer: Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious.

Context: Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious. Some ties took as many as six matches to settle; in their 1975 campaign, Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final. Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice. This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.

Question: Do clubs replay each other?


Answer: 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final

Question: What is the most games played a team to reach the final?


Answer: . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice.

Question: When are replays played?


Answer: penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991

Question: When was the first penalty kick?


Answer: Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.

Question: What clubs were playing during the first penalty?


Answer: Cup Winners' Cup

Context: The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition.

Question: What is the cup called now?


Answer: the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place

Question: Does the loser of the cup gain anything?


Answer: formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998

Question: Did that used to have a different name?


Answer: FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage.

Question: what about the FA Cup winner?


Answer: The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League

Question: Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything?


Answer: e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

Context: The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

Question: Where are the semi finals played?


Answer: Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue

Question: Is there a name for the specific venue?


Answer: semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England

Question: Where did the semi finals take place before then?


Answer: Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)

Question: What was the top most used venue?


Answer: In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

Question: Where was the cup held in 2005?


Answer: In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals

Context: In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium. This was controversial, with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London, as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final. In defending the move, the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers, although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out. A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.

Question: Where is the FA cup held today?


Answer: to recoup debts in financing the new stadium.

Question: Why is it held at Webly Stadium?


Answer: the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London

Question: Do the people of London agree with this action?


Answer: the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out.

Question: Has the game ever fail to sell out?


Answer: 86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.

Question: Do people oppose of using the new Webly Stadium?


Answer: The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

Context: The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened, in 2007. The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales. Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester.

Question: Where is the final played now?


Answer: it opened, in 2007.

Question: When did this stadium open?


Answer: between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium

Question: Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built?


Answer: Cardiff in Wales

Question: Where is Millennium Stadium located?


Answer: Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium

Question: Was it always held in Millennium Stadium?


Answer: predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace.

Context: In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times in the Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and then all but two times until 1892). After the Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere. The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 (the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium); and Oxford University's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final, in 1873. The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London, as follows:

Question: Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place?


Answer: . It was played 22 times in the Oval

Question: How many times was the FA cup playing in the Oval ?


Answer: 1872

Question: What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup?


Answer: 21

Question: How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup?


Answer: 8 replays

Question: How many replays took place at the Oval?


Answer: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.

Context: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond. Under the 2015-16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs. This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only - if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper, they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch. Having been strong proponents of the surface, the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

Question: Is the use of artificial turf allowed?


Answer: the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.

Question: What is the required quality of the pitch?


Answer: 92

Question: How many professional clubs are there?


Answer: they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.

Question: What happens if the pitch is not up to par?


Answer: first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

Question: Where was the first #G surface game played?


Answer: The trophy comes in three parts

Context: The trophy comes in three parts - the cup itself, plus a lid and a base. There have been two designs of trophy in use, but five physical trophies have been presented. The original trophy, known as the "little tin idol", was 18 inches high and made by Martin, Hall & Co. It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered, and so was replaced by an exact replica, used until 1910. The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica, leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright. This new, larger design was by Messers Fattorini and Sons, and was used from 1911. In order to preserve this original, from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica, although this had to be replaced after just over two decades, after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras. This third replica, first used in 2014, was built heavier to withstand the increased handling. Of the four surviving trophies, only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership.

Question: How many parts does the trophy come in?


Answer: - the cup itself, plus a lid and a base

Question: What is the parts of the trophy?


Answer: There have been two designs of trophy in use

Question: How many trophy designs have there bee?


Answer: five physical trophies have been presented

Question: How many physical trophies have been presented?


Answer: . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica,

Question: When was the first design changed?


Answer: The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base

Context: The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony. This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions, although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match, and sketching the presumed winner. During the final, the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game. Traditionally, at Wembley finals, the presentation is made at the Royal Box, with players, led by the captain, mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box. At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch.

Question: Is the cup engraved for the winner?


Answer: as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony.

Question: When does the engraving take place?


Answer: the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,

Question: how long does the engraved have from start to finish?


Answer: the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game.

Question: Is the trophy decorated?


Answer: , the presentation is made at the Royal Box

Question: Where is he cup presentation made?


Answer: The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final

Context: The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London. Under the original rules, the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times, although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final, the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock (who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory).

Question: When did people start presenting the trophy after the game?


Answer: the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later

Question: when was the first trophy presented?


Answer: the Pall Mall Restaurant in London

Question: Where was the first trophy presented?


Answer: the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times,

Question: What happens to multiple cup winners?


Answer: inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final

Question: Did that ever happen?


Answer: 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft

Context: Almost 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964.

Question: How claims to have stolen the FA cup?


Answer: He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men

Question: Did he act alone?


Answer: 60 years

Question: How long go did this crime take place?


Answer: the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins

Question: What did Burge do with the cup?


Answer: stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse

Question: What did they do with those coins?


Answer: Lord Kinnaird

Context: After being rendered obsolete by the redesign, the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA's long-serving president Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923, and his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005. It was duly sold at Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £420,000 (£478,400 including auction fees and taxes). The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia, surpassing the £254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997. The successful bidder was David Gold, the then joint chairman of Birmingham City; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country, Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation. Accordingly, Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006, where it went on immediate public display. It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester. In November 2012, it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers, after they beat Wanderers 7–1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final.

Question: Who was the long-serving president of the FA cup?


Answer: Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923,

Question: What year did Lord Kinnard die?


Answer: his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005

Question: Was the cup lost during that time?


Answer: Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £420,000 (£478,400 including auction fees and taxes)

Question: Where did it sell?


Answer: David Gold

Question: Who won the bid?


Answer: Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored.

Context: Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Sponsorship deals run for four years, though – as in the case of E.ON – one-year extensions may be agreed. Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018, renaming the competition as 'The Emirates FA Cup', unlike previous editions, which included 'The FA Cup in association with E.ON' and 'The FA Cup with Budweiser'.

Question: is the Fa cup sponsered?


Answer: Sponsorship deals run for four years

Question: How long does the sponsor remain?


Answer: one-year extensions may be agreed

Question: Can they extend their deal?


Answer: Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018

Question: Who is the current sponsor?


Answer: The Emirates FA Cup

Question: What is the competition called now?


Answer: where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public

Context: The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winning the competition. Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history. It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club, i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League.

Question: Do people look forward to Cinderella matches?


Answer: is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition

Question: What do people think about giant killers?


Answer: Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history

Question: Does giant killing happen often?


Answer: . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club

Question: Does the media showcase giant killers?


Answer: unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition

Question: What is a giant killer?


Answer: The Football League was founded in 1888

Context: The Football League was founded in 1888, 16 years after the first FA Cup competition. Since the creation of The Football League, Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league "giant-killer" to win the Cup, taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United: although at that time, there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League, and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division (as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First.) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League: Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 (champions of the Football Alliance, a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division, which it formally became in 1892 – Wednesday being let straight into the First Division), and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 (in which years they were also Southern League champions, proving the strength of that league: again, they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time, but Southampton's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division.)

Question: When was the football league founded?


Answer: Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league "giant-killer" to win the Cup

Question: Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup?


Answer: 1901

Question: What year did they win the cup?


Answer: Sheffield United

Question: Who did they delete for the cup?


Answer: 36 clubs in the Football League

Question: How many clubs where in the football league?


Answer: Chasetown

Context: Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007–08 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over £60,000 in prize money.

Question: Who is the lowest rank to play in the third round proper?


Answer: playing at Level 8 of English football

Question: What level where they?


Answer: 731 teams entered that season

Question: How many teams competed that year?


Answer: final 64

Question: What place did Chasetown come in?


Answer: 2007–08 competition

Question: What FA cup season did this take place in?


Answer: Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double

Context: Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double, namely Preston North End (1889), Aston Villa (1897), Tottenham Hotspur (1961), Arsenal (1971, 1998, 2002), Liverpool (1986), Manchester United (1994, 1996, 1999) and Chelsea (2010). In 1993, Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–1 in both finals. Liverpool (in 2001) and Chelsea (in 2007) have since repeated this feat. In 2012, Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League. In 1998–99, Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble. Two years later, in 2000–01, Liverpool won the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble. An English Treble has never been achieved.

Question: How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double?


Answer: Preston North End (1889)

Question: Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double?


Answer: Chelsea (2010)

Question: Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double?


Answer: Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season

Question: Has any club won both in a same season?


Answer: 1993

Question: What year did that take place?


Answer: The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division

Context: The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers.

Question: Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions?


Answer: there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight

Question: Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions?


Answer: Notts County

Question: Who was the first outside club to win?


Answer: 1894

Question: What year did that take place?


Answer: only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier

Question: How many second tier have made the finals?


Answer: the BBC

Context: In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio. The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester, the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927. The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full. The following season's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC. When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television, during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off. Nowadays, this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all-day broadcasts from Wembley, but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off. The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988, when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports.

Question: Who used to brodcast the matches on the radio?


Answer: The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926

Question: What was the first Fa cup radio broadcast?


Answer: Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City

Question: What clubs competed in the match?


Answer: this was only broadcast in Manchester

Question: Wa the game broadcast in both cities?


Answer: the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927

Question: So when was the firs national broadcast?