Answer: golden met-wand

Context: In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.)."

Question: To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?


Answer: God and the law

Question: According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?


Answer: 1607

Question: When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?


Answer: greatly offended

Question: How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?


Answer: Chief Justice Sir

Question: What was Edward Coke's official title?


Answer: formalist

Context: Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; one occasionally encounters a third "functional" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the "justness" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.

Question: What is another word for a thin definition?


Answer: substantive

Question: What is another word for a thick definition?


Answer: politicians, judges and academics

Question: Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?


Answer: specific procedural attributes

Question: On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?


Answer: functional

Question: What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?


Answer: generality, equality, and certainty

Context: Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

Question: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?


Answer: individual rights

Question: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?


Answer: democracy

Question: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?


Answer: content

Question: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?


Answer: formal and substantive

Question: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?


Answer: formal

Context: The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of "rule of law" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.

Question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?


Answer: individual rights

Question: According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?


Answer: well-known

Question: According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?


Answer: no requirements

Question: How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?


Answer: substantive

Question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?


Answer: rule of law

Context: The functional interpretation of the term "rule of law", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the "rule of law" with the "rule of man." According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of "rule of law", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of "rule of law". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.

Question: According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?


Answer: little

Question: What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the "rule of law" have?


Answer: a great deal

Question: What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have?


Answer: punishment

Question: What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?


Answer: flexibility

Question: What fights against the rule of law?


Answer: more than 200 countries

Context: The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence." Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a "nomocracy", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).

Question: For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?


Answer: nomocracy

Question: What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?


Answer: nomos

Question: What is the Greek word for law?


Answer: kratos

Question: What is the Greek word for power?


Answer: rule of law

Question: What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?


Answer: rule of law

Context: All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.

Question: According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?


Answer: the Constitution

Question: What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?


Answer: the Constitution

Question: What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?


Answer: the rule of any human leader

Question: According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?


Answer: executive branch

Question: What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?


Answer: legislative branch

Question: What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?


Answer: judicial branch

Question: Which branch of government has judicial discretion?


Answer: Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks

Context: Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law," and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word "law" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria," and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.

Question: Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?


Answer: U.S. Constitution

Question: For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?


Answer: that which is legally binding

Question: According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?


Answer: the framers of the U.S. Constitution

Question: According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?


Answer: 1941

Context: Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: “no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land.” That is, individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction. As the dockets of worker compensation commissions, public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned, it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute (such as the extent of an injury in a worker's compensation case) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place. Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed “you must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.” By 1941, a compromise had emerged. If administrators adopted procedures that more-or-less tracked "the ordinary legal manner" of the courts, further review of the facts by "the ordinary Courts of the land" was unnecessary. That is, if you had your "day in commission," the rule of law did not require a further "day in court." Thus Dicey's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form.

Question: When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?


Answer: administrators

Question: Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?


Answer: individuals

Question: Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?


Answer: a Chief Justice of the United States

Question: Who was Charles Evans Hughes?


Answer: 1787

Context: James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

Question: When was the Philadelphia Convention?


Answer: James Wilson

Question: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?


Answer: Chief Justice

Question: What was John Marshall's title?


Answer: declare an unconstitutional law void

Question: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?


Answer: Confucianism

Context: East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:

Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership?


Answer: Legalism

Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?


Answer: weak or nonexistent

Question: How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?


Answer: South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong

Question: Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?


Answer: China and Vietnam

Context: In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

Question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?


Answer: the transition to a market economy

Question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?


Answer: legal scholars and politicians

Question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?


Answer: foreign investors

Question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?


Answer: democracy and human rights

Question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?


Answer: Thailand

Context: In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

Question: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life?


Answer: executive branch

Question: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?


Answer: royalist

Question: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?


Answer: 1932

Question: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?


Answer: Ancient prejudices and political bias

Question: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?


Answer: India

Context: In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review. According to Indian journalist Harish Khare, "The rule of law or rather the Constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges."

Question: What country has the longest version of a constitution?


Answer: 1950

Question: In what year was India's constitution drafted?


Answer: India

Question: What country has the longest Constitution?


Answer: judicial review

Question: In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?


Answer: rule of judges

Question: What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?


Answer: 1959

Context: In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.

Question: When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?


Answer: 185

Question: How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?


Answer: rule of law

Question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?


Answer: social, economic and cultural

Question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?


Answer: 1992

Context: The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.

Question: When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?


Answer: The Security Council

Question: What organization debates the rule of law?


Answer: The Peacebuilding Commission

Question: What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?


Answer: human rights education

Question: What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?


Answer: 2006

Question: In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?


Answer: The International Development Law Organization

Context: The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.

Question: What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?


Answer: emerging economies and middle-income

Question: What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?


Answer: more than 170

Question: With how many countries does the IDLO work?


Answer: economic development

Context: One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law’s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.

Question: The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?


Answer: Constitutional economics

Question: What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?


Answer: executive branch

Question: In what branch of government is corruption examined?


Answer: the executive

Question: In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?


Answer: corruption by private actors

Question: What is the term for corruption by individuals?


Answer: English

Context: The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

Question: What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?


Answer: not yet fully clarified

Question: In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?


Answer: developing and transitional

Question: In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?


Answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

Question: What other countries have successful democracies?


Answer: common language

Question: What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?


Answer: economist

Context: The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated: "under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action. Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts."

Question: What is F.A. Hayek's profession?


Answer: confidence in a successful return on investment

Question: According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?


Answer: frustrate his efforts

Question: According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?


Answer: pursue his personal ends and desires

Question: According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?


Answer: Mount Everest

Context: Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

Question: What is the highest elevation in Tibet?


Answer: Asia

Question: Which continent contains Tibet?


Answer: 16,000

Question: What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?


Answer: 29,029

Question: How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?


Answer: Tibet

Question: Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?


Answer: 18th century

Context: The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.

Question: When were the current borders of Tibet established?


Answer: 7th century

Question: When did the Tibetan empire emerge?


Answer: Sichuan and Qinghai

Question: Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?


Answer: Battle of Chamdo

Question: Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?


Answer: 1959

Context: Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.

Question: In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?


Answer: 1912

Question: In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?


Answer: western and central Tibet

Question: Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?


Answer: Battle of Chamdo

Question: Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?


Answer: subsistence agriculture

Context: The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea.

Question: What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?


Answer: tourism

Question: What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?


Answer: Tibetan Buddhism

Question: What is the dominant religion in Tibet?


Answer: yak meat

Question: What is a staple food in Tibet?


Answer: Chinese and Indian

Question: Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?


Answer: Bod

Context: The Tibetan name for their land, Bod བོད་, means "Tibet" or "Tibetan Plateau", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [pʰøʔ˨˧˨], is transcribed Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod "Tibet" was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhauṭṭa of the Indian geographical tradition.

Question: What is the Tibetan name for the area?


Answer: Bautai

Question: Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod "Tibet"?


Answer: central region around Lhasa

Question: What area did Bod originally refer to?


Answer: Zangqu

Context: The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng) although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 xī) to Zang.

Question: How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?


Answer: Zang

Question: How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?


Answer: Qing

Question: During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?


Answer: qū

Question: Which Chinese suffix means "area, district, region, ward"?


Answer: Tubo

Context: The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).

Question: What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?


Answer: 7th century

Question: When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?


Answer: William H. Baxter

Question: Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?


Answer: Elliot Sperling

Context: Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: 烏斯國; pinyin: Wūsīguó; cf. Tibetan dbus, Ü, [wyʔ˨˧˨]), Wusizang (Chinese: 烏斯藏; pinyin: wūsīzàng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, Ü-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè), and Tanggute (Chinese: 唐古忒; pinyin: Tánggǔtè, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: 图伯特; traditional Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

Question: Who is an American Tibetologist?


Answer: Tubote

Question: What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?


Answer: Wusiguo

Question: What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?


Answer: approximately 6 million

Context: The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

Question: How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?


Answer: approximately 150,000

Question: How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?


Answer: political reasons

Question: Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?


Answer: Classical Tibetan

Context: Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

Question: What is written Tibetan base on?


Answer: Tibetan empire

Question: What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?


Answer: ancient Indian Brāhmī script

Question: From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?


Answer: Amdo region

Context: The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

Question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?


Answer: western Tibet

Question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?


Answer: Zhang Zhung

Question: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?


Answer: Drigum Tsenpo

Question: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?


Answer: Songtsän Gampo

Question: Who was the first factual king of Tibet?


Answer: Songtsän Gampo

Context: The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

Question: Who founded the Tibetan Empire?


Answer: Princess Wencheng

Question: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?


Answer: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti

Question: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?


Answer: parts of the Yarlung River Valley

Question: What did Songtsan Gampo unite?


Answer: 821/822 CE

Context: In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.

Question: When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?


Answer: Jokhang temple in Lhasa

Question: Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?


Answer: mid-9th century

Question: When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?


Answer: Era of Fragmentation

Question: What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?


Answer: political control over Tibet

Question: What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?


Answer: Mongol Yuan

Context: The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

Question: Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?


Answer: great administrator

Question: What was a dpon-chen?


Answer: Mongol emperor

Question: Who confirmed the dpon-chen?


Answer: Sakya lama

Question: Who was the political authority of the region?


Answer: dpon-chen

Question: Who held administrative and military power?


Answer: Tibet

Context: Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

Question: Who managed religious and regional political affairs?


Answer: Mongols

Question: Who managed structural and administrative rule?


Answer: Mongolian prince Khuden

Question: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?


Answer: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan

Question: Who founded the Yuan dynasty?


Answer: Between 1346 and 1354

Context: Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.

Question: When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?


Answer: disciples of Je Tsongkhapa

Question: Who founded the Gelug school?


Answer: minister family Rinpungpa

Question: Who dominated politics after 1435?


Answer: Karma Kagyu

Question: What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?


Answer: 5th Dalai Lama

Context: The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.

Question: Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?


Answer: Güshi Khan

Question: Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?


Answer: Lhasa state

Question: What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?


Answer: Ganden Phodrang

Question: What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?


Answer: 1720

Context: Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

Question: When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?


Answer: 1724

Question: When did Amdo come under Qing control?


Answer: 1728

Question: When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?


Answer: Qing

Question: Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?


Answer: Kashag

Question: What was the governing councel called?


Answer: 1792

Context: For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.

Question: When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?


Answer: push the invading Nepalese out

Question: Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?


Answer: Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet

Question: What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?


Answer: 18th century

Question: When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?


Answer: 1774

Context: This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

Question: When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.


Answer: Jesuits and Capuchins

Question: Who came to Tibet from Europe?


Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?


Answer: 1904

Context: In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

Question: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?


Answer: 13th Dalai Lama

Question: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?


Answer: 600

Question: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?


Answer: 12

Question: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?


Answer: Francis Younghusband

Question: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?


Answer: 1911–12

Context: After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.

Question: When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?


Answer: Dalai Lama

Question: Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?


Answer: 1913

Question: When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?


Answer: 1914

Question: When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?


Answer: illegal

Question: Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?


Answer: Dharamsala

Context: After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.

Question: Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?


Answer: between 200,000 and 1,000,000

Question: How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?


Answer: 6,000

Question: How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?


Answer: 1962

Question: When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?


Answer: north of the McMahon Line

Question: To where did Chinese troops withdraw?


Answer: 1980

Context: In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

Question: When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?


Answer: 1989

Question: When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?


Answer: started an anti-separatist campaign

Question: What did the government do when it halted reforms?


Answer: 2008

Question: When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?


Answer: human rights

Question: For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?


Answer: Nepal

Context: Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

Question: On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?


Answer: 29,029

Question: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?


Answer: Tibetan Plateau

Question: Where is the source of the Yangtze river?


Answer: Mount Kailash

Context: The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

Question: Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?


Answer: Lord Shiva

Question: Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?


Answer: Khang Rinpoche

Question: What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?


Answer: Qinghai Lake

Question: Which lake is the largest in China?


Answer: 18 inches

Context: The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

Question: What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?


Answer: Indian monsoon

Question: What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?


Answer: intense cold

Question: What are winters like in Tibet?


Answer: lowest

Context: The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China’s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.

Question: Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?


Answer: increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism

Question: What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?


Answer: all taxation

Question: What is Tibet exempt from?


Answer: sale of handicrafts

Question: From which area does tourism bring the most income?


Answer: 2010

Context: From January 18–20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. "Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years."

Question: In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?


Answer: CPC Politburo Standing Committee

Question: Members of which committee attended the conference?


Answer: 2020

Question: By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?


Answer: education

Question: What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?


Answer: about 45.6 billion

Question: How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?


Answer: six red bands in the Tibetan flag

Context: Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

Question: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?


Answer: ethnic Tibetans

Question: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?


Answer: India

Question: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?


Answer: Religion

Context: Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, parts of northern India, the Buryat Republic, the Tuva Republic, and in the Republic of Kalmykia and some other parts of China. During China's Cultural Revolution, nearly all Tibet's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted – although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks.

Question: What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?


Answer: Bön

Question: What is the ancient religion of Tibet?


Answer: During China's Cultural Revolution

Question: When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?


Answer: Before the 1950s

Question: When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?


Answer: Kachee

Context: Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.

Question: What are Tibetan Muslims known as?


Answer: Persia

Question: Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?


Answer: 1959

Question: In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?


Answer: gya kachee

Question: What is the Chinese Muslim community called?


Answer: 17th and 18th centuries

Context: Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

Question: When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?


Answer: 1624

Question: When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?


Answer: 1626

Question: When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?


Answer: 1661

Context: In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

Question: When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?


Answer: 1716–1721

Question: When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?


Answer: counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect

Question: How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?


Answer: 1877

Context: In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

Question: When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?


Answer: Beginning in the 20th century

Question: When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?


Answer: Famous earlier missionaries

Question: How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?


Answer: the Dalai Lama

Context: Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.

Question: Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?


Answer: thirteen

Question: How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?


Answer: 10,000

Question: How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?


Answer: former summer residence of the Dalai Lama

Question: What is Norbulingka?


Answer: Tibetan or Sanskrit

Context: Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

Question: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?


Answer: recitations of sacred texts

Question: What do the chants often contain?


Answer: Yang

Question: What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?


Answer: classical

Question: What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?


Answer: Buddha

Context: Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.

Question: What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?


Answer: Losar

Question: What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?


Answer: Guthuk

Question: What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?


Answer: between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month

Question: When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?


Answer: Tsong Khapa

Question: Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?


Answer: barley

Context: The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour—called tsampa—is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink.

Question: What is the most important crop in Tibet?


Answer: tsampa

Question: What is dough made from barley flour called?


Answer: momos

Question: What are steamed dumplings called?


Answer: Butter tea

Question: What is a popular drink in Tibet?


Answer: Mustard

Question: What seed is cultivated in Tibet?


Answer: exhibition game

Context: An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team.

Question: What is 'a friendly' another term for?


Answer: exhibition game

Question: What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?


Answer: exhibition game

Question: What is 'a demonstration' another term for?


Answer: exhibition game

Question: What is 'a preseason game' another term for?


Answer: exhibition game

Question: What is 'a warmup match' another term for?


Answer: all-star games

Context: An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge, to provide professional entertainment, to promote the sport, or to raise money for charities. Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other, while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different leagues or countries to unofficially determine who would be the best in the world. International competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport.

Question: What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?


Answer: a demonstration sport

Question: What are exhibition games in the Olympics?


Answer: charities

Question: What can an exhibition game raise money for?


Answer: a challenge

Question: What can an exhibition game settle?


Answer: friendly matches (or "friendlies")

Context: In the early days of association football, known simply as football or soccer, friendly matches (or "friendlies") were the most common type of match. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby and cup tournaments. By the year 2000, national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world, as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams, thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century.

Question: What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?


Answer: 1888

Question: When did the Football League begin in England?


Answer: 2000

Question: By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?


Answer: the significance of friendlies

Question: What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?


Answer: before the start of each season

Context: Since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season (called pre-season friendlies). Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are only used to "warm up" players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with (such as unlimited substitutions, which allow teams to play younger, less experienced, players, and no cards). Although most friendlies are simply one-off matches arranged by the clubs themselves, in which a certain amount is paid by the challenger club to the incumbent club, some teams do compete in short tournaments, such as the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament. Although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them.

Question: When do football clubs still play friendlies?


Answer: friendlies

Question: What type of football matches are non-competitive?


Answer: substitutions

Question: What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?


Answer: the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament

Question: What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?


Answer: prestige

Question: What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?


Answer: the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments

Context: International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons, not between them. This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly.

Question: What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?


Answer: national squads

Question: Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?


Answer: club league seasons

Question: What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?


Answer: availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued

Question: What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?


Answer: team selection and tactics

Context: International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper, and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from future international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a player's career records. In 2004, FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies, in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match.

Question: What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?


Answer: suspended from future international matches

Question: What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?


Answer: career

Question: What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?


Answer: 2004

Question: When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?


Answer: 11

Question: What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?


Answer: the UK and Ireland

Context: In the UK and Ireland, "exhibition match" and "friendly match" refer to two different types of matches. The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches, while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches. A one-off match for charitable fundraising, usually involving one or two all-star teams, or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club, may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively.

Question: Where are "exhibition match" and "friendly match" not synonymous?


Answer: US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League

Question: What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?


Answer: charity matches

Question: What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?


Answer: testimonial matches

Question: What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?


Answer: 1995–2004

Context: Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.

Question: When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?


Answer: 1978

Question: In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?


Answer: Charlotte

Question: Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?


Answer: Citizens Business Bank Arena

Question: What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?


Answer: Canadian

Context: The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.

Question: What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?


Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion is the Flying Fathers team?


Answer: Les Costello

Question: Who founded the Flying Fathers?


Answer: NHL

Question: What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?


Answer: Buffalo

Question: Where are the Saores based?


Answer: Arizona or Florida

Context: The Major League Baseball's preseason is also known as spring training. All MLB teams maintain a spring-training base in Arizona or Florida. The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League, while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League. Each team plays about 30 preseason games against other MLB teams. They may also play exhibitions against a local college team or a minor-league team from their farm system. Some days feature the team playing two games with two different rosters evenly divided up, which are known as "split-squad" games.

Question: Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?


Answer: Cactus League

Question: What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?


Answer: Grapefruit League

Question: What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?


Answer: about 30

Question: How many preseason games does each MLB team play?


Answer: "split-squad" games

Question: What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?


Answer: regular-season interleague play

Context: Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.

Question: What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?


Answer: American League

Question: What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?


Answer: National League

Question: What league are the Montreal Expos in?


Answer: the Pearson Cup

Question: What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?


Answer: 1983

Question: When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?


Answer: worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues

Context: It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season, but worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues, have made this very rare. Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues, like Chicago's Crosstown Classic and New York's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play. The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.

Question: What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?


Answer: Crosstown Classic

Question: What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?


Answer: Subway Series

Question: What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?


Answer: July

Question: In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?


Answer: home field advantage

Question: What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?


Answer: eight

Context: National Basketball Association teams play eight preseason games per year. Today, NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason, but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who can't usually make a trip to a home team's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota, while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California yearly, the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue.

Question: How many preseason games do NBA teams play?


Answer: Minnesota

Question: Where are the TImberwolves based?


Answer: Phoenix

Question: Where are the Suns based?


Answer: an outdoor venue

Question: The Suns' exhibition game in Indian Wells, CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting?


Answer: Indian Wells Tennis Garden

Question: What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells?


Answer: 1971 to 1975

Context: However, from 1971 to 1975, NBA teams played preseason exhibitions against American Basketball Association teams. In the early days of the NBA, league clubs sometimes challenged the legendary barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters, with mixed success. The NBA has played preseason games in Europe and Asia. In the 2006 and 2007 seasons, the NBA and the primary European club competition, the Euroleague, conducted a preseason tournament featuring two NBA teams and the finalists from that year's Euroleague.[citation needed] In the 1998-99 and 2011-12 seasons, teams were limited to only two preseason games due to lockouts.

Question: When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?


Answer: Harlem Globetrotters

Question: What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?


Answer: Europe and Asia

Question: On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?


Answer: two

Question: How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?


Answer: the Euroleague

Question: What is the main European basketball club?


Answer: Marathon Oil

Context: Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams, colleges played those teams in exhibitions. However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams. Some teams have begun scheduling exhibition games against teams in NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III, or even against colleges and universities located in Canada. Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games, although a college team is allowed one foreign tour every four years, and a maximum of ten games in each tour.

Question: What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?


Answer: Athletes in Action

Question: What is an example of a team of former college players?


Answer: 1992

Question: When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?


Answer: 2003

Question: When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?


Answer: one foreign tour every four years

Question: How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?


Answer: four

Context: Compared to other team sports, the National Football League preseason is very structured. Every NFL team plays exactly four pre-season exhibition games a year, two at home and two away, with the exception of two teams each year who play a fifth game, the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. These exhibition games, most of which are held in the month of August, are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players. While the scheduling formula is not as rigid for preseason games as they are for the regular season, there are numerous restrictions and traditions that limit the choices of preseason opponents; teams are also restricted on what days and times they can play these games. Split-squad games, a practice common in baseball and hockey, where a team that is scheduled to play two games on the same day splits their team into two squads, are prohibited. The NFL has played exhibition games in Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia (including the American Bowl in 1999) and Mexico to spread the league's popularity (a game of this type was proposed for China but, due to financial and logistical problems, was eventually canceled). The league has tacitly forbidden the playing of non-league opponents, with the last interleague game having come in 1972 and the last game against a team other than an NFL team (the all-NFL rookie College All-Stars) was held in 1976. Exhibition games are quite unpopular with many fans, who resent having to pay regular-season prices for two home exhibition games as part of a season-ticket package. Numerous lawsuits have been brought by fans and classes of fans against the NFL or its member teams regarding this practice, but none have been successful in halting it.[citation needed] The Pro Bowl, traditionally played after the end of the NFL season (since 2011 is played the week prior to the Super Bowl), is also considered an exhibition game.

Question: How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play?


Answer: the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

Question: What is the one exception to the NFL's 4-preseason-game limit?


Answer: August

Question: What month are most NFL preseason games in?


Answer: 90

Question: How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season?


Answer: 53

Question: How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season?


Answer: two

Context: The Arena Football League briefly had a two-game exhibition season in the early 2000s, a practice that ended in 2003 with a new television contract. Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play, it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league, about to join the league as a probational franchise, or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule.

Question: How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?


Answer: indoor American football leagues

Question: What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?


Answer: a probational franchise

Question: What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?


Answer: semi-pro

Question: Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?


Answer: opinion polling

Context: True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.

Question: What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?


Answer: Intramural

Question: What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?


Answer: Football Bowl Subdivision

Question: Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?


Answer: lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools

Context: However, most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools, which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name, though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school. These games also receive the same criticism as NFL exhibition games, but instead it is targeted to schools scheduling low-quality opponents and the simplicity for a team to run up the score against a weak opponent. However, these games are susceptible to backfiring, resulting in damage in poll position and public perception, especially if the higher ranked team loses, although the mere act of scheduling a weak opponent is harmful to a team's overall strength of schedule itself. Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility, and only one game against an FCS team can be counted. With the start of the College Football Playoff system for the 2014 season, major teams are now discouraged from scheduling weaker opponents for their non-conference schedule because of a much higher emphasis on strength of schedule than in the Bowl Championship Series era.

Question: Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?


Answer: a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance

Question: Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?


Answer: seven

Question: How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?


Answer: one

Question: How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?


Answer: 2014

Question: When did the College Football Playoff System begin?


Answer: September–June

Context: High school football teams frequently participate in controlled scrimmages with other teams during preseason practice, but exhibition games are rare because of league rules and concerns about finances, travel and player injuries, along with enrollments not being registered until the early part of August in most school districts under the traditional September–June academic term. A more common exhibition is the high school football all-star game, which brings together top players from a region. These games are typically played by graduating seniors during the summer or at the end of the season. Many of these games, which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game, are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges.

Question: When is the usual high school academic term?


Answer: all-star

Question: What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game?


Answer: graduating seniors

Question: What year of players are in high school football all-star games?


Answer: U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game

Question: What are two examples of high school football all-star games?


Answer: colleges

Question: What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by?


Answer: two

Context: Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia.

Question: How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?


Answer: Daytona International Speedway

Question: Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?


Answer: Charlotte Motor Speedway

Question: Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?


Answer: over USD $1,000,000

Question: What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?


Answer: Australia

Question: Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?


Answer: 768,868

Context: Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/, French pronunciation: [stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014.

Question: What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?


Answer: 915,000

Question: What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?


Answer: Alemannic

Question: What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?


Answer: Straßburg

Question: What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?


Answer: European

Question: Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?


Answer: European

Question: Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?


Answer: Alemannic

Question: What is the predominant language in Asace?


Answer: Germanic

Question: What kind of name is Strasbourg?


Answer: 1988

Context: Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.

Question: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?


Answer: Franco-German

Question: What is the culture in Strasbourg?


Answer: Strasbourg Grand Mosque

Question: What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?


Answer: 27 September 2012

Question: When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?


Answer: University of Strasbourg

Question: What is the second largest university in France?


Answer: River Rhine

Context: Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.

Question: What river is on the border of France and Germany?


Answer: Rhine

Question: The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?


Answer: artificial

Question: What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?


Answer: eastern

Question: Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?


Answer: Argentoratum

Context: The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.) The name "Argentoratum" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. "Argentorate" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.

Question: What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?


Answer: fire

Question: What was the Roman camp destroyed by?


Answer: Nero Claudius Drusus

Question: Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?


Answer: year 90

Question: After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?


Answer: six times

Question: How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?


Answer: Roman artifacts

Context: The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.

Question: What has been found along the current Route des Romains?


Answer: Grande Île

Question: Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?


Answer: Christians

Question: Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?


Answer: 1988

Question: When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?


Answer: Carolingian Empire

Context: In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.

Question: What Empire split to create France and Germany?


Answer: Alsatian

Question: What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?


Answer: Straßburg

Question: What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?


Answer: Strazburg

Question: What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?


Answer: fifth century

Question: In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?