Answer: Armenians and Azerbaijanis

Context: Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as "Black January." Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died – the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.

Question: Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?


Answer: four Soviet soldiers

Question: Who was killed in the January 9 riots?


Answer: more than 130

Question: How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?


Answer: Black January

Question: What were the January incidents called?


Answer: 26,000

Question: How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?


Answer: Popular Front

Context: Following the hardliners' takeover, the September 30, 1990 elections (runoffs on October 14) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threatening environment; out of the 350 members, 280 were Communists, with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups, who together formed a Democratic Bloc ("Dembloc"). In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed.

Question: What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?


Answer: 45

Question: How many members were from opposition parties?


Answer: 350

Question: How many total members were there?


Answer: Mutalibov

Question: Who was elected to be Chairman in May?


Answer: 300

Context: On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.

Question: How many miles long was the human chain?


Answer: Rukh

Question: Who organized this chain?


Answer: Ukrainian

Question: What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?


Answer: 1946

Question: When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?


Answer: the Democratic Bloc

Question: In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?


Answer: Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

Context: On April 6, 1990, the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Russian Orthodox Church refused to yield. On April 29–30, 1990, the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party. On May 15 the new parliament convened. The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats; the Democratic Bloc, which had evolved into the National Council, had 125 deputies. On June 4, 1990, two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), Volodymyr Ivashko, was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election. On June 5–6, 1990, Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S.-based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) during that Church's first synod. The UAOC declared its full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by Metropolitan Filaret.

Question: Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?


Answer: Ukrainian Republican Party

Question: What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?


Answer: May 15

Question: What was the first day that the new parliament met?


Answer: Metropolitan Mstyslav

Question: Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?


Answer: a week

Context: On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.

Question: How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?


Answer: Volodymyr Ivashko

Question: Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?


Answer: four

Question: How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?


Answer: Leonid Kravchuk

Context: On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers "in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. On August 3, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On August 19, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On September 5–7, the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 was held in Kiev. On September 8, The first "Youth for Christ" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In September 28–30, the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress. On September 30, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.

Question: Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?


Answer: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

Question: What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?


Answer: St. George Cathedral.

Question: Where was the August 9 liturgy held?


Answer: 1933

Question: Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?


Answer: 40,000

Question: How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?


Answer: near St. Sophia’s Cathedral

Context: On October 25–28, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the "renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia’s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On November 1, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.

Question: Where was the UAOC protest held?


Answer: Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret

Question: Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?


Answer: liturgy

Question: What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?


Answer: Vilnius TV Tower

Context: On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of July 31, 1991, Russian OMON from Riga, the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics, assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen. This event further weakened the Soviet Union's position internationally and domestically, and stiffened Lithuanian resistance.

Question: What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?


Answer: Lithuania

Question: Where was the TV Tower located?


Answer: independence movement

Question: What were the Soviets hoping to stop?


Answer: Fourteen

Question: How many civilians died in the attack?


Answer: Lithuanian border post in Medininkai

Question: What was attacked by Russians on July 31?


Answer: Soviet Union

Context: Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.

Question: What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize?


Answer: New Union Treaty

Question: What was supposed to be signed on August 20?


Answer: Central Asian republics,

Question: Who supported the treaty?


Answer: Communist Party

Question: What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?


Answer: market economy

Context: More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow’s pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, "patriots," and Russian nationalists of the USSR – still strong within the CPSU and the military – were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure.

Question: What did radicals want to change the economy to?


Answer: disintegration

Question: What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?


Answer: the Russian Federation,

Question: What was Yeltsin president of?


Answer: Moscow’s

Question: Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?


Answer: Muscovites

Context: Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.

Question: Who arrived to protect the White House?


Answer: Yeltsin

Question: Who did the organizers want to arrest?


Answer: atop a tank

Question: Where was Yeltsin during the coup?


Answer: speech-making

Question: What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?


Answer: CNN

Question: What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?


Answer: Belarus

Context: On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, "the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence."

Question: Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?


Answer: Belavezha Accords

Question: What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?


Answer: December 8

Question: When was the meeting held?


Answer: the Commonwealth of Independent States

Question: What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?


Answer: the USSR

Question: What was coming to an end?


Answer: December 12

Context: On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected. Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December. In effect, the largest and most powerful republic had seceded from the Union. Later that day, Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down.

Question: When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?


Answer: the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

Question: Who ratified the Accords?


Answer: Russian deputies

Question: Who was recalled?


Answer: Gorbachev

Question: Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?


Answer: Georgia

Context: Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also "accepted" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.

Question: Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?


Answer: 11

Question: How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?


Answer: CIS

Question: What did the Protocol establish?


Answer: Union

Question: What was dissolved by the Protocol?


Answer: CBS

Question: Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans?


Answer: December 25, 1991

Context: In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation," showing that it was now a sovereign state.

Question: When did Gorbachev resign?


Answer: Yeltsin

Question: Who was given control after Gorbachev left?


Answer: Russian Federation

Question: What was Russia's new legal name?


Answer: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Question: What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?


Answer: Soviet flag

Context: On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.

Question: What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?


Answer: Russian tricolor

Question: What replaced the Soviet flag?


Answer: December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time

Question: When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?


Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What was declared as having ceased to exist?


Answer: upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,

Question: What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?


Answer: Russia

Context: The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24, 1991, informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol, Russia was the successor state to the USSR. After being circulated among the other UN member states, with no objection raised, the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year, December 31, 1991.

Question: Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?


Answer: Alma-Ata Protocol

Question: What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?


Answer: Yeltsin

Question: Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?


Answer: December 24, 1991

Question: What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?


Answer: December 31, 1991

Question: When did the UN accept the statement?


Answer: Mstyslav

Context: On November 18, 1990, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on November 18, Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On November 19, the United States announced that its consul to Kiev would be Ukrainian-American John Stepanchuk. On November 19, the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments, respectively, Kravchuk and Yeltsin, signed a 10-year bilateral pact. In early December 1990 the Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine was founded; on December 15, the Democratic Party of Ukraine was founded.

Question: Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?


Answer: Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Question: Who gave Mstyslav this title?


Answer: Nestor Gayowsky

Question: Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev?


Answer: United States

Question: What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev?


Answer: 10-year

Question: How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin?


Answer: Pontius Pilate

Context: According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.

Question: Who was the person that tried Jesus?


Answer: six hours

Question: How long was Jesus hung for?


Answer: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

Question: What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?


Answer: they pierced his side with a spear

Question: What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?


Answer: seven statements

Question: How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?


Answer: baptism of Jesus

Context: The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.

Question: What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?


Answer: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

Question: Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?


Answer: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

Question: Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?


Answer: Eddy

Question: Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.


Answer: James Dunn

Question: Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?


Answer: almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary

Context: Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.

Question: Are all sources of the crucification literary?


Answer: the 1968 archeological discovery

Question: What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?


Answer: ben Hagkol

Question: Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?


Answer: about 70 AD

Question: When was Ben Hagkol crucified?


Answer: Israel Museum

Question: What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?


Answer: four canonical gospels

Context: The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

Question: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?


Answer: New Testament epistles

Question: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?


Answer: three

Question: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?


Answer: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection

Question: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?


Answer: hour-by-hour account

Question: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?


Answer: Gethsemane

Context: Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.

Question: Where was Jesus arrested?


Answer: the Last Supper

Question: What did Jesus do before he was arrested?


Answer: Twelve Apostles

Question: How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?


Answer: flogged

Question: How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?


Answer: crowned with thorns

Question: What was placed on Jesus' head?


Answer: wine mixed with gall

Context: Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.

Question: What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?


Answer: hung between two convicted thieves

Question: Where was Jesus Crucified?


Answer: six hours

Question: How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?


Answer: seven statements altogether

Question: How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?


Answer: Joseph of Arimathea

Question: Who removed Jesus from the cross?


Answer: an earthquake

Context: There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.

Question: What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?


Answer: Mark

Question: Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?


Answer: words to the women who were mourning

Question: Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?


Answer: John

Question: What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?


Answer: Old Testament prophecy

Question: What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?


Answer: First Epistle to the Corinthians

Context: According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.

Question: Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?


Answer: canonical Gospels

Question: Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?


Answer: forty days

Question: How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?


Answer: Easter Sunday

Question: What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?


Answer: St. Luke

Question: Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?


Answer: two rebels

Context: In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.

Question: Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?


Answer: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

Question: How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?


Answer: an earthquake

Question: what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?


Answer: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

Question: What does Luke say one of the rebels does?


Answer: impassive

Question: How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?


Answer: Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son

Context: An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and "the wise king" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.

Question: Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?


Answer: pagan

Question: What is the author of the letter assumed to be?


Answer: retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men

Question: What does the letter reference?


Answer: Socrates

Question: Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?


Answer: others place less value in the letter

Question: Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?


Answer: Friday

Context: The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.

Question: What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?


Answer: a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath

Question: Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?


Answer: on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew

Question: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?


Answer: three days and three nights

Question: How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?


Answer: references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights

Question: Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?


Answer: 9 a.m.

Context: In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.

Question: What time was the crucifiction per Mark?


Answer: 3 p.m.

Question: What time did Jesus die per Mark?


Answer: based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark

Question: Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?


Answer: no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available

Question: What is another reason the times differ so much?


Answer: approximated to the closest three-hour period

Question: How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?


Answer: Luke's gospel

Context: Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

Question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?


Answer: do not weep for me

Question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?


Answer: Lk. 23:28-31

Question: Where are the words found in the Gospel?


Answer: crowd of mourners

Question: What followed Jesus around?


Answer: Calvary

Context: Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

Question: Where was Jesus Crucified?


Answer: all four Gospels

Question: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?


Answer: a place of public execution

Question: What was one reason Calvary was chosen?


Answer: skulls of abandoned victims

Question: What is rumored to be found in Calvary?


Answer: the name was derived from the physical contour

Question: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?


Answer: many women

Context: The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: "the chief priests, with the scribes and elders"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief; "the soldiers", "the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus"; passers-by; "bystanders", "the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle"; and "his acquaintances"

Question: Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?


Answer: the chief priests

Question: The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?


Answer: two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left

Question: How many people were crucified with Jesus?


Answer: the soldiers

Question: Who kept watch over Jesus?


Answer: acquaintances

Question: Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?


Answer: traditional two-beamed cross

Context: Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.

Question: What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?


Answer: single upright stake

Question: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?


Answer: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous

Question: What causes the different accounts of the cross used?


Answer: crux

Question: What latin word was used to describe the cross used?


Answer: crux was also applied to objects other than a cross

Question: Why was there doubt about the Latin word?


Answer: Epistle of Barnabas

Context: However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11–12. Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb." Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."

Question: What Epistle described the cross?


Answer: Justin Martyr

Question: Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?


Answer: a symbol of the suffering

Question: Why was that type of cross important?


Answer: five extremities

Question: How many ends did the cross supposedly have?


Answer: fixed by the nails

Question: How is one attached to the cross?


Answer: three nails

Context: The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.

Question: How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?


Answer: 14 nails

Question: According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?


Answer: artistic depictions of the crucifixion

Question: What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?


Answer: Nails are almost always depicted

Question: What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?


Answer: three nails

Question: Jesuits claim how many nails were used?


Answer: the hands, or the wrists

Context: The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

Question: Where were the nails placed?


Answer: the Greek

Question: Who claims the hands were pierced?


Answer: without fracturing any bones

Question: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?


Answer: forearm

Question: What other location is offered by the Greek?


Answer: Ropes

Question: What other way to affix to the cross is there?


Answer: a hypopodium

Context: Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

Question: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?


Answer: the hands may not have been able to support the weight

Question: Why was a platform used?


Answer: Rasmus Bartholin

Question: Who considered this topic in the 17th century?


Answer: Frederick Zugibe

Question: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?


Answer: Nazis

Question: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?


Answer: Psalm 22

Context: The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.

Question: What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?


Answer: verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew

Question: What contradiction is found in this Psalm?


Answer: a proverbial saying in common usage

Question: What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?


Answer: theologically correct and reassuring

Question: How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?


Answer: a genuine cry

Question: How does the sentence appear to historians?


Answer: a solar eclipse

Context: Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place"

Question: As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?


Answer: the full moon

Question: Why was a solar eclipse impossible?


Answer: Greek historian Phlegon

Question: Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?


Answer: Tiberius Caesar

Question: Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?


Answer: earthquakes

Question: What other event supposedly took place that shook people?


Answer: Thallus

Context: Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun." Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.

Question: Which historian was referenced for the reports?


Answer: an eclipse of the sun

Question: What event did Thallus describe?


Answer: the 14th day

Question: What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?


Answer: the day before the passover

Question: When does the passion of Jesus fall?


Answer: the Roman archives

Question: Where were these events documented?


Answer: lunar

Context: Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

Question: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?


Answer: thirty minutes

Question: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?


Answer: a scribe wrongly amending a text

Question: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?


Answer: David Henige

Question: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?


Answer: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours

Question: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?


Answer: author of the Mark Gospel

Context: Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

Question: Who created the account of Jesus?


Answer: Luke

Question: Who amended the account at a later date?


Answer: the death of kings and other major figures

Question: What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?


Answer: Jewish

Question: What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?


Answer: Géza Vermes

Question: Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?


Answer: Frederick Zugibe

Context: In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

Question: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?


Answer: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus

Question: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?


Answer: carried out a number of experiments over several years

Question: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?


Answer: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging

Question: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?


Answer: amount of pull and the corresponding pain

Question: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?


Answer: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God

Context: Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

Question: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?


Answer: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death

Question: How are people united with God?


Answer: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death

Question: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?


Answer: confidence of eternal life

Question: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?


Answer: joy

Question: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?


Answer: agent Christology

Context: In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the "lamb slain but standing" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.

Question: What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?


Answer: sake of eventual victory

Question: Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.


Answer: salvific theme

Question: What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?


Answer: lamb slain but standing

Question: How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?


Answer: The Lamb of God

Question: What is another name for Jesus given?


Answer: Paul's Christology

Context: Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

Question: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?


Answer: directly related

Question: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?


Answer: the cross of Christ

Question: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?


Answer: based on the plan of God

Question: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?


Answer: power of the cross

Question: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?


Answer: successfully argued for his innocence

Context: John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

Question: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?


Answer: obedience to the Father

Question: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?


Answer: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father

Question: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?


Answer: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam

Question: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?


Answer: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water

Question: What is the blood of the lamb?


Answer: how salvation is granted to humanity

Context: Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

Question: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?


Answer: central importance

Question: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?


Answer: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself

Question: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?


Answer: an act of perfect obedience

Question: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?


Answer: the Roman Catholic church

Question: What church is the sacrifice important to?


Answer: Virgin Mary

Context: The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

Question: Who was present under the cross?


Answer: Marian Cross

Question: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?


Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?


Answer: Raphael

Question: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.


Answer: Caravaggio

Question: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?


Answer: Atlantic

Context: Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.

Question: On which coast of Florida is Miami located?


Answer: Miami-Dade County

Question: Miami is located in which Florida county?


Answer: eighth

Question: Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United States?


Answer: Washington, D.C.

Question: Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States?


Answer: 5.5 million

Question: What is the approximate population of Miami's metro area?


Answer: Miami-Dade

Question: Which Florida county is Miami located in?


Answer: second most populous

Question: How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S.?


Answer: 430,332

Question: What is the population of Miami?


Answer: fourth-largest

Question: How is the size of Miami's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas?


Answer: Atlantic

Question: Which coast is Miami located on?


Answer: 5.5 million

Question: What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?


Answer: southeastern

Question: In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?


Answer: Miami-Dade County

Question: What county is Miami located in?


Answer: 44th

Question: Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?


Answer: 430,332

Question: How many people live in Miami?


Answer: Alpha−World City

Context: Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Question: What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?


Answer: 33rd

Question: Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?


Answer: America's Cleanest City

Question: What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?


Answer: Capital of Latin America

Question: What is a nickname given to Miami?


Answer: second

Question: Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?


Answer: international banks

Context: Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.

Question: What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?


Answer: passenger

Question: Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?


Answer: Port of Miami

Question: What is called the "Cruise Capital of the World"?


Answer: two decades

Question: How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?


Answer: research institutes

Question: Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?


Answer: Cleveland

Context: Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida." The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami." Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.

Question: Where was Julia Tuttle born?


Answer: Biscayne Bay Country

Question: Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?


Answer: 1894–95

Question: When did the Great Freeze occur?


Answer: Florida East Coast Railway

Question: What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?


Answer: Julia Tuttle

Question: Who was "the mother of Miami"?


Answer: 40

Context: Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

Question: In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?


Answer: Avenue J

Question: What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?


Answer: Bahamas

Question: Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?


Answer: H. Leslie Quigg

Context: During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman."

Question: Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?


Answer: Ku Klux Klan

Question: To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?


Answer: speaking directly to a white woman

Question: For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?


Answer: bellboy

Question: What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?


Answer: 1959

Context: After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Question: In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?


Answer: Haiti

Question: From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?


Answer: Andrew

Question: What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?


Answer: El Paso, Texas

Question: What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?


Answer: Cuban-American

Question: Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?


Answer: east

Context: Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft (12 m) and averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m) above mean sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest undulations are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, whose substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropolitan region. The main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just 15 miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year.

Question: Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?


Answer: west

Question: To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?


Answer: Lake Okeechobee

Question: What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?


Answer: 24

Question: In kilometers, how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami's coast?


Answer: 1.8

Question: In meters, what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area?


Answer: Miami oolite

Context: The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.

Question: What is another name for Miami limestone?


Answer: 15

Question: How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?


Answer: Sangamonian

Question: What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?


Answer: 8

Question: How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?


Answer: Wisconsin glaciation

Question: What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?


Answer: Hialeah

Context: Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though some underground parking garages exist. For this reason, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade.[citation needed]

Question: Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?


Answer: Florida Bay

Question: The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?


Answer: 5 to 6

Question: After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?


Answer: underground construction

Question: What is limited by Miami's high water table?


Answer: South

Context: Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and Florida's largest and most influential central business district. Downtown has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. along Brickell Avenue. Downtown is home to many major banks, courthouses, financial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks and a large residential population. East of Downtown, across Biscayne Bay is South Beach. Just northwest of Downtown, is the Civic Center, which is Miami's center for hospitals, research institutes and biotechnology with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Hospital, and the University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.

Question: Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?


Answer: eastern

Question: By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?


Answer: Virginia Key

Question: Along with Port Miami, Watson Island and Brickell, what area is in Downtown Miami?


Answer: Brickell Avenue

Question: On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?


Answer: East

Question: Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown?


Answer: The Roads

Context: The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates.

Question: Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?


Answer: 1922

Question: When was Coral Way constructed?


Answer: Downtown

Question: What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?


Answer: 1825

Question: In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?


Answer: Dinner Key

Question: What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?


Answer: Lyric

Context: The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. Edgewater, and Wynwood, are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part, in Midtown, the Design District, and the Upper East Side, with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District, a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s. The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti, Overtown (home of the Lyric Theater), and Liberty City.

Question: What notable theater is present in Overtown?


Answer: Adrienne Arsht

Question: After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?


Answer: northern

Question: In what part of Miami is Midtown?


Answer: MiMo

Question: What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?


Answer: Little Haiti

Question: What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?


Answer: Am

Context: Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am) with hot and humid summers and short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shapes its climate. With January averaging 67.2 °F (19.6 °C), winter features mild to warm temperatures; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front, which produces much of the little amount of rainfall during the season. Lows occasionally fall below 50 °F (10 °C), but very rarely below 35 °F (2 °C). Highs generally range between 70–77 °F (21–25 °C).

Question: What is Miami's Köppen climate classification?


Answer: hot and humid

Question: What type of weather does Miami have in the summer?


Answer: 19.6

Question: In degrees Celsius, what is the average January temperature in Miami?


Answer: 70–77

Question: In degrees Fahrenheit, what is the normal range of high temperatures in Miami?


Answer: 2

Question: In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see?


Answer: May

Context: The wet season begins some time in May, ending in mid-October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but conditions still remain very muggy. Much of the year's 55.9 inches (1,420 mm) of rainfall occurs during this period. Dewpoints in the warm months range from 71.9 °F (22.2 °C) in June to 73.7 °F (23.2 °C) in August.

Question: When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?


Answer: October

Question: What month sees the end of the wet season in Miami?


Answer: 29–35

Question: In degrees Celsius, what is the range of temperatures during the wet season?


Answer: 1,420

Question: How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?


Answer: 73.7

Question: What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit?


Answer: 42nd

Context: The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008[update], the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world.

Question: Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?


Answer: Broward

Question: Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?


Answer: 5.5 million

Question: How many people live in the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?


Answer: seventh

Question: Where does Miami-Dade rank in population among metropolitan areas in the US?


Answer: one-thirteenth

Question: What fraction of the southern Florida population lives in Miami?


Answer: 80

Context: In 1960, non-Hispanic whites represented 80% of Miami-Dade county's population. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black. Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, primarily up until the 1980s, as well as by immigration, primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s. Today, immigration to Miami has slowed significantly and Miami's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high-rise construction, which has increased its inner city neighborhood population densities, such as in Downtown, Brickell, and Edgewater, where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069% increase in population in the 2010 Census. Miami is regarded as more of a multicultural mosaic, than it is a melting pot, with residents still maintaining much of, or some of their cultural traits. The overall culture of Miami is heavily influenced by its large population of Hispanics and blacks mainly from the Caribbean islands.

Question: What percentage of Miami-Dade's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960?


Answer: 22.7

Question: What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?


Answer: Hispanic

Question: What was the largest ethnic group in 1970 Miami?


Answer: Brickell

Question: Along with Downtown and Edgewater, what area of Miami has notably seen increasing population densities?


Answer: 1960s

Question: Starting in what decade did immigration from outside the United States begin to have a significant influence on Miami's population?


Answer: 1400

Context: Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, Espírito Santo Financial Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telefónica USA, UniMÁS, Telemundo, Univision, U.S. Century Bank, Vector Group and World Fuel Services. Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, and Wal-Mart.

Question: Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?


Answer: proximity to Latin America

Question: Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami?


Answer: Seabourn

Question: Along with Celebrity, Carnival, Norwegian, Oceania and Royal Caribbean, what cruise line is based in Miami?


Answer: Telemundo

Context: Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the U.S. for Spanish language media. Univisión, Telemundo and UniMÁS have their headquarters in Miami, along with their production studios. The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo, such as their telenovelas and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's original programming was filmed in Miami. Miami is also a major music recording center, with the Sony Music Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment headquarters in the city, along with many other smaller record labels. The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shootings.

Question: Along with UniMÁS and Univisión, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?


Answer: 85

Question: As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?


Answer: Universal Music Latin Entertainment

Question: Along with Sony Music Latin, what music recording corporation is located in Miami?


Answer: Telemundo Television Studios

Question: What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo's original programming?


Answer: 50

Context: Since 2001, Miami has been undergoing a large building boom with more than 50 skyscrapers rising over 400 feet (122 m) built or currently under construction in the city. Miami's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S., behind New York City and Chicago, and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and Design. The city currently has the eight tallest (as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest) skyscrapers in the state of Florida, with the tallest being the 789-foot (240 m) Four Seasons Hotel & Tower.

Question: How many 400+ foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001?


Answer: New York City and Chicago

Question: What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami's?


Answer: 19th

Question: What is Miami's world rank in terms of how impressive its skyline is?


Answer: thirteen

Question: Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida, how many are in Miami?


Answer: Four Seasons Hotel & Tower

Question: What is the tallest skyscraper in Florida?


Answer: 1920s

Context: During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. During this period, the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built. In 2007, however, the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses. This rapid high-rise construction, has led to fast population growth in the city's inner neighborhoods, primarily in Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater, with these neighborhoods becoming the fastest-growing areas in the city. The Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures. In 2011, Forbes magazine named Miami the second-most miserable city in the United States due to its high foreclosure rate and past decade of corruption among public officials. In 2012, Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs. The metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes.

Question: When did the Florida land boom occur?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?


Answer: 8th

Question: Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?


Answer: high foreclosure rate

Question: Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?


Answer: 2012

Question: In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?


Answer: Miami International

Context: Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean. The Port of Miami is the world's busiest cruise port, and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida, and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America. Additionally, the city has the largest concentration of international banks in the country, primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell, Miami's financial district. Due to its strength in international business, finance and trade, many international banks have offices in Downtown such as Espírito Santo Financial Group, which has its U.S. headquarters in Miami. Miami was also the host city of the 2003 Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations, and is one of the leading candidates to become the trading bloc's headquarters.

Question: What is Florida's busiest airport?


Answer: Port of Miami

Question: What is the busiest cruise port in the world?


Answer: 2003

Question: In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free Trade Area of the Americas?


Answer: Brickell Avenue

Question: What street is central to the financial district of Miami?


Answer: South America

Question: Along with the Caribbean, from where does a significant amount of cargo enter MIA?


Answer: 38 million

Context: Tourism is also an important industry in Miami. Along with finance and business, the beaches, conventions, festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city, from across the country and around the world, spending $17.1 billion. The Art Deco District in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical buildings, and shopping. Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine & Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year.

Question: How many tourists come to Miami each year?


Answer: $17.1 billion

Question: How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year?


Answer: South Beach

Question: What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District?


Answer: Mercedes-Benz

Question: Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami?


Answer: historical buildings

Question: Along with nightclubs, beaches and shopping, what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District?


Answer: Detroit

Context: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt, in 2001. However, since that time, Miami has experienced a revival: in 2008, Miami was ranked as "America's Cleanest City" according to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. In a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States (of four U.S. cities included in the survey) and the world's fifth-richest city, in terms of purchasing power.

Question: As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?


Answer: El Paso

Question: What was the second poorest US city in 2004?


Answer: Miami

Question: In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?


Answer: 2001

Question: In what year did Miami's government declare bankruptcy?


Answer: fifth

Question: In terms of purchasing power, where did Miami rank among world cities in a 2009 UBS study?


Answer: Lincoln Center

Context: In addition to such annual festivals like Calle Ocho Festival and Carnaval Miami, Miami is home to many entertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and performing arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City, and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera. Within it are the Ziff Ballet Opera House, the center's largest venue, the Knight Concert Hall, the Carnival Studio Theater and the Peacock Rehearsal Studio. The center attracts many large-scale operas, ballets, concerts, and musicals from around the world and is Florida's grandest performing arts center. Other performing arts venues in Miami include the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, Coconut Grove Playhouse, Colony Theatre, Lincoln Theatre, New World Center, Actor's Playhouse at the Miracle Theatre, Jackie Gleason Theatre, Manuel Artime Theater, Ring Theatre, Playground Theatre, Wertheim Performing Arts Center, the Fair Expo Center and the Bayfront Park Amphitheater for outdoor music events.

Question: What is the largest performing arts center in the US?


Answer: Florida Grand Opera

Question: What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home?


Answer: Ziff Ballet Opera House

Question: What is the largest venue in the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts?


Answer: New York City

Question: Where is Lincoln Center located?


Answer: Bayfront Park Amphitheater

Question: What venue in Miami is notable for hosting outdoor music?


Answer: 1975

Context: In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band, with such hits as "Get Down Tonight", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" and "That's the Way (I Like It)"; and the Latin-American disco group, Foxy (band), with their hit singles "Get Off" and "Hot Number". Miami-area natives George McCrae and Teri DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s disco era. The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then. Miami-influenced, Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, hit the popular music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with "Conga" and "Bad Boys".

Question: In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?


Answer: 1970s

Question: In what decade was disco popular?


Answer: Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine

Question: What band performed the song "Conga"?


Answer: Foxy

Question: What group performed the song "Hot Number"?


Answer: TK Records

Question: What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?


Answer: hip-hop

Context: Miami is also considered a "hot spot" for dance music, Freestyle, a style of dance music popular in the 80's and 90's heavily influenced by Electro, hip-hop, and disco. Many popular Freestyle acts such as Pretty Tony, Debbie Deb, Stevie B, and Exposé, originated in Miami. Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city, while alternative hip hop artist Sage Francis, electro artist Uffie, and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami, but musically based elsewhere. Also, ska punk band Against All Authority is from Miami, and rock/metal bands Nonpoint and Marilyn Manson each formed in neighboring Fort Lauderdale. Cuban American female recording artist, Ana Cristina, was born in Miami in 1985.

Question: Along with Electro and disco, what genre of music influenced Freestyle?


Answer: electro

Question: What genre of music does Uffie perform?


Answer: Fort Lauderdale

Question: Where did the band Nonpoint form?


Answer: Cuban American

Question: What is Ana Cristina's ethnicity?


Answer: Iron & Wine

Question: Along with Cat Power, what indie/folk musician is based in Miami?


Answer: david padilla

Context: This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno and trance, in clubs like the infamous Warsaw Ballroom better known as Warsaw and The Mix where DJs like david padilla (who was the resident DJ for both) and radio. The new sound fed back into mainstream clubs across the country. The scene in SoBe, along with a bustling secondhand market for electronic instruments and turntables, had a strong democratizing effect, offering amateur, "bedroom" DJs the opportunity to become proficient and popular as both music players and producers, regardless of the whims of the professional music and club industries. Some of these notable DJs are John Benetiz (better known as JellyBean Benetiz), Danny Tenaglia, and David Padilla.

Question: Who was the Warsaw Ballroom's house DJ?


Answer: JellyBean Benetiz

Question: By what other name is John Benetiz known?


Answer: SoBe

Question: In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?


Answer: Versailles

Context: Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window cafés, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana.

Question: What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?


Answer: Tony Roma's

Question: Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?


Answer: 1960s

Question: In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?


Answer: Atlantic

Question: What ocean is Miami adjacent to?


Answer: Biscayne Bay

Question: Along with the Miami River, near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located?


Answer: Miami accent

Context: The Miami area has a unique dialect, (commonly called the "Miami accent") which is widely spoken. The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised the Miami area tend to adopt it as well.) It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English.) Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect (see section below), "Miami accent" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed). However, this is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speakers in that "Miami accent" does not generally display the following features: there is no addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.

Question: What is another term for Miami's dialect?


Answer: Mid-Atlantic

Question: What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?


Answer: Spanish

Question: What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?


Answer: Basketball

Context: Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four major professional teams, Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham, Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races.

Question: What sport do the Miami Heat play?


Answer: Dolphins

Question: What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?


Answer: Florida Panthers

Question: What professional hockey team is based in Miami?


Answer: Sony Ericsson

Question: At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played?


Answer: Homestead-Miami Speedway

Question: Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place?


Answer: 80

Context: Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city. The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island.

Question: How many gardens and parks are in Miami?