Answer: Nolan Strong

Context: Other, prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer – who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.

Question: Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson?


Answer: Fortune

Question: What label operated in Third Avenue?


Answer: Devora Brown

Question: Who was Jack Brown's wife?


Answer: Motown

Question: What label became Detroit's most famous?


Answer: Berry Gordy, Jr.

Context: Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists The Andantes and The Funk Brothers, the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown, based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.

Question: Who founded Motown records?


Answer: Paul Justman

Question: Who did a documentary on Motown?


Answer: Allan Slutsky

Question: Who wrote a book about Motown?


Answer: hardcore punk rock underground

Context: Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.

Question: What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?


Answer: 1999

Question: What year did the movie about Kiss come out?


Answer: 1960s and 70s

Question: In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?


Answer: Eminem

Context: In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.

Question: Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?


Answer: Sponge

Question: Which band toured with Kid Rock?


Answer: garage rock

Question: What genre does The White Stripes fit into?


Answer: producer

Question: What is J Dilla's occupation?


Answer: Detroit

Context: Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, "Detroit techno". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as "Movement", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth.

Question: Techno started in which city?


Answer: Detroit techno

Question: What genre of music featured robotic themes?


Answer: Movement

Question: What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as?


Answer: Memorial Day Weekend

Question: When does "Movement" occur?


Answer: Hart Plaza

Question: Where does "Movement" take place?


Answer: Orchestra Hall

Context: Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats) which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.

Question: What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in?


Answer: Nederlander

Question: What family purchased the Detroit opera House?


Answer: 2,089

Question: How many seats does the Fisher Theater have?


Answer: Masonic Temple Theatre

Question: Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats?


Answer: 1922

Question: In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased?


Answer: Detroit Institute of Arts

Context: Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum (birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.

Question: What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?


Answer: Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History

Question: What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?


Answer: Ford Piquette Avenue Plant

Question: Where was the birthplace of the Model T?


Answer: Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit

Question: What does MOCAD stand for?


Answer: Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit

Question: What does CAID stand for?


Answer: The Henry Ford

Context: In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex. The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit, meanwhile, hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.

Question: What is the U.S.'s largest museum complex?


Answer: Royal Oak

Question: Where is the Detroit Zoo?


Answer: Cranbrook Art Museum

Question: What museum is in Bloomfield Hills?


Answer: Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory

Question: What museum is on Belle Isle?


Answer: G.R. N'Namdi Gallery

Question: What Detroit gallery opened in 2010?


Answer: Eastern Market

Context: The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market. The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.

Question: Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?


Answer: 50,000

Question: How big is Midtown's population?


Answer: Detroit Festival of the Arts

Question: Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?


Answer: three

Question: How many casino resorts ore in downtown?


Answer: Saturdays

Question: On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?


Answer: Campus Martius Park

Context: Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest. River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.

Question: Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?


Answer: America's Thanksgiving Parade

Question: Which parade started in 1924?


Answer: River Days

Question: Which festival spans five days?


Answer: Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival

Question: Which festival draws up to 3 million people?


Answer: Hoedown

Question: What is the country music festival in Detroit called?


Answer: Marshall Fredericks

Context: An important civic sculpture in Detroit is "The Spirit of Detroit" by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well. A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.

Question: Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?


Answer: October 16, 1986

Question: When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated?


Answer: Sports Illustrated

Question: Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial?


Answer: Robert Graham

Question: Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial?


Answer: 24-foot

Question: How long is the Joe Louis memorial?


Answer: 12

Context: Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown".

Question: How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?


Answer: The Palace of Auburn Hills

Question: What is the name of Detroit Piston's arena?


Answer: Comerica Park

Question: Where do the Tigers play?


Answer: Ford Field

Question: Where do the Lions play?


Answer: Joe Louis Arena

Question: Where do the Red Wings play?


Answer: Little Caesars Pizza Bowl

Context: In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

Question: Which bowl game is held in Detroit?


Answer: Ford Field

Question: Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?


Answer: Mid-American Conference

Question: Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?


Answer: City of Champions

Context: In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936). In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.

Question: What is Detroit's sports related nickname?


Answer: The Midnight Express

Question: What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?


Answer: Joe Louis

Question: Who won the boxing title in 1937?


Answer: Red Wings

Question: Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?


Answer: Tigers

Question: Who won the World Series in 1935?


Answer: nine

Context: The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The city government is run by a mayor and a nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.

Question: How many people are on the city council?


Answer: 1974

Question: When was Detroit's charter approved?


Answer: The council

Question: Who approves Detroit's budgets?


Answer: Home Rule Charter

Question: What is Detroit's charter called?


Answer: Frank Murphy Hall of Justice

Context: Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.

Question: Where is the Circuit Court located?


Answer: Coleman A. Young Municipal Center

Question: Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?


Answer: Thirty-Sixth

Question: Which District Court is Detroit home to?


Answer: 43.4 per 100,000

Context: Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985-1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000. Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in St. Louis, Missouri. Although the murder rate increased by 6% during the first half of 2015, it was surpassed by St Louis and Baltimore which saw much greater spikes in violence. At year-end 2015, Detroit had 295 criminal homicides, down slightly from 299 in 2014.

Question: What was Detroit's murder rate in 2014?


Answer: 58 per 100,000

Question: What was Detroit's murder rate in the mid to late 80s?


Answer: St. Louis

Question: What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014?


Answer: 299

Question: How many murders did Detroit have in 2014?


Answer: 295

Question: How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?


Answer: two-thirds

Context: Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).

Question: What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?


Answer: 62.18 per 1,000

Question: What is Detroit's rate of property crime?


Answer: 5 per 1,000

Question: What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?


Answer: 16.73 per 1,000

Question: What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?


Answer: 1802

Context: Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents. Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.

Question: When was Detroit incorporated?


Answer: 74

Question: How many mayors has Detroit had?


Answer: Louis Miriani

Question: Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?


Answer: Coleman Young

Question: Who was Detroit's first black mayor?


Answer: Supreme Court Justice

Question: What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?


Answer: Rick Snyder

Context: In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.

Question: Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?


Answer: Stephen Rhodes

Question: What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?


Answer: Chapter 9

Question: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?


Answer: July 18, 2013

Question: When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?


Answer: $18.5 billion

Question: How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?


Answer: Wayne State University

Context: Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.

Question: What research university is located in Midtown?


Answer: University of Detroit Mercy

Question: What Catholic university is in Detroit?


Answer: Downtown

Question: In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?


Answer: Society of Jesus

Question: Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?


Answer: Sacred Heart Major Seminary

Context: Sacred Heart Major Seminary, originally founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan–Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.

Question: What Seminary is located in Detroit?


Answer: 1919

Question: When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?


Answer: Michigan State

Question: What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?


Answer: 1817

Question: When was the University of Michigan founded?


Answer: 1837

Question: When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?


Answer: three

Context: Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side. The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs. Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.

Question: How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?


Answer: four

Question: How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?


Answer: Society of Jesus

Question: Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?


Answer: west

Question: On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?


Answer: Detroit Newspaper Partnership

Context: The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery. The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.

Question: Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?


Answer: 1980

Question: When was The Metro Times founded?


Answer: 2009

Question: In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?


Answer: Michigan Chronicle

Context: Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events. The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.

Question: What newspaper was founded in 1935?


Answer: 11th largest

Question: How is Detroit's TV market ranked?


Answer: weekly

Question: How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?


Answer: Ontario

Question: What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?


Answer: over a dozen

Context: Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.

Question: How many major hospitals are in Detroit?


Answer: John D. Dingell

Question: What is the Detroit VA hospital called?


Answer: 3,000

Question: How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?


Answer: 2,000

Question: How many beds does the DMC have?


Answer: DMC

Question: Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?


Answer: Vanguard Health Systems

Context: Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

Question: Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?


Answer: $1.5 B

Question: How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?


Answer: St. Joseph's

Question: What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?


Answer: $417 M

Question: How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?


Answer: $500 M

Question: How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?


Answer: Lisa Raitt

Context: On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border," Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.

Question: Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?


Answer: $250 million

Question: How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?


Answer: $2.1 billion

Question: How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?


Answer: 2020

Question: When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?


Answer: 95 per cent

Question: How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?


Answer: I-75

Context: Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.

Question: Which Interstate is the major north-south route?


Answer: Lake Erie

Question: Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?


Answer: Four

Question: How many major interstates are serve Detroit?


Answer: Edsel Ford Freeway

Context: I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.

Question: What is I-94 called?


Answer: Henry Ford

Question: Who built I-94?


Answer: limited-access

Question: A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?


Answer: World War II

Question: During which conflict was I-94 built?


Answer: I-375

Context: I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.

Question: Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?


Answer: Reuther Freeway

Question: What is I-696 called?


Answer: I-696

Question: Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?


Answer: M

Question: Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?


Answer: I-275

Question: Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?


Answer: the way of life

Context: Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.

Question: How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?


Answer: Terror Management Theory

Question: What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?


Answer: larger brain

Question: What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?


Answer: 50,000 years ago

Context: As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.

Question: Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?


Answer: kinship, gender and marriage

Question: Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.


Answer: technology, architecture and art

Question: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?


Answer: body modification, clothing or jewelry

Context: In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

Question: What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?


Answer: 20th century

Question: Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?


Answer: as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness

Question: What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?


Answer: a culture

Context: When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

Question: What does the term "Count Noun" mean?


Answer: customs, traditions and values of a society or community

Question: What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?


Answer: the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism

Question: What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"?


Answer: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero

Context: The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".

Question: What is the modern term "culture" based on?


Answer: Samuel Pufendorf

Question: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?


Answer: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection

Question: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?


Answer: social dynamics and promoting new cultural models

Context: Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.

Question: What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture?


Answer: U.S. feminist movement

Question: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?


Answer: ice age

Question: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?


Answer: War or competition over resources

Context: Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct Borrowing" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

Question: What may impact social dynamics and technical development?


Answer: fast food

Question: In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?


Answer: the sharing of ideas

Question: What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?


Answer: Diffusion of innovations

Question: Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?


Answer: Immanuel Kant

Context: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Question: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".


Answer: Dare to be wise

Question: What does the term Sapere aude mean?


Answer: Johann Gottfried Herder

Question: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?


Answer: Wilhelm von Humboldt

Context: In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

Question: Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?


Answer: Romantic era

Question: During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?


Answer: Weltanschauung

Question: What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?


Answer: elementary ideas

Context: In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

Question: According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?


Answer: Adolf Bastian

Question: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?


Answer: Franz Boas

Question: Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?


Answer: élite ideal

Context: In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

Question: What did culture refer to in practice?


Answer: art, classical music, and haute cuisine

Question: What was associated with culture during this German practice?


Answer: urban life

Question: Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living?


Answer: inequalities within European societies.

Question: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?


Answer: anarchy

Context: Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Question: How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?


Answer: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?


Answer: Native Americans

Question: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?


Answer: "civilized" and "uncivilized."

Question: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?


Answer: folk music

Context: Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

Question: What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?


Answer: classical music

Question: Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?


Answer: noble savages

Question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?


Answer: Tylor's

Context: Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

Question: Who's definition of culture did anthropologist accept?


Answer: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

Question: What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?


Answer: 20th century

Question: In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?


Answer: Georg Simmel

Context: The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.

Question: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?


Answer: ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects

Question: What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?


Answer: non physical ideas

Question: What does non-material culture refer to?


Answer: archeological and anthropological studies

Question: The term material culture is only relevant to what?


Answer: Weimar Germany

Context: Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

Question: Where did sociology culture stem from?


Answer: Alfred Weber

Question: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?


Answer: scientific methods

Question: What do cultural sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?


Answer: Marx, Durkheim, and Weber

Context: The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.

Question: Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?


Answer: popular culture, political control, and social class

Question: What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?


Answer: qualitative

Question: What is most of the research into sociological culture ?


Answer: Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)

Context: In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.

Question: Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?


Answer: consumption goods and leisure activities

Question: What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as?


Answer: art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing

Question: What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?


Answer: saw patterns of consumption and leisure

Question: What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?


Answer: popular culture

Context: In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."

Question: In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?


Answer: Richard Hoggart

Question: Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?


Answer: Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS

Question: What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?


Answer: Stuart Hall

Question: The CCCS has since been associated with who?


Answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

Context: From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

Question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?


Answer: international intellectual movement.

Question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?


Answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

Question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?


Answer: a process called globalization

Question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?


Answer: films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles

Context: In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]

Question: The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?


Answer: high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture

Question: Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?


Answer: based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies

Question: What makes up cooperative cultural studies?


Answer: late 1970s

Context: Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

Question: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?


Answer: 1950s and 1960s

Question: When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?


Answer: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

Question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?


Answer: the University of Birmingham

Question: Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?


Answer: Lindlof and Taylor

Context: In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]

Question: Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?


Answer: the economic base

Question: From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture?


Answer: 29 ways

Context: Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.

Question: How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?


Answer: enlightenment

Question: What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?


Answer: secular society

Question: What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?


Answer: The Sahara

Context: The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (صحارى ṣaḥārā [ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː]).

Question: What is the third hottest desert in the world?


Answer: The Sahara

Question: What is the third largest desert in the world?


Answer: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)

Question: What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?


Answer: Sahara

Question: What is the hottest desert in the world?


Answer: hyperarid

Context: The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.

Question: What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?


Answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

Question: What does the Sahara have little to none of?


Answer: grassland and desert shrub

Question: The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?


Answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

Question: What does the Sahara have little of?


Answer: years

Question: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?


Answer: Mediterranean Sea

Context: To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation.

Question: What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?


Answer: Sahel

Context: To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).

Question: What is to the south of the Sahara?


Answer: dry tropical

Question: What kind of climate does the Sahel have?


Answer: 150 mm

Question: What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?


Answer: Sahara

Context: The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.

Question: What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?


Answer: horse latitudes

Question: What ares is the Sahara located in?


Answer: sinking air

Question: What makes it difficult for clouds to form?


Answer: dissolution of clouds

Context: The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.

Question: What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?


Answer: rainfall

Question: What weather is virtually non-existent?


Answer: eastern part of the Great Desert

Question: Where is the air the strongest?


Answer: eastern

Context: The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area, and it affects the whole desert during most of the year. Because of this extreme heating process, a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface, and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime. The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High, centered over the North Atlantic Ocean. The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it limits to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods.

Question: What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most accentuated?


Answer: hot and dry

Question: What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?


Answer: North-African desert

Question: What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?


Answer: air ascent

Context: The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.

Question: What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?


Answer: Atlas Mountains

Question: What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?


Answer: Algeria

Question: Where are the Atlas Mountains located?


Answer: low-pressure systems

Context: The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity, a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide.

Question: What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?


Answer: lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism

Question: What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?


Answer: barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation

Question: What does the desert have to overcome?


Answer: high temperatures year-round

Question: What is the temperature like year around in the desert?


Answer: the Great Desert

Context: The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of the time, and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4,300 h or 98% of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The constantly high position of the sun, the extremely low relative humidity, the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide and certainly the hottest place on Earth during summertime in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds 38 °C (100.4 °F) - 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high mountainous areas. The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 °C (116.6 °F) in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 meters above sea level. It's the world's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 meters above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 °C (114.8 °F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has an average high temperature of 43.8 °C (110.8 °F), 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), 45.5 (113.9 °F). Furthermore, 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) in June, July, August and September. In fact, there are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around 3 – 5 months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F). The southern central part of the desert experiences up to 6 – 7 months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F) which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara. Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F) everywhere and can approach 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 °C (77 °F). The sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 °C (176 °F) or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of 72 °C (161.6 °F) have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it's a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 °C (55.4 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F). The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 °C (50 °F), while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it's true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas.

Question: What is the largest hottest continuously large area worldwide?


Answer: 25 °C

Question: What is the value temperature of most of the desert?


Answer: 82% of the time

Question: What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the desert?


Answer: around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)

Question: What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?


Answer: 80 °C (176 °F)

Question: During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?


Answer: low pressure systems

Context: The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Biskra, Algeria and Ouarzazate, Morocco are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm (0.04 in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in). Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 km2 (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm (0.39 in) or less, while some 1,500,000 km2 (about 17% of the total area) receive an average of 5 mm or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 km2 in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 mm per year. The rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 mm/year to more than 6,000 mm/year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. With such an evaporative power, the Sahara can only be desiccated and dried out further more and the moisture deficit is tremendous.

Question: What is the reason the northern fringe receives more cloudiness and rainfall?


Answer: less than 1 mm

Question: What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?


Answer: 9,000,000 km2 of desert land

Question: How much desert land is the Sahara?


Answer: Intertropical Convergence Zone

Question: What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and rainfall?


Answer: east and west

Context: The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

Question: Which directions does the South Saharan run?


Answer: July and August

Question: What months do the summer rains happen?


Answer: 100 to 200 mm

Question: What is the average rainfall between the months of July and August?


Answer: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)

Question: How much land does the ecoregion cover?


Answer: five hundred species

Context: The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.

Question: What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?


Answer: growing lower

Question: What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?


Answer: thick stems

Question: Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?


Answer: long roots that travel horizontally

Question: What helps plants in order to get as much water as possible?


Answer: 250

Context: The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild of Egypt and Libya. They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild.

Question: How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?


Answer: April to October

Question: What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?


Answer: 2,000

Question: How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?


Answer: human activities

Context: human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

Question: What activities from these mammals will likely affect habitat areas?


Answer: irrigated water pumped

Question: What underground items have lead to soil degradation?


Answer: natural resources

Question: What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?


Answer: ice age

Context: People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.

Question: When did people start living on the edge of the desert?


Answer: Over 30,000 petroglyphs

Question: How many river animals were thought to be found during the ice age era?


Answer: the Nile Valley

Question: What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?


Answer: shifts in the Earth's axis

Question: What is believed to have increased temperatures in the Sahara?


Answer: Neolithic Era

Context: During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the "agricultural revolution", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Question: During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?


Answer: cattle and herdsmen

Question: What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?


Answer: Megaliths

Question: What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy found in Nabta Playa?


Answer: cattle

Context: By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.

Question: What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?


Answer: 6000 BCE

Question: By what time period were the Egyptians constructing large buildings?


Answer: Metal objects

Question: What items replaced previously items made of stone?


Answer: due west

Question: In which direction were the dead facing when they were buried?


Answer: 3400 BCE

Context: By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.

Question: By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?


Answer: reduced precipitation and higher temperatures

Question: What was the main reason that the Sahara became so dry?


Answer: the Nile Valley

Question: What area is known for having the majority of the trade?


Answer: Red Sea

Context: By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.

Question: Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?


Answer: the Atlantic coast

Question: Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?


Answer: nomadic Berber

Question: Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant fear?


Answer: 500 BCE

Context: An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.

Question: What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?


Answer: digging tunnels

Question: What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to their crops?


Answer: eight major towns

Question: How many towns are believed to be found by Archaeologists?


Answer: depleted available water

Question: What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes civilization?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Context: The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.

Question: What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the Sahara?


Answer: mid-7th to early 8th centuries

Question: What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa take place?


Answer: 6,000 to 7,000 slaves

Question: What is the estimated number of slaves that were transported each year?


Answer: Egypt

Context: In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans.

Question: During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire?


Answer: freedom of movement for citizens and goods

Question: What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?


Answer: Arabic

Question: What was the local language during this time in Egypt?


Answer: 19th century

Context: European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.

Question: What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?


Answer: France

Question: What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830?


Answer: 20th century

Question: During what time were good moved through more modern means?


Answer: Arabic

Context: Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family.[citation needed] Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was primarily conducted in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, "documented a space of intercultural mediation," contributing much to preserving indigenous cultural identities in the region.

Question: What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?


Answer: French

Question: What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?


Answer: Arabic

Question: What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?


Answer: Samuel Rutherford

Context: The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?


Answer: A. V. Dicey

Question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?


Answer: Law should govern

Question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?


Answer: against the divine right of kings

Question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?


Answer: law

Question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land?


Answer: autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy

Context: Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

Question: In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?


Answer: every citizen

Question: According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?


Answer: nomocracy

Question: What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?


Answer: decay

Question: What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?


Answer: neglect or ignorance of the law

Question: For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?


Answer: rule by the best men

Context: In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

Question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance?


Answer: king

Question: According to Plato, who was above the law?


Answer: benevolent monarchy

Question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?


Answer: rule of law

Question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?


Answer: slave

Question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?


Answer: Deuteronomy

Context: There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, "This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented...." The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.

Question: In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?


Answer: Bishop John Ponet

Question: Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?


Answer: divine right of kings

Question: What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?


Answer: Bible

Question: What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?


Answer: horses

Question: According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?