Answer: standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer

Question: What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?


Answer: without any further damage to the source recording

Context: Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, Nimbus Records uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s. Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.

Question: Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?


Answer: manipulated to remove analog flaws

Question: What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?


Answer: major label distributors restricted their return policies

Context: Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991, when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new product if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also deleted many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies.

Question: What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?


Answer: CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies

Question: Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?


Answer: between 1988 and 1991

Question: When did vinyl record sales decline?


Answer: 1988

Question: When did compact disc popularity take hold?


Answer: final quarter of the 19th century,

Question: When were groove recordings developed?


Answer: Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today

Context: In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over. (See Record collecting.) Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl.

Question: Are records generally out of print as of date?


Answer: Many popular new albums are given releases

Question: Are albums ever reproduced?


Answer: Old records and out-of-print recordings

Question: What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?


Answer: records still have enthusiastic supporters

Question: Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?


Answer: direct manipulation

Context: Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys ("DJs"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching originated on turntables. With CDs or compact audio cassettes one normally has only indirect manipulation options, e.g., the play, stop, and pause buttons. With a record one can place the stylus a few grooves farther in or out, accelerate or decelerate the turntable, or even reverse its direction, provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it. However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.

Question: What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?


Answer: slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching

Question: In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?


Answer: provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it

Question: Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?


Answer: any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl

Question: What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?


Answer: However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.

Question: Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?


Answer: Jack White

Context: In 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, the sale of vinyl records was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year. Sales of other mediums including individual digital tracks, digital albums and compact discs have fallen, the latter having the greatest drop-in-sales rate.

Question: Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?


Answer: compact discs

Question: What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?


Answer: was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year

Question: What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014?


Answer: Pearl Jam

Question: Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994?


Answer: 1991

Question: Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records?


Answer: 1950

Context: Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cinéma), Spain (TCM España), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa.

Question: Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?


Answer: May 1986

Question: Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?


Answer: Time Warner

Question: What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?


Answer: TCM Cinéma

Question: What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?


Answer: TCM España

Question: What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?


Answer: $1.5 billion

Context: In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion. Concerns over Turner Entertainment's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGM's library of films released up to May 9, 1986. Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies; Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co.

Question: How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?


Answer: 1986

Question: In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?


Answer: Kirk Kerkorian

Question: Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?


Answer: Kirk Kerkorian

Question: Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from?


Answer: May 9, 1986

Question: Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library?


Answer: TNT

Context: The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT – along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment).

Question: On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?


Answer: The Maltese Falcon

Question: What was a notable film that Turner colorized?


Answer: MGM/UA

Question: Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?


Answer: May 1986

Question: The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?


Answer: one million

Context: At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC – which at the time was known as "American Movie Classics" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format. AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption.

Question: How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?


Answer: American Movie Classics

Question: When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?


Answer: released prior to 1970

Question: What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?


Answer: 2002

Question: By what year was AMC showing commercials?


Answer: Time Warner

Context: In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video.

Question: With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?


Answer: Saul Zaentz

Question: Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?


Answer: March 1999

Question: When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA's films on home video?


Answer: 2000

Context: In 2000, TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition, inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year's competition the opportunity to score a restored, feature-length silent film as a grand prize, mentored by a well-known composer, with the new work subsequently premiering on the network. As of 2006, films that have been rescored include the 1921 Rudolph Valentino film Camille, two Lon Chaney films: 1921's The Ace of Hearts and 1928's Laugh, Clown, Laugh, and Greta Garbo's 1926 film The Temptress.

Question: In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?


Answer: annual

Question: How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?


Answer: score a restored, feature-length silent film

Question: What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition?


Answer: 1928

Question: In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?


Answer: Greta Garbo

Question: Who starred in The Temptress?


Answer: 2008

Context: In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy.

Question: In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?


Answer: excellence in broadcasting

Question: For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?


Answer: April 2010

Question: When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?


Answer: Grauman's Egyptian Theater

Question: In addition to the Grauman's Chinese Theater, where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place?


Answer: Hollywood

Question: Where is Grauman's Chinese Theater located?


Answer: One Reel Wonders

Context: Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features – which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses. In addition to this, extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects – from series such as The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, and Robert Benchley – under the banner name TCM Extras (formerly One Reel Wonders). In 2007, some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM's website. Partly to allow these interstitials, Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15, :30 or :45 minutes past the hour, instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments.

Question: What were TCM Extras previously known as?


Answer: 2007

Question: When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?


Answer: Robert Benchley

Question: Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?


Answer: top of the hour

Question: Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?


Answer: 1968

Context: TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code. Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films – particularly those made from the 1960s onward – sometimes featuring nudity, sexual content, violence and/or strong profanity; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program (most programs on TCM, especially films, are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines, in lieu of the MPAA's rating system).

Question: In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?


Answer: 1968

Question: In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?


Answer: TV Parental Guidelines

Question: What rating system is often used by TCM?


Answer: 31 Days of Oscar

Context: The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.

Question: What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?


Answer: February

Question: When does TCM's programming season begin?


Answer: letterboxed

Question: On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?


Answer: Humphrey Bogart

Question: Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?


Answer: Walt Disney Studios

Context: TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.

Question: Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?


Answer: Sony Pictures Entertainment

Question: Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?


Answer: thousands

Question: How many films are present in the TCM library?


Answer: EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution

Context: Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies.

Question: Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?


Answer: Viacom

Question: Who owns Paramount?


Answer: Trifecta Entertainment & Media

Question: Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?


Answer: The Walt Disney Company

Question: Who owns Walt Disney Studios?


Answer: Disney-ABC Domestic Television

Question: Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?


Answer: Robert Osborne

Context: Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's films) on Sunday through Wednesday evenings – with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends – and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays, and the "Silent Sunday Nights" and "TCM Imports" blocks on Sundays.

Question: Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?


Answer: film historian

Question: What is Robert Osborne by profession?


Answer: medical leave

Question: Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?


Answer: Ben Mankiewicz

Question: Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?


Answer: 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time

Question: What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?


Answer: Wednesdays

Context: TCM regularly airs a "Star of the Month" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the "TCM Guest Programmer", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.

Question: On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?


Answer: Robert Osbourne

Question: Who hosts the Star of the Month films?


Answer: February 2011

Question: During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?


Answer: 2012

Question: In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?


Answer: month preceding the Academy Awards

Context: Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the "31 Days of Oscar" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long "Summer Under the Stars" in August; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation. The Essentials, currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015[update], is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings (with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time), which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion.

Question: When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?


Answer: August

Question: When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?


Answer: Sally Field

Question: As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?


Answer: Saturday

Question: On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?


Answer: Sunday

Question: On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?


Answer: Silent Sunday Nights

Context: The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: "Silent Sunday Nights", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and "TCM Imports" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s[specify]), a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries. TCM Underground – which debuted in October 2006 – is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films, the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 (though as of 2014[update], it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host).

Question: What movie block shows silent films?


Answer: TCM Imports

Question: What movie block shows foreign films?


Answer: October 2006

Question: When did TCM Underground first appear?


Answer: Friday

Question: On what day is TCM Underground shown?


Answer: Rob Zombie

Question: Who was the first host of TCM Underground?


Answer: August

Context: Each August, Turner Classic Movies suspends its regular schedule for a special month of film marathons called "Summer Under the Stars", which features entire daily schedules devoted to the work of a particular actor, with movies and specials that pertain to the star of the day. In the summer of 2007, the channel debuted "Funday Night at the Movies", a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny (best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants). This summer block featured classic feature films (such as The Wizard of Oz, Sounder, Bringing Up Baby, Singin' in the Rain, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, The Adventures of Robin Hood and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea) aimed at introducing these movies to new generations of children and their families.

Question: In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?


Answer: Tom Kenny

Question: Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?


Answer: SpongeBob SquarePants

Question: What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear?


Answer: Essentials Jr.

Context: "Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-themed films as National Velvet, Captains Courageous and Yours, Mine and Ours, as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey, Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much.

Question: What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?


Answer: Abigail Breslin

Question: Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?


Answer: John Lithgow

Question: Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?


Answer: Bill Hader

Question: Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?


Answer: 2008

Question: In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?


Answer: 2007

Context: In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of how these pictures influenced white people's image of said races, as well as how people of those races viewed themselves. Previous installments have included "Asian Images on Film" in 2008, "Native American Images on Film" in 2010, "Black Images on Film" in 2006 "Latino Images on Film" in 2009 and "Arab Images on Film" in 2011. The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005. In 2011, TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration.

Question: In what year did Screened Out appear?


Answer: 2005

Question: What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?


Answer: AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration

Question: What series premiered in 2011?


Answer: 2011

Question: In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?


Answer: history and depiction of homosexuality in film

Question: What was the topic of Screened Out?


Answer: December 1994

Context: In December 1994, TCM debuted "TCM Remembers", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation. Following the recent death of an especially famous classic film personality (usually an actor, producer, filmmaker or director), the segment will feature a montage of select shots of the deceased's work. Every December, a longer, more inclusive "TCM Remembers" interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year, interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in (2012) or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled (2013). Since 2001, the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy (2007) or Steve Earle (2009).

Question: In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?


Answer: end-of-year compilation

Question: Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?


Answer: December

Question: In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?


Answer: Steve Earle

Question: Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?


Answer: Warner Home Video

Context: The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed, remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies (through corporate sister Warner Home Video). These boxed set releases are of films by notable actors, directors or studios that were previously unreleased on DVD or VHS. The sets often include bonus discs including documentaries and shorts from the TCM library. The initial batch of DVDs are printed in limited quantities and subsequent batches are made-on-demand (MOD).

Question: Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?


Answer: shorts

Question: What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?


Answer: on-demand

Question: After the initial batch of TCM Vault Collection DVDs are printed, how are they made afterwards?


Answer: October 2015

Context: In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a mixture of both. From the wines chosen, TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each, such as a "True Grit" wine, to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name.

Question: What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?


Answer: Laithwaite

Question: Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?


Answer: Francis Ford Coppola

Question: The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?


Answer: John Wayne

Question: Who starred in True Grit?


Answer: 3 month

Question: How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?


Answer: Shaw Cable

Context: Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007. While the schedule for the Canadian feed is generally the same as that of the U.S. network, some films are replaced for broadcast in Canada due to rights issues and other reasons. Other versions of TCM are available in Australia, France, Middle East, South Africa, Cyprus, Spain, Asia, Latin America, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta. The UK version operates two channels, including a spinoff called TCM 2.

Question: What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?


Answer: 2005

Question: In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?


Answer: 2006

Question: In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?


Answer: TCM 2

Question: What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK?


Answer: February 2007

Question: In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts?


Answer: ancient India

Context: Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called nāstika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. Nāstika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, Cārvāka, Ājīvika, and others.

Question: What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?


Answer: six

Question: How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?


Answer: Astika

Question: What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?


Answer: Vedas

Question: What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?


Answer: nāstika

Question: What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?


Answer: relationship and differences

Context: Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.

Question: What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?


Answer: 18th and 19th

Question: In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?


Answer: distinct

Question: What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?


Answer: distinct schools

Question: What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?


Answer: limited

Question: How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?


Answer: six

Context: Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Examples of such schools include Pāśupata Śaiva, Śaiva siddhānta, Pratyabhijña, Raseśvara and Vaiṣṇava. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions. The ideas of these sub-schools are found in the Puranas and Āgamas.

Question: How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?


Answer: Nyāya

Question: Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?


Answer: Vaiśeṣika

Question: What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?


Answer: Sāṅkhya

Question: Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism?


Answer: Advaita

Question: What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge?


Answer: pramāṇas

Context: Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts) Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school . The various schools vary on how many of these six are valid paths of knowledge. For example, the Cārvāka nāstika philosophy holds that only one (perception) is an epistemically reliable means of knowledge, the Samkhya school holds three are (perception, inference and testimony), while the Mīmāṃsā and Advaita schools hold all six are epistemically useful and reliable means to knowledge.

Question: What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?


Answer: six

Question: How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?


Answer: pratyakṣa

Question: What is the pramanas for perception?


Answer: anumāṇa

Question: What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?


Answer: śabda

Question: Which pramanas is understanding of experts?


Answer: Samkhya

Context: Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi (awareness, intellect) and ahankara (individualized ego consciousness, “I-maker”). The universe is described by this school as one created by Purusa-Prakriti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.

Question: Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?


Answer: two realities

Question: How does Samkhya view the universe?


Answer: Puruṣa

Question: What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?


Answer: prakriti

Question: What is the Samkhya school word for matter?


Answer: buddhi

Question: What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?


Answer: three

Context: Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.

Question: How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?


Answer: Sattva

Question: Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness?


Answer: Rajas

Question: Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?


Answer: Tamas

Question: What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?


Answer: atheist / non-theistic

Question: What is the interpretation of classical of Samkhya?


Answer: philosophical schools

Context: In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of "personal god", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the Sāmkhya school, relies on three of six prāmaṇas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).

Question: Of what is yoga a part in Indian philosophy?


Answer: Samkhya

Question: To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?


Answer: personal god

Question: What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?


Answer: three

Question: How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?


Answer: theistic

Question: Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?


Answer: jñāna

Context: The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta, with the difference that Yoga is a form of experimental mysticism while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism. Like Advaita Vedanta, the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy states that liberation/freedom in this life is achievable, and this occurs when an individual fully understands and realizes the equivalence of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman.

Question: What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?


Answer: knowledge

Question: What is the meaning of jnana?


Answer: moksha

Question: To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?


Answer: Advaita Vedanta

Question: To what school does yoga share central ideas?


Answer: liberation/freedom

Question: What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?


Answer: Vaiśeṣika

Context: The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience, according to Vaiśeṣika school . The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE. The foundational text, the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, opens as follows,

Question: What philosophy is a naturalist school?


Answer: atoms

Question: What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?


Answer: first millennium BCE

Question: When was the Vaisesika darsana produced?


Answer: Kaṇāda Kaśyapa

Question: Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?


Answer: world of experience

Question: By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?


Answer: four

Context: Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called “small” (aṇu). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vaiśeṣikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (commonness), viśeṣa (particularity) and amavāya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).

Question: According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?


Answer: earth, water, air, fire

Question: What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?


Answer: atoms

Question: Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?


Answer: composite

Question: According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?


Answer: invisible

Question: What form are atoms in Vaisesika?


Answer: Nyāya

Context: In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul, self and reality. The Nyāya Sūtras begin:

Question: What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?


Answer: mistakes/defects

Question: What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?


Answer: Moksha

Question: What state is achieved through knowledge?


Answer: liberation

Question: What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?


Answer: delusion

Question: Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?


Answer: several

Context: The Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). The Kumārila Bhaṭṭa sub-school of Mīmāṃsā added sixth to its canon of reliable epistemology - anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).

Question: How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?


Answer: five

Question: How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?


Answer: perception

Question: How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool?


Answer: anumāṇa

Question: What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool?


Answer: upamāṇa

Question: What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?


Answer: atheistic and theistic

Context: The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma. To them, dharma meant rituals and duties, not devas (gods), because devas existed only in name. The Mīmāṃsākas held that the Vedas are "eternal authorless infallible", that Vedic vidhi (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive karya (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.

Question: What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa school?


Answer: eternal

Question: How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?


Answer: dharma

Question: What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?


Answer: rituals and duties

Question: How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?


Answer: Vedanta school

Question: What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?


Answer: philology

Context: Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedantins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also describe, develop and derive. Mīmāṃsākas considered orderly, law-driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of dharma and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school, with the difference that Mīmāṃsā school developed and emphasized karmakāṇḍa (that part of the śruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites, the early parts of the Vedas), while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized jñānakāṇḍa (that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism, the latter parts of the Vedas).

Question: To what study did Mimamsa give rise?


Answer: proper, correct and right

Question: What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?


Answer: Vedantins

Question: What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?


Answer: early parts

Question: What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?


Answer: latter parts

Question: What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?


Answer: Upanishads and Brahma

Context: The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). Each of these have been further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each sub-school of Vedanta.

Question: On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?


Answer: first millennium BCE

Question: In what time did the Vedanta school become active?


Answer: Vedānta

Question: Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?


Answer: five or six methods

Question: How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?


Answer: sub-school

Question: On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?


Answer: knowledge-centered understanding

Context: The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.

Question: What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?


Answer: jnana

Question: On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?


Answer: ritualism

Question: On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?


Answer: many sub-schools

Question: Due to differences in text interpretations,into what did the Vedanta school separate?


Answer: ātman and Brahman

Question: What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school?


Answer: Advaita

Context: Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of this school are the Brahma Sutras and the early Upanishads from the 1st millennium BCE. Its first great consolidator was the 8th century scholar Adi Shankara, who continued the line of thought of the Upanishadic teachers, and that of his teacher's teacher Gaudapada. He wrote extensive commentaries on the major Vedantic scriptures and is celebrated as one of the major Hindu philosophers from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.

Question: What means


Answer: Brahman

Context: According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes "that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal". The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore "transitory, incomplete, misleading and not what it appears to be". The concept of ātman is of soul, self within each person, each living being. Advaita Vedantins assert that ātman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence. They hold that dualities and misunderstanding of māyā as the spiritual reality that matters is caused by ignorance, and are the cause of sorrow, suffering. Jīvanmukti (liberation during life) can be achieved through Self-knowledge, the understanding that ātman within is same as ātman in another person and all of Brahman – the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.

Question: According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?


Answer: māyā and ātman

Question: What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?


Answer: always changing

Question: How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?


Answer: soul

Question: To what does the concept of atman refer?


Answer: Brahman

Question: To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?


Answer: Viśiṣṭādvaita

Context: Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman.

Question: What is the philosophy of dualism?


Answer: Ramanuja

Question: Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?


Answer: c. 1037–1137

Question: When did Ramanuja live?


Answer: Supreme Being

Question: For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?


Answer: Vishnu

Question: What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman


Answer: two separate realities

Context: Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic God in other major religions. The distinguishing factor of Dvaita philosophy, as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta, is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe. Like Vishishtadvaita Vedanta subschool, Dvaita philosophy also embraced Vaishnavism, with the metaphysical concept of Brahman in the Vedas identified with Vishnu and the one and only Supreme Being. However, unlike Vishishtadvaita which envisions ultimate qualified nondualism, the dualism of Dvaita was permanent.

Question: Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?


Answer: monotheistic God

Question: To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?


Answer: takes on a personal role

Question: How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?


Answer: permanent

Question: As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?


Answer: Vishnu

Question: Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?


Answer: Nimbarka

Context: Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exists independently, while soul and matter are dependent. Thus soul and matter have an existence that is separate yet dependent. Further, Brahman is a controller, the soul is the enjoyer, and matter the thing enjoyed. Also, the highest object of worship is Krishna and his consort Radha, attended by thousands of gopis; of the Vrindavan; and devotion consists in self-surrender.

Question: What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?


Answer: 13th-century

Question: In what century did Nimbarka live?


Answer: three

Question: How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?


Answer: Brahman, soul, and matter

Question: What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?


Answer: Krishna

Question: Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?


Answer: Śvetāśvatara Upanishad

Context: Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedābheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought— Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña (Kashmir Shaivism).

Question: In what text is Shaivism recounted?


Answer: 400 – 200 BCE

Question: When was the text on Shaivism written?


Answer: Vidyaranya

Question: Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?


Answer: three

Question: How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?


Answer: Pratyabhijña

Question: What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?


Answer: Pāśupata Shaivism

Context: Pāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, "of Paśupati") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to Pāśupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.

Question: What is the oldest school of Shaivism?


Answer: Lakulish

Question: Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?


Answer: 2nd century CE

Question: When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism?


Answer: Vaishnava theology

Question: What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?


Answer: servitude of souls

Question: What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?


Answer: Pāśupatas

Context: Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes were of thirteen kinds, the five organs of cognition, the five organs of action, the three internal organs, intellect, the ego principle and the cognising principle. These insentient causes were held responsible for the illusive identification of Self with non-Self. Salvation in Pāśupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect.

Question: What group divided the world into two parts?


Answer: insentient and the sentient

Question: Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?


Answer: unconscious

Question: In what staet was the insentient considered to be?


Answer: conscious

Question: How was the sentient seen as being?


Answer: through the intellect

Question: For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?


Answer: non-dual

Context: Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (Śakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (niṣkriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (māyā). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.

Question: What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?


Answer: Universal Consciousness

Question: What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?


Answer: real

Question: As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?


Answer: Advaita

Question: Which group sees the world as illusion?


Answer: merge in Shiva

Question: According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?


Answer: Democratic Party and the Republican Party

Context: While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

Question: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?


Answer: China

Question: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.


Answer: the electorate

Question: How are political parties elected in democracies?


Answer: Germany and India

Question: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?


Answer: late-17th-century England

Context: The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742; his protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754).

Question: Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?


Answer: Whigs

Question: Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?


Answer: Robert Walpole

Question: Who was the leader if the Whigs?


Answer: 1715

Question: In what year did the jacobite rising fail?


Answer: John Locke

Context: As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney.

Question: Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?


Answer: Locke and Algernon Sidney

Question: Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.


Answer: championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power

Question: Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?


Answer: the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty

Question: Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?


Answer: Whigs

Context: Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the "Opposition Whigs", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party. They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute.

Question: Who did the Tories oppose?


Answer: the "Opposition Whigs"

Question: Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?


Answer: 1760

Question: When did the Tories regain power?


Answer: half a century

Question: For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?


Answer: ideological gap

Question: Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?


Answer: the Rockingham Whigs

Context: When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "Grenvillite", "Bedfordite", "Rockinghamite", and "Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Question: Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?


Answer: Charles Watson-Wentworth

Question: Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?


Answer: "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"

Question: What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?


Answer: remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Question: Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?


Answer: the 'Pittite' Tories

Context: The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to "a perpetual vortex of agitation". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.

Question: What was the modern Conservative party created from?


Answer: Robert Peel

Question: Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?


Answer: the Liberal Party

Question: Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?


Answer: 1834

Question: In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?


Answer: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party

Context: Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.

Question: What were the two proto-political parties?


Answer: 1816

Question: In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?


Answer: partisan

Question: What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?


Answer: Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Question: Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?


Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell

Context: At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880s. In 1882, he changed his party's name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and created a well-organized grass roots structure, introducing membership to replace "ad hoc" informal groupings. He created a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats, and in 1884 he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party whip and a formal party structure was unique at the time. His party's efficient structure and control contrasted with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties; – they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.

Question: Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?


Answer: Irish Parliamentary Party

Question: What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?


Answer: they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.

Question: Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?


Answer: A political party is typically led by a party leader

Context: A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.

Question: Do political parties have a Party leader?


Answer: party secretary

Question: Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?


Answer: party treasurer

Question: Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses?


Answer: party chair

Question: Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?


Answer: When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government

Context: When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers.

Question: When does a party form an official opposition?


Answer: Westminster-based parties

Question: What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?


Answer: When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority

Question: When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?


Answer: leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation

Question: If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?


Answer: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for

Context: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents (or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable).

Question: What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?


Answer: a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties

Question: How are parties regulated?


Answer: to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents

Question: Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?


Answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

Context: Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

Question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?


Answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism

Question: which outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?


Answer: Cordon Sanitarian

Question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?


Answer: In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist

Context: In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address. In the United States, the unicameral legislature of Nebraska is nonpartisan but is elected and votes on informal party lines. In Canada, the territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are nonpartisan. In New Zealand, Tokelau has a nonpartisan parliament. Many city and county governments[vague] are nonpartisan. Nonpartisan elections and modes of governance are common outside of state institutions. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties.

Question: Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?


Answer: The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.

Question: Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?


Answer: political parties

Question: What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?


Answer: political parties

Question: What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?


Answer: one-party systems

Context: In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

Question: In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?


Answer: positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government

Question: What are North Korea and China examples of?


Answer: 1934 and 1945

Question: When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?


Answer: dictatorships and tyranny

Question: What is the one-party system often compared with?


Answer: In dominant-party systems

Context: In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' failure. Sometimes, typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition, it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud. In the latter case, the definition between dominant and one-party system becomes rather blurred. Examples of dominant party systems include the People's Action Party in Singapore, the African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia, the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, and the National Liberation Front in Algeria. One-party dominant system also existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990s, in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the late 19th century until the 1970s, in Indonesia with the Golkar from the early 1970s until 1998.

Question: When are opposition parties allowed?


Answer: political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion

Question: What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?


Answer: patronage and sometimes by voting fraud

Question: What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?


Answer: African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia

Question: What are some examples of dominant party systems?


Answer: 1990s

Question: For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?


Answer: two-party system

Context: The United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. The former became the Whig Party and the latter became the Democratic Party. The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery, those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party, as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Third parties (such as the Libertarian Party) often receive little support and are very rarely the victors in elections. Despite this, there have been several examples of third parties siphoning votes from major parties that were expected to win (such as Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912 and George Wallace in the election of 1968). As third party movements have learned, the Electoral College's requirement of a nationally distributed majority makes it difficult for third parties to succeed. Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other. Wallace had weak support outside the South. More generally, parties with a broad base of support across regions or among economic and other interest groups, have a great chance of winning the necessary plurality in the U.S.'s largely single-member district, winner-take-all elections. The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal.

Question: What type of party system is the United States?


Answer: Federalist and Republican

Question: What were the first parties in the united States called?


Answer: two decades

Question: For how long did the Whigs survive?


Answer: tremendous land area and large population of the country

Question: What are challenged to an unpopular political party?


Answer: Democratic Party

Question: Which party was anti-slavery?


Answer: a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system

Context: The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.

Question: What has the UK political system functioned as?


Answer: Conservative Party and the Labour Party

Question: What are the two largest political parties in the UK?


Answer: Liberal Party

Question: What was the other major party before the Labour party?


Answer: A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system

Question: What is Duveger's Law?


Answer: in cases where there are three or more parties

Context: More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in Germany on national and state level, and in most constituencies at the communal level. Furthermore, since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition (usually of the Independence Party and one other (often the Social Democratic Alliance). A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland; since 1989, no one party has held power on its own. Since then, numerous coalition governments have been formed. These coalitions have been exclusively led by one of either Fianna Fáil or Fine Gael. Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems.[dubious – discuss] If factions in a two-party system are in fundamental disagreement on policy goals, or even principles, they can be slow to make policy changes, which appears to be the case now in the U.S. with power split between Democrats and Republicans. Still coalition governments struggle, sometimes for years, to change policy and often fail altogether, post World War II France and Italy being prime examples. When one party in a two-party system controls all elective branches, however, policy changes can be both swift and significant. Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were beneficiaries of such fortuitous circumstances, as were Republicans as far removed in time as Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011.

Question: In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?


Answer: since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition

Question: Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?


Answer: 1989

Question: Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?


Answer: Political change is often easier with a coalition government

Question: When is political change easier?


Answer: post World War II France and Italy

Question: What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?


Answer: Political parties

Context: Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.

Question: What are called factions by some people?


Answer: organizations, businesses and special interest groups

Question: What are political parties lobbied by?


Answer: Money and gifts

Question: What are traditional sources of funding for parties?


Answer: 19th century

Question: Around which time was the mass membership party started?


Answer: increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships

Context: From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period.

Question: Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?


Answer: second half of the 20th century

Question: When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?


Answer: peerages

Context: In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.

Question: In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?


Answer: Lloyd George

Question: Who was discovered to be selling peerages?


Answer: Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act

Question: What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?


Answer: outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act

Question: What did the Honours act do?


Answer: cloaking their contributions as loans

Question: How did people attempt to overcome this law?


Answer: direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect

Context: There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Question: What are the two categories of public funding?


Answer: 25%

Question: Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?


Answer: 58%

Question: What percentage of nations provide direct funding?


Answer: required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Question: Are parties required to reveal their funding?


Answer: 60%

Question: What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?


Answer: funding

Context: In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.

Question: What can also be provided by foreign aid?


Answer: provide financing to political parties in developing countries

Question: What do international donors do to promote democracy?


Answer: Developing links between ideologically linked parties

Question: What is another common occurrence of international support for a party?


Answer: to increase support to political parties

Question: What does the overseas development institute want to do?


Answer: Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties

Context: Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty (like white), but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties. White also is associated with nationalism. "Purple Party" is also used as an academic hypothetical of an undefined party, as a Centrist party in the United States (because purple is created from mixing the main parties' colors of red and blue) and as a highly idealistic "peace and love" party—in a similar vein to a Green Party, perhaps. Black is generally associated with fascist parties, going back to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, but also with Anarchism. Similarly, brown is sometimes associated with Nazism, going back to the Nazi Party's tan-uniformed storm troopers.

Question: What parties is the color green for?


Answer: royalty

Question: What was purple considered the color for?


Answer: fascist parties

Question: What parties is the color black associated with?


Answer: Nazism

Question: Brown is associated with what parties?


Answer: nationalism

Question: What color is orange associated with?


Answer: right-wing Republican Party

Context: Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.

Question: What is the color red associated with?


Answer: left-wing Democratic Party

Question: What political party is the color blue associated with?


Answer: unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors

Question: Did the political parties choose those colors?


Answer: 2000

Question: In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?


Answer: 19th and 20th century

Context: During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.

Question: When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?


Answer: The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association

Question: What are some examples of this?


Answer: Hong Kong

Question: Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations.


Answer: Maurice Duverger

Context: French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.

Question: Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?


Answer: political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders

Question: What are cadre parties?


Answer: Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology

Question: What are mass parties?


Answer: Socialist parties

Question: What is an example of a mass party?


Answer: cadre parties

Question: What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?