Answer: Oppidan Scholars

Context: Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.

Question: If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?


Answer: Oppidan Scholar

Question: Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?


Answer: 24

Question: How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?


Answer: consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations

Question: Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?


Answer: either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career

Question: How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?


Answer: Godolphin House, Jourdelay's

Context: The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House, Jourdelay's, (both built as such c. 1720), Hawtrey House, Durnford House, (the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows, 1845, when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control), The Hopgarden, South Lawn, Waynflete, Evans's, Keate House, Warre House, Villiers House, Common Lane House, Penn House, Walpole House, Cotton Hall, Wotton House, Holland House, Mustians, Angelo's, Manor House, Farrer House, Baldwin's Bec, The Timbralls, and Westbury.

Question: Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names?


Answer: Hawtrey House, Durnford House

Question: Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845?


Answer: Godolphin House, Jourdelay's

Question: Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest?


Answer: "fags"

Context: For much of Eton's history, junior boys had to act as "fags", or servants, to older boys. Their duties included cleaning, cooking, and running errands. A Library member was entitled to yell at any time and without notice, "Boy, Up!" or "Boy, Queue!", and all first-year boys had to come running. The last boy to arrive was given the task. These practices, known as fagging, were partially phased out of most houses in the 1970s. Captains of House and Games still sometimes give tasks to first-year boys, such as collecting the mail from School Office.[citation needed]

Question: What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students?


Answer: cleaning, cooking, and running errands

Question: What were common duties of younger servant students?


Answer: "Boy, Up!" or "Boy, Queue!"

Question: What words were yelled by Librarians that required first year students to come?


Answer: The last boy to arrive

Question: Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian?


Answer: 1970s

Question: What year was "fagging" phased out of most houses?


Answer: mourning for the death of George III

Context: The long-standing claim that the present uniform was first worn as mourning for the death of George III is unfounded. "Eton dress" has undergone significant changes since its standardisation in the 19th century. Originally (along with a top-hat and walking-cane), Etonian dress was reserved for formal occasions, but boys wear it today for classes, which are referred to as "divisions", or "divs". As stated above, King's Scholars wear a black gown over the top of their tailcoats, and occasionally a surplice in Chapel. Members of the teaching staff (known as Beaks) are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching.

Question: There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event?


Answer: Members of the teaching staff

Question: What are Beaks?


Answer: when teaching

Question: When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?


Answer: "divisions", or "divs"

Question: What are classes at Eaton known as today?


Answer: more than 100

Context: Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.

Question: How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?


Answer: non-curriculum

Question: Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?


Answer: just one

Question: How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?


Answer: Classical Greek

Question: Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?


Answer: House Master

Context: The primary responsibility for a boy's studies lies with his House Master, but he is assisted by an additional director of studies, known as a tutor. Classes, colloquially known as "divs" (divisions), are organised on a School basis; the classrooms are separate from the houses. New school buildings have appeared for teaching purposes every decade or so since New Schools, designed by Henry Woodyer and built 1861-3. Despite the introduction of modern technology, the external appearance and locations of many of the classrooms have remained unchanged for a long time.

Question: With whom does the primary responsibility for a student's leaning lie?


Answer: Henry Woodyer

Question: Who designed the learning buildings at Eton?


Answer: separate

Question: Are living houses and classrooms seperate or conjoined?


Answer: tutor

Question: What other term is given to the director of studies?


Answer: Wine and Wotton’s

Context: Societies tend to come and go, of course, depending on the special enthusiasms of the masters and boys in the school at the time, but some have been in existence many years. Those in existence at present include: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesty, Archeological, Architectural, Astronomy, Banks (conservation), Caledonian, Cheese, Classical, Comedy, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Design, Entrepreneurship, Geographical, Henry Fielding, Hispanic, History, Keynes (economics), Law, Literary, Mathematical, Medical, Middle Eastern, Model United Nations, Modern Languages, Oriental, Orwell (left-wing), Simeon (Christian), Parry (music), Photographic, Political, Praed (poetry), Rock (music), Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatic), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Theatre, Wellington (military), Wine and Wotton’s (philosophy).

Question: Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?


Answer: Rous

Question: Which Eton society is centered around horses?


Answer: Rock

Question: What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?


Answer: Rare Books and Manuscripts

Question: What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?


Answer: a project on a scientific subject

Context: Prizes are awarded on the results of trials (internal exams), GCSE and AS-levels. In addition, many subjects and activities have specially endowed prizes, several of which are awarded by visiting experts. The most prestigious is the Newcastle Scholarship, awarded on the strength of an examination, consisting of two papers in philosophical theology, moral theory and applied ethics. Also of note are the Gladstone Memorial Prize and the Coutts Prize, awarded on the results of trials and AS-level examinations in C; and the Huxley Prize, awarded for a project on a scientific subject. Other specialist prizes include the Newcastle Classical Prize; the Rosebery Exhibition for History; the Queen’s Prizes for French and German; the Duke of Newcastle’s Russian Prize; the Beddington Spanish Prize; the Strafford and Bowman Shakespeare Prizes; the Tomline and Russell Prizes in Mathematics; the Sotheby Prize for History of Art; the Waddington Prize for Theology and Philosophy; the Birley Prize for History; The Lower Boy Rosebery Prize and the Wilder Prize for Theology. Prizes are awarded too for excellence in such activities as painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design.

Question: For what is the Huxley prize awarded?


Answer: Tomline and Russell

Question: Which two prizes are dedicated to mathematics?


Answer: painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design

Question: What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize?


Answer: internal

Question: Are trials considered internal or external exams?


Answer: individual ventures that show particular initiative

Context: Various benefactions make it possible to give grants each year to boys who wish, for educational or cultural reasons, to work or travel abroad. These include the Busk Fund, which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, for the promotion of visits to classical lands; the Sadler Fund, which supports, amongst others, those intending to enter the Foreign Service; and the Marsden Fund, for travel in countries where the principal language is not English.

Question: What does the Busk Fund support?


Answer: Marsden Fund

Question: Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?


Answer: the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund

Question: Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?


Answer: If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work

Context: If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work, it may be "Sent Up For Good", storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity. This award has been around since the 18th century. As Sending Up For Good is fairly infrequent, the process is rather mysterious to many of Eton's boys. First, the master wishing to Send Up For Good must gain the permission of the relevant Head of Department. Upon receiving his or her approval, the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master, tutor and division master.

Question: What action results in something being "Sent Up For Good?"


Answer: a card

Question: What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?


Answer: House Master, tutor and division master

Question: When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?


Answer: College Archives

Question: Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?


Answer: a "Rip"

Context: The opposite of a Show Up is a "Rip". This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a "White Ticket", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an "info", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor.

Question: What is the opposite of a Show Up?


Answer: the boy's housemaster

Question: Who must sign a Rip?


Answer: all his teachers

Question: Who must sign a White Ticket?


Answer: the boy's housemaster and tutor

Question: Who must sign an "info"?


Answer: sign for information

Question: What punishment term is "info" short for?


Answer: a "run"

Context: A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign "Tardy Book", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days). Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the "Bill". The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a "run" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.

Question: What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?


Answer: School Office

Question: Where is the "Tardy Book" kept?


Answer: typically three days

Question: How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?


Answer: the "Bill"

Question: When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?


Answer: suspension

Question: What is another term for rustication?


Answer: caning

Context: John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Head Master from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office. Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys. Previously, House Captains were permitted to cane miscreants over the seat of the trousers. This was a routine occurrence, carried out privately with the boy bending over with his head under the edge of a table. Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop (see Eton Society below) in the form of a "Pop-Tanning", in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members (or, in earlier times, each member of Pop took it in turns to inflict a stroke). The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers, as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds. This was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton.

Question: The birch was abolished and replaced with what?


Answer: "Pop-Tanning"

Question: What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?


Answer: the caning would cut the cloth to shreds

Question: Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?


Answer: Chenevix-Trench

Question: Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?


Answer: Anthony Chenevix-Trench

Question: Who administered caning privately in his office?


Answer: "Precentor"

Context: The current "Precentor" (Head of Music) is Tim Johnson, and the School boasts eight organs and an entire building for music (performance spaces include the School Hall, the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music, the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall). Many instruments are taught, including obscure ones such as the didgeridoo. The School participates in many national competitions; many pupils are part of the National Youth Orchestra, and the School gives scholarships for dedicated and talented musicians. A former Precentor of the college, Ralph Allwood set up and organised Eton Choral Courses, which run at the School every summer.

Question: What term is given to the Head of Music?


Answer: didgeridoo

Question: What is an example of a lesser-known instrument taught at Eton?


Answer: Tim Johnson

Question: Who is the current Precentor?


Answer: eight

Question: How many organs does Eton house?


Answer: 400

Context: Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College; there is one main theatre, called the Farrer (seating 400) and 2 Studio theatres, called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space (seating 90 and 80 respectively). There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year, around 3 or 4 "independent" plays (not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians) and three school plays, one specifically for boys in the first two years, and two open to all years. The School Plays have such good reputations that they are normally fully booked every night. Productions also take place in varying locations around the School, varying from the sports fields to more historic buildings such as Upper School and College Chapel.

Question: How many people can sit in the audience at Eton's main theatre?


Answer: Farrer

Question: What is the name of Eton's largest theatre?


Answer: about 8 or 9

Question: How many house productions does Eton run each year?


Answer: not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians

Question: What are "independent" theatre productions at Eton?


Answer: fully booked every night

Question: Do the plays sport high attendance rates?


Answer: girls from surrounding schools

Context: In recent years, the School has put on a musical version of The Bacchae (October 2009) as well as productions of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (May 2010), The Cherry Orchard (February 2011), Joseph K (October 2011), Cyrano de Bergerac (May 2012), Macbeth (October 2012), London Assurance (May 2013) and Jerusalem (October 2013). Upcoming in May 2014 was a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream . Often girls from surrounding schools, such as St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School, are cast in female roles. Boys from the School are also responsible for the lighting, sound and stage management of all the productions, under the guidance of several professional full-time theatre staff.

Question: Who are cast in Eton's female roles in their productions?


Answer: Boys from the School

Question: Who is responsible for stage hand duties, lighting, sound, and management?


Answer: Macbeth

Question: Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012?


Answer: St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School

Question: What are somefemale schools close to Eton?


Answer: "Fourth of June"

Context: Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called "Fourth of June", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the "Fourth of June" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]

Question: What is Eton's best-known holiday?


Answer: the birthday of King George III

Question: What does the "Fourth of June" celebrate?


Answer: the Wednesday before the first weekend of June

Question: When is the Fourth of June celebrated?


Answer: Procession of Boats

Question: Which event is held on the Fourth of June?


Answer: substantial tax breaks

Context: Until 18 December 2010, Eton College was an exempt charity under English law (Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2). Under the provisions of the Charities Act 2006, it is now an excepted charity, and fully registered with the Charities Commission, and is now one of the 100 largest charities in the UK. As a charity, it benefits from substantial tax breaks. It was calculated by the late David Jewell, former Master of Haileybury, that in 1992 such tax breaks saved the School about £1,945 per pupil per year, although he had no direct connection with the School. This subsidy has declined since the 2001 abolition by the Labour Government of state-funded scholarships (formerly known as "assisted places") to independent schools. However, no child attended Eton on this scheme, meaning that the actual level of state assistance to the School has always been lower. Eton's retiring Head Master, Tony Little, has claimed that the benefits that Eton provides to the local community free of charge (use of its facilities, etc.) have a higher value than the tax breaks it receives as a result of its charitable status. The fee for the academic year 2010–2011 was £29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100 as of March 2011), although the sum is considerably lower for those pupils on bursaries and scholarships.

Question: Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton?


Answer: use of its facilities

Question: What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge?


Answer: £29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100

Question: What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011?


Answer: £1,945 per pupil per year

Question: How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992?


Answer: the National Lottery

Context: In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a £4.6m sports complex, to add to Eton's existing facilities of two swimming pools, 30 cricket squares, 24 football, rugby and hockey pitches and a gym. The College paid £200,000 and contributed 4.5 hectares of land in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only. The UK Sports Council defended the deal on the grounds that the whole community would benefit, while the bursar claimed that Windsor, Slough and Eton Athletic Club was "deprived" because local people (who were not pupils at the College) did not have a world-class running track and facilities to train with. Steve Osborn, director of the Safe Neighbourhoods Unit, described the decision as "staggering" given the background of a substantial reduction in youth services by councils across the country, a matter over which, however, neither the College nor the UK Sports Council, had any control. The facility, which became the Thames Valley Athletics Centre, opened in April 1999.

Question: Who granted money to Eton for a sports complex in 1995?


Answer: April 1999

Question: When did the Thames Valley Athletics Centre open?


Answer: in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only

Question: For what did the college pay a substancial sum and donate 4.5 hectres of land?


Answer: 30

Question: How many cricket squares does Eton have?


Answer: two

Question: How many swimming pools are located within Eton?


Answer: Sarah Forsyth

Context: In October 2004, Sarah Forsyth claimed that she had been dismissed unfairly by Eton College and had been bullied by senior staff. She also claimed she was instructed to do some of Prince Harry's coursework to enable him to pass AS Art. As evidence, Forsyth provided secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke. An employment tribunal in July 2005 found that she had been unfairly dismissed and criticised Burke for bullying her and for repeatedly changing his story. It also criticised the school for failing to produce its capability procedures and criticised the Head Master for not reviewing the case independently.

Question: Who claimed she had been unfairly fired by Eton and won her case?


Answer: secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke

Question: What did Sarah Forsyth provide as evidence to her unfair termination and job duties?


Answer: failing to produce its capability procedures

Question: For what was Eton criticized in its handling of the Forsyth case?


Answer: the Head Master

Question: Who was criticized for not handling the Forsyth case independently?


Answer: unfounded and irrelevant

Context: It criticised Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher–student confidentiality and said "It is clear whichever version of the evidence is accepted that Mr Burke did ask the claimant to assist Prince Harry with text for his expressive art project ... It is not part of this tribunal's function to determine whether or not it was legitimate." In response to the tribunal's ruling concerning the allegations about Prince Harry, the School issued a statement, saying Forsyth's claims "were dismissed for what they always have been - unfounded and irrelevant." A spokesperson from Clarence House said, "We are delighted that Harry has been totally cleared of cheating."

Question: The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what?


Answer: Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry

Question: What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality?


Answer: determine whether or not it was legitimate

Question: The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry's recording in the Forsyth case?


Answer: Jean Scott

Context: In 2005, the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools, including Eton, to have breached the Competition Act by "regularly and systematically" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School. Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around £70,000, totalling around £3.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another £3m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Eton should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked. However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."

Question: Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing, stating they were unaware the laws had changed?


Answer: 2005

Question: In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing?


Answer: £70,000, totalling around £3.5 million

Question: How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing?


Answer: a new charitable educational fund

Question: What did the schools elect to contribute money towards, in light of their allegations?


Answer: £2,652

Context: A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received £2,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy. Asked to explain under what grounds it was eligible to receive farming subsidies, Eton admitted that it was 'a bit of a mystery'. The TaxPayers' Alliance also stated that Eton had received a total of £5,300 in CAP subsidies between 2002 and 2007. Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for 'environmental improvements', in effect 'being paid without having to do any farming at all'.

Question: How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?


Answer: Common Agricultural Policy

Question: Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?


Answer: environmental improvements

Question: What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?


Answer: nine

Context: Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College.

Question: How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?


Answer: Wellington College

Question: Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?


Answer: Labour MP David Lammy

Question: Who described outreach events at Eton as "unfair and indefensible?"


Answer: 37

Question: In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?


Answer: July 2015

Context: In July 2015, Eton accidentally sent emails to 400 prospective students, offering them conditional entrance to the school in September 2017. The email was intended for nine students, but an IT glitch caused the email to be sent to 400 additional families, who didn't necessarily have a place. In response, the school issued the following statement: "This error was discovered within minutes and each family was immediately contacted to notify them that it should be disregarded and to apologise. We take this type of incident very seriously indeed and so a thorough investigation, overseen by the headmaster Tony Little and led by the tutor for admissions, is being carried out to find out exactly what went wrong and ensure it cannot happen again. Eton College offers its sincere apologies to those boys concerned and their families. We deeply regret the confusion and upset this must have caused."

Question: When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family?


Answer: 400

Question: How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015?


Answer: nine

Question: For how many students was the email mistake originally intended?


Answer: an illegal hare hunt

Context: In January 2016, the Eton College beagling club was accused by the League Against Cruel Sports of undertaking an illegal hare hunt. The allegations were accompanied by a video of the Eton Beagles chasing a hare, as 'the hunt staff urge the beagles on and make no efforts to call the dogs off.' A spokesman representing Eton College released the following statement: "Eton College takes its legal responsibilities extremely seriously and expects all school activities to comply with the law. We are investigating this allegation as a matter of urgency and will be co-operating fully with the relevant authorities."

Question: What was Eton's beagle club accused of in January 2016?


Answer: a video

Question: What evidence was brought forth of a potential hare hunt?


Answer: extremely seriously

Question: Did Eton's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously?


Answer: Roxbury Latin School

Context: Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as The Doon School and Mayo College. Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including Turkey's Robert College, the United States' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Scotch College, Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School, Singapore's Raffles Institution, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions, while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship, an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house.

Question: Which male private school in Boston, USA has Eton formed a relationship with?


Answer: Wotton house

Question: Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside?


Answer: 2005

Question: In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded?


Answer: a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world

Question: What is the G20 School's Group?


Answer: Prince Richard

Context: Besides Prince William and Prince Harry, members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, his eldest son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor; James Ogilvy, son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy, himself an Eton alumnus. Prince William of Gloucester (1942-1972) also attended Eton, as did George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, son of Princess Mary, Princess Royal.

Question: Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?


Answer: Ulster

Question: Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?


Answer: George Lascelles

Question: Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?


Answer: Princess Mary, Princess Royal

Question: Who was George Lascelles' mother?


Answer: John Gurdon

Context: Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle, John Maynard Smith, J. B. S. Haldane, Stephen Wolfram and the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner, John Gurdon; Beau Brummell; economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard; Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates; politician Alan Clark; entrepreneur, charity organiser and partner of Adele, Simon Konecki; cricket commentator Henry Blofeld; explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes; adventurer Bear Grylls; composers Thomas Arne, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter, Frederick Septimus Kelly, Donald Tovey, Thomas Dunhill, Lord Berners, Victor Hely-Hutchinson, and Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine); Hubert Parry, who wrote the song Jerusalem and the coronation anthem I was glad; and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton.

Question: Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton?


Answer: Lawrence Oates

Question: Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton?


Answer: Eton

Question: Where did adventurer Bear Grylls attend school?


Answer: James Landale

Context: Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times, Julian Haviland; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor, James Landale, and the BBC Science Editor, David Shukman; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK, Nicholas Coleridge; the former ITN newscaster and BBC Panorama presenter, Ludovic Kennedy; current BBC World News and BBC Rough Justice current affairs presenter David Jessel; former chief ITV and Channel 4 racing commentator John Oaksey; 1950s BBC newsreader and 1960s ITN newscaster Timothy Brinton; 1960s BBC newsreader Corbet Woodall; the former Editor of The Daily Telegraph, Charles Moore; the former Editor of The Spectator, Ferdinand Mount; and the current Editor of The Mail on Sunday, Geordie Greig.

Question: Which current BBC Deputy Political Editor attended Eton?


Answer: Charles Moore

Question: Which former Editor of the Daily Telegraph attended Eton?


Answer: Geordie Greig

Question: Who is a former Eton alumn and current Editor of The Mail on Sunday?


Answer: Yes, I would.

Context: Actor Dominic West has been unenthusiastic about the career benefits of being an Old Etonian, saying it "is a stigma that is slightly above 'paedophile' in the media in a gallery of infamy", but asked whether he would consider sending his own children there, said "Yes, I would. It’s an extraordinary place... It has the facilities and the excellence of teaching and it will find what you’re good at and nurture it", while the actor Tom Hiddleston says there are widespread misconceptions about Eton, and that "People think it's just full of braying toffs... It isn’t true... It's actually one of the most broadminded places I’ve ever been. The reason it’s a good school is that it encourages people to find the thing they love and to go for it. They champion the talent of the individual and that’s what’s special about it".

Question: According to actor Dominic Wes, would he send his children to Eton?


Answer: They champion the talent of the individual

Question: According to actor Tom Hiddleston, that is special about Eton?


Answer: Tom Hiddleston

Question: Which actor states there are widespread misconceptions about Eton?


Answer: Saint Finbarr

Context: Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port. It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network. The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort, with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery, and perhaps also military aid.

Question: Who was thought to have founded Cork?


Answer: 6th century

Question: When was Cork believed to have been founded?


Answer: some point between 915 and 922

Question: When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork?


Answer: ecclesiastical

Question: What kind of settlement was Cork?


Answer: otherwise unobtainable trade goods

Question: What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery?


Answer: Prince John

Context: The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185. The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south.

Question: Who granted Cork's charter?


Answer: fully walled

Question: What kind of protection did Cork have?


Answer: some wall sections and gates

Question: What parts of Cork's defense remain today?


Answer: Black Rent

Question: What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?


Answer: between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south

Question: Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?


Answer: 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe

Context: The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe — in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her Royal visit to the city.

Question: Who controlled Cork's municipal government?


Answer: about 2,100

Question: How many citizens were origionally in Cork?


Answer: Black Death

Question: What caused the deaths of half of Cork's citizens?


Answer: 1349

Question: When did the plague hit Cork?


Answer: Perkin Warbeck

Question: Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII?


Answer: mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes

Context: The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.

Question: What is the weather like in Cork?


Answer: Met Éireann

Question: Who keeps a weather station in Cork?


Answer: the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft)

Question: Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport?


Answer: UCC and Clover Hill

Question: Where are some weather stations near Cork?


Answer: lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b

Question: If you are going to farm in Cork, what should you be aware of?


Answer: 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft)

Context: Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) or above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average 204 "rainy" days a year (over 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) of rainfall), of which there are 73 days with "heavy rain" (over 5 millimetres (0.20 in)). Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no "recordable sunshine", mostly during and around winter.

Question: How much precipitation does Cork usually receive?


Answer: rain

Question: What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives?


Answer: 2 days

Question: How long does snow hang around in Cork?


Answer: foggy

Question: What is the atmosphere typically like in Cork?


Answer: average of 97

Question: How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?


Answer: The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150)

Context: The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of several courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame; the Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource;[citation needed] the Triskel Arts Centre (capacity c.90), which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema; dance venue the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240); the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company; and the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee events. The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150) both play host to dramatic plays throughout the year.

Question: Where is a good place to find dramatic plays all year in Cork?


Answer: Cillian Murphy

Question: Which Hollywood actress first began in Cork at the Corcadorca Theatre Company?


Answer: the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240)

Question: What is a major dance venue in Cork?


Answer: Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company

Question: What are someplaces that you could study drama and therter in Cork?


Answer: the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee

Question: WHat are some festivals or events of note in Cork?


Answer: Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan

Context: Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's.[citation needed] Cork's underground scene is supported by Plugd Records.[citation needed]

Question: Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?


Answer: Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy

Question: Which major opera singers were born in Cork?


Answer: Plugd Records

Question: Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?


Answer: Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's

Question: What are the main attractions in Cork?


Answer: RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet

Question: Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?


Answer: Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities

Context: Cork has been culturally diverse for many years, from Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities and a smaller numbers from African and Asian nations in the 20th and 21st centuries. This is reflected in the multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as Gerald Goldberg (several times Lord Mayor), David Marcus (novelist) and Louis Marcus (documentary maker) played notable roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and synagogue. Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a mosque. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English language services.

Question: What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork?


Answer: multi-cultural restaurants and shops

Question: What things show Corks diverse culural background?


Answer: late 19th century

Question: When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?


Answer: various Christian churches, as well as a mosque

Question: What types of religions can be found in Cork?


Answer: masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English

Question: How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork?


Answer: Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched

Context: The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English, displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has a number of dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs. Like standard Hiberno-English, some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad. The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity, usually depending on the social-class of the speaker.

Question: What sets the Cork accent apart from other Irish accents?


Answer: rhoticity

Question: What is the name of the English dialects that are written and spoken in Cork?


Answer: at home and abroad

Question: Where did Cork get pieces of its language from?


Answer: rhoticity

Question: What is the pronunciation of the Irish "r" called?


Answer: Life 93.1FM

Context: The city's FM radio band features RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ lyric fm, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4fm, Newstalk and the religious station Spirit Radio. There are also local stations such as Cork's 96FM, Cork's Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, UCC 98.3FM (formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm) and Christian radio station Life 93.1FM. Cork also has a temporary licensed city-wide community station 'Cork FM Community Radio' on 100.5FM, which is currently on-air on Saturdays and Sundays only. Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small pirates stations remain. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1.

Question: Is there a Christian radio station in Cork?


Answer: South Coast Radio and ERI

Question: What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork?


Answer: Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1

Question: What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork?


Answer: 1980s

Question: When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork?


Answer: UCC 98.3FM

Question: What did Cork Campus Radio change to?


Answer: the Irish Examiner

Context: Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. The city's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.

Question: WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?


Answer: Cork Examiner

Question: What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?


Answer: poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper

Question: Who are the Echo Boys?


Answer: Evening Echo

Question: What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?


Answer: UCC Express and Motley magazine

Question: What publications are put out by the UCC?


Answer: Medieval to Modern

Context: Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.

Question: From which periods are the buildings in Cork from?


Answer: only notable remnant of the Medieval era

Question: What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?


Answer: two

Question: How many cathedrals does Cork host?


Answer: St Mary's Cathedral

Question: What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork?


Answer: North Cathedral

Question: What else is St. Mary's known as?


Answer: St. Patrick's Street

Context: St. Patrick's Street, the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid-2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches. The General Post Office, with its limestone façade, is on Oliver Plunkett Street, on the site of the Theatre Royal which was built in 1760 and burned down in 1840. The English circus proprietor Pablo Fanque rebuilt an amphitheatre on the spot in 1850, which was subsequently transformed into a theatre and then into the present General Post Office in 1877. The Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the Allied Irish Bank's which was once an exchange.

Question: What is main street Cork?


Answer: mid-2000s

Question: When was St. Patrick's Street remodeled?


Answer: it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches

Question: What is St. Patrick's Street curved?


Answer: 1840

Question: When did the Theatre Royal burn?


Answer: General Post Office

Question: What was built on the site of the old Theatre Royal?


Answer: Georgian

Context: Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in Ireland until being superseded by another Cork City building: The Elysian. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.

Question: What style does most of the city's architecture belong to?


Answer: The Elysian

Question: WHat is the tallest building in Cork?


Answer: Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital

Question: What is the longest building in Cork?


Answer: Atkins Hall

Question: What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into?


Answer: a residential housing complex

Question: What is Atkin's Hall?


Answer: University College Cork

Context: Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christ Church on South Main Street (now the Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), St Mary's Dominican Church on Popes Quay and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city, which contains the Cork Public Museum. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, the Women's Gaol at Sundays Well (now a heritage centre) and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.

Question: What is the name of the college in Cork?


Answer: River Lee

Question: Which river runs through the university's campus?


Answer: present building dates from 1786

Question: How old is the building holding the covered market?


Answer: Popes Quay

Question: Where is St Mary's Dominican Church?


Answer: Fitzgerald's Park

Question: Where is the Cork Public Museum?


Answer: local government

Context: While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna Fáil (10 members), Sinn Féin (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.

Question: Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?


Answer: six electoral wards

Question: How many wards make up Cork?


Answer: Fianna Fáil (10 members)

Question: What is the most well represented ward in Cork?


Answer: Workers' Party

Question: Which party has the least amount of members?


Answer: vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count

Question: How is a mayor chosen in Cork?


Answer: state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops

Context: The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the city centre. These include the recently[when?] completed development of two large malls The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new the retail street called "Opera Lane" off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. The Grand Parade scheme, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. As of 2015[update] this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail spaces available for let.[citation needed] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Outside the city centre is Mahon Point Shopping Centre.

Question: What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?


Answer: many retail spaces available for let

Question: What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?


Answer: Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores

Question: What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?


Answer: 2016

Question: When will work on the Grand Parade begin?


Answer: 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)

Question: How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?


Answer: pharmaceuticals

Context: Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).

Question: What is the main industry in Cork?


Answer: Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis

Question: Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?


Answer: Viagra

Question: What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?


Answer: Apple

Question: What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?


Answer: Logitech and EMC Corporation

Question: Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?


Answer: Heineken

Context: The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) which have been in the city for generations. 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city's Ferrero factory. For many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork. But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city – such as Amazon.com, the online retailer, which has set up in Cork Airport Business Park.

Question: Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery?


Answer: 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets

Question: What is the Ferro Factory known for producing?


Answer: Ford Motor Company

Question: Which car company closed the doors on it's Cork operations in 1984?


Answer: Amazon.com

Question: What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park?


Answer: Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork

Question: Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?


Answer: Bus Éireann

Context: Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.

Question: Who runs the public busses in Cork?


Answer: shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only

Question: Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?


Answer: connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest

Question: What do the routes consist of?


Answer: 1980s

Context: The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued through the 1990s on extending the N25 South Ring Road, with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee being a significant addition. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in September 2004. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project - which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus. The M8 motorway links Cork with Dublin.

Question: When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?


Answer: to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre

Question: What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?


Answer: remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney

Question: What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?


Answer: pedestrian focus

Question: What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street?


Answer: eight

Context: Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed]

Question: How many rail stations has cork had over the years?


Answer: the line through Kent

Question: What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork?


Answer: Dublin Heuston

Question: Where does the main rail originate?


Answer: Blackpool

Question: Where was the original end of the line?


Answer: Cork

Question: What was Ireland's most rail-centric city?


Answer: two

Context: Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which – although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in – protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]

Question: How many tram systems were in Cork?


Answer: George Francis Train

Question: Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?


Answer: 1872

Question: When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?


Answer: Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line

Question: Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?


Answer: protruded from the road surface

Question: Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?


Answer: Glounthaune to Midleton

Context: The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (with future stations planned for Kilbarry, Monard, Carrigtwohill West and Blarney). Little Island Railway Station serves Cork's Eastern Suburbs, while Kilbarry Railway Station is planned to serve the Northern Suburbs.

Question: Which line was reopened in 2009?


Answer: Carrigtwohill and Midleton

Question: What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?


Answer: Kilbarry Railway Station

Question: What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs?


Answer: Cork's Eastern Suburbs

Question: Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?


Answer: The Cork Suburban Rail

Question: What system are Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh stations of?


Answer: The National Maritime College of Ireland

Context: The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest post-Leaving Certificate college in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country.[citation needed] Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, and various other colleges.

Question: Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork?


Answer: Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design

Question: What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork?


Answer: The Cork College of Commerce

Question: Who provides vocational training in Cork?


Answer: Griffith College Cork

Question: Who offers post-secondary education in Cork?


Answer: The Rubicon Centre

Context: Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.

Question: What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?


Answer: IMERC (Marine Energy)

Question: Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?


Answer: the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre

Question: What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?


Answer: 57

Question: How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?


Answer: Hurling and football

Context: Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including Blackrock National Hurling Club, St. Finbarr's, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh and Nemo Rangers. The main public venues are Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Páirc Uí Rinn (named after the noted Glen Rovers player Christy Ring). Camogie (hurling for ladies) and women's gaelic football are increasing in popularity.

Question: What are the biggest sports draws in Cork?


Answer: 30

Question: How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?


Answer: 7

Question: How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork?


Answer: Camogie

Question: What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?


Answer: gaelic football

Question: What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play?


Answer: rowing and sailing

Context: There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomhóga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The "Ocean to City" race has been held annually since 2005, and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs who row the 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Crosshaven into Cork city centre. The decision to move the National Rowing Center to Inniscarra has boosted numbers involved in the sport.[citation needed] Cork's maritime sailing heritage is maintained through its sailing clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world's oldest yacht club, and "Cork Week" is a notable sailing event.

Question: What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork?


Answer: five

Question: How many rowing clubs are in Cork?


Answer: The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven

Question: Where is the world's oldest yahct club?


Answer: Cork Week

Question: What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork?


Answer: Ocean to City

Question: What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?


Answer: Cork County Cricket Club

Context: The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1874. Although located within the Munster jurisdiction, the club plays in the Leinster Senior League. The club plays at the Mardyke, a ground which has hosted three first-class matches in 1947, 1961 and 1973. All three involved Ireland playing Scotland. The Cork Cricket Academy operates within the city, with the stated aim of introducing the sport to schools in the city and county. Cork's other main cricket club, Harlequins Cricket Club, play close to Cork Airport.

Question: What's the most famous cricket club in Cork?


Answer: 1874

Question: When was the Cork County Cricket Club established?


Answer: Leinster Senior League

Question: Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to?


Answer: 1947, 1961 and 1973

Question: Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?


Answer: Ireland playing Scotland

Question: Which teams played in the three first class matches?


Answer: Leeside Lions

Context: The city is also the home of road bowling, which is played in the north-side and south-west suburbs. There are also boxing and martial arts clubs (including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo) within the city. Cork Racing, a motorsport team based in Cork, has raced in the Irish Formula Ford Championship since 2005. Cork also hosts one of Ireland's most successful Australian Rules Football teams, the Leeside Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times (in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007). There are also inline roller sports, such as hockey and figure skating, which transfer to the ice over the winter season.[citation needed]

Question: Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?


Answer: four

Question: How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?


Answer: 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007

Question: When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?


Answer: hockey and figure skating

Question: Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork?


Answer: Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo

Question: What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?


Answer: mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Context: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

Question: What is federalism?


Answer: a relationship of parity between the two levels of government

Question: What features are distinctive of federalism?


Answer: a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status

Question: What is federlism defined as?


Answer: Constitution of 1789

Question: What document exemplified modern federalist government?


Answer: a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established

Question: What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?


Answer: there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

Question: Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government?


Answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Question: Federalism combines what two types of government?


Answer: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government

Question: What is federalism?


Answer: division of powers between two levels of government of equal status

Question: In Federalism, are the division of powers equal?


Answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Question: What type of governments are included in federalism?


Answer: relationship of parity between the two levels of government

Question: How many governments are apart of federalism?


Answer: equality of standing between the two levels of government

Context: Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

Question: What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments?


Answer: Civil War

Question: What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible?


Answer: European Union

Question: What organization is a leading example of a federal union?


Answer: federal state (or federation)

Question: What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole?


Answer: two distinct federal forms

Question: New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?


Answer: a division of sovereignty between two levels of government

Question: Before new research, what was the definition of federalism?


Answer: final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.

Question: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism?


Answer: The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century

Question: When was federalism put into place?


Answer: the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established

Question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism?


Answer: the European Union

Question: What is an example of a federal union?


Answer: foedus

Context: The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

Question: What is the Latin word for federalism?


Answer: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.

Question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century?


Answer: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both

Question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as?


Answer: homogeneous states

Context: Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.

Question: Where does the federalist model work best in?


Answer: United States, Germany or Australia

Question: What are homogeneous states?


Answer: Canada

Question: Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?


Answer: Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia

Question: What countries did the federalist model fail in?


Answer: Ukraine or Syria

Question: What countries dismissed the federalist model?


Answer: belief in a stronger central government.

Context: In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.

Question: In the United States, what was federalism referred to?


Answer: stronger central government

Question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support?


Answer: weaker central government

Question: What did anti-federalist support?


Answer: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state

Question: On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand?


Answer: Europe

Context: In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

Question: Who has a greater history of unitary states?


Answer: weaker central government, relative to a unitary state

Question: What does federalism mean in Europe?


Answer: judiciary

Question: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model?


Answer: nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation

Context: On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified, self-governing "Commonwealth" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system.

Question: What happened on January 1st 1901?


Answer: 1788

Question: When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?


Answer: United States of America

Question: Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia?


Answer: six, eventually self-governing, colonies

Question: What was established when Australia was colonized?


Answer: 1889

Context: In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.

Question: When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?


Answer: military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.

Question: Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?


Answer: 1891

Question: When did Brazil adopt federalism?


Answer: Fonseca system

Question: What other system does Brazil use?


Answer: regulate interstate trade

Question: What is the fonseca system?


Answer: tiered system

Context: The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:

Question: What is the government of India based on?


Answer: the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers

Question: What is a tiered system?


Answer: two-tier system of government

Question: What was the constitution originally provided for?


Answer: Panchayats and Municipalities

Question: When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of?


Answer: asymmetric

Context: A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

Question: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?


Answer: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession

Question: What does Article 370 say?


Answer: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim

Question: What does Article 371 say?


Answer: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months

Question: What happens with President's Rule?


Answer: Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg

Context: Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best "insurance" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.

Question: Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?


Answer: United Kingdom, Denmark and France

Question: Who opposed the European Federalism?


Answer: Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995

Question: When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position?


Answer: 1863

Context: The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a "President" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of "State Armies," while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.

Question: When did the federal war end?


Answer: with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces

Question: How did the federal war end?


Answer: "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America

Question: What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate?


Answer: President

Question: In this type of federation each country had its own what?


Answer: three components

Context: On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, "Brussels would take an attitude". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:

Question: How many components does the Belgian federalism have?


Answer: Brussels' parliament

Question: What passed on July 18, 2007?


Answer: Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party

Question: What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?


Answer: the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.

Question: What is Belgian Federalism?


Answer: Basque Country and Navarre

Context: However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.

Question: Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution?


Answer: the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.

Question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?


Answer: Madrid

Question: Where are the main taxes taken?


Answer: State

Context: Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:

Question: What are anarchists against?


Answer: not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.

Question: What are anarchists not against?


Answer: federalism or confederalism

Question: What mode of government does the anarchists prefer?


Answer: government or legislature

Context: Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.

Question: Who can elect the members of the upper house?


Answer: indirectly

Question: Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly?


Answer: directly

Question: Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly?


Answer: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

Context: Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

Question: What is federalism seen as?


Answer: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

Question: What does federalism allow?


Answer: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries

Question: What do scholars think of federalism?


Answer: changed towards a generally autonomous model

Context: The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.

Question: What happened to Russia's subdivision of government?


Answer: in the aftermath of the Soviet Union

Question: When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?


Answer: Boris Yeltsin

Question: Who was in charge when the reforms was going on?


Answer: Vladimir Putin

Question: Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin?


Answer: ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States

Context: Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1)

Question: What is federalism in the United States?


Answer: American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.

Question: How has the American government evolved?


Answer: James Madison asserted that the states and national government

Question: What happened in Federalist No.46?


Answer: "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit

Question: What happened in Federalist No. 28


Answer: Because the states were preexisting political entities

Context: Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

Question: Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism?


Answer: enumerated powers

Question: What is another word for express powers?


Answer: in the Constitution

Question: Where can we find express powers?


Answer: gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers

Question: What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do?


Answer: the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.

Question: What are the expressed powers?


Answer: Democratic-Republicans

Context: The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.

Question: What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?


Answer: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked

Question: What did the democratic-republican party believe in?


Answer: the judicial system of courts

Question: Who decided the rights in specific cases?