Answer: From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup

Context: From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup, the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal. From 1997 to 2001, ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day. From 2002 to 2008, BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two. From 2008–09 to 2013–14, FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them. ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season, including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition, plus one semi-final exclusively live. The final is also shown live on ITV. Under the same 2008 contract, Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final. The channel also broadcast ITV's matches exclusively to Scotland, after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland, STV, decided not to broadcast FA Cup games. Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta's deal to broadcast FA-sanctioned competitions and England internationals. As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009–10 season with between three and four matches per round, all quarter finals, semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time. ESPN bought the competition for the 2010–11 to 2012–13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK.

Question: Who had FA cup coverage from 1988-1997?


Answer: , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland

Question: How are the games broadcast now?


Answer: STV refusing to show them

Question: Does anyone refuse to show them?


Answer: Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK.

Question: Has a woman ever broadcast a match?


Answer: for the 2010–11 to 2012–13 season

Question: What year did rebecca host the match?


Answer: ESPN took over the package Setanta

Context: Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009–10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010–11 season. The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013–14 season.

Question: Who took over the package from Sentana?


Answer: The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN

Question: Who show the 2011 final?


Answer: Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport

Question: Does ESPN still hold the contract?


Answer: the 2013–14 season

Question: What year did this take place?


Answer: BT Sport

Question: Who took over after ESPN?


Answer: 4 January 1798

Context: The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.

Question: When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?


Answer: 1871–1918

Question: What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?


Answer: France

Question: Which other country had control over Alsace?


Answer: four times

Question: How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?


Answer: Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss

Context: With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.

Question: Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?


Answer: Clovis' Merovingian

Question: Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?


Answer: Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843

Question: What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?


Answer: 855

Question: In what year did Lothar past away?


Answer: fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships

Context: At about this time the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a common process in the Holy Roman Empire. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors. Frederick I set up Alsace as a province (a procuratio, not a provincia) to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (Landgericht) and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau. Frederick II designated the Bishop of Strasbourg to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count Rudolf of Habsburg, who received his rights from Frederick II's son Conrad IV. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of free imperial city. A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the "Decapole" or "Dekapolis", a federation of ten free towns.

Question: What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire?


Answer: Hohenstaufen emperors

Question: Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?


Answer: Landgericht

Question: Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court?


Answer: Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route

Question: What was the name of the route that linked Germany,Switzerland , Netherlands, and England


Answer: Colmar and Hagenau

Question: Which other two cities also started to grow economically?


Answer: 14th century

Context: As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the Strasbourg pogrom. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of Basel. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance.

Question: About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?


Answer: harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death

Question: Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?


Answer: blamed on Jews

Question: Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?


Answer: accused of poisoning the wells with plague

Question: What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?


Answer: 1356,

Question: When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?


Answer: Rhône and Meuse

Context: Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers Rhône and Meuse, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany's son Rudolf, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of Belfort was first chartered by the Counts of Montbéliard. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years' War, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of Metz and Strasbourg and launched an attack on Basel.

Question: What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward?


Answer: Blanche and Albert

Question: The French proposed a marriage between which two people?


Answer: the Hundred Years' War

Question: What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?


Answer: 1444

Question: In what year did the French reach Alsace?


Answer: 1469

Context: In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.

Question: In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?


Answer: to gain back full control of Upper Alsace

Question: Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?


Answer: 1515

Question: When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?


Answer: 1523

Context: By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand, Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of Württemberg since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.

Question: When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism?


Answer: Martin Bucer

Question: Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?


Answer: Catholic and Protestant

Question: What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?


Answer: 1646

Context: This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.

Question: When did the Habsburgs sell the Sundgau territory to France?


Answer: 1.2 million Thalers

Question: How much did France pay for Sundgau?


Answer: the suppression of French Protestantism

Question: In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?


Answer: 1789

Context: The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "La Marseillaise" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée and Westermann, who also fought in the Vendée.

Question: In what year did the division of Alsace take place?


Answer: La Marseillaise

Question: Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?


Answer: Kellermann

Question: Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?


Answer: Austria and Prussia

Context: At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the Jacobins and sympathetic to the invading forces of Austria and Prussia who sought to crush the nascent revolutionary republic. Many of the residents of the Sundgau made "pilgrimages" to places like Mariastein Abbey, near Basel, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the French Revolutionary Army of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly vacant lands in the Russian Empire in 1803–4 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this event based on what Goethe had personally witnessed can be found in his long poem Hermann and Dorothea.

Question: Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic?


Answer: lands and homes had been confiscated

Question: What had happened to most of the people who fled Sungau during the war when they were allowed to return home?


Answer: Hermann and Dorothea

Question: What was the name of the poem by Goethe?


Answer: 1,067,000

Context: The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris – where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann – but also for more distant places like Russia and the Austrian Empire, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York. Some settled in Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships Sully (in May 1843) and Iowa (in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern Ontario, notably Waterloo County.

Question: What was the population of Alsace in 1846?


Answer: hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people

Question: What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?


Answer: 1820 to 1850

Question: Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?


Answer: 22,500

Context: By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.

Question: What was the population of Alsace in 1790?


Answer: in villages

Question: Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?


Answer: full emancipation

Question: in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?


Answer: Germany

Question: Which country was Alsace merged into during 1871-1918


Answer: Kingdom of Prussia

Context: France started the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.

Question: Which country defeated the French in 1871?


Answer: Germany

Question: The end of the war led to which companies unification?


Answer: Otto von Bismarck

Question: Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?


Answer: served as sailors

Context: During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.

Question: What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?


Answer: Jacques Peirotes

Question: Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for Alsace-Lorraine?


Answer: French

Question: Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence?


Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?


Answer: 1940

Context: Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although Germany never formally annexed Alsace-Lorraine, it was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will (malgré-nous) and in some cases, the Waffen SS. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most of them perished on the eastern front. The few that could escape fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces.

Question: What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?


Answer: 130,000

Question: Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?


Answer: malgré-nous

Question: Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?


Answer: Nicolas Sarkozy

Context: Alsace is one of the most conservative régions of France. It is one of just two régions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 région elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, elected in the 2010 regional election. The frequently changing status of the région throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005.

Question: Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?


Answer: Philippe Richert

Question: Who is the president of the regional counsel?


Answer: European Constitution in 2005

Question: Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?


Answer: Roman Catholic

Context: Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.

Question: Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?


Answer: Protestant

Question: Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?


Answer: UEPAL

Question: What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?


Answer: local lords

Context: Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

Question: What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?


Answer: Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists

Question: Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?


Answer: Amish

Question: Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?


Answer: Rot-un-Wiss

Context: There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two déprtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Frenchizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of Gérard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.

Question: What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?


Answer: Union jack-like" flag

Question: What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?


Answer: the union of the two déprtements

Question: What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent?


Answer: Paris

Question: Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?


Answer: 17th century

Context: From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call "standard German").[citation needed]

Question: Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?


Answer: middle classes began to speak and write French

Question: With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?


Answer: standard German

Question: What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?


Answer: 1940–1945

Context: During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.

Question: Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?


Answer: names were Germanized.

Question: What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?


Answer: 1927

Question: When did the suspension of German teaching in schools happen?


Answer: Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

Context: It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.

Question: What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?


Answer: Circulaire Savary

Question: What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?


Answer: introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities

Question: What did the Circulair Savary introduce?


Answer: Alsatian and Standard German

Context: Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.

Question: Which two dialects were banned from public life?


Answer: street and city names, official administration, and educational system

Question: What did the banning of the two dialects include?


Answer: Sundgau region

Question: Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?


Answer: Yiddish

Question: What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?


Answer: French alone is the official language

Context: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.

Question: What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?


Answer: 548,000

Question: How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?


Answer: one in ten children

Question: With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?


Answer: sour cabbage

Context: The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

Question: In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?


Answer: poultry, pork, sausage or even fish

Question: What can Sauerkraut be served with?


Answer: Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages

Question: What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?


Answer: a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction

Context: "Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.

Question: What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?


Answer: ramshackle marketplace

Question: What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?


Answer: English and Australian

Question: Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace "ramshackle marketplace" as of 2007?


Answer: new dual carriageway

Context: At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

Question: What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg?


Answer: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

Question: What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?


Answer: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

Question: What is the name the German Highway that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?


Answer: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest

Question: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?


Answer: Baptists

Context: Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Question: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?


Answer: tenets of Baptist churches

Question: Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?


Answer: elders and deacons

Question: What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?


Answer: Protestant churches

Question: Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?


Answer: 1609

Context: Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Question: When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?


Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?


Answer: John Smyth

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?


Answer: Particular Baptists

Question: Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?


Answer: 1638

Question: When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?


Answer: Bruce Gourley

Context: Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Question: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?


Answer: Anabaptist traditions

Question: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?


Answer: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ

Question: What does the perpetuity view assume?


Answer: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Question: What does the successionist view assume?


Answer: English Separatist movement

Context: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

Question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?


Answer: minimal

Question: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?


Answer: original Protestant denominations

Question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?


Answer: During the Protestant Reformation

Context: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

Question: When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?


Answer: the Church of England

Question: Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?


Answer: the Roman Catholic Church

Question: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?


Answer: cousins of the English Separatists

Question: Puritans are described by Gourley as what?


Answer: Separatists

Question: Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?


Answer: 1609

Context: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger." The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.

Question: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?


Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?


Answer: John Smyth

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?


Answer: Church of England

Question: John Smyth broke his ties with what church?


Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Where did John Smyth go into exile?


Answer: "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church."

Context: In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism." Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.

Question: Smyth wrote a tract titled what?


Answer: infants are not to be baptized

Question: What was his first proposition?


Answer: Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism

Question: What was his second proposition?


Answer: baptized on a personal confession of faith

Question: Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?


Answer: infant baptism

Question: What is paedobaptism?


Answer: Smyth

Context: Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."

Question: Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?


Answer: the Mennonites

Question: Smyth applied for membership with who?


Answer: The modern Baptist denomination

Question: What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?


Answer: Anabaptist

Question: What name did Baptists reject?


Answer: McBeth

Question: Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"


Answer: 1638

Context: Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists."

Question: When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?


Answer: John Spilsbury

Question: Who promoted strict immersion baptism?


Answer: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

Question: Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?


Answer: historical theology

Question: What was Tom Nettles a professor of?


Answer: early seventeenth-century Baptists

Context: A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.

Question: Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?


Answer: continental Anabaptists

Question: Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?


Answer: Dutch Waterlander Mennonites

Question: General Baptists shared similarities with who?


Answer: A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley

Question: Who are two representative writers?


Answer: one of many Anabaptist groups

Question: What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?


Answer: Roger Williams and John Clarke

Context: Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."

Question: Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?


Answer: 1639

Question: When was the first American Baptist church established?


Answer: Providence, Rhode Island

Question: Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?


Answer: Newport, Rhode Island

Question: Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?


Answer: his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom

Question: Clarke was what to Williams?


Answer: Nova Scotia

Context: Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

Question: Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?


Answer: 1760s

Question: When did missionary work begin in Canada?


Answer: Horton Baptist Church

Question: What was the first Baptist church in Canada?


Answer: Wolfville, Nova Scotia

Question: Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?


Answer: 29 October 1778

Question: When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?


Answer: May 1845

Context: In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.

Question: When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?


Answer: over slavery and missions

Question: Why did American Baptist congregations split?


Answer: missionaries

Question: Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?


Answer: Home Mission Society

Question: Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?


Answer: American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)

Question: Northern congregations formed what organization?


Answer: Southern Baptist Convention

Context: Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control. The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association. It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.

Question: What is the largest fellowship without control?


Answer: independent and self-governing

Question: It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?


Answer: Baptist denomination

Question: What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?


Answer: doctrine

Context: Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Question: Baptists are defined by what?


Answer: confessions of faith

Question: Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?


Answer: evangelical

Question: Most Baptists are what in doctrine?


Answer: encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Question: Baptists have played a key role in what?


Answer: Shared doctrines

Context: Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.

Question: Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?


Answer: 1689

Question: When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?


Answer: 1742

Question: When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?


Answer: 1833

Question: When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?


Answer: to decide

Context: Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

Question: "Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?


Answer: Walter Shurden

Question: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"


Answer: controversies that have shaped Baptists

Question: What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?


Answer: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"

Question: What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?


Answer: Leading up to the American Civil War

Context: Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.

Question: When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?


Answer: the First Great Awakening

Question: When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?


Answer: paternalistic institution

Question: They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?


Answer: The Baptists

Question: What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?


Answer: the Home Mission Society

Question: What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?


Answer: As early as the late 18th century

Context: As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war. They wanted to be free of white supervision. In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up black state conventions, which they did in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. In 1880 black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention, to support black Baptist missionary work. Two other national black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest black religious organization and the second largest Baptist organization in the world. Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast. In 2007, the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition.

Question: When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?


Answer: freedmen

Question: Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?


Answer: freedmen

Question: Who wanted to be free from white submission?


Answer: Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky

Question: What states setup black conventions?


Answer: 45%

Question: What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?


Answer: the Caribbean

Context: Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838). Knibb also protagonised the creation of "Free Villages"; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the slave port of Calabar, was formed by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which often expressed resistance to oppression.

Question: Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?


Answer: William Knibb

Question: Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?


Answer: the British West Indies

Question: Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?


Answer: Free Villages

Question: Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?


Answer: Jamaica's Calabar High School

Question: What was named after the slave port of Calabar?


Answer: 20 June 1995

Context: On 20 June 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery. More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, "unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin" and "lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest." It offered an apology to all African-Americans for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously." Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the predominantly white convention had dealt specifically with the issue of slavery.

Question: When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?


Answer: More than 20,000

Question: How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?


Answer: messengers

Question: SBC delegates are called what?


Answer: Southern Baptist Landmarkism

Context: Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day. James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement. While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the influence of the movement on the Convention continued into the 20th century. Its influence continues to affect convention policies. In 2005, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism.

Question: What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?


Answer: James Robinson Graves

Question: Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?


Answer: In 2005

Question: When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?


Answer: conservative theology

Context: Following similar conflicts over modernism, the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position. Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991. Members of both groups originally identified as Southern Baptist, but over time the groups "became permanent new families of Baptists."

Question: The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?


Answer: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991

Question: What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?


Answer: 1987

Question: When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?


Answer: 1991

Question: When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?


Answer: Southern Baptist Convention

Question: Conservative theology was the official position of what?


Answer: deprives children of their childhood

Context: Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.

Question: What does child labour deprive children of?


Answer: exceptions include work by child artists

Question: Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?


Answer: work such as those by Amish children

Question: Is work done by Amish children an exception?


Answer: Legislation across the world

Question: Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?


Answer: These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour

Question: Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?


Answer: 2010

Context: In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.

Question: What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?


Answer: agriculture

Question: What is the largest employer of child labour?


Answer: their parents

Question: Who are children predominantly employed by?


Answer: Poverty

Question: Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour


Answer: pre-industrial societies

Context: The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

Question: Was there a period when child labour was essential?


Answer: little need for children to attend school

Question: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?


Answer: competent adults

Question: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?


Answer: short life expectancy

Question: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?


Answer: 80

Context: The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

Question: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?


Answer: over 120,000

Question: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?


Answer: four

Question: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?


Answer: 52

Question: How many hours did builders work in the winter?


Answer: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades

Question: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?


Answer: one-third

Context: Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.

Question: How many families were without a bread winner?


Answer: 143

Question: How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?


Answer: high number

Question: Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution?


Answer: blacking factory

Question: Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?


Answer: economic hardship

Question: During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?


Answer: Lord Shaftesbury

Context: Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

Question: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?


Answer: children under the age of nine

Question: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?


Answer: 1847

Question: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?


Answer: child labour began to decline

Question: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?


Answer: 1803

Question: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?


Answer: early 20th century

Context: In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 °F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

Question: When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?


Answer: they are exposed to this heat

Question: Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?


Answer: paid by the piece

Question: Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?


Answer: factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age

Question: Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?


Answer: National Child Labor Committee

Context: In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.

Question: Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?


Answer: 1910

Question: What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?


Answer: cigarettes

Question: What did children roll in a factory?


Answer: bobbin doffers

Question: What did child do in textile mills in the US?


Answer: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Context: Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Question: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?


Answer: poor

Question: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?


Answer: mines

Question: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?


Answer: year round

Context: Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions."

Question: What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?


Answer: parents

Question: Who did the children work beside?


Answer: agriculture

Question: Where were rural children employed?


Answer: unhealthy and insanitary

Question: What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?


Answer: Frieda Miller

Question: In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?


Answer: Child labour is still common

Context: Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

Question: Does child labour exist in the 21st century?


Answer: rural areas

Question: Where does child labour currently occur the most?


Answer: Two out of three child

Question: How many children in today's world work beside their parents?


Answer: tourists

Question: Some child work as guides for whom?


Answer: Africa

Context: Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.

Question: What country has the highest percentage of child labour?


Answer: 114

Question: In Asia how many millions of children are employed?


Answer: 1%

Question: Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?


Answer: Latin America

Question: Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?


Answer: China

Context: Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Question: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?


Answer: 2014

Question: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?


Answer: data sources

Question: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?


Answer: garments

Question: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?


Answer: 76

Context: Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

Question: According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?


Answer: North Korea

Question: What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?


Answer: 25th

Question: What was the Phillipines ranked as?


Answer: Brazil 54th

Question: Was Brazil on the list?


Answer: nothing better to do

Context: Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Question: What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?


Answer: parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Question: Do the poor families put a value on education?


Answer: rural areas

Question: What community has the most prevalency for child labour?


Answer: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children

Context: In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

Question: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?


Answer: girls

Question: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?


Answer: learn and practice that trade from a very early age

Question: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?


Answer: education of girls is less valued

Question: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?


Answer: Thailand

Context: Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

Question: Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?


Answer: not a new problem

Question: Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?


Answer: demand

Question: Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?


Answer: Macroeconomic

Question: What encourages child labour across the globe?


Answer: without pay

Context: Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

Question: Were young apprentices hired for pay?


Answer: child labour was common place in the colonies of European

Question: Was child labour common in European colonies?


Answer: 5–14

Question: What was the age range of colonial child workers?


Answer: 19th

Question: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?


Answer: Millions

Question: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?


Answer: Hong Kong

Context: In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

Question: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?


Answer: Christian mission schools

Question: What schools required child labour?


Answer: provided religious education

Question: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?


Answer: stipulated jail terms

Question: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?


Answer: home

Context: Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.

Question: Where do African children find their first jobs?


Answer: help their parents run the family farm

Question: What do African children do primarily while working at home?


Answer: estimated five million

Question: How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?


Answer: 30 percent

Question: How many children in Africa pick coffee?


Answer: estimated 25,000

Question: How many children work year round in Africa?


Answer: street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers

Context: What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.

Question: Where did children from urban areas primarily work?


Answer: farms

Question: Where did children from rural areas work?


Answer: 1959

Question: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?


Answer: physical and emotional abuse

Question: What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?


Answer: Africa

Context: Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.

Question: What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?


Answer: unclear definition of adolescence

Question: What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?


Answer: children helping run the family business.

Question: In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?


Answer: Australia

Context: From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.

Question: In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?


Answer: compulsorry schooling

Question: What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?


Answer: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia

Question: Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?


Answer: 20th century

Question: When did industrailization take off in Australia?


Answer: April 22, 1550

Context: Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

Question: When was Brazil colonized?


Answer: Pedro Álvares Cabral

Question: Who colonized Brazil?


Answer: Boys and girls

Question: Who were the victims of industrial accidents?


Answer: during the time of indigenous societies

Question: When was child labour first documented in Brazil?


Answer: electric shock

Question: How did Armando Dias die?


Answer: fourteen

Context: In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80’s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80’s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

Question: What is the min working age in Brazil?


Answer: 1998

Question: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?


Answer: there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil

Question: Is there underage children working in Brazil?


Answer: almost nine million

Question: In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?


Answer: 2.55 million

Context: Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

Question: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?


Answer: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances

Question: What do drug cartels do with child workers?


Answer: physical and psychological implications

Question: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?


Answer: an increase

Question: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?