Answer: a growing papyrus sprout

Context: For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."

Question: What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?


Answer: Osiris

Question: Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?


Answer: to protect them from evil

Question: Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?


Answer: Aristotle

Context: In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.

Question: Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?


Answer: Democritus

Question: Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?


Answer: white

Question: Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?


Answer: verdigris

Context: The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.

Question: What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?


Answer: ten

Question: How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?


Answer: green

Question: What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?


Answer: they rapidly faded or changed color

Context: Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.

Question: Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?


Answer: 16th century

Question: When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?


Answer: reseda luteola

Question: What was known as yellow-weed?


Answer: 18th and 19th century

Context: In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.

Question: When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?


Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?


Answer: Goethe

Question: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?


Answer: late nineteenth century

Context: The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Question: When did the systematic study of color theory begin?


Answer: Vincent van Gogh

Question: Who painted The Night Cafe?


Answer: complementary

Question: What type of colors are red and green?


Answer: 19th century

Context: Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.

Question: When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?


Answer: 1868

Question: When was the first traffic light erected?


Answer: Salt Lake City, Utah

Question: Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?


Answer: high visibility

Question: Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?


Answer: the green fairy

Context: Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".

Question: What was absinthe known as?


Answer: copper or arsenic

Question: Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?


Answer: green

Question: What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?


Answer: Libya

Context: Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.

Question: Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?


Answer: country's lush vegetation

Question: What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?


Answer: steadiness and tolerance

Question: What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?


Answer: green

Question: Which color is considered sacred in Islam?


Answer: Alliance '90/The Greens

Context: In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.

Question: What is the largest green party in Europe?


Answer: environmentalism

Question: Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?


Answer: 1980

Question: When was the German green party founded in West Germany?


Answer: green

Context: Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.

Question: What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?


Answer: Pentecost

Question: What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?


Answer: Catholics

Question: What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?


Answer: green holly and evergreen

Question: What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?


Answer: evergreens

Question: What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?


Answer: USB

Context: USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

Question: What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?


Answer: commonplace

Question: USB has become what on other devices?


Answer: a variety of earlier interfaces

Question: What has USB effectively replaced?


Answer: Type-A or a Type-B

Context: Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

Question: What are the different kinds of USB connectors?


Answer: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment

Question: Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?


Answer: the Type-A connector is usually the full size

Question: The Type-A connector is usually what size?


Answer: the Type-B side can vary as needed

Question: What size is the Type-B connector?


Answer: the "micro" size

Context: Counter-intuitively, the "micro" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles. Likewise, the springy part of the retention mechanism (parts that provide required gripping force) were also moved into plugs on the cable side.

Question: What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?


Answer: The standard and mini connectors

Question: What was designed for less daily connections?


Answer: Improved mini-B connectors

Question: What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?


Answer: Micro connectors

Question: What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?


Answer: five data transfer modes

Context: USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it), as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces. SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces, and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires, usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors.

Question: USB connections come in what?


Answer: specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces

Question: What is High Speed only supported by?


Answer: USB 3.0 and newer interfaces

Question: SuperSpeed is only supported by?


Answer: 1994

Context: A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.

Question: When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?


Answer: seven

Question: How many companies developed USB's?


Answer: to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs

Question: What was the goal for USB's?


Answer: Ajay Bhatt

Question: Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?


Answer: January 1996

Context: The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.

Question: When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?


Answer: 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed"

Question: How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?


Answer: 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed"

Question: What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?


Answer: USB

Question: 1.1 was the first widely used version of what?


Answer: September 1998

Question: When was the first widely used version of USB released?


Answer: The new SuperSpeed bus

Context: The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.

Question: What provides a fourth transfer mode?


Answer: 5.0 Gbit/s

Question: How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?


Answer: Communication

Question: What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?


Answer: low-power and high-power

Context: As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 – December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission. The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current[citation needed] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A.

Question: What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?


Answer: 150 mA and 900 mA respectively

Question: What do the power variants provide?


Answer: increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A

Question: What does the Battery Charging Specification do?


Answer: does not allow concurrent data transmission

Question: What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?


Answer: January 2013

Context: A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a "Superspeed+" caption (stylized as SUPERSPEED+). The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode, double that of USB 3.0 (referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1) and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.

Question: When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?


Answer: The group ended up creating a new USB version

Question: What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?


Answer: 31 July 2013

Question: When was USB 3.1 released?


Answer: the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode

Question: What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?


Answer: August 2014

Context: Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two "sideband use" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]

Question: When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?


Answer: USB Type-C Specification 1.0

Question: What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?


Answer: both hosts and devices

Question: What does Type-C connect to?


Answer: The 24-pin double-sided connector

Question: What connector provides four power/ground pairs?


Answer: an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages

Context: Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.

Question: Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?


Answer: active, electronically marked cables

Question: What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?


Answer: (VDMs)

Question: What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?


Answer: its topology

Context: The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub.

Question: The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?


Answer: 127 devices

Question: How many devices may be connected to a host controller?


Answer: in series through hubs

Question: How are USB devices linked?


Answer: the root hub

Question: What HUB is built into the host controller?


Answer: topology

Question: The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?


Answer: Up to 127 devices

Question: How many devices can be connected to a host controller?


Answer: the root hub

Question: What hub is built into the host controller?


Answer: multiple

Question: A USB host may implement how many host controllers?


Answer: one or more USB ports

Question: How many USB ports may a host controller provide?


Answer: device functions

Context: A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.

Question: What are logical sub-devices referred to as?


Answer: built-in microphone

Question: A single device can provide an audio device function such as?


Answer: a webcam

Question: A single device can provide a video device function such as?


Answer: a connection from the host controller to a logical entity

Context: USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed.

Question: What is a pipe?


Answer: pipes (logical channels)

Question: A USB connection is based on what?


Answer: an endpoint

Question: What is a pipe named at?


Answer: 1-to-1 to endpoints

Question: Where do pipes correspond?


Answer: up to 32 endpoints

Question: How many endpoints can a USB device have?


Answer: the host sends an IN packet

Context: An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets.

Question: If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?


Answer: both IN and OUT packets

Question: What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?


Answer: an OUT packet

Question: What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint?


Answer: enumeration process

Context: When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

Question: What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?


Answer: the reset signaling

Question: What id the data rate determined during?


Answer: After reset

Question: When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address?


Answer: sending a reset signal to the USB device

Question: What does the enumeration process start by doing?


Answer: the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

Question: What happens whenever a USB host is restarted?


Answer: convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses

Context: High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub to create a full/low-speed bus routed to all full and low speed devices on the hub, or uses one transaction translator per port to create an isolated full/low-speed bus per port on the hub.

Question: What do transaction translators do?


Answer: When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub

Question: When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?


Answer: transaction translators

Question: What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0's contain?


Answer: storage devices

Context: USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.

Question: What do USB's implement connections to?


Answer: the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)

Question: What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?


Answer: extension

Question: What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?


Answer: maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.

Question: Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?


Answer: since mid-2004

Context: Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (hot-swapping), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping).

Question: Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?


Answer: a primary bus for a computer's internal storage

Question: What is USB not intended for?


Answer: it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer

Question: What is an important advantage of USB?


Answer: a computer's internal storage

Question: Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?


Answer: external portable USB hard disk drives

Context: Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0). These external drives typically include a "translating device" that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.

Question: Several manufacturers offer what?


Answer: performance comparable to internal drives

Question: What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?


Answer: Thunderbolt

Question: What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?


Answer: a "translating device"

Question: What do the external drives typically include?


Answer: Microsoft

Context: Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

Question: Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?


Answer: to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem

Question: Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?


Answer: use with portable media players

Question: What was MTP originally designed for?


Answer: MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does

Question: Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?


Answer: PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter

Context: USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.

Question: What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?


Answer: whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port

Question: What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?


Answer: appropriate protocol

Question: USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?


Answer: Converters

Question: What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?


Answer: a microcontroller

Question: What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?


Answer: to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly

Context: By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug, which "...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process." The specification also shows that the "recommended" "Manufacturer's logo" ("engraved" on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon. The specification further states, "The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process." However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is "visible" when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.

Question: What is difficult to do with a USB plug?


Answer: embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug

Question: The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?


Answer: adjacent

Question: How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?


Answer: to be visible during the mating process

Question: Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?


Answer: supply power

Context: The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to short circuits and dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire. USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible.

Question: What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?


Answer: draw power

Question: What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?


Answer: from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other

Question: What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?


Answer: cyclic networks

Question: What networks do USB not support?


Answer: robust

Context: The standard connectors were designed to be robust. Because USB is hot-pluggable, the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than other connectors. Many previous connector designs were fragile, specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts that were vulnerable to bending or breaking. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath.

Question: Standard connectors were designed to be what?


Answer: the connectors would be used more frequently

Question: Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?


Answer: Many previous connector designs were fragile

Question: What as a drawback of previous connectors?


Answer: by an adjacent plastic tongue

Question: How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected?


Answer: by an enclosing metal sheath

Question: How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected?


Answer: typically connected to system ground

Context: The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges. This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair travels in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping.

Question: Where is the external metallic sheet connected?


Answer: This enclosure design

Question: What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?


Answer: electrically safe hot-swapping.

Question: This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?


Answer: a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion

Context: The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle. Features intended to accomplish include, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear instead of the more expensive micro-USB device. However the idea that these changes did in fact make the connector more durable in real world use has been widely disputed, with many contending that they are in fact, much less durable.

Question: What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?


Answer: 1,500

Question: What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?


Answer: on the cable side of the connection

Question: After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?


Answer: so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear

Question: Why was the change made for the USB device?


Answer: loose tolerances

Context: The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors. To address a weakness present in some other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to the size of the cable strain relief mechanism (usually molding integral with the cable outer insulation) at the connector. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does.

Question: What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?


Answer: to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors

Question: Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?


Answer: the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device

Question: How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards?


Answer: fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does

Question: Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what?


Answer: plugs

Context: In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberately physically incompatible. However, an extension to the USB standard specification called USB On-The-Go (OTG) allows a single port to act as either a host or a device, which is selectable by the end of the cable that plugs into the receptacle on the OTG-enabled unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are communicating, the two units may "swap" ends under program control. This capability is meant for units such as PDAs in which the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance.

Question: USB cables and device have only what on their ends?


Answer: receptacles

Question: Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?


Answer: one or another Type-B variety

Question: Devices usually have what type of receptacle?


Answer: Type-A receptacles

Question: Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?


Answer: Various connectors

Context: Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. These include the now-deprecated (i.e. de-certified but standardized) mini-A and mini-AB connectors; mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not OTG-compliant (On The Go, used in mobile devices). The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007.

Question: What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?


Answer: The mini-B USB connector

Question: What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?


Answer: approximately 3 by 7 mm

Question: How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs?


Answer: 23 May 2007

Question: When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?


Answer: to reduce the mechanical wear on the device

Context: The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the mini plug design. The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of micro-A plugs, micro-AB receptacles (which accept both micro-A and micro-B plugs), and micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a standard-A receptacle to micro-A plug adapter.

Question: What is the micro connector designed for?


Answer: to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection

Question: What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?


Answer: 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles

Question: What is the micro-plug rated for?


Answer: The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform

Context: The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."

Question: In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?


Answer: 22 October 2009

Question: When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution?


Answer: micro-USB

Question: What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution?


Answer: The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI

Context: The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB. 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Apple, one of the original MoU signers, makes micro-USB adapters available – as permitted in the Common EPS MoU – for its iPhones equipped with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or (later) Lightning connector.

Question: Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?


Answer: 14

Question: How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?


Answer: Apple

Question: Who was one of the original MoU signers?


Answer: one, and only one, USB connector

Context: All current USB On-The-Go (OTG) devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a micro-AB receptacle. Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle, due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line. The micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting both micro-A and micro-B plugs, attached to any of the legal cables and adapters as defined in revision 1.01 of the micro-USB specification. Prior to the development of micro-USB, USB On-The-Go devices were required to use mini-AB receptacles to perform the equivalent job.

Question: What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?


Answer: the micro-AB receptacle

Question: Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?


Answer: power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line

Question: Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle?


Answer: B-device

Context: The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device. If an application on the B-device requires the role of host, then the Host Negotiation Protocol (HNP) is used to temporarily transfer the host role to the B-device.

Question: The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what?


Answer: to acting as a B-device

Question: What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted?


Answer: powering the USB interface when required

Question: What is the A-device responsible for?


Answer: a serial bus

Context: USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D− in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D− signals are transmitted on a twisted pair, providing half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.

Question: What is USB?


Answer: four shielded wires

Question: What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?


Answer: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals

Question: What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?


Answer: 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed

Context: USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192 000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).

Question: How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?


Answer: 26 ns

Question: What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?


Answer: cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter

Question: What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?


Answer: 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0

Context: A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0, and 150 mA in USB 3.0. A device may draw a maximum of five unit loads from a port in USB 1.x and 2.0 (500 mA), or six unit loads in USB 3.0 (900 mA). There are two types of devices: low-power and high-power. A low-power device (such as a USB HID) draws at most one-unit load, with minimum operating voltage of 4.4 V in USB 2.0, and 4 V in USB 3.0. A high-power device draws, at most, the maximum number of unit loads the standard permits. Every device functions initially as low-power (including high-power functions during their low-power enumeration phases), but may request high-power, and get it if available on the providing bus.

Question: What is a unit load defined as?


Answer: 150 mA

Question: How much is a unit load in USB 3.0?


Answer: five unit loads

Question: What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1. and 2.0 device may draw?


Answer: six unit loads

Question: What is the maximum amount of load a USB 3.0 device may draw?


Answer: high-speed external disk drives

Context: Some devices, such as high-speed external disk drives, require more than 500 mA of current and therefore may have power issues if powered from just one USB 2.0 port: erratic function, failure to function, or overloading/damaging the port. Such devices may come with an external power source or a Y-shaped cable that has two USB connectors (one for power and data, the other for power only) to plug into a computer. With such a cable, a device can draw power from two USB ports simultaneously. However, USB compliance specification states that "use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs) is prohibited on any USB peripheral", meaning that "if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed, then it must be self-powered."

Question: What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current?


Answer: may have power issues

Question: What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port.


Answer: "use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs)

Question: What does USB compliance specification prohibit?


Answer: The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1

Context: The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 (released in 2007) defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port. Contrary to the standard downstream port, for which current draw by a connected portable device can exceed 100 mA only after digital negotiation with the host or hub, a charging port can supply currents between 500 mA and 1.5 A without the digital negotiation. A charging port supplies up to 500 mA at 5 V, up to the rated current at 3.6 V or more, and drops its output voltage if the portable device attempts to draw more than the rated current. The charger port may shut down if the load is too high.

Question: What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?


Answer: in 2007

Question: When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?


Answer: the charging port

Question: What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called?


Answer: up to 500 mA at 5 V

Question: What does a charging port supply?


Answer: Two types

Context: Two types of charging port exist: the charging downstream port (CDP), supporting data transfers as well, and the dedicated charging port (DCP), without data support. A portable device can recognize the type of USB port; on a dedicated charging port, the D+ and D− pins are shorted with a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms, while charging downstream ports provide additional detection logic so their presence can be determined by attached devices. (see ref pg. 2, Section 1.4.5, & Table 5-3 "Resistances"—pg. 29).

Question: How many types of charging ports exist?


Answer: the type of USB port

Question: What can a portable device recognize?


Answer: a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms

Question: What are the D+ and D- shortened with?


Answer: there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0

Context: The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 (released in 2010) makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0. On the other hand, several changes are made and limits are increasing including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices, allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A, and allowing a maximum current of 5 A. Also, revision 1.2 removes support for USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms.

Question: What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?


Answer: USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms

Question: What does revision 1.2 remove?


Answer: in 2010

Question: When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released?


Answer: In July 2012

Context: In July 2012, the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery ("PD") specification, an extension that specifies using certified "PD aware" USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power (more than 7.5 W) to devices with larger power demand. Devices can request higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts – up to 2 A at 5 V (for a power consumption of up to 10 W), and optionally up to 3 A or 5 A at either 12 V (36 W or 60 W) or 20 V (60 W or 100 W). In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are supported.

Question: When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification?


Answer: higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts

Question: What can devices request?


Answer: supported

Question: In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are what?


Answer: USB 3.1

Context: The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite. It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference. Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased VBUS currents, and VCONN-powered accessories.

Question: The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?


Answer: Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel

Question: What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?


Answer: Type-C features

Question: Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what?


Answer: charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off

Context: Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.

Question: What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?


Answer: USB ports

Question: What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?


Answer: Sleep-and-charge USB ports

Question: What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?


Answer: On Dell and Toshiba laptops

Context: On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side. Dell calls this feature PowerShare, while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge. On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is simply called Power-off USB. On some laptops such as Dell and Apple MacBook models, it is possible to plug a device in, close the laptop (putting it into sleep mode) and have the device continue to charge.[citation needed]

Question: On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?


Answer: PowerShare

Question: What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off?


Answer: On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops

Question: On what laptops are the sleep-and-charge marked with a non-standard symbol?


Answer: 17 February 2009

Context: The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009, and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association, with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."

Question: When did the GSM Association follow suit?


Answer: a 4-star or higher efficiency rating

Question: UCS chargers will also include what?


Answer: 22 April 2009

Question: When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?


Answer: June 2009

Context: In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging standard and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions. In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.

Question: When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?


Answer: to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply

Question: What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do?


Answer: January 2011

Question: When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011?


Answer: more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port.

Context: Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this.

Question: Some USB devices require what?


Answer: an external power supply

Question: Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?


Answer: a dual-input USB cable

Question: What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?


Answer: one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power

Question: What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable?


Answer: the inrush current

Context: In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (i.e., that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power. USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended. Nevertheless, many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended.

Question: What does the USB specification limit?


Answer: when the device is first connected

Question: When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?


Answer: ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended

Question: What are USB devices required to enter?


Answer: cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended

Question: Many USB host interfaces do not what?


Answer: the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network

Context: Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. These are usually called USB decorations.[citation needed] Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature vacuum cleaners, and even miniature lava lamps. In most cases, these items contain no digital circuitry, and thus are not standard compliant USB devices. This may cause problems with some computers, such as drawing too much current and damaging circuitry. Prior to the Battery Charging Specification, the USB specification required that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host, which then permits the device to switch into high-power mode.

Question: What do some non-standard USB devices use?


Answer: the 5 V power supply

Question: What Negotiates power draw with the host interface?


Answer: that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host

Question: What does the USB specification require prior to the Battery Charging Specification?


Answer: by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state

Context: USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is always an error. USB 3.0 has introduced additional data transmission encodings.

Question: How is the USB data transmitted?


Answer: the NRZI line coding

Question: What does USB use to encode data?


Answer: bit stuffing

Question: To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?


Answer: EOP (end-of-packet)

Context: A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a "bit stuff violation" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.

Question: What is a USB packet's end called?


Answer: as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet

Question: What can skew due to hubs add?


Answer: "bit stuff violation

Question: What can this extra bit result in?


Answer: a special protocol

Context: USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D− and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.

Question: What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?


Answer: chirping

Question: What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?


Answer: an FS device (D+ pulled high)

Question: A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?


Answer: sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,

Context: According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.

Question: Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?


Answer: 70–90 MB/s

Question: For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?


Answer: 90–110 MB/s

Question: What is the read speed for USB 3.0?


Answer: 8-bit bytes

Context: After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted least-significant bit first. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte. The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contains at most four consecutive 1 bits, and thus never needs bit-stuffing, even when combined with the final 1 bit in the sync byte. However, trailing 1 bits in the PID may require bit-stuffing within the first few bits of the payload.)

Question: After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?


Answer: least-significant bit first

Question: How are the bit bytes transmitted?


Answer: a packet identifier (PID) byte

Question: The first byte is what?


Answer: PID byte

Context: Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets. Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form. Three basic types are ACK, indicating that data was successfully received, NAK, indicating that the data cannot be received and should be retried, and STALL, indicating that the device has an error condition and cannot transfer data until some corrective action (such as device initialization) occurs.

Question: Handshake packets consist of only a single what?


Answer: in response to data packets

Question: When are handshake packets generally sent?


Answer: Error detection

Question: What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?


Answer: a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number

Context: IN and OUT tokens contain a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number (for multifunction devices) and command the device to transmit DATAx packets, or receive the following DATAx packets, respectively. An IN token expects a response from a device. The response may be a NAK or STALL response, or a DATAx frame. In the latter case, the host issues an ACK handshake if appropriate. An OUT token is followed immediately by a DATAx frame. The device responds with ACK, NAK, NYET, or STALL, as appropriate.

Question: IN and OUT tokens contain what?


Answer: a response from a device

Question: An IN token expects what?


Answer: DATAx frame

Question: An OUT token is followed immediately by a what?


Answer: to perform split transactions

Context: USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.

Question: a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?


Answer: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth

Question: Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?


Answer: 12 bits

Question: How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?


Answer: DATA0 and DATA1

Context: There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.

Question: There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?


Answer: an address token

Question: A data packet must always be preceded by what?


Answer: a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter

Question: What is a data packet usually followed by?


Answer: a special PID value, PRE

Context: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.

Question: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?


Answer: four 0 bits

Question: All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?


Answer: simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents

Question: Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?


Answer: two buses

Context: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.

Question: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?


Answer: simplicity and low cost

Question: USB was designed for what?


Answer: high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video

Question: FireWire was designed for what?


Answer: USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use

Question: FireWire 400 is faster than what?


Answer: more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB

Context: The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short, and power demand is low.

Question: The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?


Answer: cheaper

Question: Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?


Answer: the distance is short, and power demand is low.

Question: What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?


Answer: closely associated with a host computer

Context: Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.

Question: USB was designed for peripherals to be what?


Answer: the peripheral and host grounds

Question: USB connects what?


Answer: isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds

Question: Ethernet standards require what?


Answer: external devices

Context: eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.

Question: eSATA does not supply power to what?


Answer: advancing and external drives gradually need less power

Question: Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?


Answer: 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD

Question: On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?


Answer: chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0

Context: USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips.

Question: USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?


Answer: the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB

Question: What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?


Answer: 2007

Question: When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum


Answer: Ba-Shu

Context: Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu (巴蜀), an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin. Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan.

Question: What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?


Answer: at least the 15th century BC

Question: How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?


Answer: within the Sichuan Basin

Question: Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?


Answer: Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams

Question: What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?


Answer: Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan

Question: What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?


Answer: a cuckoo

Context: The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265–420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (杜宇) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Question: What did Emperor Duyu transform himself into after his death?


Answer: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Question: What does the name Shu refer to?


Answer: a local farmer in 1929

Question: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?


Answer: the Zhou

Question: The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?


Answer: the Jin dynasty (265–420)

Question: When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?


Answer: the Himalayas

Context: The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]

Question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?


Answer: Qin Mountains

Question: What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?


Answer: Yangtze

Question: What river flows through the Sichuan basin?


Answer: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi

Question: Where was the Qin dynasty based?


Answer: mountainous areas of Yunnan

Question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?


Answer: 316 BC

Context: Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

Question: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?


Answer: improved agricultural technology.

Question: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?


Answer: Li Bing

Question: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?


Answer: Yangtze

Question: The Min River is a major tributary of what river?


Answer: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.

Question: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?


Answer: Tang dynasty

Context: Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.

Question: During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?


Answer: Du Fu

Question: Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?


Answer: armies

Question: What was Chengu known to supply the country with?


Answer: 755-763

Question: Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?


Answer: the Tibetan Empire

Question: Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?


Answer: Yellow Tiger

Context: In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.

Question: What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?


Answer: Sichuan

Question: Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?


Answer: Daxi Dynasty

Question: Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of?


Answer: Huguang Province

Question: Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?


Answer: Chongqing

Context: In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.

Question: To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century?


Answer: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan

Question: What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?


Answer: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou

Question: What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems?


Answer: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate

Question: What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?


Answer: the Communists

Context: The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.

Question: What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?


Answer: Chiang Kai-Shek

Question: Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?


Answer: 10 December

Question: On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?


Answer: it was one area on the road of the Long March

Question: Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?


Answer: Sichuan

Context: From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000. This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project.

Question: What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?


Answer: Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality.

Question: Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?


Answer: to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces

Question: Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?


Answer: the Three Gorges Dam project.

Question: Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?


Answer: 99,730,000

Question: What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?


Answer: two

Context: Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at 7,556 metres (24,790 ft) above sea level.

Question: How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?


Answer: Sichuan basin

Question: What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?


Answer: Hengduan Mountains

Question: Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?


Answer: Daxue Mountains

Question: Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?


Answer: 24,790 ft

Question: How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?


Answer: Yangtze River

Context: The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. Sichuan's 4 main rivers, as Sichuan means literally, are Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang.

Question: Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?


Answer: Min River

Question: Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?


Answer: Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang

Question: What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?


Answer: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai

Question: Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.


Answer: humid subtropical climate

Context: Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the Köppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 °C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.

Question: What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?


Answer: the Sichuan Basin

Question: What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?


Answer: subarctic climate

Question: Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?


Answer: 2,000 to 3,500 meters

Question: What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?


Answer: 0 to 15 °C

Question: What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?


Answer: Sichuan

Context: Sichuan has been historically known as the "Province of Abundance". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium being the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of the cobalt of the whole country. Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves, the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions.

Question: What area for the "Province of Abundance" refer to?


Answer: rice and wheat

Question: What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?


Answer: pork

Question: What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?


Answer: 93%

Question: How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?


Answer: transported to more developed eastern regions

Question: What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?


Answer: coal, energy, iron and steel

Context: Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. Deyang, Panzhihua, and Yibin are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan's wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country’s total production in 2000.

Question: What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?


Answer: Chengdu and Mianyang

Question: What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?


Answer: 21.9%

Question: How much of China's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000?


Answer: Deyang

Question: Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production?


Answer: Panzhihua

Question: Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries?


Answer: Three Gorges Dam

Context: The Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam ever constructed, is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream. The plan is hailed by some as China's efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its industrial and commercial bases, but others have criticised it for its potentially harmful effects, such as massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.

Question: What is the largest dam ever built in the world?


Answer: Yangtze River

Question: On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?


Answer: to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream

Question: What is the purpose of the Three Gorges Dam?


Answer: massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.

Question: What are some reasons for the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam?


Answer: 53.3 percent

Context: According to the Sichuan Department of Commerce, the province's total foreign trade was US$22.04 billion in 2008, with an annual increase of 53.3 percent. Exports were US$13.1 billion, an annual increase of 52.3 percent, while imports were US$8.93 billion, an annual increase of 54.7 percent. These achievements were accomplished because of significant changes in China's foreign trade policy, acceleration of the yuan's appreciation, increase of commercial incentives and increase in production costs. The 18 cities and counties witnessed a steady rate of increase. Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan all saw an increase of more than 40 percent while Leshan, Neijiang, Luzhou, Meishan, Ziyang, and Yibin saw an increase of more than 20 percent. Foreign trade in Zigong, Panzhihua, Guang'an, Bazhong and Ganzi remained constant.

Question: By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?


Answer: US$13.1 billion

Question: What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008?


Answer: US$8.93 billion

Question: What was the import level of Sichuan in 2008?


Answer: Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan

Question: What cities saw an increase in foreign trade of more than 40% in 2008?


Answer: 12.5 percent

Context: The Sichuan government raised the minimum wage in the province by 12.5 percent at the end of December 2007. The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan, with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work, effective 26 December 2007. The government also reduced the four-tier minimum wage structure to three. The top tier mandates a minimum of 650 yuan per month, or 7.1 yuan per hour. National law allows each province to set minimum wages independently, but with a floor of 450 yuan per month.

Question: By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?


Answer: 450 yuan

Question: What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?


Answer: 4.9 yuan

Question: What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28, 2007?


Answer: 450 yuan per month

Question: What is the national minimum monthly wage in China?


Answer: February 2000

Context: Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese: 成都经济技术开发区; pinyin: Chéngdū jīngjì jìshù kāifā qū) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) and has a planned area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies 13.6 km (8.5 mi) east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China. The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there. Industries encouraged in the zone include mechanical, electronic, new building materials, medicine and food processing.

Question: When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?


Answer: CETDZ

Question: What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?


Answer: 8.5 mi

Question: How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ?


Answer: Chengdu

Question: What is the capital city of Sichuan?