Answer: hollow clay tiles

Context: Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun 魂) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po 魄) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.

Question: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?


Answer: hollow clay tiles

Question: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?


Answer: xian

Question: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?


Answer: two-part soul

Question: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?


Answer: allowing it to pivot

Question: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?


Answer: the emperor

Context: In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen 神) of mountains and rivers. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual, ethics, and morals, he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, epidemics, and swarms of locusts.

Question: Who made sacrifices to the main deities in this period?


Answer: earthquakes

Question: What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor?


Answer: the Five Powers

Question: What is another term that could be used to label the main deities?


Answer: three realms

Question: How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?


Answer: locusts

Question: What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor's ethics?


Answer: achieve immortality

Context: It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai. Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises, sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs. By the 2nd century AD, Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice. Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi (fl. 6th century BC) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins, ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing.

Question: What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?


Answer: salvation and good health

Question: What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?


Answer: Daoists

Question: What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?


Answer: immortality

Question: What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?


Answer: Daodejing

Question: What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?


Answer: Eastern Han

Context: Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD. Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57–75 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism. China's first known Buddhist temple, the White Horse Temple, was erected during Ming's reign. Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD, including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters, Perfection of Wisdom, Shurangama Sutra, and Pratyutpanna Sutra.

Question: During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region?


Answer: 75 AD

Question: When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?


Answer: Buddhism

Question: What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?


Answer: the White Horse Temple

Question: What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?


Answer: 2nd century AD

Question: During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?


Answer: the emperor

Context: In Han government, the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations; those who earned a 600-dan salary-rank or higher. Theoretically, there were no limits to his power. However, state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference (tingyi 廷議)—where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions. If the emperor rejected a court conference decision, he risked alienating his high ministers. Nevertheless, emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences.

Question: Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government?


Answer: sometimes did reject the majority opinion

Question: Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?


Answer: alienating his high ministers

Question: What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?


Answer: court conference

Question: Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?


Answer: the emperor

Question: Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?


Answer: The Minister Coachman

Context: Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers, who each headed a specialized ministry. The Minister of Ceremonies was the chief official in charge of religious rites, rituals, prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars. The Minister of the Household was in charge of the emperor's security within the palace grounds, external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot. The Minister of the Guards was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls, towers, and gates of the imperial palaces. The Minister Coachman was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables, horses, carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants, as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces. The Minister of Justice was the chief official in charge of upholding, administering, and interpreting the law. The Minister Herald was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court, such as nobles and foreign ambassadors. The Minister of the Imperial Clan oversaw the imperial court's interactions with the empire's nobility and extended imperial family, such as granting fiefs and titles. The Minister of Finance was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement. The Minister Steward served the emperor exclusively, providing him with entertainment and amusements, proper food and clothing, medicine and physical care, valuables and equipment.

Question: Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables?


Answer: The Minister of Justice

Question: Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?


Answer: The Minister Herald

Question: Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see?


Answer: The Minister Steward

Question: Who provided the emperor with sustenance and medical aid?


Answer: The Minister of the Imperial Clan

Question: Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire's nobles with the court?


Answer: an Administrator

Context: A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an Administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu. The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect, while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs, and both could be referred to as Magistrates. A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county, registered the populace for taxation, mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties, repaired schools and supervised public works.

Question: What individual was typically in charge of a commandery?


Answer: 10,000

Question: Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?


Answer: A Magistrate

Question: What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?


Answer: Emperor Wu

Question: What Emperor initially created the quota system?


Answer: Chiefs

Question: Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them?


Answer: male

Context: At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87–74 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces: infantry, cavalry or navy. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital. A small professional (paid) standing army was stationed near the capital.

Question: What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?


Answer: twenty-three

Question: At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?


Answer: one year

Question: How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?


Answer: twenty

Question: What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?


Answer: Minister of the Guards

Question: Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?


Answer: one paid a commutable tax

Context: During the Eastern Han, conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax. The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army. The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army (Nanjun 南軍), while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army (Beijun 北軍). Led by Colonels (Xiaowei 校尉), the Northern Army consisted of five regiments, each composed of several thousand soldiers. When central authority collapsed after 189 AD, wealthy landowners, members of the aristocracy/nobility, and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops (buqu 部曲).

Question: How could conscription into military service be avoided?


Answer: Northern Army

Question: What army was based near the capital?


Answer: Southern Army

Question: What army was considered to be the volunteer army?


Answer: five

Question: How many regiments were in the Northern Army?


Answer: several thousand soldiers

Question: Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?


Answer: the Qin

Context: The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin. In the beginning of the Han, Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins. This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi (d. 180 BC), who abolished private minting. In 182 BC, Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins. This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g (0.09 oz) in weight.

Question: Where did the Han dynasty receive their coin type from?


Answer: Emperor Gaozu

Question: Who closed the government mint?


Answer: 186 BC

Question: In what year was the decision reversing the closure of the government mint implemented?


Answer: Lü Zhi

Question: Who released new lighter coinage that caused significant amounts of inflation because of it's weight?


Answer: 175 BC

Question: In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass?


Answer: wuzhu

Context: In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (五銖) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.

Question: What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?


Answer: Emperor Wu

Question: Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?


Answer: Tang dynasty

Question: During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?


Answer: 3.2 g

Question: What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?


Answer: several new currencies

Question: What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?


Answer: landowner-cultivators

Context: The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords. The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms. These reforms included reducing taxes, temporary remissions of taxes, granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts.

Question: Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?


Answer: The Han government

Question: Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?


Answer: Eastern Han

Question: During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?


Answer: temporary

Question: What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?


Answer: enacted reforms

Question: What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?


Answer: 117 BC

Context: In the early Western Han, a wealthy salt or iron industrialist, whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant, could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand. This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue. To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs, Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies. By Eastern Han times, the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations, as well as private businessmen.

Question: In which year did Emperor Wu monopolize several industries?


Answer: Emperor Wu

Question: Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries?


Answer: Eastern Han

Question: During what period did the governmental monopolies become privatized once again?


Answer: nationalized the salt and iron industries

Question: What did Emperor Wu do to negate the influence of private entrepreneurs?


Answer: Western Han

Question: During what era could a wealthy iron industrialist be able to rival the treasury in funds?


Answer: Liquor

Context: Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC. However, this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L (0.05 gallons) was levied for those who traded it privately. By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants. Apart from Emperor Ming's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization, which was abolished in 68 AD, central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han.

Question: What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?


Answer: 81 BC

Question: In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?


Answer: price control regulations

Question: What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?


Answer: grain

Question: What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?


Answer: Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization

Question: What office did Emperor Ming create?


Answer: blast

Context: Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization. Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process.

Question: What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?


Answer: oxygen

Question: What element was used in the production of wrought iron?


Answer: wrought

Question: What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?


Answer: fining

Question: What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?


Answer: pig iron

Question: What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?


Answer: The three-legged iron seed drill

Context: The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand. The heavy moldboard iron plow, also invented during the Han dynasty, required only one man to control it, two oxen to pull it. It had three plowshares, a seed box for the drills, a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m2 (11.3 acres) of land in a single day.

Question: What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows?


Answer: two oxen

Question: How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow?


Answer: 11.3 acres

Question: How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day?


Answer: one man

Question: How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow?


Answer: improved iron-smelting techniques

Question: What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools?


Answer: the alternating fields system

Context: To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it. Han farmers also used the pit field system (aotian 凹田) for growing crops, which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain. In southern and small parts of central Han-era China, paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice, while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production.

Question: What helped insure the safety of crops from wind?


Answer: pit field system

Question: What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows?


Answer: rice

Question: What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas?


Answer: alternating fields system

Question: What system did the government recommend the usage of?


Answer: Zhao Guo

Question: What was the name of the Grain Intendant?


Answer: Timber

Context: Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.

Question: What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?


Answer: Tang

Question: What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?


Answer: 907 AD

Question: What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?


Answer: ceramic roof tiles

Question: What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?


Answer: Timber

Question: What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?


Answer: twenty-nine

Context: Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades.

Question: How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era?


Answer: stone pillar-gates

Question: What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade?


Answer: brick

Question: What building material were tomb chambers constructed with?


Answer: rammed-earth

Question: What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of?


Answer: drainage systems

Question: What type of system used ceramic water pipes?


Answer: Confucian

Context: Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp.

Question: What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?


Answer: Yang Xiong

Question: Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?


Answer: Ding Huan

Question: Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?


Answer: gimbals

Question: What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?


Answer: rotary fan

Question: What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?


Answer: Han

Context: Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources.

Question: During which period was the odometer cart first created?


Answer: sliding metal calipers

Question: What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?


Answer: artwork

Question: What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?


Answer: winnowing machines

Question: What was used to separate parts of grain?


Answer: measured journey lengths

Question: What use did the odometer cart provide?


Answer: Waterwheels

Context: The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse.

Question: What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?


Answer: Nanyang

Question: What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?


Answer: Wang Chong

Question: Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?


Answer: about the 5th century

Question: During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?


Answer: Han

Question: During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?


Answer: Zhang Heng

Context: The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth.

Question: Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?


Answer: 132 AD

Question: In what year was the seismometer first invented?


Answer: eight

Question: How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?


Answer: seismometer

Question: What invention included an inverted pendulum?


Answer: metal ball

Question: What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?


Answer: mathematical

Context: Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations.

Question: What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?


Answer: Three

Question: How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?


Answer: Gaussian elimination

Question: What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?


Answer: Han

Question: During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?


Answer: continued fractions

Question: What can be used to help find the roots of equations?


Answer: the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art

Context: One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD.

Question: In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?


Answer: as black counting rods

Question: How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?


Answer: 16th century AD

Question: In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?


Answer: Bakhshali

Question: What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?


Answer: red counting rods

Question: What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?


Answer: Han

Context: Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds.

Question: In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted?


Answer: Wang Chong

Question: Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?


Answer: the Earth

Question: What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?


Answer: spherical

Question: What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?


Answer: the earth

Question: What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?


Answer: silk

Context: Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true.

Question: What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?


Answer: tomb

Question: In what type of building were silken maps found?


Answer: Ma Yuan

Question: Which individual created the very first raised relief map?


Answer: rice

Question: What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?


Answer: The junk design

Context: The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas.

Question: What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?


Answer: high seas

Question: In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?


Answer: Junks

Question: What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?


Answer: riverine transport

Question: What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?


Answer: Han-era medical physicians

Context: Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds.

Question: Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?


Answer: anesthesia

Question: What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?


Answer: physician

Question: What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?


Answer: prescribed regulated diets

Question: How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?


Answer: 208 AD

Question: When did Hua Tuo die?


Answer: Aegean and Ionian seas

Context: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Question: Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?


Answer: Bronze

Question: During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented?


Answer: Constantinople

Question: Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture?


Answer: Egypt

Question: Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?


Answer: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

Question: Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?


Answer: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas

Question: Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?


Answer: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.

Question: When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?


Answer: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century

Question: What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?


Answer: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Question: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?


Answer: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.

Context: The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Question: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ?


Answer: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels

Question: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?


Answer: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language

Question: What other language has this same trait ?


Answer: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian

Question: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?


Answer: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?


Answer: the Dorians

Context: Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.

Question: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual region between Greece and Albania ?


Answer: Around 1200 BC

Question: When did these groups make the migration ?


Answer: the Mycenaean civilization,

Question: What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?


Answer: it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)

Question: Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ?


Answer: seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC

Question: What areas were being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived ?


Answer: Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors

Context: The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.

Question: How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?


Answer: Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth

Question: How did they believe their forebears lived ?


Answer: The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past

Question: What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?


Answer: Homer

Question: Who was the author of these tales ?


Answer: Zeus, Poseidon and Hades

Question: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ?


Answer: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism

Context: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Question: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?


Answer: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.

Question: When did this event occur ?


Answer: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,

Question: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?


Answer: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)

Question: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ?


Answer: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

Question: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?


Answer: classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC

Context: The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Question: The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?


Answer: It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras

Question: What is so well known about this period ?


Answer: this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander

Question: Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?


Answer: The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization

Question: What shiny other name is this time also called ?


Answer: civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Question: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?


Answer: Alexander

Context: In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?


Answer: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way

Question: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?


Answer: Hellenistic cities

Question: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?


Answer: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ?


Answer: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.

Question: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?


Answer: the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state.

Context: This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Question: With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?


Answer: larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.

Question: The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?


Answer: Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.

Question: How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?


Answer: the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation.

Question: What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?


Answer: Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Question: What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?


Answer: decline beginning in the 3rd century BC

Context: In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Question: When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?


Answer: with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.

Question: What encouraged the change of faith ?


Answer: The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.

Question: What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?


Answer: Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity

Question: What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?


Answer: Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking

Question: What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?


Answer: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")

Context: Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Question: What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?


Answer: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans

Question: What did the label of Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?


Answer: secondary to religious considerations

Question: Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?


Answer: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Question: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?


Answer: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,

Context: The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

Question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks.


Answer: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)

Question: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?


Answer: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.

Question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?


Answer: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"

Question: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?


Answer: the Latin West started to favour the Franks

Question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?


Answer: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204

Context: A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).

Question: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?


Answer: empire was revived in 1261

Question: When did the nation reestablish itself ?


Answer: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.

Question: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?


Answer: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity

Question: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?


Answer: second Russo-Turkish War

Question: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?


Answer: Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453

Context: Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.

Question: When did the emperor Constantine lose rule over in 1453 ?


Answer: many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West

Question: What did the populace do in response to the loss ?


Answer: in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia

Question: What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?


Answer: men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy

Question: Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?


Answer: levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.

Question: What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?


Answer: religion was the defining characteristic of national groups

Context: For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi, (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic. There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Greek Orthodox protector, the Russian Empire, or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining crypto-Christian. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as Greek Muslims - excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the devshirme - were to be found in Crete (Cretan Turks), Greek Macedonia (for example among the Vallahades of western Macedonia), and among Pontic Greeks in the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan Selim the Grim, whose mother Gülbahar Hatun was a Pontic Greek.

Question: How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?


Answer: was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.

Question: What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?


Answer: The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi

Question: What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?


Answer: those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic

Question: What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?


Answer: second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system

Question: Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?


Answer: the Greek tradition of education and commerce

Context: The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

Question: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ?


Answer: the wealth of the extensive merchant class

Question: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?


Answer: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce

Question: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?


Answer: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

Question: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?


Answer: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830

Context: The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

Question: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?


Answer: clause removed by 1840

Question: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?


Answer: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece

Question: How did the original Constitution identify its society members ?


Answer: first Greek constitution of 1822

Question: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?


Answer: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange

Question: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the Lausanne Treaty ?


Answer: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.

Context: The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Question: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?


Answer: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome

Question: What do the Grecian Romioi descendants of the Constantine rule believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?


Answer: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well

Question: What other cultures do the Romioi clam to be their birthright ?


Answer: Hellene" still meant pagan

Question: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?


Answer: Greek Enlightenment

Context: Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Question: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?


Answer: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,

Question: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?


Answer: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire

Question: What did Greeks do that caused the formation of the new state ?


Answer: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,

Question: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?


Answer: Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,

Context: Homer refers to the "Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia, with its warriors under the command of Achilleus. The Parian Chronicle says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks (Γραικοί). In Greek mythology, Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes, was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge. It seems that the myth was invented when the Greek tribes started to separate from each other in certain areas of Greece and it indicates their common origin. Aristotle names ancient Hellas as an area in Epirus between Dodona and the Achelous river, the location of the great deluge of Deucalion, a land occupied by the Selloi and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes". Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus and the word probably means "sacrificers" (compare Gothic saljan, "present, sacrifice"). There is currently no satisfactory etymology of the name Hellenes. Some scholars assert that the name Selloi changed to Sellanes and then to Hellanes-Hellenes. However this etymology connects the name Hellenes with the Dorians who occupied Epirus and the relation with the name Greeks given by the Romans becomes uncertain. The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League. This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of Apollo in Delphi (Phocis) and of Demeter near Thermopylae (Locris). According to the legend it was founded after the Trojan War by the eponymous Amphictyon, brother of Hellen.

Question: What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?


Answer: was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge.

Question: From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?


Answer: Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes

Question: Who is this small group named for ?


Answer: The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League.

Question: Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?


Answer: with twelve founders

Question: How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?


Answer: Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.

Context: In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

Question: what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?


Answer: the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.

Question: What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?


Answer: word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu

Question: What is the origins of the term "old woman " ?


Answer: A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.

Question: Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?


Answer: Achaeans and Danaans

Context: Homer uses the terms Achaeans and Danaans (Δαναοί) as a generic term for Greeks in Iliad, and they were probably a part of the Mycenean civilization. The names Achaioi and Danaoi seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown. They were forced to the region that later bore the name Achaea after the Dorian invasion. In the 5th century BC, they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos. There are many controversial theories on the origin of the Achaeans. According to one view, the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe, who pressed down over the Alps during the early Iron age (1300 BC) to southern Europe. Another theory suggests that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans. These theories are rejected by other scholars who, based on linguistic criteria, suggest that the Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. There is also the theory that there was an Achaean ethnos that migrated from Asia minor to lower Thessaly prior to 2000 BC. Some Hittite texts mention a nation lying to the west called Ahhiyava or Ahhiya. Egyptian documents refer to Ekwesh, one of the groups of sea peoples who attached Egypt during the reign of Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE), who may have been Achaeans.

Question: What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?


Answer: pre-Dorian

Question: What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?


Answer: redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek

Question: What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names?


Answer: spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos

Question: Where was this origin of this redefinition ?


Answer: early Iron age

Question: What was the age in 1300 BC named ?


Answer: Trojans

Context: In Homer's Iliad, the names Danaans (or Danaoi: Δαναοί) and Argives (Argives: Αργείοι) are used to designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans. The myth of Danaus, whose origin is Egypt, is a foundation legend of Argos. His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom. This myth is connected with a task that can never be fulfilled (Sisyphos) and the name can be derived from the PIE root *danu: "river". There is not any satisfactory theory on their origin. Some scholars connect Danaans with the Denyen, one of the groups of the sea peoples who attacked Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III (1187-1156 BCE). The same inscription mentions the Weshesh who might have been the Achaeans. The Denyen seem to have been inhabitants of the city Adana in Cilicia. Pottery similar to that of Mycenae itself has been found in Tarsus of Cilicia and it seems that some refugees from the Aegean went there after the collapse of the Mycenean civilization. These Cilicians seem to have been called Dananiyim, the same word as Danaoi who attacked Egypt in 1191 BC along with the Quaouash (or Weshesh) who may be Achaeans. They were also called Danuna according to a Hittite inscription and the same name is mentioned in the Amarna letters. Julius Pokorny reconstructs the name from the PIE root da:-: "flow, river", da:-nu: "any moving liquid, drops", da: navo "people living by the river, Skyth. nomadic people (in Rigveda water-demons, fem.Da:nu primordial goddess), in Greek Danaoi, Egypt. Danuna". It is also possible that the name Danaans is pre-Greek. A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt from Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC), Thutmosis III (1437 BC).

Question: In Homer's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ?


Answer: Egypt

Question: From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ?


Answer: His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom

Question: What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ?


Answer: Denyen

Question: What community did the Denyen live in ?


Answer: A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt

Question: What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ?


Answer: most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language

Context: The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language, which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day, albeit with a break during the Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC). Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to Chinese alone. Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic. Yet, Hellenism also embodied an ancestral dimension through aspects of Athenian literature that developed and influenced ideas of descent based on autochthony. During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, areas such as Ionia and Constantinople experienced a Hellenic revival in language, philosophy, and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship. This revival provided a powerful impetus to the sense of cultural affinity with ancient Greece and its classical heritage. The cultural changes undergone by the Greeks are, despite a surviving common sense of ethnicity, undeniable. At the same time, the Greeks have retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion, (the word barbarian was used by 12th-century historian Anna Komnene to describe non-Greek speakers), a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the global political and social changes of the past two millennia.

Question: What is the easiest connection between the Greeks of old and those of today ?


Answer: Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC)

Question: How log did the age of darkness last for the Greeks ?


Answer: continuity of tradition to Chinese alone

Question: Who else has a history as long standing as those of the Greeks ?


Answer: During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire

Question: When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?


Answer: retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion

Question: What aspects of the Greek culture have remained steadfast throughout the years ?


Answer: Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population

Context: Today, Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population, and the Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population (excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country). Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; nonetheless, the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828. A large percentage of the population growth since the state's foundation has resulted from annexation of new territories and the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. About 80% of the population of Greece is urban, with 28% concentrated in the city of Athens

Question: In the Rupublic of Hellenic who is the ethnic majority and what percentage of the populace do they represent ?


Answer: Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population

Question: What's the estimated populace of Greeks on the isle of Cyprus ?


Answer: Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth

Question: Are Greeks in danger of contributing vastly to the problem of population control ?


Answer: Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828.

Question: Is the Greek populace on a whole increasing or decreasing in numbers ?


Answer: influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.

Question: Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?


Answer: British Empire

Context: Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the British Empire. Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility. After the ethnic cleansing of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974, there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s. Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.

Question: Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of


Answer: Turkish

Question: Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?


Answer: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Question: Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?


Answer: the Middle East

Question: During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?


Answer: 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey

Context: There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination. This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor. There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states, remnants of the Old Greek Diaspora (pre-19th century).

Question: What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?


Answer: 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.

Question: What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?


Answer: the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor

Question: How long was there a Greek influence represented in "little" Asia ?


Answer: smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,

Question: Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?


Answer: total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue

Context: The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million. Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Omogeneia. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto. In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state. This law was later repealed in early 2014.

Question: How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?


Answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad

Question: Who provided the contradictory population numbers for Greeks abroad ?


Answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide

Question: How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?


Answer: Sorbonne University

Question: At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an


Answer: George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million

Question: Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?


Answer: the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language

Context: In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts. Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The modern-day Griko community of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000, may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.

Question: What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?


Answer: Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts.

Question: What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?


Answer: Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt.

Question: How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?


Answer: The Hellenistic period

Question: What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?


Answer: Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state

Context: During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church.

Question: After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules ?


Answer: important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad

Question: What did they do that contributed to the Greek's success of establishment?


Answer: Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries

Question: Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?


Answer: Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)

Question: What countries did they settle in ?


Answer: from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.

Question: How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?


Answer: beginning in the Mycenaean civilization

Context: Greek culture has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the Classical period, the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped. Ottoman Greeks had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in genocide in the 20th century but nevertheless included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures. The Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today.

Question: What is considered the start of the Grecian cultural world ?


Answer: the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity

Question: Which devotion of time was heavily influenced by the religious followers of the Son of God ?


Answer: genocide in the 20th century

Question: In what centennial was the massacre of the Greeks of Ottoman descent ?


Answer: included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures.

Question: Was there anything good that could be found from the divergence into exchange ?


Answer: Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture

Question: Who was given the merit for the reemergence of the Greek way of life ?


Answer: other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund),

Context: Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and Turkish origin. Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.

Question: What other dialects share a thread with the Greek language.


Answer: the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century

Question: What radical political changes occurred during the 19th century ?


Answer: emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage

Question: What did these changes highlight ?


Answer: Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state.

Question: What became the official dialect of Greeks and what was it missing ?


Answer: In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language

Question: What choices in 1976 made a change to the decisions concerning the official dialect ?


Answer: Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects

Context: Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek). Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greeks in Greece and the Diaspora are bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.

Question: What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?


Answer: wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian

Question: What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking?


Answer: Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek)

Question: What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?


Answer: Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel.

Question: What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?


Answer: bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.

Question: Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?


Answer: Christians

Context: Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations.

Question: What is the religion of the Greek majority ?


Answer: belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church

Question: What denominational variance do they adhere to for the most part ?


Answer: the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek

Question: What language was the second half of the Bible originally written in ?


Answer: Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church

Question: This language is the official dialect of worship for the traditional sect for church worshipers of Greece ?


Answer: Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims.

Question: What other varieties of Christianity can be found among the Grecian people ?


Answer: visual, literary and performing arts.

Context: Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts. In the West, ancient Greek art was influential in shaping the Roman and later the modern western artistic heritage. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the western world. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.

Question: What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?


Answer: the Renaissance in Europe

Question: What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?


Answer: the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.

Question: What important heritage of art from Greece was celebrated during this time ?


Answer: In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures

Question: What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?


Answer: Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.

Question: In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of Greek descent ?


Answer: Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do

Context: Notable modern Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Doxaras, Nikolaos Gyzis, Nikiphoros Lytras, Yannis Tsarouchis, Nikos Engonopoulos, Constantine Andreou, Jannis Kounellis, sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis, conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos, soprano Maria Callas, composers such as Mikis Theodorakis, Nikos Skalkottas, Iannis Xenakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Yanni and Vangelis, one of the best-selling singers worldwide Nana Mouskouri and poets such as Kostis Palamas, Dionysios Solomos, Angelos Sikelianos and Yannis Ritsos. Alexandrian Constantine P. Cavafy and Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century. Novel is also represented by Alexandros Papadiamantis and Nikos Kazantzakis.

Question: Who was one of the old masters from the Greeks ?


Answer: soprano Maria Callas

Question: Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?


Answer: sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis

Question: Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?


Answer: Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century.

Question: Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?


Answer: science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics

Context: The Greeks of the Classical era made several notable contributions to science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and other centres of Greek learning while Eastern Roman science was essentially a continuation of classical science. Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education). Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught, and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world’s first university as well.

Question: What contribution to the scientific community have the Greeks left the world ?


Answer: scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions

Question: What school practices were kept by the Roman world after the fall of Greece ?


Answer: Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education

Question: What has been maintained by the Greeks throughout their extended history ?


Answer: Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world

Question: What is one the most elevated values among the Grecian society ?


Answer: first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations

Question: At what location did education begin for the first set of people to be eligible to earn and advanced degree in a particular subject ?


Answer: the percentages for female students being higher than for male

Context: As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education. Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names. Notable modern Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory, Manolis Andronikos, Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and Dimitri Nanopoulos.

Question: According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ?


Answer: Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year

Question: Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ?


Answer: the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names

Question: Are university educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers in other countries ?


Answer: John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,

Question: Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ?