Answer: Latin and Greek classical texts

Context: Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

Question: What did renaissance humanism reference?


Answer: scholasticism

Question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?


Answer: accumulated commentaries

Question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?


Answer: literary and artistic

Context: The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

Question: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?


Answer: early 1690s

Question: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?


Answer: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle

Question: Moderns support the merits of whom?


Answer: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

Question: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?


Answer: a transition to modern science

Context: The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.

Question: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?


Answer: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected

Question: What s the Scientific Revolution?


Answer: several modern scientific fields.

Question: What did Scientific Revolution form?


Answer: question all manners of things

Question: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?


Answer: execution of the king

Context: The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

Question: What happened to the king after the trial?


Answer: every other major European power.

Question: Who else was involved in the warfare?


Answer: the Napoleonic Wars

Question: name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.


Answer: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte

Context: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and "Glorious" surge of Republicanism.

Question: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?


Answer: Corsica

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?


Answer: St. Helena

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die?


Answer: surge of Republicanism

Question: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?


Answer: Paris

Question: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?


Answer: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy

Context: Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

Question: What is Italian Unification?


Answer: in the 19th century

Question: When did the Italian Unification occur?


Answer: 1871

Question: In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?


Answer: 1815

Question: In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?


Answer: World War I.

Question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?


Answer: British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.

Context: Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation, and formed self-governing independent states. The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War (also called American War of Independence).

Question: What event did the American revolution cause?


Answer: overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy

Question: How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?


Answer: the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation

Question: Why did the United States form independent states?


Answer: the British

Question: Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?


Answer: American Revolutionary War

Question: What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?


Answer: Lexington and Concord

Context: The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.

Question: Where did the American Revolution start?


Answer: Declaration of Independence

Question: What was issued on July 4, 1776?


Answer: independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.

Question: What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?


Answer: member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Question: What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?


Answer: gout

Question: What was Ben Franklin disabled by?


Answer: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.

Context: The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Question: What is the decolonization of the Americas?


Answer: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.

Question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?


Answer: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.

Question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?


Answer: 1808 until 1829

Question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?


Answer: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?


Answer: the French

Context: When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.

Question: Who did the central Junta fall to?


Answer: king Ferdinand VII

Question: What king died in 1833?


Answer: Cuba and Puerto Rico

Question: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?


Answer: in 1898

Question: When did the Spanish-American war occur?


Answer: Salvador

Question: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized?


Answer: around 1850

Context: The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second?


Answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.

Question: The 19th century was also known as?


Answer: separate Technical Revolution

Question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?


Answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways

Question: What caused technological and economical progress?


Answer: social and economic change

Context: Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

Question: What is industrialization?


Answer: technological innovation

Question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?


Answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.

Question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?


Answer: 1846

Context: The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

Question: When did the modern petroleum industry start?


Answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

Question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?


Answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

Question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?


Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

Question: Who improved Gesner's of refining kerosene from coal?


Answer: Bóbrka

Question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?


Answer: electrification to developments in materials science.

Context: Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.

Question: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?


Answer: quality of life

Question: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?


Answer: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.

Question: What did Lewis Paul invent?


Answer: the first revolution

Question: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?


Answer: Matthew Boulton and James Watt

Question: Who improved the steam engine?


Answer: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

Context: In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question: Thomas Edison is credited with?


Answer: 110 volts

Question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?


Answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

Question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?


Answer: fifty-nine

Question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?


Answer: lower Manhattan

Question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?


Answer: 1848

Context: The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

Question: When did the European revolutions occur?


Answer: tens of thousands

Question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions?


Answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

Question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?


Answer: France

Question: In what country did the revolutions begin?


Answer: Scientific Revolution and industrial progress

Context: Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.

Question: What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?


Answer: a coherent system of verifiable predictions

Question: What is Newton Natural philosophy?


Answer: reliance on revelation and inspired truth.

Question: What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?


Answer: yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.

Question: What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life,


Answer: Peter I

Context: Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762–96, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.

Question: Under whom was Russia declared an empire?


Answer: 1721

Question: In what year was Russia declared an empire?


Answer: 1682 to 1725

Question: Through what period did Peter I rule?


Answer: Sweden

Question: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?


Answer: a new capital called Saint Petersburg

Question: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?


Answer: the period of Queen Victoria's reign

Context: The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

Question: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom?


Answer: 1837 to January 1901

Question: Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign?


Answer: a long period of prosperity for the British people

Question: What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?


Answer: five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

Question: How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?


Answer: any serious international rival

Context: In Britain's "imperial century", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been generally characterized as "informal empire". Of note during this time was the Anglo-Zulu War, which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire.

Question: What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?


Answer: Unchallenged at sea

Question: Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?


Answer: Pax Britannica

Question: Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as


Answer: splendid isolation

Question: What was Britain's foreign policy called?


Answer: effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam

Question: Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?


Answer: steamship and the telegraph

Context: British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

Question: What was British imperial strength replace by?


Answer: a network of telegraph cables

Question: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?


Answer: the second half of the 19th century

Question: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?


Answer: 458 million

Question: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?


Answer: 1788

Question: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?


Answer: Napoleon I of France

Context: The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Question: The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?


Answer: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

Question: What is the Bourbon Restoration?


Answer: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

Question: What is the July Monarchy?


Answer: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

Question: What is the second empires?


Answer: 1852 to 1870

Question: Through what period did the second empire last?


Answer: France and Prussia

Context: The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

Question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?


Answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?


Answer: North German Confederation

Question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?


Answer: Alsace-Lorraine

Question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?


Answer: World War I.

Question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?


Answer: exhibit a sphere of influence over the area

Context: The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony. The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition. With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples, however, this principle remained more theory than practice. There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule, to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as "hell on earth."

Question: Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?


Answer: These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.

Question: What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?


Answer: mandate to rule that region as a national colony.

Question: What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?


Answer: hell on earth.

Question: What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?


Answer: colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.

Question: How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?


Answer: one-fifth

Context: At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.

Question: What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?


Answer: they were dividing an unknown continent.

Question: What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?


Answer: the mid-nineteenth century,

Question: When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?


Answer: 1880s

Question: Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?


Answer: generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.

Question: How did maps show Africa Before 1880?


Answer: 1880s to 1914

Context: From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

Question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?


Answer: Africa’s land and resources.

Question: What was Europe competing for?


Answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa

Question: What did Great Britain control?


Answer: West Africa

Question: Where in Africa did the French have control?


Answer: southern Africa

Question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control?


Answer: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

Context: Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.

Question: What was the Meija era marked by?


Answer: modernization

Question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?


Answer: 1860s

Question: When did the Meija restoration begin?


Answer: Enlightened Rule

Question: What does "Meija era"


Answer: bureaucratic superstate

Question: What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?


Answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

Context: Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

Question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?


Answer: peasant and warrior alike.

Question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?


Answer: French military

Question: Who did the Japanese form their military forces after?


Answer: ketsu-eki

Question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?


Answer: Kyoto

Question: Where was the military academy located?


Answer: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery

Context: The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

Question: What is the antebellum age?


Answer: 1861

Question: When did the civil was begin?


Answer: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854

Question: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?


Answer: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.

Question: What did The Antebellum age mark?


Answer: all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.

Context: Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.

Question: What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?


Answer: mobilizing support for the war goals

Question: What did Lincoln do well in the war?


Answer: The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend

Question: Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?


Answer: the East

Question: General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy?


Answer: feed and clothe

Question: The south could barely do what for their souldiers?


Answer: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class

Context: During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

Question: What happened in the Glided Age/


Answer: late 19th century

Question: In what time period did the Glided Age occur?


Answer: industrial and population expansion.

Question: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?


Answer: robber barons

Question: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?


Answer: effective tactics and aggressive practices

Question: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?


Answer: transportation and communication infrastructure

Context: The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.

Question: What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?


Answer: the corporation

Question: What became the dominant form of business organization?


Answer: managerial revolution

Question: What transformed business organization in 1890?


Answer: all American anti-monopoly laws.

Question: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?


Answer: an "unreasonable" monopoly

Question: What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?


Answer: early 20th century

Context: Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

Question: When did modern physics arise?


Answer: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.

Question: What is the old Quantum theory?


Answer: Michelson-Morley experiment

Question: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?


Answer: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether

Question: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?


Answer: the theory of natural selection.

Question: What does Darwinism promote?


Answer: as steps toward modernization

Context: The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

Question: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?


Answer: 1911

Question: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?


Answer: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China

Question: What is the May Forth Movement?


Answer: Marxist-Leninist thought

Question: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy?


Answer: the Cultural Revolution

Question: During what event was Legalism abolished?


Answer: in various quarters around the 1900s.

Context: Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

Question: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?


Answer: earlier secular traditions

Question: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?


Answer: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose

Question: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's?


Answer: a secular version of theism

Question: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?


Answer: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.

Question: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?


Answer: his theories of special relativity and general relativity

Context: Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Question: What is Albert Einstein known for?


Answer: mathematical treatment

Question: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?