Answer: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines

Question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?


Answer: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city

Context: Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?


Answer: Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia

Context: In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.

Question: Where did Frederick invade in 1758


Answer: Olmütz

Question: What city did Frederick lay siege to?


Answer: Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,

Question: What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?


Answer: Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.

Question: How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?


Answer: an annual subsidy of £670,000

Context: In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

Question: What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?


Answer: Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army

Question: How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?


Answer: re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces

Question: What caused alarm in France?


Answer: the French

Question: Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?


Answer: he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine

Question: Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?


Answer: marched to counter it.

Context: By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

Question: How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?


Answer: 35,000 men

Question: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?


Answer: Russian army of 43,000

Question: How many Russians were in defense?


Answer: the Russians withdrew

Question: Which army withdrew?


Answer: Swedish

Question: What country was Prussia fighting on another front?


Answer: Marshal Daun

Context: The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

Question: What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?


Answer: lost much of his artillery

Question: What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?


Answer: retreated in good order, helped by dense woods

Question: Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?


Answer: The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough

Question: What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?


Answer: , Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter

Question: How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?


Answer: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats

Context: The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Question: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/


Answer: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians

Question: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?


Answer: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000

Question: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?


Answer: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French

Question: What happened at Minden in 1757?


Answer: Frederick himself lost half his army

Question: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?


Answer: near the mouth of the Loire

Context: The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

Question: Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?


Answer: their Brest and Toulon fleets

Question: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?


Answer: the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet

Question: What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?


Answer: caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground

Question: What happened to the French Brest fleet?


Answer: putting an end to the French plans.

Question: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?


Answer: the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz

Context: Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Identify a success of the Austrians?


Answer: Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia

Question: Where is Glatz


Answer: outnumbered three to one

Question: What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?


Answer: he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?


Answer: General Saltykov

Question: Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?


Answer: Spain

Context: 1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Question: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?


Answer: Portugal

Question: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?


Answer: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

Question: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?


Answer: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

Question: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?


Answer: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain

Question: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal. What was the result?


Answer: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them

Context: On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

Question: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?


Answer: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons

Question: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?


Answer: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania

Question: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians


Answer: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.

Question: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.


Answer: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

Question: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?


Answer: offering concessions to secure peace

Context: Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

Question: Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?


Answer: 60,000 men

Question: How many troops did Frederick have left?


Answer: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

Question: What development in Russia assisted Prussia?


Answer: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

Question: What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?


Answer: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command

Question: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?


Answer: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

Context: By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

Question: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?


Answer: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

Question: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?


Answer: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

Question: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?


Answer: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

Question: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?


Answer: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

Question: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?


Answer: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

Context: Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

Question: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?


Answer: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

Question: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?


Answer: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

Question: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?


Answer: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

Question: What damage was done at the alternate site?


Answer: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering

Question: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?


Answer: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

Context: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?


Answer: The elderly General Bligh

Question: Who led the invasion troops?


Answer: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

Question: Was the landing successful?


Answer: Cherbourg

Question: Where did the troops land?


Answer: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?


Answer: Worsening weather

Context: The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

Question: What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?


Answer: the army proceeded overland.

Question: How did the army get to the new anchorage location?


Answer: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast

Question: How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?


Answer: A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked

Question: How did the British army escape


Answer: a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops

Question: What happened to the British army?


Answer: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

Context: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

Question: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?


Answer: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

Question: What success did the British have in Cuba?


Answer: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

Question: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758


Answer: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

Question: Identify the French colonies lost to the British in 1759 and 1762.


Answer: Manila in the Philippines

Question: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?


Answer: These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley

Context: During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

Question: Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?


Answer: the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois

Question: Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?


Answer: the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley

Question: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?


Answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British

Question: Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?


Answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war

Question: How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?


Answer: France's native allies

Context: In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Question: Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?


Answer: the French refused to protect their captives

Question: How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?


Answer: slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children

Question: How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?


Answer: French naval deployments

Question: How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?


Answer: securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Question: What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?


Answer: French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena

Context: British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island), the St. John River valley, and the Petitcodiac River valley. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British.

Question: How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?


Answer: Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac

Question: Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.


Answer: the Acadian population

Question: Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?


Answer: Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)

Question: What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?


Answer: 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British

Question: How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?


Answer: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759

Context: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.

Question: Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759


Answer: Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces

Question: What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?


Answer: On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French

Question: When did General Wolfe take Quebec?


Answer: they were unable to retake Quebec

Question: Did the French take Quebec back?


Answer: British naval superiority

Question: What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?


Answer: St. John's, Newfoundland

Context: In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Question: Where did the French attack in 1762?


Answer: the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table

Question: What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?


Answer: French forces were eventually defeated by British troops

Question: Did the French hold St. John's?


Answer: they took St. John's

Question: Did the French take St. John's?


Answer: Battle of Signal Hill

Question: Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?


Answer: the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec

Context: The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

Question: Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.


Answer: the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry

Question: Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.


Answer: generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels

Question: How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?


Answer: Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans

Question: What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?


Answer: maps and other printed materials

Question: What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?


Answer: hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris

Context: The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

Question: How were the British-French hostilities concluded?


Answer: the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana

Question: Who ended up owning Louisiana?


Answer: they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

Question: What part of North America did Britain end up with?


Answer: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans

Question: What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans


Answer: Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter

Question: What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?


Answer: returned all the French trading ports

Context: In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.

Question: What did France retain in India?


Answer: treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt

Question: How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?


Answer: loss of France's ally in Bengal

Question: What French ally in the area abandoned the French?


Answer: this effectively brought French power in India to an end

Question: What happened to French power in the area?


Answer: the defection of Hyderabad to the British

Question: Who defected to the British?


Answer: at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.

Context: The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on February 15, 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. Negotiations had started there on December 31, 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor.

Question: Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?


Answer: Austria, Prussia, and Saxony

Question: Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?


Answer: The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748

Question: What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?


Answer: The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz

Question: What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg


Answer: Frederick would not allow it

Question: Did the Austrians retain Glatz?


Answer: Austria's prestige was restored in great part

Context: Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

Question: What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?


Answer: was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

Question: How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?


Answer: it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony

Question: What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?


Answer: Austria was not able to retake Silesia

Question: Did Austria get Silesia back?


Answer: by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections

Question: Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?


Answer: the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.

Context: Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

Question: What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?


Answer: Beside the rise of Prussia

Question: What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?


Answer: -belligerent Hanover

Question: What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?


Answer: she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

Question: How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?


Answer: George III of Great Britain

Question: Which British king supported Hanover following the war?


Answer: Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced

Context: Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

Question: What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?


Answer: his military genius was strenuously kept alive

Question: What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?


Answer: Russia’s volte-face

Question: What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?


Answer: Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland

Question: What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?


Answer: a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved

Question: What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?


Answer: American Indian tribes

Context: The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The Quebec Act of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel.

Question: Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?


Answer: outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands

Question: Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?


Answer: French Canadians

Question: Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?


Answer: The act protected Catholic religion

Question: How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?


Answer: The act protected Catholic religion and French language

Question: What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?


Answer: Lord Sandwich

Context: The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

Question: What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?


Answer: lacking any substantial ally

Question: What countries joined Britain as allies?


Answer: now saw Britain as a greater threat than France

Question: Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?


Answer: 1778–83

Question: When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?


Answer: Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762

Question: What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?


Answer: parton model

Context: Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.

Question: Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?


Answer: Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga

Question: Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?


Answer: Feynman diagrams

Question: Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?


Answer: ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time

Question: What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?


Answer: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

Context: Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

Question: What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?


Answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?


Answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

Question: What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?


Answer: lectures

Question: Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___


Answer: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman

Question: What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?


Answer: May 11, 1918

Context: Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". He also stated "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'." Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time, and remarked that he found it a "wonderful book" and "valuable".

Question: What was the date of Feynman's birth?


Answer: New York City

Question: In what city was Feynman born?


Answer: atheist

Question: Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?


Answer: Ashkenazi

Question: What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?


Answer: "wonderful book" and "valuable"

Question: What did Feynam think of the Talmud?


Answer: humor

Context: The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.

Question: What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?


Answer: father

Question: What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?


Answer: radios

Question: What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?


Answer: home burglar alarm system

Question: As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?


Answer: engineering

Question: What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?


Answer: died at four weeks of age

Context: When Richard was five years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, but this brother died at four weeks of age. Four years later, Richard gained a sister, Joan, and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, as they both shared a natural curiosity about the world. Their mother thought that women did not have the cranial capacity to comprehend such things. Despite their mother's disapproval of Joan's desire to study astronomy, Richard encouraged his sister to explore the universe. Joan eventually became an astrophysicist specializing in interactions between the Earth and the solar wind.

Question: What happened to Feyman's younger brother?


Answer: Joan

Question: What is Feynman's sister's name?


Answer: astronomy

Question: What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?


Answer: Richard

Question: Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe?


Answer: astrophysicist

Question: What career did Joan hold?


Answer: 123

Context: Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "merely respectable" according to biographer James Gleick. When he turned 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. In high school he was developing the mathematical intuition behind his Taylor series of mathematical operators. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.

Question: What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?


Answer: Far Rockaway High School

Question: What high school did Feynman go to?


Answer: half-derivative

Question: What did Feyman derive before he went to college?


Answer: 15

Question: Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?


Answer: Queens

Question: What burrough was Feynman's high school in?


Answer: mathematics and physics

Context: He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics—an unprecedented feat—but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the "path integral" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics".

Question: Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?


Answer: history and English

Question: Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?


Answer: perfect score

Question: What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?


Answer: 1942

Question: When did he receive his PhD?


Answer: The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics

Question: What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?


Answer: Manhattan Project

Context: At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theoretical division and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber.

Question: Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?


Answer: Hans Bethe

Question: Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?


Answer: Bethe–Feynman formula

Question: What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?


Answer: calculating the yield of a fission bomb

Question: What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?


Answer: Robert Serber

Question: Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?


Answer: truck windshield

Context: He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. On witnessing the blast, Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage of the event.

Question: Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation


Answer: Trinity bomb test

Question: What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?


Answer: "purple splotch" afterimage

Question: What did Feynman see after the atomic test?


Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?


Answer: nuclear reactor

Context: Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided. He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which later proved not to be feasible.

Question: What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?


Answer: Oak Ridge facility

Question: Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?


Answer: safety procedures

Question: What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?


Answer: uranium hydride bomb

Question: Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?


Answer: Los Alamos

Question: Where did Feynman work on the "Wateer Boiler"?


Answer: top secret

Context: Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, "There wasn't anything to do there." Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combination to a locked filing cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb research notes all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank, which initially spooked his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets. On several occasions, Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs, who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets, transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe.

Question: Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?


Answer: left a series of notes in the cabinets

Question: How did Feynman spook a colleague?


Answer: saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets

Question: What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?


Answer: Albuquerque

Question: Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?


Answer: spy for the Soviets

Question: Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?


Answer: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

Context: Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

Question: In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?


Answer: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies

Question: What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?


Answer: depression

Question: After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?


Answer: error on his part

Question: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?


Answer: University of Wisconsin–Madison

Context: Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."

Question: Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?


Answer: Dean Mark Ingraham

Question: Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?


Answer: 1942

Question: Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?


Answer: Manhattan project

Question: Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?


Answer: Institute for Advanced Study

Context: After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.

Question: At which college did Feyman turn down a job?


Answer: Cornell University

Question: Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?


Answer: Hans Bethe

Question: Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?


Answer: Nobel Prize–winning work

Question: His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?


Answer: destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb

Question: Why did Feynman go through a depression?


Answer: Princeton University

Context: Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca.

Question: The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?


Answer: no teaching duties

Question: Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?


Answer: students

Question: Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?


Answer: California Institute of Technology

Question: Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?


Answer: Ithaca

Question: In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?


Answer: Great Explainer

Context: Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

Question: Which nickname did Feynman receive?


Answer: fully understood

Question: Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?


Answer: antiparticles

Question: In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?


Answer: light cone

Question: Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?


Answer: Feynman diagrams

Context: He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van.

Question: What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?


Answer: positrons

Question: What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?


Answer: his van

Question: Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?


Answer: approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes

Question: What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?


Answer: quark model

Context: From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.

Question: What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?


Answer: parton model

Question: What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?


Answer: not real particles

Question: Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?


Answer: Ernest Rutherford

Question: Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?


Answer: sixth quark

Question: After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?


Answer: quantum electrodynamics

Context: After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory.

Question: Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity


Answer: consequences of a free massless spin 2 field

Question: What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?


Answer: Einstein field equation of general relativity

Question: What equation did Feyman derive?


Answer: QCD and the electro-weak theory

Question: Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?


Answer: Yang–Mills theories

Question: What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?


Answer: Royal Society

Context: Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.

Question: Which society was Feynman elected to?


Answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?


Answer: connections to drugs and rock and roll

Question: Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?


Answer: drums

Question: In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?


Answer: The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter

Question: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?


Answer: 1974

Context: In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

Question: In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?


Answer: cargo cult science

Question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?


Answer: fool yourself

Question: What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?


Answer: pseudoscience

Question: What is cargo cult science?


Answer: parallel computer

Context: In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

Question: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?


Answer: Stephen Wolfram

Question: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?


Answer: His son Carl

Question: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?


Answer: software

Question: What specifically did his son work on?


Answer: influencing the interconnects

Question: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?


Answer: string theory and M-theory

Context: Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

Question: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?


Answer: tubes

Question: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?


Answer: they don't check their ideas

Question: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?


Answer: 'Well, it still might be true.'"

Question: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?


Answer: sober narrative

Context: Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Question: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?


Answer: What Do You Care What Other People Think?

Question: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?


Answer: 1 in 200

Question: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?


Answer: NASA

Question: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?


Answer: Christa McAuliffe

Question: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?


Answer: Jewish

Context: Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

Question: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?


Answer: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize

Question: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?


Answer: the chosen people

Question: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?


Answer: atheist

Question: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?


Answer: race

Question: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?


Answer: Arline Greenbaum

Context: While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

Question: Who was Feynman's wife?


Answer: tuberculosis

Question: Which disease did Arline succumb to?


Answer: 1945

Question: In which year did his wife die?


Answer: Feynman's daughter, Michelle

Question: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?


Answer: Infinity

Question: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?


Answer: ants and Martians

Context: Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Question: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?


Answer: Mathematics

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?


Answer: parallel computing

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?


Answer: Don Quixote

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?


Answer: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?


Answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

Context: Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?


Answer: Tuva

Question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?


Answer: The day after he died

Question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?


Answer: Genghis Blues

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?


Answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle

Question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?


Answer: alcohol

Context: According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section, while the "Altered States" chapter in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! describes only marijuana and ketamine experiences at John Lilly's famed sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain—the same reason given in "O Americano, Outra Vez" for his reluctance to experiment with LSD.

Question: What substance did Feynman give up later in life?


Answer: he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain

Question: Why did Feynman give up alcohol?


Answer: LSD

Question: Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?


Answer: O Americano, Outra Vez

Question: In what book did he talk about his LSD use?


Answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman

Context: In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar, fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits. Only Feynman accepted, and in court, he affirmed that the bar was a public need, stating that craftsmen, technicians, engineers, common workers, "and a physics professor" frequented the establishment. While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.

Question: Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?


Answer: topless bar

Question: Where was his second office at Caltech?


Answer: Feynman

Question: Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?


Answer: paper placemats

Question: Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?


Answer: county officials

Question: Who tried to shut the topless bar down?


Answer: New York Times

Context: In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

Question: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?


Answer: James Gleick

Question: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?


Answer: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm

Question: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?


Answer: write down the answer

Question: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?


Answer: compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64

Context: The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.

Question: Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?


Answer: professional physicists and graduate students

Question: Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?


Answer: Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands

Question: Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?


Answer: "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?


Answer: Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton

Question: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?


Answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

Context: Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

Question: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?


Answer: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

Question: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?


Answer: his own Third International Theory

Question: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?


Answer: Pan-Africanism

Question: What political philosophy did Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?


Answer: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011

Question: What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?


Answer: from 1977 to 2011

Question: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?


Answer: Pan-Africanism

Question: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?


Answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

Question: List Gaddafi's lifespan.


Answer: 1969

Question: When did he first gain power in Libya?


Answer: Third International Theory

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?


Answer: Colonel Gaddafi

Question: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?


Answer: Libyan

Question: What was Gaddafi's nationality?


Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?


Answer: Brotherly Leader

Question: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?


Answer: 20 October 2011

Question: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?


Answer: The Green Book

Context: The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Question: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?


Answer: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council

Question: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?


Answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

Question: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.


Answer: introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system

Question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?


Answer: the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.

Question: Describe the Popular Revolution.


Answer: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system

Question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?


Answer: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.

Question: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?


Answer: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions

Question: Describe the Popular Revolution.


Answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

Question: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?


Answer: Islamic socialism

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?


Answer: goat herder

Question: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?


Answer: Bedouin

Question: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?


Answer: Benghazi

Question: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?


Answer: Idris

Question: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?


Answer: Revolutionary Command Council

Question: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?


Answer: state of the masses

Context: In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

Question: What does "Jamahiriya" mean?


Answer: he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents

Question: What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?


Answer: Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing

Question: List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah."


Answer: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions

Question: Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.


Answer: uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC

Question: How did Gaddafi lose power?


Answer: Jamahiriya ("state of the masses")

Question: What was Libya's socialist government called?


Answer: Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing

Question: Why did Libya become an "international pariah"?


Answer: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.

Question: How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?


Answer: an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War

Question: How did Gaddafi lose power?


Answer: Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

Question: How did Gaddafi die?


Answer: state of the masses

Question: What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?


Answer: 1977

Question: In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?


Answer: Chad

Question: Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?


Answer: Lockerbie

Question: What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?


Answer: 1986

Question: In what year did the United states bomb Libya?


Answer: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

Context: Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.


Answer: as a goat and camel herder

Question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?


Answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?


Answer: Bedouin

Question: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?


Answer: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943

Question: When was Gaddafi born?


Answer: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

Question: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.


Answer: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder

Question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?


Answer: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records

Question: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?


Answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?


Answer: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)

Question: When did Gaddafi's parents die?


Answer: Abu Meniar

Question: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?


Answer: 1978

Question: When did Gaddafi's mother die?


Answer: three

Question: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?


Answer: Sirte

Question: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?


Answer: Qadhadhfa

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?


Answer: In 1951

Context: From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

Question: When did Libya become an independent nation?


Answer: an absolute monarchy

Question: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?


Answer: British and French forces

Question: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?


Answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris

Question: Who was the first leader of Libya?


Answer: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

Question: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?


Answer: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

Question: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?


Answer: Libya was occupied by British and French forces

Question: What happened to Libya right after World War II?


Answer: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership

Question: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?


Answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

Question: What was the first type of government that Libya had?


Answer: his nation was occupied by Italy

Question: What country occupied Libya during World War II?


Answer: Italy

Question: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?


Answer: British

Question: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?


Answer: Abdessalam Bouminyar

Question: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?


Answer: 1911

Question: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?


Answer: French

Question: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?


Answer: a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher

Context: Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Question: Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.


Answer: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents

Question: In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.


Answer: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

Question: How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?


Answer: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Question: When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.


Answer: where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

Question: Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.


Answer: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

Question: Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?


Answer: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.

Question: How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?


Answer: while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

Question: Were Gaddafi's parents educated?


Answer: Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.

Question: Was Gaddafi's education free?


Answer: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Question: How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi became a ruler?


Answer: Islamic

Question: In what religion was Gaddafi educated?


Answer: Sabha

Question: What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?


Answer: south-central

Question: What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?


Answer: Abdul Salam Jalloud

Question: Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?


Answer: Sirte

Question: In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?