Answer: electric

Context: In the former Soviet Union, electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel. Partly due to inefficient generation of electricity in the USSR (only 20.8% thermal efficiency in 1950 vs. 36.2% in 1975), in 1950 diesel traction was about twice as energy efficient as electric traction (in terms of net tonne-km of freight per kg of fuel). But as efficiency of electricity generation (and thus of electric traction) improved, by about 1965 electric railways became more efficient than diesel. After the mid 1970s electrics used about 25% less fuel per ton-km. However diesels were mainly used on single track lines with a fair amount of traffic so that the lower fuel consumption of electrics may be in part due to better operating conditions on electrified lines (such as double tracking) rather than inherent energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the cost of diesel fuel was about 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content) than that of the fuel used in electric power plants (that generated electricity), thus making electric railways even more energy-cost effective.

Question: What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?


Answer: 1965

Question: What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?


Answer: 25% less fuel per ton-km

Question: How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?


Answer: better operating conditions on electrified lines

Question: What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?


Answer: 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content

Question: How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?


Answer: energy-intensity dropping

Context: Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12–15% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains.

Question: What caused the energy efficiency to go up?


Answer: electric

Question: What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?


Answer: 2.65%

Question: How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?


Answer: no improvement

Question: Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?


Answer: 2-axle freight cars

Question: Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?


Answer: There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,

Context: The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico, and with the United States having more Spanish-speakers than Colombia and Spain (but fewer first language speakers). Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.

Question: How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?


Answer: Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.

Question: How many Hispanics speak English too?


Answer: Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world.

Question: What type of language id Spanish?


Answer: The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States.

Question: What other language is often spoken in the United states?


Answer: six million Spanish language students.

Question: How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?


Answer: The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries

Context: The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries, with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent. Additionally, western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800, after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.

Question: How old is the Spanish language in the United States?


Answer: The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states

Question: Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?


Answer: western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,

Question: Were there states ruled by the Spanish?


Answer: Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California.

Question: Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?


Answer: after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.

Question: Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?


Answer: Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513.

Context: Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America. Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513. In 1565, the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida, and as of the early 1800s, it became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States. The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico, where Juan Ponce De León was its first governor

Question: When did the Spanish arrive to America?


Answer: Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America.

Question: Did Europeans speak Spanish in America?


Answer: the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida

Question: How was St. Augustine founded?


Answer: St. Augustine, Florida

Question: Where is the oldest settlement in America?


Answer: The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico

Question: What is the oldest city of the United States territory?


Answer: In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas

Context: In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely "American" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan) who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).[citation needed]

Question: Was Texas a part of Mexico?


Answer: A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836

Question: When did the Americans come to Texas?


Answer: Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico

Question: Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?


Answer: In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state.

Question: When did Texas become a state?


Answer: Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people

Question: Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?


Answer: California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California

Context: After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States.

Question: What states made up of Alta California


Answer: After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain

Question: When did other states become part of Mexico?


Answer: most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México

Question: What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo


Answer: The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory

Question: Why is there still Bilingual spoken in these states?


Answer: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law

Context: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

Question: Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?


Answer: United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.

Question: Is Canada bilingual?


Answer: California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,

Question: Was California a bilingual state?


Answer: the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English

Question: Why didn't California officially become bilingual?


Answer: the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

Question: Was there a court ruling?


Answer: U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English

Context: For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

Question: Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?


Answer: making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.

Question: How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?


Answer: It was completely unsuccessful,

Question: Was English in Puerto Rico successful?


Answer: the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

Question: Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?


Answer: Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island

Question: How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?


Answer: At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups

Context: At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish, but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish. Puerto Ricans are natural-born U.S. citizens, and many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States, increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii, where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century, 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.

Question: How many Puerto Ricans are there?


Answer: increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii

Question: Does Florida have a high Hispanic population?


Answer: Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish

Question: Do they speak Spanish fluently?


Answer: 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.

Question: Are Hispanics in Hawaii?


Answer: many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States

Question: Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland?


Answer: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability

Context: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Question: Why did Cubans come to the United States?


Answer: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States

Question: What year did most Cubans start coming to America?


Answer: most are fluent in Spanish

Question: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?


Answer: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States

Question: Where do most Cuban Americans live?


Answer: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Question: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?


Answer: Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans

Context: Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988, and the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries. The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.

Question: What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?


Answer: political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s

Question: Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?


Answer: Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988

Question: When did the Nicaraguans arrive?


Answer: The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.

Question: Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?


Answer: the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries.

Question: Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?


Answer: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.

Context: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

Question: Why did Salvadorans come to America?


Answer: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s

Question: When did Salvadorans come to America?


Answer: 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,

Question: How many Salvadorans immigrated?


Answer: United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group

Question: What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?


Answer: Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

Question: Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?


Answer: civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s

Context: As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

Question: Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?


Answer: Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990

Question: When did Salvadorans flee


Answer: the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.

Question: Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?


Answer: the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters

Question: Is the Salvadoran population still growing?


Answer: By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

Question: How many Salvadorans are in America now?


Answer: Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.

Context: Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation. They are frequently joined by relatives. However, since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US.

Question: When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?


Answer: Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela

Question: Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?


Answer: Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation.

Question: Why did Venezuelans come to America?


Answer: since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary

Question: Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?


Answer: In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States

Context: In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral and Weston. Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are, according to the 1990 census, New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland. Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.

Question: How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?


Answer: mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida

Question: What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?


Answer: New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland.

Question: Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in?


Answer: Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.

Question: Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?


Answer: Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents

Context: Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, especially at the management level. Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages. By 2015, there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.

Question: Is there such a thing as bilingual state?


Answer: there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.

Question: Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?


Answer: English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere.

Question: What language is spoken in the U.S.A?


Answer: United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language

Question: Is there an official language of the United States?


Answer: The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico

Context: The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English); the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.

Question: Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?


Answer: The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory.

Question: What is the states history?


Answer: The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s

Question: Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.


Answer: the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.

Question: Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?


Answer: the state has no official language.

Context: New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English. Although English is the state government's paper working language, government business is often conducted in Spanish, particularly at the local level. Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century.[citation needed]

Question: Does New Mexico have an official language?


Answer: New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.

Question: What language is New Mexico's language written in?


Answer: Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century

Question: How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?


Answer: New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state

Question: Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?


Answer: Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence

Context: Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.

Question: Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?


Answer: , New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish

Question: Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect


Answer: has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico.

Question: How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?


Answer: New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)

Question: Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?


Answer: borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings

Question: Does New Mexico also use language from the American language when spoken in Spanish?


Answer: In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language

Context: In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

Question: What is Texas official language?


Answer: , the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.

Question: Are there exceptions to Texas official language?


Answer: . The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish

Question: How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?


Answer: websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

Question: How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?


Answer: Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language

Context: Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education. More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled, followed by French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%) although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.

Question: What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?


Answer: More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses

Question: Are students taught Spanish in american schools?


Answer: Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled

Question: How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?


Answer: French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)

Question: What other languages are popular among American students?


Answer: totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.

Question: Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?


Answer: The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish

Context: The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies. There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.

Question: What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?


Answer: following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov.

Question: Was this always the case in American political addresses?


Answer: politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies

Question: Does Washington (government) operate in both languages (bilingual-Spanish?)


Answer: There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television

Question: If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish, how do they learn about current events?


Answer: local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.

Question: Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?


Answer: Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project

Context: Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

Question: Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?


Answer: the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants

Question: What is Calvin Veltman' study about?


Answer: his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),

Question: Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?


Answer: data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

Question: Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?


Answer: high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born.

Question: What was Calvin Veltman' findings?


Answer: Charleston

Context: Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."

Question: What is the oldest city in South Carolina?


Answer: Charleston County

Question: What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?


Answer: Charleston Harbor

Question: Charleston is located on what harbor?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?


Answer: Ashley Rivers

Question: What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?


Answer: Charleston County

Question: What county is Charleston located in?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?


Answer: Cooper Rivers

Question: What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?


Answer: 1670

Context: Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083 (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.

Question: What year was Charleston founded?


Answer: Charles Town

Question: What was Charleston's original name?


Answer: King Charles II of England

Question: Charles Town was named after which king?


Answer: Albemarle Point

Question: Where was the city originally located?


Answer: 120,083

Question: What was Charleston's population in 2010?


Answer: 1670

Question: What year was Charleston originally founded?


Answer: King Charles II of England

Question: Who was Charles Town named after?


Answer: Charles Town

Question: What was the originally name of Charleston?


Answer: 120,083

Question: How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?


Answer: Albemarle Point

Question: Where was Charleston's first location?


Answer: 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)

Context: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean." The entire peninsula is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, frequently floods during heavy rains, storm surges, and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.

Question: How large is Charleston, South Carolina?


Answer: North Charleston

Question: Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula?


Answer: 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)

Question: How much of Charleston is covered by water?


Answer: 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2)

Question: How of Charleston's total area is dry land?


Answer: Mount Pleasant

Question: What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?


Answer: Summer

Context: Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

Question: What season is the wettest in Charleston?


Answer: thundershowers

Question: In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?


Answer: Winter

Question: What season is characterized as short in Charleston?


Answer: 8.0 in (20 cm)

Question: What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?


Answer: Winter

Question: What season is considered short in Charleston?


Answer: Summer

Question: What is the wettest season in Charleston?


Answer: thundershowers

Question: Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?


Answer: 6.0 in (15 cm

Question: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?


Answer: 104 °F

Context: The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (20 to 22 °C).

Question: What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?


Answer: Hurricane Hugo

Question: What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?


Answer: 7 °F (−14 °C)

Question: What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?


Answer: Hurricanes

Question: What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?


Answer: January 21, 1985

Question: What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?


Answer: 548,404

Context: The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities. These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123).

Question: How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?


Answer: North Charleston

Question: What is the third largest city in South Carolina?


Answer: 9,123

Question: How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?


Answer: Dorchester

Question: Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?


Answer: Berkeley County

Question: In which county is Moncks Corner located?


Answer: Reconstruction Era

Context: The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.

Question: What era brought counties to South Carolina?


Answer: traditional parish system

Question: Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?


Answer: public service districts

Question: What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?


Answer: Parish of St. Philip

Question: The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?


Answer: St. Andrew's Parish

Question: What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated rural parish?


Answer: 1670

Context: After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. Governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke.

Question: What year was Charles Town founded?


Answer: seven years

Question: How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?


Answer: the Grand Model

Question: What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?


Answer: John Locke

Question: Who prepared the plan known as "the Grand Model"?


Answer: 1660

Question: When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?


Answer: Bermuda

Context: The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor.

Question: Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?


Answer: Cape Hatteras

Question: Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?


Answer: William Sayle

Question: Who was the first governor of Charleston?


Answer: Earl of Shaftesbury

Question: Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?


Answer: Ashley River

Question: The settlement was relocated east to what river?


Answer: Catholics

Context: The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

Question: What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?


Answer: 1830

Question: About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?


Answer: England

Question: What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?


Answer: American Revolution

Question: After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?


Answer: Barbados

Question: Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?


Answer: Spain

Context: The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Question: Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?


Answer: Native Americans

Question: Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?


Answer: 1720s

Question: The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?


Answer: Governor Johnson

Question: Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?


Answer: pirates

Question: Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?


Answer: Toni Morrison

Context: Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds."

Question: What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?


Answer: 40%

Question: What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?


Answer: Middle Passage

Question: What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?


Answer: Africans

Question: What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?


Answer: Windward Coast

Question: Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?


Answer: rice

Context: Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.

Question: African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?


Answer: 1750

Question: By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?


Answer: Britain

Question: Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?


Answer: 1700

Question: By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?


Answer: naval stores

Question: What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?


Answer: slave trade

Context: By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

Question: What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?


Answer: 1770

Question: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?


Answer: slaves

Question: Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?


Answer: the Great Migration

Question: People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?


Answer: the early 20th century

Question: When did the Great Migration occur?


Answer: Creek nations

Context: Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Question: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?


Answer: 500,000 to 1,250,000

Question: What is the estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?


Answer: 5,239,350

Question: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?


Answer: the deerskin trade

Question: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?


Answer: 54,000

Question: What was the average amount of deer skins that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715?


Answer: College of Charles Towne

Context: As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.

Question: What is the oldest college in South Carolina?


Answer: 1970

Question: Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?


Answer: 1748

Question: What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?


Answer: 1770

Question: When was the College of Charles Towe founded?


Answer: Dock Street Theatre

Question: What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?


Answer: General Sir Henry Clinton

Context: On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Question: Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?


Answer: Col. Moultrie

Question: Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?


Answer: June 28, 1776

Question: When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?


Answer: a simultaneous Loyalist uprising

Question: What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?


Answer: Fort Moultrie

Question: Fort Sullivan was renamed what after the battle?


Answer: Siege of Charles Towne

Context: Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.

Question: What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?


Answer: 14,000

Question: How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?


Answer: 1780

Question: In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?


Answer: General Benjamin Lincoln

Question: Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?


Answer: 5,400

Question: How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?


Answer: Columbia

Context: Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.

Question: What city became the state capital of South Carolina?


Answer: 1786

Question: Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?


Answer: 1793

Question: In what year was the cotton gin invented?


Answer: cotton

Question: What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?


Answer: Slaves

Question: Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations?


Answer: 3,785

Context: The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945.

Question: How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?


Answer: 8%

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?


Answer: 18%

Question: What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?


Answer: 1790

Question: In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?


Answer: 1945

Question: In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?


Answer: slave revolt

Context: By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

Question: What was planned by Denmark Vesey?


Answer: May 1822

Question: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?


Answer: hanged

Question: How was Vesey executed in 1822?


Answer: five slaves

Question: How many slaves were executed with Vesey?


Answer: Haitian Revolution

Question: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?


Answer: Southern Baptist Church

Context: In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

Question: Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?


Answer: 17,000

Question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?


Answer: liquor

Question: What barred product ,along with dogs and guns , did the Freemen want after slavery ended?


Answer: 27,000

Question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?


Answer: the North

Question: AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?


Answer: the American Missionary Association

Context: Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

Question: What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?


Answer: free secondary school

Question: What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?


Answer: Charleston's African American population

Question: Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?


Answer: William T. Sherman

Question: What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?


Answer: war

Question: Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?


Answer: 57%

Context: In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?


Answer: 73%

Question: What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?


Answer: white Democrats

Question: In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?


Answer: the day after the election in November

Question: The second riot of 1876 happened when?


Answer: two

Question: How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?


Answer: the Red Shirts

Context: Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

Question: What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?


Answer: federal constitutional amendments.

Question: What granted Freeman were American citizenship?


Answer: October 15

Question: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?


Answer: September 6

Question: The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?


Answer: Wade Hampton

Question: Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?


Answer: an earthquake

Context: On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).

Question: What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?


Answer: August 31, 1886

Question: What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?


Answer: 2,000 buildings

Question: How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?


Answer: $6 million

Question: What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?


Answer: $24 million

Question: What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?


Answer: Democrat

Context: Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.

Question: Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?


Answer: 1896

Question: What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?


Answer: 1889.

Question: The William Enston Home was built in what year?


Answer: 1930

Question: Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?


Answer: 1896

Question: A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?


Answer: June 17, 2015

Context: On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.

Question: On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?


Answer: Dylann Roof

Question: What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?


Answer: state senator

Question: Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?


Answer: College of Charleston

Question: A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?


Answer: July 10, 2015

Question: On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?


Answer: spring

Context: Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Question: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?


Answer: Festival dei Due Mondi

Question: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?


Answer: 1977

Question: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?


Answer: composer

Question: What the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?


Answer: Pulitzer Prize

Question: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?


Answer: the Footlight Players

Context: Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Question: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?


Answer: Marion Square

Question: Where is the annual Charleston Fashion week held?


Answer: 1931

Question: The Footlight Players started creating theatrical productions in what year?


Answer: seafood

Question: Charleston is known for what type of food?


Answer: British and French

Question: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?


Answer: 1887

Context: The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887) and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

Question: "Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?


Answer: French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews

Question: To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?


Answer: College of Charleston

Question: To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?


Answer: Sylvester Primer

Question: Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?


Answer: German journal

Question: What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?


Answer: 17

Context: Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.

Question: How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?


Answer: art festival

Question: What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?


Answer: James Island County Park

Question: The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?


Answer: over 100 performances

Question: About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?


Answer: Gian Carlo Menotti

Question: Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?


Answer: Chris Smith

Context: As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P. Johnson's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "The Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.

Question: Who wrote the "Charleston"?


Answer: 1920s

Question: What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?


Answer: Eubie Blake

Question: Who created the song "Charleston Rag"?


Answer: the Gullah community

Question: Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?


Answer: dock workers

Question: Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?


Answer: 1891

Context: The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.

Question: What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?


Answer: donations of musical instruments

Question: What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?


Answer: Daniel J. Jenkins

Question: What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?


Answer: Avery Institute Graduates

Question: Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?


Answer: New Orleans

Question: What city was Louis Armstrong from?


Answer: Theodore Roosevelt

Context: As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.

Question: What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?


Answer: Porgy

Question: What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?


Answer: Porgy and Bess

Question: What was the name of the "folk opera" based on 'Porgy'?


Answer: Folly Beach outside of Charleston

Question: Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?


Answer: summer of 1934

Question: When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?


Answer: 19

Context: The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008, when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008.

Question: How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?


Answer: 300

Question: How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?


Answer: Russell (Rusty) Thomas

Question: Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?


Answer: Chief Thomas Carr

Question: Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?


Answer: two

Question: How many tower companies does the fire department have?


Answer: The City of Charleston Police Department

Context: The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg, who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates.

Question: What is the largest police department of South Carolina?


Answer: 27

Question: How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?


Answer: 137

Question: How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?


Answer: Greg Mullen

Question: Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?


Answer: 2005

Question: What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?


Answer: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center

Context: Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.

Question: What is the state's first school of medicine?


Answer: Mount Pleasant

Question: Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?


Answer: City of North Charleston

Question: Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?


Answer: West Ashley portion

Question: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?


Answer: The downtown medical district

Question: What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?


Answer: Charleston International Airport

Context: The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base. Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority.

Question: What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?


Answer: North Charleston

Question: The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?


Answer: 12 miles (20 km)

Question: How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?


Answer: the John's Island section of the city of Charleston

Question: Charleston Executive Airport is located where?


Answer: Charleston Air Force Base

Question: What military base is located near the airport?


Answer: the city's Neck area

Context: Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S. Highway 17, which travels east-west through the cities of Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, or Interstate 526, is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at U.S. Highway 17. U.S. Highway 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district). U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street.

Question: What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?


Answer: U.S. Highway 78

Question: What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?


Answer: Meeting Street

Question: U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street?


Answer: U.S. Highway 17

Question: Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway?


Answer: downtown Charleston

Question: Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston?


Answer: 2005

Context: The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[citation needed] The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.

Question: What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?


Answer: Mount Pleasant

Question: What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?


Answer: 1929

Question: What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?


Answer: 1966

Question: What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built?


Answer: Cooper River

Question: The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge crosses what river?


Answer: 150 years

Context: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years.

Question: Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?


Answer: K-8 parochial schools

Question: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?


Answer: 150 years

Question: How old are some of Charleston's private school?


Answer: Bishop England High School

Question: Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?


Answer: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education

Question: Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?


Answer: Ashley Hall

Question: Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?


Answer: College of Charleston

Context: Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.

Question: What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?


Answer: downtown on North Market Street

Question: Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?


Answer: The American College of the Building Arts

Question: What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?


Answer: Trident Technical College

Question: What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?


Answer: Spoleto

Context: Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."

Question: What is the name of Charleston's sister city?


Answer: Italy

Question: In what country is Spoleto located?


Answer: Gian Carlo Menotti

Question: Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?


Answer: Festival of Two Worlds

Question: What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?


Answer: composer

Question: What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?


Answer: 1996

Context: During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 closure of the station's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

Question: What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?


Answer: 2,500 nuclear warheads

Question: How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?


Answer: Two

Question: How many SSBN "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?


Answer: Naval Base

Question: Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?


Answer: a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

Question: What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?


Answer: 1832

Context: In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

Question: What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?


Answer: federal soldiers

Question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?


Answer: five United States Coast Guard cutters

Question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?


Answer: the Charleston incident

Question: The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?


Answer: in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs

Question: A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?


Answer: The slave trade

Context: By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

Question: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?


Answer: the Market Hall and Sheds

Question: Where was fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?


Answer: 1808

Question: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?


Answer: Black Belt

Question: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?


Answer: in the antebellum years

Question: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?


Answer: 26%

Context: After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators. Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.

Question: What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?


Answer: postwar Republican Party

Question: Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?


Answer: poverty

Question: What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?


Answer: city's reconstruction

Question: For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?


Answer: Confederacy

Question: Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?


Answer: violet

Context: Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.

Question: Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?


Answer: Green Blue

Question: Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?


Answer: orange

Question: Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?


Answer: roughly 620–740

Question: How many nanometres does red have?


Answer: Red Green Blue

Question: Which colors are combined to make all other colors?


Answer: visible light

Question: What spectrum of light is red within?


Answer: violet

Question: Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?


Answer: 620–740 nanometres

Question: On the spectrum of light, where is red found?


Answer: orange

Question: What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?


Answer: subtractive primary colors

Question: Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?


Answer: hemoglobin

Context: In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Question: From where does the color red in blood come from?


Answer: iron

Question: What does hemoglobin contain?


Answer: iron oxide

Question: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?


Answer: Rayleigh scattering

Question: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?


Answer: anthocyanins

Question: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?


Answer: Neolithic Period

Context: A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

Question: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?


Answer: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees

Question: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?


Answer: Spain

Question: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?


Answer: Neolithic cave-burial

Question: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?


Answer: 8th century BC

Question: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?