Answer: the Book of Exodus

Context: Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."

Question: In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?


Answer: colored twice with coccus

Question: What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?


Answer: Kokkos

Question: In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?


Answer: a tiny grain

Question: What does Kokkos mean in english?


Answer: 4th century

Question: In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?


Answer: 4000 BC

Context: But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

Question: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?


Answer: Red ochre

Question: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?


Answer: the rubia

Question: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?


Answer: alizarin

Question: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?


Answer: ivory painter's palette

Question: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?


Answer: Tyrian purple

Context: In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

Question: Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?


Answer: holidays

Question: At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?


Answer: a red shawl

Question: What is a flammeum?


Answer: Red

Question: What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?


Answer: triumph

Question: After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?


Answer: vermilion

Context: The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.

Question: What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?


Answer: the mineral cinnabar

Question: From where did vermilion originate?


Answer: mercury

Question: Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?


Answer: Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain

Question: What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?


Answer: prisoners

Question: Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?


Answer: Emperor Charlemagne

Context: Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?


Answer: 1295

Question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?


Answer: 12th century

Question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?


Answer: Abbe Suger

Question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?


Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?


Answer: wealth

Context: Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

Question: What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?


Answer: holidays

Question: On what occasion would townspeople wear red?


Answer: rubia tinctorum

Question: What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?


Answer: during washing

Question: Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?


Answer: the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects

Question: What was carmine made from?


Answer: five

Context: Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

Question: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?


Answer: fire

Question: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?


Answer: metal, wood, water

Question: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?


Answer: all court ceremonies

Question: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?


Answer: Red

Question: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?


Answer: 906–1279

Context: Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

Question: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?


Answer: three

Question: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?


Answer: green

Question: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?


Answer: eighth and ninth

Question: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?


Answer: nobles

Context: Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Question: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?


Answer: Cao Xueqin

Question: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?


Answer: 1715–1763

Question: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?


Answer: temples and imperial residences

Question: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?


Answer: Qing Dynasty

Question: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?


Answer: Rubia

Context: There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

Question: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?


Answer: the wealthy

Question: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?


Answer: Polish Cochineal

Question: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?


Answer: Kermes vermilio

Question: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?


Answer: Margodes polonicus

Question: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?


Answer: Hernán Cortés

Context: But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.

Question: Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?


Answer: 16th

Question: In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?


Answer: 1519-1521

Question: During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?


Answer: 1523

Question: In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?


Answer: several times a year

Question: How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?


Answer: carmine

Context: The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

Question: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?


Answer: change color

Question: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?


Answer: rubia tinctorum plant

Question: What was madder lake made from?


Answer: 15th

Question: During what century did carmine start to see use?


Answer: kermes insects

Question: What was kermes lake made from?


Answer: French Revolution

Context: During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

Question: During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?


Answer: red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap

Question: What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?


Answer: celebrate

Question: Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?


Answer: 1792 and 1793

Question: During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?


Answer: Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris

Question: Who was Saint Denis?


Answer: rouge d'Adrinople

Context: As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.

Question: What was Turkey red called in France?


Answer: the 1740s

Question: In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?


Answer: carmine

Question: What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?


Answer: madder

Question: What did turkey red get its color from?


Answer: 19th

Question: In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?


Answer: 19th

Context: The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Question: In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?


Answer: Vincent van Gogh

Question: Who painted the Night Cafe?


Answer: 1888

Question: In what year was The Night Cafe painted?


Answer: Theo

Question: What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?


Answer: red and green reinforced each other

Question: What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?


Answer: 20th

Context: Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

Question: During which century did Matisse work?


Answer: strengthened

Question: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?


Answer: red

Question: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?


Answer: blue

Question: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?


Answer: the central element

Question: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?


Answer: Harvard University

Context: Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

Question: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?


Answer: 1962

Question: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?


Answer: Naphtol and Lithol

Question: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?


Answer: 1979

Question: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?


Answer: ruined and had to be taken down

Question: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?


Answer: minerals

Context: Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.

Question: What was red ochre composed of?


Answer: mixing organic dyes

Question: How were pigments like red lake created?


Answer: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum

Question: What was red lake composed of?


Answer: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects

Question: What was the source of color in Red lac?


Answer: Red lac

Question: The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?


Answer: red, green and blue

Context: In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.

Question: Which colors are part of the RGB model?


Answer: white

Question: What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?


Answer: additive primary colors

Question: The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?


Answer: the Renaissance

Question: Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?


Answer: red and blue

Question: What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?


Answer: zero to 255,

Context: So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.

Question: Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?


Answer: 16,777,216

Question: What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?


Answer: 255, 00, 00

Question: What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?


Answer: 220, 20, 60

Question: Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?


Answer: Rayleigh

Context: As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.

Question: What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?


Answer: scatter more strongly

Question: What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?


Answer: removed almost completely

Question: What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?


Answer: longer

Question: In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?


Answer: 1960

Context: Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.

Question: When was the first ruby laser invented?


Answer: 1962

Question: In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?


Answer: Red helium–neon

Question: What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?


Answer: a 660 nm laser

Question: What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?


Answer: 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers

Question: What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?


Answer: the summer growing season

Context: During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

Question: At which period of the year are phosphates high?


Answer: phosphate

Question: What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?


Answer: the stem of the plant

Question: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?


Answer: anthocyanin pigments

Question: What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?


Answer: greater the production of anthocyanins

Question: What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?


Answer: pheomelanin

Context: Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).

Question: What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?


Answer: the lips

Question: There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?


Answer: eumelanin

Question: Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?


Answer: 1510

Question: In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?


Answer: fiery

Question: What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?


Answer: the face

Context: Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).

Question: In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?


Answer: increased performance

Question: Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?


Answer: tae kwon do

Question: In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?


Answer: decreases performance

Question: What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?


Answer: testosterone

Question: The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?


Answer: courage

Context: Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.

Question: What trait do people most commonly link red with?


Answer: to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs

Question: Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?


Answer: a red cross on a white field

Question: What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?


Answer: St. George's Cross

Question: What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?


Answer: a Roman soldier

Question: Who was Saint George believed to be?


Answer: 296 AD

Context: Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.

Question: When was Saint Valentine martyred?


Answer: a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest

Question: Who was Saint Valentine?


Answer: 14th

Question: In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?


Answer: Islamic

Question: In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?


Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?


Answer: Scarlet

Context: Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.

Question: What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?


Answer: good fortune and prosperity

Question: What good traits is the color red associated with in China?


Answer: 4th

Question: In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?


Answer: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra

Question: Who was Saint Nicholas?


Answer: Turkey

Question: In what nation is Myra?


Answer: defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it

Context: Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.

Question: What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?


Answer: they would show no mercy to their enemy

Question: What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?


Answer: the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896

Question: Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?


Answer: if there is danger to the drivers

Question: Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?


Answer: a red penalty card

Question: What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?


Answer: Vienna

Context: Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.

Question: In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?


Answer: 1968

Question: In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?


Answer: Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968

Question: At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?


Answer: danger and warning

Question: Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?


Answer: daytime

Question: At what time is red at its brightest?


Answer: to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person

Context: Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.

Question: In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?


Answer: People wearing red seem to be closer

Question: What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?


Answer: to be visible from a distance in a crowd

Question: Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?


Answer: easily found

Question: Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?


Answer: seven heads

Context: "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus.

Question: How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?


Answer: ten

Question: The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?


Answer: golden

Question: What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?


Answer: a name

Question: What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?


Answer: the blood of the martyrs of Jesus

Question: Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?


Answer: south

Context: In China, red (simplified Chinese: 红; traditional Chinese: 紅; pinyin: hóng) is the symbol of fire and the south (both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer. In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects. Special red packets (simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóng bāo in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese) are specifically used during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts. On the more negative side, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died. Red is also associated with either the feminine or the masculine (yin and yang respectively), depending on the source. The Little Red Book, a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter.

Question: Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?


Answer: summer

Question: What season is red identified with in China?


Answer: Chinese New Year

Question: Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China?


Answer: Chairman Mao Tse-Tung

Question: Who wrote the Little Red Book?


Answer: 1966

Question: In what year was the Little Red Book published?


Answer: Ndembu warriors

Context: In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.

Question: What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?


Answer: life and health

Question: What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?


Answer: white

Question: What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?


Answer: green and white

Question: What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?


Answer: the Atlanta Braves

Context: Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism, the modern Cincinnati team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are also known for their color red, as are the St. Louis Cardinals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Philadelphia Phillies.

Question: What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?


Answer: 1869

Question: When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?


Answer: communism

Question: What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s?


Answer: Redlegs

Question: What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s?


Answer: Boston

Question: Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati?


Answer: red

Context: In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlético Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.

Question: What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?


Answer: i rossoneri

Question: What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?


Answer: a serious infraction

Question: What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?


Answer: the player is immediately disqualified from further play

Question: What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?


Answer: his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration

Question: How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?


Answer: Christ's blood

Context: Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.

Question: In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?


Answer: the cross of Saint George

Question: What cross is on the British flag?


Answer: patron saint of England

Question: As it relates to England, who is Saint George?


Answer: the United States Marine Corps

Question: Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?


Answer: bad water conditions

Question: In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?


Answer: the late nineteenth century

Context: Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

Question: When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?


Answer: 2004

Question: In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?


Answer: one big red cross

Question: What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?


Answer: four

Question: How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?


Answer: the colors of the Russian flag

Question: What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?


Answer: 1870 to 1918

Context: Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.

Question: During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?


Answer: German nationalism

Question: What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?


Answer: Hitler's personal design

Question: Whose design was the Nazi flag?


Answer: 1920s

Question: In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?


Answer: attract attention

Question: Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?


Answer: Bastille

Context: The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.

Question: After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?


Answer: October 20, 1789

Question: On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?


Answer: July 17, 1791

Question: On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?


Answer: Rouget de Lisle

Question: Who wrote the words "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?"


Answer: 1790

Question: In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?


Answer: February 1848

Context: Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.

Question: When was the Communist Manifesto first created?


Answer: Karl Marx

Question: Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?


Answer: Louis Philippe

Question: The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?


Answer: June 1848

Question: When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?


Answer: the French Army

Question: Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?


Answer: the French Army

Context: In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.

Question: Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?


Answer: the Paris Commune

Question: After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?


Answer: two months

Question: For how long did the Paris Commune exist?


Answer: Vladimir Lenin

Question: Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?


Answer: 1921

Question: In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?


Answer: 39

Context: In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of "red states" versus "blue states".

Question: How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?


Answer: vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections

Question: In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?


Answer: 2000

Question: In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?


Answer: blue states

Question: In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?


Answer: 1920

Context: The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became "The East Is Red", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.

Question: In what year was the Community Party of China created?


Answer: 1949

Question: The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?


Answer: Mao Zedong

Question: Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?


Answer: the Party anthem

Question: In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is "The East is Red?"


Answer: eighty million members

Question: How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?


Answer: the Communist Party

Context: After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.

Question: What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?


Answer: the national flower

Question: What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?


Answer: red

Question: In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?


Answer: the Communist Party of China

Question: Which group gained power in China in 1949?


Answer: 1949

Question: In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?


Answer: 7 September 1940

Context: Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941, 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives. Over a period of 267 days, London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum of one large raid on eight other cities. This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940, when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes, killing civilians, combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill's retaliatory bombing of Berlin on the following night.[clarification needed]

Question: What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?


Answer: 267 days

Question: How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?


Answer: 71 times

Question: How many times was London attacked?


Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids?


Answer: Berlin

Question: What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians?


Answer: 57 consecutive nights

Context: From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed, causing nearly 4,000 deaths within the Merseyside area during the war. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, was subjected to 86 raids in the Hull Blitz during the war, with a conservative estimate of 1,200 civilians killed and 95 percent of its housing stock destroyed or damaged. Other ports including Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton and Swansea were also bombed, as were the industrial cities of Birmingham, Belfast, Coventry, Glasgow, Manchester and Sheffield. Birmingham and Coventry were chosen because of the Spitfire and tank factories in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. The city centre of Coventry was almost destroyed, as was Coventry Cathedral.

Question: How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?


Answer: Sea port of Hull

Question: What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?


Answer: More than one million

Question: How many homes in London were destroyed in London?


Answer: nearly 4,000 deaths

Question: How many people were killed in Liverpool?


Answer: Coventry

Question: Which city centre was destroyed?


Answer: Operation Sea Lion

Context: The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

Question: What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?


Answer: 42,000

Question: How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?


Answer: July 1943

Question: What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?


Answer: Hitler

Question: Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe?


Answer: Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell

Context: In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.

Question: In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?


Answer: collapse of civilian will

Question: Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?


Answer: United States Army Air Corps

Question: What does USAAC stand for?


Answer: Democracies

Question: What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?


Answer: night

Question: What kind of bombing raids were most favored?


Answer: Luftwaffe

Context: Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did not believe that air power alone could be decisive. Contrary to popular belief, the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as "terror bombing". Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942.

Question: Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?


Answer: terror bombing

Question: What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?


Answer: 1942

Question: What year did the terror bombing policy become official?


Answer: Wever

Context: Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters. He argued they should be educated in grand strategy, war economics, armament production, and the mentality of potential opponents (also known as mirror imaging). Wever's vision was not realised; the General Staff studies in those subjects fell by the wayside, and the Air Academies focused on tactics, technology, and operational planning, rather than on independent strategic air offensives.

Question: Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?


Answer: mirror imaging

Question: What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?


Answer: independent strategic air offensives

Question: What did the Air Academies not focus on?


Answer: the Luftwaffe

Question: What army does the general staff belong to?


Answer: air crash

Context: In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. However, it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations (direct or indirect) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek. These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers. The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army, or because it was led by ex-army personnel. It was instead a mission that suited the Luftwaffe's existing approach to warfare; a culture of joint inter-service operations, rather than independent strategic air campaigns.

Question: How did Wever die?


Answer: 1936

Question: What year did Wever die?


Answer: Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff

Question: Who took over for Wever after his death?


Answer: Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek

Question: What two men were the most important in ground support?


Answer: German air services

Question: What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?


Answer: 1930s

Context: Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit".

Question: What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?


Answer: prescribed targets are not hit

Question: Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?


Answer: inability to damage industries

Question: Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?


Answer: the moment was right

Question: In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?


Answer: Adolf Hitler

Question: Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing?


Answer: air bombardment

Context: Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as an additional bonus. Hitler was much more attracted to the political aspects of bombing. As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s, he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing. His hope was — for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself — that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.

Question: How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?


Answer: policy of moderation

Question: What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause?


Answer: political

Question: What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?


Answer: to produce a stalemate

Question: Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain?


Answer: Hermann Göring

Context: A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring. Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was "the most effective strategic weapon", and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted, "We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undivided Luftwaffe". Such principles made it much harder to integrate the air force into the overall strategy and produced in Göring a jealous and damaging defence of his "empire" while removing Hitler voluntarily from the systematic direction of the Luftwaffe at either the strategic or operational level. When Hitler tried to intervene more in the running of the air force later in the war, he was faced with a political conflict of his own making between himself and Göring, which was not fully resolved until the war was almost over. In 1940 and 1941, Göring's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications, which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire.

Question: Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?


Answer: strangle British sea communications

Question: What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?


Answer: aircraft

Question: What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?


Answer: the Kriegsmarine

Question: Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?


Answer: communications gap

Context: The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

Question: What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?


Answer: misrepresent what information

Question: What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?


Answer: 1939

Question: What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?


Answer: Wever

Question: Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939?


Answer: Rechlin

Question: In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?


Answer: UK and France

Context: Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 – the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam – the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter.

Question: Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?


Answer: Wilhelmshaven

Question: The RAF bombed what Germany coast?


Answer: propaganda

Question: What kind of leaflets were dropped?


Answer: civilian casualties

Question: What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?


Answer: 1940

Question: What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?


Answer: air operations

Context: Although not specifically prepared to conduct independent strategic air operations against an opponent, the Luftwaffe was expected to do so over Britain. From July until September 1940 the Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion. This involved the bombing of English Channel convoys, ports, and RAF airfields and supporting industries. Destroying RAF Fighter Command would allow the Germans to gain control of the skies over the invasion area. It was supposed that Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and the Royal Navy could not operate under conditions of German air superiority.

Question: Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain?


Answer: to gain air superiority

Question: Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?


Answer: English

Question: What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority?


Answer: Royal

Question: Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority?


Answer: poor intelligence

Context: The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940, in comparison to Germany's 8,000. The replacement of pilots and aircrew was more difficult. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. The circumstances affected the Germans more than the British. Operating over home territory, British flyers could fly again if they survived being shot down. German crews, even if they survived, faced capture. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender.

Question: Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?


Answer: capture

Question: What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?


Answer: 2 to 1

Question: Britain's fabrication of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?


Answer: four to five crewmen

Question: How big was the crew of a bomber?


Answer: 10,000

Question: How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?


Answer: Oberkommando der Luftwaffe

Context: The decision to change strategy is sometimes claimed as a major mistake by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). It is argued that persisting with attacks on RAF airfields might have won air superiority for the Luftwaffe. Others argue that the Luftwaffe made little impression on Fighter Command in the last week of August and first week of September and that the shift in strategy was not decisive. It has also been argued that it was doubtful the Luftwaffe could have won air superiority before the "weather window" began to deteriorate in October. It was also possible, if RAF losses became severe, that they could pull out to the north, wait for the German invasion, then redeploy southward again. Other historians argue that the outcome of the air battle was irrelevant; the massive numerical superiority of British naval forces and the inherent weakness of the Kriegsmarine would have made the projected German invasion, Unternehmen Seelöwe (Operation Sea Lion), a disaster with or without German air superiority.

Question: What does OKL stand for?


Answer: October

Question: What month would the weather window begin to decline?


Answer: the north

Question: If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of?


Answer: Unternehmen Seelöwe

Question: What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion?


Answer: British naval forces

Question: Who had exponential larger naval forces?


Answer: punishing

Context: Regardless of the ability of the Luftwaffe to win air superiority, Adolf Hitler was frustrated that it was not happening quickly enough. With no sign of the RAF weakening, and Luftwaffe air fleets (Luftflotten) taking punishing losses, the OKL was keen for a change in strategy. To reduce losses further, a change in strategy was also favoured to take place at night, to give the bombers greater protection under cover of darkness.[b] On 4 September 1940, in a long address at the Sportspalast, Hitler declared: "And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand, or three thousand [kilograms ...] then we will now drop [...] 300,000, 400,000, yes one million kilograms in a single night. And should they declare they will greatly increase their attacks on our cities, then we will erase their cities."

Question: The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?


Answer: change in strategy

Question: What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?


Answer: cover of darkness

Question: What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?


Answer: Sportspalast

Question: What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?


Answer: 1940

Question: In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast?


Answer: London

Context: It was decided to focus on bombing Britain's industrial cities in daylight to begin with. The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London. The first major raid in this regard took place on 7 September. On 15 September, on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day, a large-scale raid was launched in daylight, but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain. Although there were a few large air battles fought in daylight later in the month and into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce losses. This became official policy on 7 October. The air campaign soon got underway against London and other British cities. However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. Its aircraft—Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, and Heinkel He 111s—were capable of carrying out strategic missions, but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations. The Luftwaffe's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons: Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war.

Question: Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?


Answer: Battle of Britain Day

Question: What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?


Answer: bomb-load limitations

Question: What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?


Answer: four-engined bombers

Question: What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?


Answer: early 1938

Context: Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940–1941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.

Question: What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?


Answer: tactics

Question: What disagreements did the Luftwaffe staff center around?


Answer: unclear strategy

Question: Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?


Answer: failure before it began

Question: What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?


Answer: limitations in weapons technology

Context: In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

Question: Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?


Answer: coal

Question: What was an important fuel in the Second World War?


Answer: Regional commissioners

Question: Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?


Answer: delayed-action bombs

Question: What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?


Answer: dispersed its production facilities

Question: What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective?


Answer: 50

Context: Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.

Question: How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?


Answer: 644

Question: As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day?


Answer: 3,500

Question: How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?


Answer: Imperial Defence

Question: What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?


Answer: Basil Liddell-Hart

Question: Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?


Answer: psychological trauma

Context: In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three to four million psychiatric patients. Winston Churchill told Parliament in 1934, "We must expect that, under the pressure of continuous attack upon London, at least three or four million people would be driven out into the open country around the metropolis." Panicked reactions during the Munich crisis, such as the migration by 150,000 to Wales, contributed to fear of societal chaos.

Question: What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?


Answer: three to four

Question: Psychiatrists believe in 1938 that mental trauma could reach how many millions?


Answer: Wales

Question: Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?


Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country?


Answer: London

Context: The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33

Question: The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?


Answer: a blackout

Question: What trial took place on August 10 1939?


Answer: the blackout

Question: What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?


Answer: almost six years

Question: How long were lights not allowed on after dark?


Answer: damage civilian morale

Question: Why did the government and civil service not want to relocate during the war?


Answer: shelters

Context: Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities, and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters. The Phoney War, however, and the unexpected delay of civilian bombing permitted the shelter programme to finish in June 1940.:35 The programme favoured backyard Anderson shelters and small brick surface shelters; many of the latter were soon abandoned in 1940 as unsafe. In addition, authorities expected that the raids would be brief and during the day. Few predicted that attacks by night would force Londoners to sleep in shelters.

Question: What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?


Answer: 1940

Question: What year did the shelter program finish?


Answer: unsafe

Question: Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940?


Answer: attacks by night

Question: Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?


Answer: anti-war

Context: Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups. The government saw the Communist Party's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939.:34

Question: What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters?


Answer: the Communist Party's

Question: Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?


Answer: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Question: What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?


Answer: interfere with commuter and troop travel

Context: The most important existing communal shelters were the London Underground stations. Although many civilians had used them as such during the First World War, the government in 1939 refused to allow the stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel, and the fears that occupants might refuse to leave. Underground officials were ordered to lock station entrances during raids; but by the second week of heavy bombing the government relented and ordered the stations to be opened. Each day orderly lines of people queued until 4 pm, when they were allowed to enter the stations. In mid-September 1940 about 150,000 a night slept in the Underground, although by the winter and spring months the numbers had declined to 100,000 or less. Noises of battle were muffled and sleep was easier in the deepest stations, but many were killed from direct hits on several stations.

Question: Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters?


Answer: by the second week

Question: Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened how long after the orders?


Answer: 150,000 a night

Question: In 1940 how many people were sleeping in the Underground stations?


Answer: sleep

Question: Muffling the sound of batter made what easier in the Underground Stations?


Answer: direct hits

Question: Why were many killed in Underground Stations?


Answer: 177,000

Context: Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in private home shelters, implying that the remaining 60% of the city likely stayed at home. The government distributed Anderson shelters until 1941 and that year began distributing the Morrison shelter, which could be used inside homes.:190

Question: What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September 27, 1940?


Answer: 4%

Question: In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?


Answer: at home

Question: Where did 60% of populations stay?


Answer: 1941

Question: What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?


Answer: inside homes

Question: Where could the Morrison shelters be used?


Answer: 1940

Context: Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189–190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments, and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions. Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries.

Question: What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?


Answer: 80,000

Question: How many people were the new shelters going to hold?


Answer: Tickets

Question: What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters?


Answer: British Red Cross and the Salvation Army

Question: Which two groups help improve life in the shelters?


Answer: canteen

Question: What kind of trains provided food in the shelters?


Answer: American

Context: Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote "By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning". People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was "very blitzy".:75,261 However, another American who visited Britain, the publisher Ralph Ingersoll, wrote soon after the Blitz eased on 15 September that:

Question: What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?


Answer: psychiatric crisis

Question: With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?


Answer: weather

Question: People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?


Answer: widespread shell shock

Context: Ingersoll added that, according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover, London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock, unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation.:114,117–118 The psychoanalysts were correct, and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the attacks closed due to lack of need. Although the stress of the war resulted in many anxiety attacks, eating disorders, fatigue, weeping, miscarriages, and other physical and mental ailments, society did not collapse. The number of suicides and drunkenness declined, and London recorded only about two cases of "bomb neuroses" per week in the first three months of bombing. Many civilians found that the best way to retain mental stability was to be with family, and after the first few weeks of bombing avoidance of the evacuation programs grew.:80–81 Glover speculated that the knowledge that the entire country was being attacked, that there was no way to escape the bombs, forced people to accept and deal with the situation.:118

Question: Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?


Answer: lack of need

Question: Why did the psychiatric clinics close?


Answer: suicides and drunkenness

Question: What two things declined during the attacks in Britain?


Answer: accept and deal

Question: The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what?


Answer: beer

Context: The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's. People left shelters when told instead of refusing to leave, although many housewives reportedly enjoyed the break from housework. Some people even told government surveyors that they enjoyed air raids if they occurred occasionally, perhaps once a week. Despite the attacks, defeat in Norway and France, and the threat of invasion, overall morale remained high; a Gallup poll found only 3% of Britons expected to lose the war in May 1940, another found an 88% approval rating for Churchill in July, and a third found 89% support for his leadership in October. Support for peace negotiations declined from 29% in February. Each setback caused more civilians to volunteer to become unpaid Local Defence Volunteers, workers worked longer shifts and over weekends, contributions rose to the £5,000 "Spitfire Funds" to build fighters, and the number of work days lost to strikes in 1940 was the lowest in history.:60–63,67–68,75,78–79,215–216

Question: What drink was never rationed?


Answer: 13,000

Question: How many people attended cricket at Lord's?


Answer: 3%

Question: What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?


Answer: 89%

Question: What was Churchill's highest rating?


Answer: to build fighters

Question: What were Spitfire Funds used for?


Answer: Air Raid Precautions

Context: The civilians of London had an enormous role to play in the protection of their city. Many civilians who were unwilling or unable to join the military became members of the Home Guard, the Air Raid Precautions service (ARP), the Auxiliary Fire Service, and many other organisations. The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July 1939. Only one year earlier, there had only been 6,600 full-time and 13,800 part-time firemen in the entire country. During the Blitz, The Scout Association guided fire engines to where they were most needed, and became known as the "Blitz Scouts". Many unemployed were drafted into the Royal Army Pay Corps. These personnel, along with others from the Pioneer Corps, were charged with the task of salvage and clean-up.

Question: What is ARP?


Answer: 138,000

Question: The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939?


Answer: Scout Association

Question: Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?


Answer: Pioneer Corps

Question: The Royal Army Pay Corps and what other group were in charge of salvage and clean-up?


Answer: Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence

Context: The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and operated canteens, salvage and recycling schemes. By the end of 1941, the WVS had one million members. Prior to the outbreak of war, civilians were issued with 50 million respirators (gas masks). These were issued in the event of bombing taking place with gas before evacuation.

Question: What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938?


Answer: Samuel Hoare

Question: Who was Home Secretary in 1938?


Answer: one million

Question: How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941?


Answer: 50 million

Question: How many gas mask were issued before the war?


Answer: Hugh Dowding

Context: In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority. However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night. When the Luftwaffe struck at British cities for the first time on 7 September 1940, a number of civic and political leaders were worried by Dowding's apparent lack of reaction to the new crisis.

Question: Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?


Answer: defence of British air space

Question: What credit did Dowding receive?


Answer: bombing at night

Question: What strategy could the German's have used instead of day raids?


Answer: lack of reaction to the new crisis

Question: Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings?


Answer: Dowding

Context: Dowding accepted that as AOC, he was responsible for the day and night defence of Britain, and the blame, should he fail, would be laid at his door. When urgent changes and improvements needed to be made, Dowding seemed reluctant to act quickly. The Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature and reluctance to cooperate. Dowding's opponents in the Air Ministry, already critical of his handling of the day battle (see Battle of Britain Day and the Big Wing controversy), were ready to use these failings as a cudgel with which to attack him and his abilities.

Question: Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made?


Answer: Air Staff

Question: Who thought Dowding was stubborn and didn't like to cooperate?


Answer: attack him and his abilities

Question: What did the Air Ministry plan to do with his failures?


Answer: Battle of Britain Day

Question: The Air Ministry was critical of Dowding after which battle?


Answer: Dowding

Context: Dowding was summoned to an Air Ministry conference on 17 October 1940 to explain the poor state of night defences and the supposed (but ultimately successful) "failure" of his daytime strategy. The criticism of his leadership extended far beyond the Air Council, and the Minister of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook, and Churchill themselves intimated their support was waning. While the failure of night defence preparation was undeniable, it was not the AOC's responsibility to accrue resources. The general neglect of the RAF until the late spurt in 1938 had left sparse resources to build defences. While it was permissible to disagree with Dowding's operational and tactical deployment of forces, the failure of the Government and Air Ministry to allot resources was ultimately the responsibility of the civil and military institutions at large. In the pre-war period, the Chamberlain Government stated that night defence from air attack should not take up much of the national effort and, along with the Air Ministry, did not make it a priority.

Question: Who was summoned to the Air Ministry conference on October 17, 1940?


Answer: waning

Question: Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what?


Answer: sparse resources to build defences

Question: Neglect of the RAF until 1938 caused what to happen?


Answer: Chamberlain Government

Question: The Air Ministry and which other group decided to not make night defense a top priority?


Answer: great trepidation

Context: The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people aged 35 or over remembered the threat and greeted the bombings with great trepidation. From 1916–1918, German raids had diminished against countermeasures which demonstrated defence against night air raids was possible.

Question: People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what?


Answer: countermeasures

Question: Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918?