diff --git "a/reference_files/ans-test-normalized.txt" "b/reference_files/ans-test-normalized.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/reference_files/ans-test-normalized.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,11877 @@
+saint bernadette soubirous
+a copper statue of christ
+the main building
+a marian place of prayer and reflection
+a golden statue of the virgin mary
+september 1876
+twice
+the observer
+three
+1987
+rome
+moreau seminary
+old college
+retired priests and brothers
+buechner prize for preaching
+eight
+1920
+the college of science
+five
+the 1870s
+learning resource center
+five
+the first year of studies program
+u .s. news & world report
+1924
+master of divinity
+alliance for catholic education
+1854
+department of pre -professional studies
+joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies
+president emeritus of the university of notre dame
+1986
+ray kroc
+mcdonald 's
+14
+theodore m . hesburgh library
+1963
+millard sheets
+touchdown jesus
+3 ,577
+19 .7 %
+the top 10 to 15 in the nation
+39 .1 %
+more than 750 miles
+18th overall
+8th
+1st overall
+usa today
+57 .6 %
+father joseph carrier , c .s.c.
+1851–1921
+the science department
+evolution and dogma
+professor of chemistry and physics
+1882
+professor jerome green
+around 1899
+father julius nieuwland
+an early wind tunnel
+the lobund institute
+the 1940s
+1950
+1958
+1928
+the review of politics
+german catholic journals
+44
+review of politics
+john jenkins
+notre dame
+international peace studies
+2013
+climate change
+8 ,448
+21–24 %
+over 700
+the holy cross missions in bangladesh
+12 ,179
+80 %
+four
+15
+20 %
+14
+congregatio a sancta cruce
+more than 93 %
+over 100 times
+fifty -seven
+over 80 %
+washington hall
+1879
+rev . william corby
+17th of may
+lafortune student center
+scholastic and classical
+college of commerce
+father james burns
+three years
+harvard law school
+knute rockne
+105
+1925
+13
+three
+the protestant establishment
+the ku klux klan
+fr . matthew walsh
+a week -long klavern
+south bend
+father john francis o 'hara
+father john francis o 'hara
+laetare medal
+1883
+god
+more than half
+lobund institute for animal studies
+hall of liberal arts
+rev . john j . cavanaugh , c .s.c.
+medieval institute
+1917–2015
+18
+ $9 million
+1952–87
+950
+coeducational
+dean of arts and letters
+vice president of student affairs
+1971
+saint mary 's college
+1987–2005
+1240
+ $350 million
+more than $70 million
+500
+2005
+17th
+malloy
+compton family ice arena
+ $400m
+congregation of holy cross
+basilica of the sacred heart
+french revival
+luigi gregori
+1896
+fr . zahm
+1950
+joseph lafortune
+83 ,000 square feet
+ $1 .2 million
+29
+theodore hesburgh library
+almost 4 million
+duncan hall
+frank eck stadium
+2008
+40 %
+sustainable endowments institute
+kroc institute for international peace studies
+1968
+1 suffolk street in trafalgar square
+global gateways
+1998
+the college of arts and letters
+1842
+1849
+saint louis university
+33
+father patrick dillon
+1865
+six years
+jordan hall of science
+over 1 ,200
+school of architecture
+bond hall
+five -year
+rome
+driehaus architecture prize
+2015
+the first floor of stanford hall
+over three million volumes
+one of the 100 largest
+the rise of hitler and other dictators
+germany
+classics and law
+max scheler
+a renowned sculptor
+university of notre dame du
+catholic research university
+our lady of the lake
+the virgin mary
+1 ,250
+its fighting irish football team
+knute rockne
+ncaa division i
+seven
+13
+among the top twenty
+four
+driehaus architecture prize
+more than 50
+snite museum of art
+1842
+célestine guynemer de la hailandière
+the congregation of the holy cross
+november 26 , 1842
+father stephen badin 's old log chapel
+1849
+1865
+father lemonnier
+1879
+1873
+ndtv
+one show
+wsnd -fm
+wvfi
+ $215 million
+june 3 , 2008
+kite realty
+the city of south bend
+non -union workers
+national collegiate athletic association
+horizon league
+midwest fencing conference
+hockey east
+big east conference
+the acc
+five
+central collegiate hockey association
+navy blue and gold rush
+leprechaun
+under armour
+almost $100 million
+1846
+oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states
+notre dame victory march
+michigan wolverines football team
+1887
+ohio state university
+usc
+the most
+george gipp
+the army team
+pat o 'brien
+gipp
+80 ,795
+two -story banner
+the drummers ' circle
+the steps of bond hall
+the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater
+saturday
+over 1 ,600
+12
+28
+austin carr
+mike brey
+john f . shea
+1904
+rev . michael j . shea
+1928
+onward to victory
+the gipper
+airplane!
+sean astin
+george zipp
+knute rockne
+condoleezza rice
+eric f . wieschaus
+rev . john jenkins
+olympic gold
+jim wetherbee
+in the late 1990s
+singing and dancing
+2003
+houston , texas
+late 1990s
+destiny 's child
+dangerously in love
+mathew knowles
+houston
+dangerously in love
+september 4 , 1981
+beyoncé giselle knowles -carter
+late 1990s
+lead singer
+dangerously in love
+2003
+five
+lead singer
+dangerously in love
+2003
+acting
+jay z
+six
+dreamgirls
+2010
+beyoncé
+cadillac records
+june 2005
+b 'day
+dreamgirls
+jay z
+sasha fierce
+love , relationships , and monogamy
+influential
+forbes
+2000s
+forbes
+modern -day feminist
+2013 and 2014
+118 million
+60 million
+118 million
+20
+forbes
+destiny 's child
+her mother 's maiden name
+african -american
+methodist
+xerox
+hairdresser and salon owner
+solange
+joseph broussard
+xerox
+salon
+solange
+joseph broussard.
+methodist
+fredericksburg
+darlette johnson
+houston
+dance instructor darlette johnson
+st . john 's united methodist church
+music magnet school
+imagine
+fredericksburg
+darlette johnson
+seven
+st . john 's united methodist church
+arne frager
+beyoncé 's father
+elektra records
+arne frager
+1995
+sony music
+elektra records
+age eight
+eight
+girl 's tyme
+arne frager
+1995
+dwayne wiggins 's grass roots entertainment
+men in black
+`` say my name ''
+marc nelson
+1996
+book of isaiah
+men in black
+say my name
+marc nelson
+book of isaiah.
+men in black.
+no , no , no
+1999
+marc nelson
+depression
+boyfriend left her
+her mother
+split with luckett and rober
+a couple of years
+her mother
+farrah franklin and michelle williams.
+beyoncé
+her mother
+farrah franklin
+independent women part i
+eleven
+mtv
+663 ,000 copies
+georges bizet
+survivor
+charlie 's angels.
+carmen: a hip hopera
+survivor
+luckett and roberson
+october 2001
+mike myers
+uk , norway , and belgium
+the fighting temptations
+missy elliott
+summertime
+austin powers in goldmember
+73 million
+musical comedy
+fighting temptations
+mixed reviews
+austin powers in goldmember
+foxxy cleopatra
+work it out
+the fighting temptations
+fighting temptations
+number four
+dangerously in love
+11 million
+crazy in love
+four
+jay z
+dangerously in love
+number four
+luther vandross
+jay z
+june 24 , 2003
+crazy in love
+luther vandross.
+five.
+destiny fulfilled
+2006
+november 2003
+destiny fulfilled
+barcelona
+march 2006
+dangerously in love tour
+missy elliott and alicia keys
+super bowl xxxviii
+destiny fulfilled.
+541 ,000
+déjà vu
+five
+five
+twenty -fifth birthday
+jay z
+top five
+b 'day
+541 ,000
+jay z
+green light
+the pink panther
+dreamgirls
+dreamgirls
+2007
+24 million
+158 .8 million
+the beyoncé experience
+shakira
+the pink panther
+diana ross.
+listen
+the beyoncé experience
+shakira
+jay z
+november 18 , 2008
+2000s
+taylor swift
+119 .5 million
+in a video montage
+march 2009
+taylor swift
+119 .5 million
+april 4 , 2008
+jay z.
+sasha fierce
+single ladies
+kanye west
+etta james
+phoenix house
+at last
+thriller
+mtv movie award for best fight
+phoenix house
+obsessed
+sharon charles
+60 million
+etta james
+phoenix house
+the first couple 's first inaugural ball.
+obsessed.
+ten
+lauryn hill
+lady gaga
+six
+mariah carey
+ten nominations
+telephone
+lady gaga
+mariah carey
+lauryn hill
+ten
+lauryn hill
+lady gaga
+mariah carey
+2010
+2010
+the great wall of china
+2010
+her mother
+during the break
+nine months
+a hiatus
+her mother
+her father
+nine months
+2011
+clinton bush haiti fund
+the 2011 glastonbury festival
+the huffington post
+minute
+documents obtained by wikileaks
+2011
+the huffington post
+glastonbury festival
+muammar gaddafi.
+wikileaks
+clinton bush haiti fund.
+pyramid stage
+2011
+love on top
+writing
+new york 's roseland ballroom
+june 28 , 2011
+310 ,000 copies
+new york association of black journalists
+2011
+4
+june 28 , 2011
+310 ,000
+essence
+new york 's roseland ballroom
+january 7 , 2012
+lenox hill hospital
+blue ivy carter
+revel atlantic city 's ovation hall
+january 7 , 2012
+blue ivy carter
+five months
+four nights
+january 7 , 2012
+blue ivy carter
+lenox hill hospital in new york.
+revel atlantic city 's ovation hall
+four
+romance
+life is but a dream
+global publishing agreement
+january 2013
+nuclear
+president obama
+268 ,000 tweets per minute
+january 2013
+nuclear
+the american national anthem
+super bowl xlvii halftime show
+life is but a dream
+132
+the mrs . carter show
+rise up
+epic
+april 15
+2013 met gala
+queen tara
+rise up
+the mrs . carter show world tour
+132
+back to black
+met gala.
+queen tara
+the itunes store
+december 13 , 2013
+the itunes store
+jay z
+forbes
+more than double her earnings
+december 13 , 2013
+one million
+drunk in love
+on the run tour.
+three
+beck
+vogue
+coldplay
+three
+beck
+coldplay
+six awards
+vogue
+coldplay
+coldplay
+six
+three
+beck
+vogue
+coldplay
+tidal
+formation
+february 6 , 2016
+exclusively
+tidal
+music streaming
+february 6 , 2016
+tidal
+300 million
+paris
+miscarriage
+jay z
+april 4 , 2008
+300 million
+wrote music
+paris
+ '03 bonnie & clyde
+april 4 , 2008
+300 million
+miscarriage
+paris.
+mtv video music awards
+her pregnancy
+12 .4 million
+2011 mtv video music awards
+her appearance
+most tweets per second
+beyonce pregnant
+love on top
+2011 mtv video music awards
+love on top
+12 .4 million
+beyonce pregnant
+lifeandtimes .com
+glory
+blue ivy carter
+lenox hill hospital
+glory
+blue ivy carter
+b .i.c.
+january 7 , 2012
+blue ivy carter
+glory
+blue ivy 's cries
+b .i.c.
+george zimmerman
+america the beautiful
+4 million
+same sex marriage
+a rally
+america the beautiful
+america the beautiful
+at last
+tumblr
+same sex marriage
+vogue
+ban bossy campaign
+vogue
+april 2013
+ban bossy
+flawless
+leadership in girls
+chimamanda ngozi adichie
+ban bossy
+the one campaign
+september 2015
+women
+priorities
+2015
+angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini -zuma
+head of the g7 in germany
+september 2015
+the one campaign
+angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini -zuma
+the head of the g7 in germany
+women
+freddie gray
+protesters
+freddie gray
+thousands of dollars
+madonna and celine dion
+highest -earning power couple
+2014
+250 million
+madonna and celine dion
+forbes
+2011
+115 million
+250 million
+forbes
+april 2014.
+mtv
+2013
+four
+jody rosen
+the daily mail
+hip hop
+four octaves
+versatile
+hip hop
+praise her range and power
+four
+her vocal abilities
+tart
+the hip hop era
+r&b
+pop , soul and funk
+spanish
+re -release of b 'day
+rudy perez
+r&b
+english
+spanish
+b 'day
+r&b
+spanish
+rudy perez.
+b 'day.
+beats
+cater 2 u
+female -empowerment
+man -tending anthems
+co -producing credits
+melodies
+women
+co -producing
+melodies and ideas
+beyoncé
+american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards
+diane warren
+top 20 hot 100 songwriters
+2001
+third
+billboard magazine
+third woman
+pop songwriter of the year award
+the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards.
+three
+17
+michael jackson
+five
+michael jackson
+vocal runs
+michael jackson
+vision of love
+michael jackson
+michael jackson
+diana ross
+whitney houston
+vision of love
+feminism and female empowerment
+josephine baker
+etta james
+dreamgirls
+boldness
+2006 fashion rocks concert
+josephine baker.
+déjà vu
+michelle obama
+february 2013
+oprah winfrey
+michelle obama
+a strong woman
+lyrical and raw
+to take control of her own career
+continuing inspiration
+first lady michelle obama
+oprah winfrey
+jean -michel basquiat
+madonna
+suga mama
+the mamas
+montina cooper -donnell , crystal collins and tiffany moniqué riddick
+2006
+suga mama
+suga mama
+2006 bet awards
+suga mama
+suga mama
+b 'day
+the mamas
+the 2006 bet awards
+stage presence and voice
+l .a. reid
+stage presence
+jarett wieselman
+greatest entertainer alive
+she 's almost too good
+jarett wieselman
+l .a. reid
+sasha fierce
+making of `` crazy in love ''
+2010
+revel presents: beyoncé live
+too aggressive , too strong
+she would bring her back
+sasha fierce.
+2008
+crazy in love
+allure magazine
+wide -ranging
+touré
+bootylicious
+destiny 's child
+bootylicious
+bootylicious
+2006
+touré
+bootylicious
+2006
+sexily
+modelling
+tom ford 's spring/summer 2011 fashion show
+people
+january 2013
+vh1
+people
+complex
+2013
+number 1
+2010
+people
+hottest female singer of all time
+madame tussauds wax museums
+her mother
+tyra banks
+destiny 's style
+2007
+tyra banks
+tyra banks
+people
+the bey hive
+the beyontourage
+twitter
+bey hive
+beyontourage
+bey hive
+beyontourage
+beehive
+house of deréon
+l 'officiel
+blackface and tribal makeup
+2006
+for wearing and using fur
+l 'officiel
+in blackface and tribal makeup
+l 'officiel
+house of deréon.
+french fashion magazine
+african -american
+emmett price
+l 'oréal
+natural pictures be used
+it is categorically untrue
+costuming
+emmett price
+l 'oréal
+feria hair color advertisements
+h&m
+the guardian
+2013
+2014
+artist of the decade
+2013
+2014
+baz luhrmann
+jody rosen
+the guardian
+time 100 list
+baz luhrmann
+2014
+white rabbits
+gwyneth paltrow
+pepsi
+beyoncé 's pepsi commercial
+white rabbits
+work
+country strong
+white rabbits
+milk famous
+gwyneth paltrow
+country strong.
+nicki minaj
+crazy in love
+two
+8 million
+fly
+july 2014
+crazy in love
+earned two grammy awards
+around 8 million copies
+drake
+rolling stone
+drake
+a species of horse fly
+15 million
+118 million
+64
+60 million
+beyoncé
+15 million
+118 million
+60 million
+2008 world music awards
+64 certifications
+over 15 million
+over 118 million
+the recording industry association of america
+64
+the 2008 world music awards
+20
+alison krauss
+52
+six
+two
+20 grammy awards
+52 nominations
+2010
+adele
+20
+52
+`` single ladies -lrb -put a ring on it -rrb - ''
+dreamgirls
+pepsi
+50 million
+the center for science in the public interest -lrb -cspinet -rrb-
+70
+2002
+britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias
+endorse pepsi
+center for science in the public interest
+pepsi
+ $50 million
+the center for science in the public interest -lrb -cspinet -rrb-
+netbase
+tommy hilfiger
+beyoncé
+heat
+2013
+400 million
+heat
+2011
+pulse
+six editions
+diamonds
+2010.
+heat
+six
+18
+starpower: beyoncé
+since the age of 18
+70 staff
+out of court
+starpower: beyoncé
+starpower: beyoncé
+gatefive
+70
+june 2013
+fashion retailer topshop
+parkwood topshop athletic ltd
+activewear
+fall of 2015
+topshop
+2015
+parkwood entertainment
+topshop
+london
+activewear
+march 30 , 2015
+jay z
+march 30 , 2015
+music streaming service
+low payout of royalties
+tidal.
+aspiro
+jay z
+spotify
+her mother
+agnèz deréon
+beyond productions
+sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear
+us and canada
+her mother
+2005
+grandmother , agnèz deréon
+in destiny 's child 's shows and tours
+her mother
+deréon.
+shoe
+brazil
+2009
+house of deréon collection
+sasha fierce for deréon
+may 27 , 2010
+house of brands
+beyoncé fashion diva
+sasha fierce for deréon
+c&a
+dillard 's
+topshop
+autumn 2015
+parkwood topshop athletic ltd
+50
+april 2016
+topshop
+parkwood topshop athletic ltd
+activewear
+hurricane katrina
+250 ,000
+ike
+the survivor foundation
+ $250 ,000
+expanded to work with other charities
+survivor foundation
+ $250 ,000.
+hurricane ike
+george clooney and wyclef jean
+brooklyn phoenix house
+god bless the usa
+ $1 million
+beyoncé cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house
+new york police and fire widows ' and children 's benefit fund
+hope for haiti now: a global benefit
+george clooney and wyclef jean
+beyoncé cosmetology center
+god bless the usa
+sandy hook elementary school shooting
+i was here
+miss a meal
+london
+her mother
+sandy hook elementary school shooting.
+spread female empowerment
+catapult
+demand a plan
+sandy hook elementary school
+i was here
+salma hayek and frida giannini
+spanish word montaña -lrb -mountain -rrb-
+4th
+44th
+77
+from the spanish word montaña
+1908
+1949
+1981
+grizzly bear
+maiasaura
+1910
+oro y plata
+`` gold and silver ''
+1865
+1895
+bitterroot
+35 percent
+56
+billings
+missoula and great falls
+`` mountain ''
+montaña del norte
+147 ,040 square miles
+wyoming
+idaho
+western half of the state
+about 60 percent
+north
+hudson bay.
+over 10 ,000 feet
+granite peak
+12 ,799 feet
+one
+1996
+59 to 41.
+29 to 21
+a swing state
+1992
+60 percent
+40 percent
+bozeman yellowstone international airport
+2013
+bnsf railway
+1880s
+rocky mountain elk foundation
+spring
+wolves and mountain lions
+1930s
+federation of fly fishers
+trout and kokanee salmon fisheries
+a river runs through it
+april 26 , 1864
+1862
+ $1 .75
+1886
+450
+hudson bay
+triple divide peak in glacier national park.
+pacific ocean
+jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers
+three forks
+north
+1976
+north
+north dakota
+at least 3 ,223
+flathead lake
+fort peck reservoir
+missouri river
+approximately 25 percent
+90
+grizzly bear
+five
+at least 17
+15 inches
+34 .70 inches
+105 inches
+7
+6 .9 percent
+no
+approximately 66 ,000
+1851
+1887
+great falls
+63 %
+german
+a mining camp
+6 .5 percent
+big horn , glacier , and roosevelt
+1980 and 1990
+2007
+july
+forest fires
+1855
+isaac stevens
+1859
+flathead indian reservation
+camp cooke
+on the missouri river
+1876
+1877
+english
+94 .8 percent
+spanish
+13 ,040
+about 1 ,700
+89 .4 percent
+6 .3 percent
+2.9
+1 ,032 ,949
+4 .40 %
+gallatin county
+kalispell
+1917
+1941
+smokejumpers and for other forest fire -fighting duties.
+over 13 million
+about 325
+general philip sheridan
+1875
+1881
+1882
+1871 , 1872 and 1873
+1876
+1883
+1866
+bid for statehood
+1884
+1889
+north dakota , south dakota and washington
+1862
+160 acres
+1868
+1877
+640 acres
+ $ .25
+james j . hill
+1902
+1909
+320 acres
+1917
+1918
+criminalized criticism of the u .s. government , military , or symbols through speech or other means
+200
+78
+40 ,000 -plus
+over 57 ,000
+at least 1500
+first special service force or `` devil 's brigade , ''
+great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow
+entire human groups
+that group
+`` in whole or in part ''
+prosecutor v . radislav krstic
+opinions of respected commentators
+that biological -physical destruction was necessary
+the type of group destruction
+germany
+convention states municipal laws
+the judgements of several international and municipal courts
+the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
+nazi germany
+lemkin
+united nations general assembly
+provide a legal definition of the crime
+political killings
+ussr
+international intervention in domestic politics
+william schabas
+its own great purge
+majority of legal scholars
+national , racial , religious or ethnic
+jorgic v . germany
+biological -physical
+as a descriptive term
+lemming
+international relations and community
+australian
+`` ritualcide ''
+ritualcide
+anthropologist
+language , culture , and economic infrastructure
+legal aspect of the term
+a crime
+the deliberate killing of a certain group
+officials in power of a state or area
+the peace of westphalia
+genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power
+ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups
+1648
+1944
+the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - -lrb -meaning tribe or race -rrb - and caedere -lrb -the latin word for to kill -rrb-.
+a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+raphael lemkin
+winston churchill
+1944
+as `` a crime without a name ''
+raphael lemkin
+greek prefix geno - -lrb -meaning tribe or race -rrb - and caedere -lrb -the latin word for to kill -rrb-
+to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+when the targeted part is substantial enough
+the numeric size
+absolute terms
+prominence within the group
+perpetrators ' access to the victims
+historical examples of genocide
+possible extent of their reach
+the opportunity presented to him
+inform the analysis
+12 january 1951
+20
+only two
+the united kingdom
+four
+a diplomatic compromise
+a research tool
+international legal credibility
+alternative definitions
+jonassohn and björnson
+their focus
+frank chalk
+r . j . rummel
+ted gurr
+social and political groups
+the soviet invasion and the afghan response
+political groups
+genocide
+intends to destroy a group
+policies
+victimized groups
+politicides
+nationality
+pogroms
+murder by government
+religious group
+convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
+eliminate the group
+preventing births
+adrian gallagher
+collective power
+intent
+group identity
+destroyed
+acts of genocide
+both in peace and wartime
+no claim of genocide could be brought against them
+the united states
+norway
+convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
+humanity
+crimes like murder
+the holocaust
+raphael lemkin
+european court of human rights
+wider interpretation of genocide
+ethnic cleansing
+expel muslims and croats from their homes
+the icty
+about 30
+several plea bargains
+conspiracy to commit genocide
+aiding and abetting genocide
+german courts
+he died
+belgrade
+radovan karadžić and ratko mladić
+genocide or complicity in genocide
+slobodan milošević
+international criminal tribunal for rwanda -lrb -ictr -rrb-
+april 1994
+the security council of the united nations
+serious violations of the international law
+rwandan citizens
+situation in darfur
+colin powell
+the senate foreign relations committee
+an international commission of inquiry on darfur
+genocidal policy
+prosecutor of the international criminal court
+the commission report
+the united states
+his fourth report
+structural conditions
+psychological and social
+ervin staub
+devaluation of the group
+humanizing a devalued group
+resistance of bacteria
+evolution
+1943
+penicillin and erythromycin
+evolutionary processes
+survive high doses of antibiotics
+1943
+luria–delbrück
+concentration
+bacterial infection
+bacterial growth phase
+division of bacterial cells
+concentration
+host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
+several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy
+bacterial functions or growth processes
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+ -lrb -macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines
+mechanism of action
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+four
+mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity
+semisynthetic modifications
+beta -lactam antibiotics
+aminoglycosides
+synthesis
+various natural compounds
+2000 atomic mass units
+penicillins
+fungi
+tuberculosis
+overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance
+world health organization
+20th century
+anyone , of any age , in any country
+develop resistance
+world health organization
+20th
+antibiotic resistance
+vaccination
+20th century
+develop resistance
+world health organization
+every region of the world
+20th century
+antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+livestock raising
+tuberculosis
+empirical therapy
+laboratory
+broad spectrum antibiotic
+while the microorgainsim is being identified
+several days
+broad spectrum antibiotic
+a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
+before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim
+fever and nausea
+disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
+yeast
+a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
+alter the host microbiota
+negative effects
+clinical use
+microbial organisms
+adverse effects
+host microbiota
+negative effects on humans or other mammals
+fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
+diarrhea
+overgrowth of yeast
+additional side -effects
+increased body mass
+subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
+penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline
+unclear
+weighed against the beneficial effects
+increased body mass
+early life
+unclear
+the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills
+about 1 %
+reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
+inconclusive and controversial
+extra contraceptive measures
+contraceptive pills
+about 1 %
+absorption of estrogens
+oral contraceptives
+antibiotics do interfere
+extra contraceptive measures
+about 1 %
+decreased effectiveness
+moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics
+there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side -effects
+widespread
+decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
+alcohol consumption
+alcohol and antibiotics
+alcohol
+specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side -effects
+alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
+intrinsic antibacterial resistance
+antibacterial resistance genes
+antibiotic target
+vertical transmission
+mutation
+vertical transmission of mutations
+carry several different resistance genes
+superbugs
+tuberculosis
+half a million
+mdr -tb
+inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse
+self prescription
+overuse of antibiotics
+prophylactic antibiotics
+failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage
+failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
+inappropriate antibiotic treatment
+prescribe antibiotics
+us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance
+us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration -lrb -fda -rrb - , and the national institutes of health -lrb -nih -rrb-
+2002
+2003
+swann report 1969
+american society for microbiology -lrb -asm -rrb - , american public health association -lrb -apha -rrb - and the american medical association -lrb -ama -rrb-
+s .742 and h .r. 2562
+american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association -lrb -apha -rrb-
+animal husbandry
+1977
+march 2012
+medicinal folklore
+over 2000 years ago
+mold and plant materials and extracts
+against life
+jean paul vuillemin
+mold
+alexander fleming
+penicillin
+chemotherapy
+prontosil
+ig farben
+gerhard domagk
+1939 nobel prize for medicine
+tyrothricin
+1939
+start of world war ii ,
+rene dubos
+wounds and ulcers
+1942
+1945
+norman heatley
+1945
+dorothy crowfoot hodgkin
+immune modulation or augmentation
+antibacterial vaccines
+vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates
+phage therapy
+infecting pathogenic bacteria
+phages will infect `` good '' bacteria
+2
+seven
+2013
+fda
+economic incentives
+superbugs
+allan coukell ,
+polish and french
+romantic era
+solo piano
+duchy of warsaw
+20
+1810
+romantic era
+warsaw
+solo piano
+20
+17 october 1849
+fryderyk franciszek chopin
+solo piano
+romantic era
+1810
+warsaw
+20
+romantic
+1849
+21
+30
+1835
+majorca
+tuberculosis
+paris
+30
+franz liszt
+1835
+maria wodzińska
+21
+30
+1835
+jane stirling
+1835
+jane stirling
+tuberculosis
+piano
+instrumental ballade
+j . s . bach , mozart and schubert
+nuance and sensitivity
+paris salons
+piano
+instrumental ballade
+nuance and sensitivity
+j . s . bach , mozart and schubert
+polish
+piano
+polish
+nuance and sensitivity
+j . s . bach , mozart and schubert
+piano
+polish
+paris salons
+indirect
+his love life and his early death
+romantic era
+films and biographies
+france
+poland
+political insurrection
+romantic era
+france
+political insurrection
+romantic era
+żelazowa wola
+22 february 1810
+1 march
+fridericus franciscus
+29
+żelazowa wola
+napoleon
+22 february 1810
+1 march
+fridericus franciscus
+napoleon
+22 february 1810
+1 march
+fridericus franciscus
+żelazowa wola
+napoleon
+justyna krzyżanowska
+23 april 1810
+polish
+nicolas
+lorraine
+justyna krzyżanowska
+fryderyk skarbek
+ludwika
+nicolas
+lorraine
+ludwika
+october
+french
+the palace grounds
+flute and violin
+illnesses
+october 1810
+warsaw lyceum
+flute and violin
+piano
+six months
+french
+flute and violin
+piano
+saxon palace.
+wojciech żywny
+ludwika
+7
+two polonaises
+a polonaise in a -flat major of 1821
+wojciech żywny
+ludwika
+7
+1817
+1816 to 1821
+wojciech żywny
+ludwika
+7
+wojciech żywny
+1817
+warsaw university
+kazimierz palace
+belweder palace
+nasze przebiegi
+1817
+kazimierz palace
+grand duke constantine
+a march
+julian ursyn niemcewicz
+belweder palace
+grand duke constantine
+a march
+julian ursyn niemcewicz
+1823 to 1826
+józef elsner
+eolomelodicon
+alexander i
+10 june 1825
+wilhelm würfel
+józef elsner
+eolomelodicon
+diamond ring
+rondo op . 1
+wilhelm würfel
+józef elsner
+eolomelodicon
+a diamond ring.
+rondo op . 1.
+dominik dziewanowski
+szafarnia
+his family
+warsaw newspapers
+dominik dziewanowski
+polish rural folk music
+dominik dziewanowski
+the szafarnia courier
+szafarnia
+1827
+krakowskie przedmieście
+1830
+a museum
+ambroży mieroszewski
+1827
+1830
+boarding house for male students
+ambroży mieroszewski
+sister emilia
+1830
+chopin family parlour
+ambroży mieroszewski
+male
+jan matuszyński and julian fontana
+konstancja gładkowska
+tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszyński and julian fontana
+konstancja gładkowska
+piano concerto no . 1 -lrb -in e minor -rrb-
+july 1829
+jan matuszyński and julian fontana
+konstancja gładkowska
+tytus woyciechowski
+piano concerto no . 1 -lrb -in e minor -rrb-
+four
+feliks jarocki
+gaspare spontini
+prince antoni radziwiłł
+introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3
+september 1828
+feliks jarocki
+gaspare spontini
+prince antoni radziwiłł
+introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3
+1828
+feliks jarocki
+zoologist
+gaspare spontini
+1829
+souvenir de paganini
+august
+two
+17 march 1830
+souvenir de paganini
+vienna
+piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21
+september 1829
+accustomed to the piano -bashing of local artists
+niccolò paganini
+vienna
+two
+three
+2 november 1830
+austria
+1830
+zdzisław jachimecki
+zdzisław jachimecki
+woyciechowski
+italy
+the november 1830 uprising
+western europe
+woyciechowski
+1830
+`` i curse the moment of my departure . ''
+1831
+the polish great emigration
+french
+1835
+friends and confidants
+polish
+september 1831
+polish great emigration
+1835
+adam zamoyski
+poland
+france
+french
+adam zamoyski
+polish great emigration
+paris
+adam mickiewicz
+songs
+adam mickiewicz
+hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugène delacroix , and alfred de vigny
+adam mickiewicz
+principal of the polish literary society
+julian fontana
+albert grzymała
+elder brother
+julian fontana
+polish
+england
+england
+albert grzymała
+albert grzymała
+julian fontana
+warsaw conservatory
+robert schumann
+26 february 1832
+intimate keyboard technique
+his father
+robert schumann
+26 february 1832
+rothschild
+1831
+keyboard technique
+publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
+his own paris apartment for small groups of friends
+pianos
+salle pleyel
+hexameron
+maurice schlesinger
+adolphe gutmann
+apartment
+liszt and hiller
+maurice schlesinger
+felix mendelssohn
+playing and discussing music
+friedrich wilhelm schadow
+carlsbad
+the lower rhenish music festival
+hiller
+carlsbad
+july 1836
+countess wodzińska
+felix mendelssohn
+düsseldorf
+director of the academy of art
+maria
+woyciechowski
+herz , liszt , hiller
+liszt
+26 february 1832
+woyciechowski
+the salle pleyel
+38 rue de la chaussée -d 'antin
+a few blocks
+seven
+harriet smithson
+salle pleyel and the paris conservatory
+2 april 1833
+the beethoven memorial in bonn
+salle pleyel and the paris conservatory
+the hôtel de france on the rue lafitte
+seven
+harriet smithson
+love -hate relationship
+theatricality , showmanship and success
+an apology
+my friend liszt
+op . 10 études
+marie d 'agoult
+liszt
+liszt
+marie d 'agoult
+hiller
+george sand
+marie d 'agoult
+my tragedy
+grzymała
+george sand
+his poor health
+my tragedy
+marie d 'agoult
+1837
+my tragedy
+grzymała
+london
+his association with sand began in earnest
+six
+miserable
+valldemossa
+camille pleyel
+piano maker
+six years
+félicien mallefille
+a former carthusian monastery
+june 1838
+majorca
+sand 's two children
+félicien mallefille.
+a former carthusian monastery
+three
+piano
+best possible condition
+3
+december
+his bad health
+his pleyel piano
+december
+pleyel
+bad weather
+canuts
+marseilles
+nohant
+square d 'orléans
+the canuts
+marseilles
+nohant
+5 rue tronchet
+square d 'orléans
+the bad weather
+the canuts.
+marseilles
+square d 'orléans
+nohant
+berlioz 's grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
+tenth
+adolphe nourrit
+organ
+franz schubert 's lied die gestirne
+adolphe nourrit
+franz schubert 's lied die gestirne.
+berlioz 's grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
+the july revolution.
+polonaise in a -flat major , op . 53
+pauline viardot
+7 june 1842
+piano technique and composition
+delacroix and the mezzo -soprano pauline viardot
+piano technique and composition.
+delacroix
+1842
+grzymała
+beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard 's
+piano
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842
+beethoven seventh symphony arrangement
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+from 1842 onwards
+mouth and tonsils
+alkan
+charles hallé
+temporal lobe epilepsy.
+auguste clésinger
+radical political pursuits
+third child
+lucrezia floriani
+1847
+1846
+auguste clésinger
+lucrezia floriani
+auguste clésinger.
+nurse
+lucrezia floriani
+1847
+op . 58 sonata
+more refined than many of his earlier compositions
+a dozen
+six
+op . 58 sonata
+six
+six shorter pieces
+three mazurkas
+february 1848
+auguste franchomme
+february 1848
+auguste franchomme
+struggle financially.
+auguste franchomme
+cello
+bbc
+angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda
+the women behind the music
+bbc
+chopin – the women behind the music
+angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda
+angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda
+a song to remember
+cornel wilde
+1928
+hugh grant
+george sand
+a song to remember
+cornel wilde
+pierre blanchar
+hugh grant
+1901
+milan
+giacomo orefice
+chopin
+opera
+giacomo orefice
+1901.
+milan
+leon ulrich
+marcel proust and andré gide
+sonnet
+sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich
+1830
+english
+every five years.
+grand prix du disque de f . chopin
+the new york times
+the warsaw chopin society
+every five years.
+the new york times
+1895
+nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2
+paul pabst
+the british library
+1895
+methuen -campbell
+international chopin piano competition
+1927
+warsaw
+every five years
+1 ,500
+the international chopin piano competition
+1927
+the fryderyk chopin institute of poland
+nearly 1 ,500
+chopiniana
+michel fokine
+les sylphides
+alexander glazunov
+1909
+chopiniana
+michel fokine
+alexander glazunov.
+les sylphides.
+london
+jane stirling
+london
+jane stirling and her elder sister
+jane stirling
+revolution
+scottish
+dover street
+broadwood
+stafford house
+queen victoria and prince albert
+7 july
+dover street
+a grand piano.
+queen victoria and prince albert.
+piano lessons
+viardot
+scotland
+adam łyszczyński
+scotland
+glasgow
+will
+16 november 1848
+guildhall
+polish refugees.
+terminal
+london 's guildhall
+delfina potocka
+chaillot
+princess obreskoff
+november
+delfina potocka
+chaillot
+princess obreskoff.
+june 1849
+june 1849
+place vendôme 12
+his sister
+her husband and daughter
+jane stirling
+to faint
+fear of being buried alive
+`` no longer ''
+clésinger
+fear of being buried alive
+a cast of his left hand.
+tuberculosis
+jean cruveilhier
+dna testing
+tuberculosis
+jean cruveilhier
+cystic fibrosis
+the polish government.
+church of the madeleine
+two weeks
+over 3 ,000
+the church of the madeleine in paris
+two weeks
+over 3 ,000
+mozart 's requiem
+louis lefébure -wély
+prince adam czartoryski
+funeral march from chopin 's piano sonata no . 2
+mozart 's requiem
+louis lefébure -wély
+père lachaise cemetery
+prince adam czartoryski
+the funeral march from chopin 's piano sonata no . 2
+clésinger
+euterpe
+5 ,000 francs
+jane stirling
+alcohol
+clésinger.
+5 ,000 francs
+jane stirling
+sister
+sand
+over 230
+piano
+over 230
+chamber music.
+clementi
+clementi
+bach and mozart
+haydn
+john field
+ballades and scherzi
+nocturne
+ballades and scherzi
+concert étude
+liszt , clementi and moscheles
+seven
+nine
+mazurkas
+faster tempos
+greater range of melody and expression.
+concert hall
+the mazurka
+nine
+waltzes
+the revolutionary étude
+funeral march
+sonata no . 2
+one
+revolutionary étude
+minute waltz
+65
+julian fontana
+23
+17
+65
+julian fontana
+1857
+krystyna kobylańska
+1857
+alternative catalogue designations
+the kobylańska catalogue
+kk
+krystyna kobylańska.
+breitkopf & härtel
+jan ekier
+original publishers
+popular 19th -century piano anthologies.
+paderewski
+jan ekier
+improvisation
+the four -bar phrase
+improvisation
+nicholas temperley
+his flexible handling of the four -bar phrase as a structural unit.
+the barcarolle op . 60
+the four ballades and four scherzos
+departure and return
+folk features
+straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda.
+mazurkas
+drone bass
+a canon at one beat 's distance
+triple time
+elsner
+martial
+formidable
+21
+agitated expression
+field
+1833
+nocturnes
+études
+straightforward ternary
+études
+the well -tempered clavier
+kenneth hamilton
+the preludes
+j .s. bach 's the well -tempered clavier
+generic preludes to others of his pieces
+ferruccio busoni
+four
+kornel michałowski and jim samson
+four
+the last movement
+op . 58
+claude debussy
+harmonic innovations
+temperley
+independent finger technique
+léon escudier
+his projet de méthode
+karol szymanowski
+national modes and idioms
+nikolai zverev
+karol szymanowski
+alexander scriabin
+nikolai zverev
+jonathan bellman
+rigid procedures
+`` always crescendo to a high note ''
+hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
+berlioz
+hiller
+rubato
+the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
+rubato
+mazurkas
+friederike müller
+friederike müller
+rhythm.
+sense of nationalism
+1836
+poland
+the failure of the november 1830
+carolyne zu sayn -wittgenstein
+polonaises
+schumann
+flowers
+carolyne zu sayn -wittgenstein
+barbara milewski
+michał kleofas ogiński and franciszek lessel
+richard taruskin
+intuitive
+freedom
+europe and the new world
+byronic flamboyance
+liszt and henri herz
+paris
+arthur hutchings
+carnaval
+ballade no . 2 in f major
+six
+alkan
+qualities as a pianist and composer
+carnaval
+ballade no . 2 in f major
+liszt
+debussy
+jacques durand
+raoul koczalski
+chopin 's
+mainland chinese scholars
+horse trade
+1402–1424
+deshin shekpa
+the karma kagyu school
+nepal
+armed resistance
+the mongols
+the ganden phodrang
+1578
+the 9th century
+the yarlung rulers of tibet
+the borders between tibet and china
+tibet
+821
+907–960
+960–1279
+song dynasty
+the khitan
+jurchen
+genghis khan
+ögedei khan
+1229–1241
+ögedei khan
+godan
+sakya pandita
+töregene khatun
+1241–1246
+thirteen
+khagan
+ögedei khan
+karma pakshi
+the phagpa lama
+1279
+1271–1368
+the yuan dynasty
+universal rule
+china
+1358
+the mongols in tibet
+the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen
+the phagmodrupa dynasty
+zhu yuanzhang
+the red turban rebellion
+zhu yuanzhang
+1368–1398
+yuan officeholders
+rolpe dorje
+rolpe dorje
+the buddhist link between tibet and china
+disciples
+ming government
+1402–1424
+the yongle emperor
+1644–1912
+1739
+é -lì -sī army -civilian marshal office
+seventeen qianhu offices
+western tibet
+three
+tai situ changchub gyaltsen
+tai situ changchub gyaltsen
+turrell v . wylie
+tibet
+morris rossabi
+historian tsepon w . d . shakabpa
+wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain
+wang and nyima
+1371
+princes
+imperial edicts
+journalist and author thomas laird
+the british
+the government viewpoint of the people 's republic of china
+a mongol dynasty of china
+the line of mongol rulers in china
+a non -chinese polity
+rossabi
+1271 to 1368
+1311–1320
+a licensed border market
+the mongols and other ethnicities
+the ming
+the general of the ngari military and civil wanhu office
+ming dynasty 's ü -tsang commanding office
+beijing
+chen qingying
+1 ,000 households
+10 ,000 households
+john powers
+ruling lamas
+subordinates
+the tarim basin and oasis of turpan
+foreign officials
+education minister
+degsi
+phagmodrupa dynasty
+wang and nyima
+the tai situpa
+changchub gyaltsen
+van praag
+the university of washington
+all traces of mongol suzerainty
+sagya gyaincain
+the ming officer of hezhou
+jamyang shakya gyaltsen
+the ming officer of hezhou
+to the ming court
+the phagmodrupa
+1434
+1642
+hegemonies
+the karmapa kargyu
+mongol
+je tsongkhapa
+the ming yongle emperor
+tsongkhapa
+1407
+1413
+his disciple chosrje shākya yeshes
+1414
+dawa norbu
+eastern tibetan princes
+an army
+tibet
+yang sanbao
+tibet
+1413
+the allegiance of various tibetan princes
+to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states
+the ming court
+1430s
+the mingshi or the mingshi lu
+various lamas
+the phagmodru myriarchy
+melvyn c . goldstein
+1435–1565
+melvyn c . goldstein
+1565–1642
+1398–1402
+the buddhist monk yao guangxiao
+the hongwu emperor
+march 10 , 1403
+hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang
+to seek out the karmapa
+1407
+through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan
+1403
+nanjing
+the karmapa
+kublai
+the yongle emperor
+linggu temple
+nanjing
+great treasure prince of dharma
+religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects
+the mongols
+religious purposes
+to send a military force into tibet
+to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools
+deshin shekpa
+jianwen emperor
+deshin shekpa
+deshin shekpa 's miracles
+chinese communist historians
+buddhist artifacts
+josef kolmaš
+1435–1449
+the information office of the state council of the prc
+the karmapa
+great treasure prince of dharma
+after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the ming court
+the karmapa hierarchs
+1446
+1415
+the karmapa
+to facilitate trade with tibet
+tea , horses , and salt
+through sichuan and crossed shangri -la county in yunnan
+to secure urgently needed horses
+silk workshops
+tibetan buddhist
+the ming
+a mandatory `` corvée '' tax
+tibet
+altan khan
+the oirat mongol confederation 's hegemony
+the ming dynasty
+altan khan
+the 14th century
+november 1378
+30 ,000
+200 ,000
+ming general qu neng
+recovery of the ordos region
+the mongols
+ming china
+to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
+divide -and -rule
+after the sakya regime had fallen
+fifth karmapa
+many different tibetan lamas
+the phagmodrupa
+1498
+new years ceremonies and prayers
+1518
+1505–1521
+the company of lamas
+mikyö dorje
+chinese writers of the early 20th century
+china 's intervening ming dynasty
+the 13th century
+the 18th century
+the qing dynasty
+the chinese central government
+the tibetan lamas and mongol khans
+the republic of china and its communist successors
+the california academy of sciences in san francisco
+the mongols
+patron and priest relationship
+the 13th century
+the ming dynasty
+1981
+the ming
+the central government of china
+1521–1567
+the native chinese ideology of daoism
+the tibetan lamas
+yang tinghe
+yang tinghe
+jiajing
+neo -confucian establishment
+the portuguese embassy
+tibetan buddhism and lamas
+jiajing
+the kokonor region
+the ming chinese frontier
+the ming
+1571
+the third hierarch of the gelug—sönam gyatso
+the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice
+the mongol princes and subjects
+execution
+the dalai lama
+committed to their religious leader
+tümen khan
+the great -grandson of altan khan
+the 5th dalai lama
+in 1642
+sonam gyatso
+altan khan
+zhang juzheng
+zhang juzheng
+mongolia
+the third dalai lama
+pay tribute
+the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama
+the fifth dalai lama
+the fifth panchen lama
+master of vajradhara
+yonten gyatso
+1616
+yonten gyatso
+he died
+the mongols
+their old vassal of tibet
+1642
+the ming court
+1565
+karma phuntsok namgyal
+1611–1621
+the karmapa
+the fourth dalai lama
+the mongol prince güshi khan
+protector
+the gelugpas
+amdo
+1642
+lozang gyatso
+his conquest of tibet
+the dalai lama
+the regent sonam chöpel
+güshi khan
+the rebellion of li zicheng
+the dalai lama
+shunzhi
+the dzungar mongols
+the kangxi emperor
+1720
+1751
+1735–1796
+apple
+october 23 , 2001
+three
+portable media players
+touchscreen
+2001
+apple
+3
+shuffle
+2015
+data storage
+2 gb
+128 gb
+ipod shuffle
+ipod touch
+2 gb
+128 gb
+itunes
+apple macintosh and microsoft windows
+itunes
+one
+iphone
+ios 5
+2010
+`` music '' and `` videos ''
+a8
+sixth
+sixth
+2015
+a8
+5
+2001
+2004
+jon rubinstein
+braun t3 transistor radio
+5 gb
+2001
+5 gb
+the walkman
+jon rubinstein
+toshiba
+pixo
+chicago
+2007
+helvetica
+steve jobs
+portalplayer
+helvetica
+2006
+u2
+black
+video
+u2
+black
+2006
+burst .com
+kane kramer
+uk
+1981
+ixi
+burst .com
+ixi
+kane kramer
+vinnie chieco
+freelance copywriter
+2001: a space odyssey
+joseph n . grasso
+2005
+2001: a space odyssey
+vinnie chieco
+joseph n . grasso
+mid -2015
+pierre dandumont
+12.2
+12.2
+pierre dandumont
+weak bass response
+high -impedance
+external headphone amplifier
+bass
+undersized dc -blocking capacitors
+bass
+r&b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster
+clipping
+2006
+r&b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster
+hearing loss
+eu
+100 db
+france
+100 db
+france
+firewire
+power adapter
+firewire
+third generation
+30 -pin dock connector
+fifth
+fourth
+3 .5 mm minijack
+third generation
+shuffle
+firewire
+usb
+ipod hi -fi
+belkin and griffin
+dock connector
+paying royalties
+third parties
+ipod hi -fi
+lightning
+seventh generation ipod nano
+30
+8
+both sides
+lightning
+fifth generation
+ipod hi -fi
+nike+ipod pedometer
+griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation
+tv
+nike
+apple
+bmw
+2005
+scion
+bmw
+scion
+jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon
+fm
+audio input jacks
+fm transmitters
+audio input jacks
+united , continental , delta , and emirates
+individual seat -back displays
+klm and air france
+united , continental , delta , and emirates
+2007
+apple lossless
+ipod photo
+wma
+digital rights management
+mac os
+mp3 , aac/m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless
+ipod photo
+one
+library
+host computer
+five
+click wheel
+earphone cable
+touch screen
+iphone
+five
+shuffle
+iphone
+april 29 , 2003
+itunes
+october 12 , 2005
+september 12 , 2006
+2003
+2005
+2006
+aac
+five
+itunes plus
+january 6 , 2009
+april 2009
+aac
+fairplay
+itunes plus
+2009
+napster and msn music
+ipods
+drm
+universal music group
+itunes store
+2007
+the beat goes on ...
+september 5 , 2007
+2007
+iphone
+ipods
+brick
+steve wozniak
+parachute , solitaire , and music quiz
+easter egg
+brick
+parachute , solitaire , and music quiz
+2006
+itunes 7
+5th generation
+4th generation
+2006
+fifth
+namco , square enix , electronic arts , sega , and hudson soft
+video game handheld console market
+gamepro and egm
+ .ipg
+ .zip
+software development kit
+ios
+ .ipg
+ipod touch and iphone
+not
+itunes
+third -party
+itunes
+drm
+itunes 7
+hidden
+host
+manual
+2005
+patent infringement
+sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch
+ho keung tse
+advanced audio devices
+fairplay
+rotational user inputs
+august 2005
+creative technology
+zen patent
+united states international trade commission
+rotational user inputs
+creative technology
+august 24 , 2006
+ $100 million
+made for ipod
+ $100 million
+the made for ipod program
+90 %
+2004
+72 .7 %
+bloomberg online
+90 %
+70 %
+74 %
+january 8 , 2004
+hewlett -packard
+wal -mart
+5 %
+unfavorable
+hp
+hundred million
+32 %
+mac computers
+ $5 .2 billion
+2007
+32 %
+ $6 .22 billion
+19 .22 %
+ $3 .5 billion
+ $15 .4 billion
+ $3 .5 billion
+january 22 , 2008
+ $1 .58 billion
+21 %
+42 %
+peter oppenheimer
+2009
+14 .21 %
+220 million
+2013
+fourth
+favorable
+sony ericsson and nokia
+wma
+pc world
+sony ericsson and nokia
+pc world
+business
+communication and training
+royal and western infirmaries
+glasgow , scotland
+duke
+entertainment weekly
+duke
+entertainment weekly
+the album era
+music industry
+digital music storage
+the album era
+14 hours
+mp3 .com
+2003
+battery life
+8 hours
+third -party vendors
+refurbished replacement ipod
+lithium -ion
+batteries
+lithium -ion
+battery replacement program
+ $99
+soldering tools
+fifth generation
+2003
+ $99
+nano
+battery
+apple product replacement program
+short life -span and fragile hard drives
+macintouch
+13 .7 %
+late 2005
+protective sleeves
+flash memory
+screen
+the mail on sunday
+apple 's code of conduct
+25
+the mail
+35 %
+verité
+electronic industry code of conduct implementation group
+foxconn
+longhua , shenzhen
+foxconn
+verité
+2006
+2010
+apple prototype
+2010
+innovation
+hfs+
+fat32
+action -adventure
+gamecube and wii
+november 2006
+december 2006
+nintendo
+2005
+2006
+link
+hyrule
+midna
+link
+midna
+the wind waker
+game of the year
+nintendo selects
+march 2016
+twilight princess
+several
+2006
+2016
+combat , exploration , and item collection
+ocarina of time
+l -targeting
+sword
+clawshot
+action -adventure
+ocarina of time
+sword and shield
+l -targeting
+one
+on -screen display
+on the ground
+context -sensitive button mechanic
+on -screen display
+wii remote
+chime
+wii remote
+nunchuk
+two
+motion
+wii remote
+nine
+enemies
+overworld
+epona
+puzzles
+boss
+overworld
+wolf
+biting
+poes
+midna
+human
+wolf
+small imp -like creature
+enemy ghosts
+artificial intelligence
+the wind waker
+react
+artificial intelligence
+link
+nods and facial expressions
+midna
+akiko kōmoto
+japan
+grunts
+nods and facial expressions
+midna
+akiko kōmoto
+ranch hand
+children
+midna
+tears of light
+ordon village
+bulblins
+tears of light
+fused shadows
+zant
+master sword
+zelda
+lanayru
+fused shadows
+zant
+master sword
+zelda
+shadow crystal
+mirror of twilight
+ganondorf
+hyrule castle
+zelda 's
+shadow crystal
+gerudo desert
+midna
+ganondorf
+beast
+helmet
+ordon village
+zelda
+chest
+light spirits
+link and zelda
+midna 's helmet
+mirror of twilight
+2003
+game developers conference
+north american
+horseback combat
+2003
+eiji aonuma
+horseback combat
+four
+electronic entertainment expo 2004
+nintendo ds
+phantom hourglass
+2004
+rabbit
+the minish cap
+revolution
+miyamoto
+mitsuhiro takano
+wii remote
+pointing -based
+2005
+satoru iwata
+2005
+gamecube
+e3 2005
+wii
+at e3 2005
+swinging gesture
+ngc magazine
+wii controller
+2006
+a month
+ngc magazine
+e3 2006
+control scheme
+sword
+e3 attendees
+right
+comfort and ease
+toru minegishi and asuka ohta
+koji kondo
+michiru ōshima
+koji kondo
+michiru ōshima
+yasuzo takemoto
+live
+50
+november 19 , 2006
+nintendo power
+media
+november 19 , 2006
+soundtrack
+buffer overflow vulnerability
+executable and linkable format
+4.0
+twilight hack
+3 .3 and 3.4
+4.0
+tantalus media
+wii u
+november 12 , 2015
+march 5 , 2016
+the legend of zelda: twilight princess hd
+tantalus media
+amiibo
+march 4 , 2016
+wolf link amiibo figurine
+link and toon link
+zelda and sheik
+ganondorf
+cave of shadows
+wolf link amiibo
+cave of shadows
+link and toon
+zelda and sheik
+gamestop
+20
+japan , europe , and australia
+cd
+perfect
+gamerankings and metacritic
+gametrailers
+universal critical acclaim
+perfect
+95
+gametrailers
+ign and gamespy
+jeff gerstmann
+gamespot
+javier glickman
+hyper
+ign and gamespy
+gaming nexus
+javier glickman
+gamecube
+16th
+4th
+third
+ign and nintendo power
+best console game
+16th
+4th
+pal
+5 .82 million
+1 .32 million
+pal region
+5 .82 million
+1 .32 million
+akira himekawa
+japan
+shogakukan
+mobile
+eon productions
+daniel craig
+james bond
+skyfall
+ $245
+twenty -four
+spectre
+four
+metro -goldwyn -mayer and columbia pictures
+sam mendes
+spectre
+diamonds are forever
+m , q and eve moneypenny
+dave bautista
+lucia sciarra
+m , q and eve moneypenny
+léa seydoux
+dave bautista
+1971
+26 october 2015
+royal albert hall in london
+6 november 2015
+action sequences and cinematography
+best original song
+skyfall
+writing 's on the wall
+day of the dead
+m
+c
+nine eyes
+garreth mallory
+day of the dead
+mi5 and mi6
+his ring
+rome
+spectre
+franz oberhauser
+assassin
+moneypenny
+rome
+franz oberhauser
+mr . hinx
+franz oberhauser
+thallium poisoning
+dr . madeline swann
+commits suicide
+hoffler klinik
+tangier
+thallium poisoning.
+his daughter , dr . madeline swann
+tangier.
+hinx.
+train
+hannes
+ernst stavro blofeld
+ernst stavro blofeld
+the old mi6 building
+blofeld
+westminster bridge
+c
+q
+c
+special executive for counter -intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion
+ian fleming and kevin mcclory
+1963
+never say never again
+warhead 2000 a .d.
+1963
+never say never again
+thunderball.
+mgm
+spectre
+eon productions
+2013
+mgm
+spectre
+danjaq
+sony pictures entertainment
+hackers
+john logan
+eon productions
+november 2014
+john logan
+eon productions
+christoph waltz
+1983
+neal purvis and robert wade
+quantum
+octopussy
+charmian bond
+octopussy
+christoph waltz.
+quantum of solace
+spectre
+hildebrand rarities and antiques
+kingsley amis
+the hildebrand rarity
+for your eyes only
+blofeld
+hildebrand rarities and antiques
+december 2014
+ralph fiennes
+naomie harris
+ben whishaw
+rory kinnear
+four
+rory kinnear
+ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw
+franz oberhauser
+ernst stavro blofeld
+bérénice lim marlohe
+quantum of solace
+fifty
+bérénice lim marlohe
+quantum of solace.
+fifteen hundred
+alessandro cremona
+stephanie sigman
+february 2015
+mexico
+austria.
+alessandro cremona
+estrella
+john glen
+dennis gassner
+roger deakins
+skyfall and spectre
+spectre
+spectre
+john glen
+six
+london , mexico city and rome
+kodak 35 mm
+pinewood studios
+seven months.
+kodak 35 mm film stock
+pinewood studios
+december 2014
+february 2015
+ice q restaurant
+knee
+ice q restaurant
+austrian alps.
+rettenbach glacier
+ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum
+williams
+jaguar
+four
+blenheim palace in oxfordshire
+the ponte sisto bridge
+aston martin db10 and a jaguar c -x75
+williams
+jaguar.
+mexico city
+day of the dead
+the zócalo and the centro histórico district
+1 ,500
+palenque
+the day of the dead festival
+a messerschmitt -bölkow -blohm bo 105 helicopter
+zócalo and the centro histórico district
+new york
+22 april
+new york
+westminster and lambeth bridges
+london fire brigade
+thames
+vauxhall cross
+westminster and lambeth bridges
+the london fire brigade
+covent garden.
+night
+oujda , tangier and erfoud
+largest film stunt explosion
+chris corbould
+128 days
+morocco
+largest film stunt explosion
+128 days.
+chris corbould
+ $20 million
+michael g . wilson
+india
+istanbul
+thomas newman
+23 october 2015
+decca records
+thomas newman
+decca records
+during filming.
+july 2015
+writing 's on the wall
+one
+demo
+sam smith
+25 september 2015
+skyfall
+shirley bassey
+radiohead
+adele
+shirley bassey
+radiohead
+aston martin and eon
+10
+williams f1
+promotional work
+10
+007
+clapperboards
+skyfall
+eon 's official social media accounts.
+skyfall
+comic relief 's red nose day
+bbc one
+july
+march 2015
+comic relief 's red nose day
+david walliams and the dawson brothers
+royal albert hall
+26 october 2015
+skyfall
+mission: impossible – rogue nation
+spectre.
+ $879 .3 million
+ $199 .8 million
+ $138 .1 million
+£41 .7 million -lrb - $63 .8 million -rrb-
+harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban
+avatar
+ $9 .2 million
+harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban
+avatar
+the dark knight
+paris
+4 %
+spider -man 3
+ $8 .2 million
+spider -man 3
+minions
+374
+ $70 .4 million
+ $5 .25
+skyfall
+374
+thursday
+12 november
+198 %
+75 %
+ $84 .7 million
+mission: impossible – rogue nation
+ $84 .7 million
+60 out of 100
+48
+64 %
+audiences
+64
+60 out of 100
+robbie collin
+ign
+four out of five stars
+four out of five
+scott mendelson
+mick lasalle
+75
+skyfall
+christopher orr
+bored
+the washington post
+bored , james bored
+indian central board of film certification
+twitter.
+craig
+spring 2016
+spring 2016.
+2008
+the great sichuan earthquake
+69 ,197
+2008
+8 .0 ms and 7 .9 mw
+may 12
+02:28:01 pm china standard time
+69 ,197
+beijing and shanghai
+19 km
+months after
+the wenchuan earthquake
+wenchuan county , sichuan
+80 kilometres
+19 km
+69 ,197
+68 ,636
+4 .8 million
+15 million
+1 trillion rmb
+68 ,636
+374 ,176
+18 ,222
+4 .8 million
+11 million
+wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture
+2 minutes
+80 %
+8 .0 ms and 7 .9 mw
+2 minutes
+almost 80 %
+longmenshan fault
+along the border of the indo -australian plate and eurasian plate
+120 sec
+10 km
+longmenshan fault
+yingxiu -beichuan fracture
+first 80 sec.
+9 meters
+april 30 , 2008
+1972
+written report
+significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture
+around may 8
+droughts
+reports predicting the earthquake
+up to 9 meters
+tom parsons
+9 meters
+240 km long
+20 km deep
+northeastern and southwestern ends
+high risk
+6 ,000 people
+in two stages
+longmenshan fault
+shallowness of the epicenter
+30 times
+firmness of the terrain
+between 64 and 104
+within 72 hours of the main quake.
+on august 5 , 2008
+between 64 and 104
+42 ,719
+6 .4 ms
+246
+august 5 , 2008
+august 30 , 2008
+southern sichuan
+because it was caused by a different fault.
+2008 panzhihua earthquake
+southern sichuan
+ms 6.1
+panzhihua earthquake
+cea
+xi
+very destructive
+very disastrous
+yingxiu , wenchuan
+the eastern border of the tibetan plateau
+3 .5 metres
+3 metres
+2 metres
+2 .3 metres
+tibetan plateau
+longmen shan fault system
+3 .5 metres
+3 .5 metres
+4 .8 metres
+shanghai 's financial district
+calm
+10 minutes
+chengdu shuangliu international airport
+may 12
+evacuated
+chengdu shuangliu international airport
+disruption in air traffic services
+relief operations
+in chengdu
+beijing
+hui county , gansu
+caught on fire
+cracks on walls
+office towers
+venues
+hui county , gansu
+rail was distorted
+all of the highways
+80 %
+dujiangyan
+60
+all of the highways
+delayed arrival
+80 %
+two chemical plants
+fewer than 60
+southwestern china
+copper
+oil
+suspended trading
+southwestern china
+copper
+shenzhen stock exchange
+mobile and terrestrial
+internet
+months
+telecommunications
+sichuan area
+the government
+news and media websites
+major news and media
+2 ,300
+more than 700
+2 ,300
+traffic congestion
+half
+china unicom
+700
+the wolong national nature reserve
+around 280
+31
+2
+wolong national nature reserve
+six
+five
+mao mao
+hydropower plant
+20 km east
+2 ,000
+391
+zipingpu hydropower plant
+20 km
+less severe
+tulong reservoir
+391
+69 ,180
+68 ,636
+18 ,498
+374 ,176
+158
+68 ,636
+69 ,180
+18 ,498
+374 ,176
+tried to repair roads
+2 ,300
+in wenchuan
+9 ,000
+3 ,000 to 5 ,000
+10 ,000
+2 ,300
+about 9 ,000
+3 ,000 to 5 ,000
+10 ,000
+eight schools
+health care
+gao qiang
+public health care system in china is insufficient
+neglected and untouched
+inland areas
+insufficient
+medical treatment
+thousands
+seven
+1 ,700
+7 ,000
+700
+shoddy construction
+seven
+1 ,700
+7 ,000
+600
+december 2008
+may 7 , 2009
+5 ,335
+546
+may 7 , 2009
+ai weiwei
+5 ,335
+546
+fertility clinics
+5 million
+11 million
+12 .5 million
+1 million
+at least 5 million
+11 million
+12 .5 million animals
+a million
+reginald desroches
+professor of civil and environmental engineering
+1976
+tangshan earthquake
+an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region
+make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
+team of engineers
+survey of damaged buildings
+variety of reasons
+the poorer , rural villages
+swaminathan krishnan
+rural part
+not designed
+very strong
+regulations
+ $75 billion
+minor damage
+us $75 billion
+chinese history
+five largest cities
+420 ,000
+6 .0 mw
+1000
+more than 420 ,000
+63
+qingchuan , sichuan
+wei hong
+200 ,000
+1 .94 million
+1 ,300
+wei hong
+90 ,000
+200 ,000
+685 ,000
+1 .94 million
+premier wen jiabao
+geomechanics
+the rescue work
+50 ,000
+90 minutes after
+ten
+50 ,000
+proximity of the quake 's epicenter
+level ii emergency contingency plan
+the most serious class of natural disasters
+at 22:15 cst , may 12
+level ii emergency
+most serious
+level ii
+national disaster relief commission
+184
+12
+150
+22
+earthquake emergency relief
+184
+150
+armed police general hospital
+in two military transport planes
+a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer
+book blade
+china digital times
+book blade
+children 's day
+living in relief centres
+performed ceremonies
+rubble of schools
+june 1
+in relief centres
+more than $48 .6 million
+10 million yuan
+48 .6 million
+10 million yuan each
+ $457 million
+19 countries
+four
+saudi arabia
+€40 ,000 ,000
+83 million
+saudi arabia
+four
+a counterpart support plan
+3 years
+counterpart support plan
+one province to one affected county
+3 years
+one percent
+that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture
+zipingpu dam
+25 times more
+the government
+seismically active
+access to seismological and geological data
+opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions
+the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake
+time prediction method
+statistics
+that earthquake prediction was a global issue
+no proven methods exist
+a global issue
+no prediction notification
+did not see anything
+in 2002
+chen xuezhong
+chen xuezhong
+2002
+over 7.0
+over 30 years
+30 years
+no consensus
+statistics
+earthquake prediction
+the taipei fire department
+over 300
+the traffic problem
+donating cash
+landslides
+tibetan village of sier
+landslides
+20
+15 ,600
+around 3 ,000
+15
+heavy rain and landslides
+20
+15 ,600
+around 3 ,000
+around 9 ,000
+the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters
+60
+30
+over 150
+over 150
+60
+civil aviation industry
+non -combat airlifting
+the tzu chi foundation
+taiwan
+late on may 13
+tzu chi foundation
+international help
+cope with the quake
+china airlines
+may 15
+may 16
+chartered cargo flight
+taiwan taoyuan international airport
+chengdu
+rescue team
+chengdu
+satellite images of the quake -stricken areas
+chinese authorities
+135 ,000
+may 16
+satellite images
+tents and generators
+135 ,000
+the internet
+an online rescue request center
+to find the blind spots of disaster recovery
+wenchuan
+the internet
+news agency xinhua
+a student
+contact information
+may 31
+a moment of silence
+the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat
+three days
+a moment of silence
+earthquake relic museum
+several concerts
+the terrible disaster
+blood
+china unicom and china mobile
+all over mainland china
+donated blood
+booths
+text messaging
+ $772 million
+557
+2 ,500
+788 ,000 yuan
+wenchuan county
+30 ,000
+red cross society of china
+us $143 ,000
+30 ,000
+those left homeless
+the amity foundation
+7 ,000
+tofu -dregs schoolhouses
+inadequately engineered
+over 7 ,000
+tofu -dregs schoolhouses
+legal replacements
+four -hour program called the giving of love
+bai yansong
+donations of the evening totalled 1 .5 billion chinese yuan
+ $1 .57 million
+promise
+the giving of love
+us $208 million
+cctv
+1 .57 million
+promise
+this is the first time -lsb -that -rsb - the chinese media has lived up to international standards
+foreign aid
+up to international standards
+los angeles times
+1976 tangshan earthquake
+quake lakes
+34
+28
+7.9
+large landslides
+quake lakes
+34
+entire villages
+mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan
+by foot or air
+tractors
+200 ,000
+the dam bursting
+mount tangjia
+beichuan county , sichuan
+1 ,200
+the state council
+national mourning
+mao zedong
+may 19 , 2008
+cars and trucks
+three -day period
+olympic torch relay
+ningbo
+beijing olympic torch relay
+in ningbo
+the route
+ruijin , jiangxi
+black and white
+all advertisements
+various gaming sites
+burst out cheering
+casinos
+ye zhiping
+proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 ,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened
+2 ,323
+400 ,000 yuan
+ye zhiping
+sangzao
+an county
+three -year period
+to gain first -hand material of construction quality
+safety checks
+chinese prosecutors
+professional crime
+schools across china
+reuters
+money
+riot police
+government officials
+limit protests
+money
+were threatened
+on school collapses
+liu shaokun
+that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+sichuan school teacher
+crime of inciting subversion
+put them online
+in a media interview
+one year of re -education
+in 2007
+january 2010
+massive casualties
+that china formally requested the support of the international community
+condolences and assistance
+may 14
+unicef
+magnitude of the quake
+ $214 ,000 and $71 ,000
+ $26 million
+10 .7 billion yuan
+the chinese public
+yao ming
+26 million
+swift and very efficient
+openness
+secretive
+10 days
+international federation of the red cross
+live earthquake footage
+cctv-1
+programmes suspended
+myanmar
+school construction scandal
+response to the quake
+cutting corners
+any reports
+poorly built schools
+state -controlled media
+propaganda bureau
+the ap
+builders cut corners
+thin iron wires
+supervising agencies
+corrupt government officials
+many families
+threat of arrest
+the times
+their only child
+new york
+new york
+new york
+new york
+new york city
+new york city
+five
+1898
+8 ,491 ,079
+305
+23 .6 million
+five
+brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island
+1898
+8 ,491 ,079
+800
+new amsterdam
+the dutch republic
+1790
+1664
+1790
+1624
+1626
+1664
+1790
+56 million
+469
+manhattan
+120
+new york stock exchange and nasdaq
+staten island
+the wisconsinan glaciation
+ice sheet
+lenapehoking
+1524
+giovanni da verrazzano
+la dauphine
+france
+nouvelle angoulême
+1524
+la dauphine
+france
+1525
+estêvão gomes
+portuguese
+charles v
+la anunciada
+rio de san antonio
+padrón real
+henry hudson
+dutch east india company
+1614
+ten
+north river
+dutch east india company
+1614
+henry hudson
+santo domingo
+jan rodrigues
+trader
+juan rodriguez way
+winter
+juan rodriguez
+broadway , from 159th street to 218th street
+governors island
+manhattan island
+1625
+peter minuit
+1626
+1624
+1625
+glass beads
+new york
+james ii
+peter stuyvesant
+director -general
+1664
+peter stuyvesant
+william iii
+august 24 , 1673
+new orange
+1674
+anthonio colve
+england
+king william iii
+second anglo -dutch war
+200
+run
+200
+second anglo -dutch war
+42 %
+charleston , south carolina
+foley square
+courthouse
+charleston , south carolina
+1990s
+1735
+manhattan
+1754
+george ii
+king 's college
+john peter zenger
+1754
+new york
+battle of long island
+brooklyn
+august 1776
+10 ,000
+1783
+the battle of long island
+brooklyn
+1783
+september 11 , 1776
+lord howe
+great fire of new york
+manhattan
+trinity church
+lord howe
+the great fire of new york
+1785
+george washington
+federal hall
+wall street
+philadelphia
+congress of the confederation
+capital
+1789
+1790
+1799
+manhattan
+alexander hamilton
+1827
+16 ,000
+1799
+1827
+commissioners ' plan
+1825
+tammany hall
+irish
+1825
+central park
+1857
+first landscaped
+great irish famine
+200 ,000
+a quarter
+25 %
+revolutions
+great irish famine
+over 200 ,000
+fernando wood
+ $300
+irish
+120
+10 ,000
+colored orphan asylum
+1898
+1904
+the bronx
+1904
+1904
+1 ,021
+triangle shirtwaist factory
+146
+international ladies ' garment workers ' union
+triangle shirtwaist factory fire
+36 ,620
+harlem renaissance
+36 ,620
+london
+megacity
+fiorello la guardia
+eighty
+megacity
+1952
+paris
+abstract expressionism
+united nations
+the stonewall inn
+greenwich village
+june 28 , 1969
+manhattan
+a police raid
+stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan
+2000
+2010
+silicon alley
+1990s
+1970s
+1970s
+american airlines flight 11
+united airlines flight 175
+343
+july 19 , 1909
+541.3
+1909
+10
+american airlines flight 11
+september 17 , 2011
+zuccotti park
+manhattan
+financial district
+september 17 , 2011
+william f . buckley , jr.
+1955
+donald trump
+republican
+northeastern
+southeastern
+boston
+atlantic
+hudson river
+hudson
+atlantic ocean
+long island , manhattan , and staten island.
+new jersey
+harlem river
+bronx river
+new york bay
+troy , new york
+new jersey
+the bronx river
+the harlem river
+battery park city
+468.9
+164.1
+304.8
+todt hill
+staten island
+468.9
+164.1
+304.8
+todt hill
+409.8
+pieter claesen wyckoff house
+brooklyn
+one world trade center
+manhattan
+1656
+one world trade center
+5 ,937
+hong kong
+550
+1913
+50
+hong kong
+550
+1931
+art deco
+61st
+seagram building
+american institute of architects
+eagles
+1931
+1930
+the bronx
+brooklyn
+queens
+1930
+victorian
+brownstone rowhouses
+the great fire of 1835
+six
+jackson heights
+stone and brick
+wooden roof -mounted water towers
+july 2014
+four
+five
+brooklyn , queens , manhattan , and the bronx
+humid subtropical
+234
+2 ,535
+humid continental
+january
+humid subtropical
+234
+usda 7b
+appalachians
+0.3
+72 %
+17
+july 9 , 1936
+106
+1934
+1936
+1 ,270
+66
+october 29 , 2012
+49.9
+hurricane sandy
+25.8
+new york city department of parks and recreation
+new york state office of parks , recreation and historic preservation
+national park service
+minneapolis
+new york city
+minneapolis
+10 ,521 .83
+9 ,000
+fort tilden
+jacob riis park
+jamaica bay
+over 26 ,000
+national park service
+grant 's tomb
+greenwich village
+gay rights movement
+national park service
+new jersey
+new jersey
+stonewall inn
+grant 's tomb
+seven
+28
+21
+seven
+69 feet
+28 ,000
+14
+pelham bay park
+1 ,093
+over 28 ,000
+14
+pelham bay park
+2 ,700
+fort hamilton
+1825
+brooklyn
+north atlantic division
+1179th transportation brigade
+fort hamilton
+1825
+brooklyn
+queens
+8 ,491 ,079
+los angeles
+316 ,000
+40 %
+40 %
+8 ,491 ,079
+los angeles
+40
+27 ,858
+27 ,673
+hudson county
+44 %
+25 .5 %
+asians
+28 .6 %
+3
+44
+the civil war
+asians
+25.5
+12 million
+lower east side
+germans
+92 %
+irish
+more than 12 million
+92
+37 %
+dominican republic
+74 ,000
+china
+37
+queens
+manhattan
+6 .3 %
+queens
+0 .3 %
+2 .7 million
+550 ,000
+201 ,000
+65 ,000
+the bronx
+2 .7 million
+20 million
+1 .5 million
+20 %
+4 .8 million
+6
+1 .3 million
+the dominican republic
+egypt
+el salvador
+ecuador
+568 ,903
+june 24 , 2011
+30
+568 ,903
+june 24 , 2011
+30
+59 %
+33 %
+1 .1 million
+brooklyn
+islam
+christianity
+judaism
+brooklyn
+24
+islam
+0.5
+manhattan
+michael r . bloomberg
+4 .6 %
+ $2 ,749
+2 ,749
+new york city
+silicon alley
+the atlantic
+2014
+2012
+one out of ten
+fdi magazine
+us $914 .8 billion
+us $1 .1 billion
+ $1 ,589
+ $15 ,887
+six
+time warner center
+660 madison avenue
+madison avenue
+180 ,000
+ $11 billion
+omnicom group
+180 ,000
+omnicom group and interpublic group
+19 ,000
+us $5 billion
+brooklyn
+us $234 million
+brooklyn
+manhattan
+chocolate
+chocolate
+godiva
+163 ,400
+5
+us $3 .8 billion
+us $360 ,700
+22
+the city 's securities
+wall street
+165 broadway
+ $40 billion
+19 %
+british bankers association
+wall street
+165 broadway
+46 .5 million
+400
+500 million square feet
+manhattan
+140 west street
+us $3 billion
+300 ,000
+300 ,000
+technion -israel institute of technology
+us $2 billion
+roosevelt island
+us $30 million
+65 ,000
+cornell tech
+51 million
+54 million
+56 .4 million
+us $61 .3 billion
+56 .4 million
+54 million
+i love new york
+1977
+new york state empire state development
+i love new york
+1977
+i love new york
+greenwich village
+macy 's
+rockefeller center
+summerstage
+queens
+90 ,000
+10 %
+anbang insurance group
+us $1 .95 billion
+waldorf astoria new york
+90 ,000
+anbang insurance group
+1 .95 billion
+200
+130 ,000
+ $7 .1 billion
+los angeles
+sony music entertainment
+new york city
+seven
+25 ,000
+the new york times
+the wall street journal
+1919
+alexander hamilton
+more than 200
+350
+2
+the wall street journal and the new york times
+1919
+cbs
+nyctv
+comedy central
+fox news
+manhattan neighborhood network
+1971
+wnet
+wnyc
+1997
+manhattan neighborhood network
+1971
+wnyc
+new york city department of education
+1 .1 million
+1 ,700
+nine
+1 .1 million
+nine
+new york city charter school center
+900
+half million
+three out of five
+one out of four
+24
+600 ,000
+the new york public library
+queens borough public library
+queens borough public library
+brooklyn public library
+manhattan
+new york city health and hospitals corporation
+11
+ $6 .7 billion
+1 .4 million
+475 ,000
+1969
+five
+bellevue hospital
+ramanathan raju
+bellevue hospital
+bellevue hospital
+ramanathan raju , md
+illinois
+ceo
+35 ,000
+new york 's finest
+new york city police department
+35 ,000
+new york 's finest
+328
+75 %
+provo , utah
+2007
+328
+95 .9 %
+forty thieves and the roach guards
+the five families
+the five points
+the black spades
+tokyo fire department
+the new york city fire department
+new york 's bravest
+new york city fire department
+tokyo
+11 ,080
+3 ,300
+new york 's bravest
+subway systems
+brush fires
+9 metrotech center
+randalls island
+brooklyn
+9 metrotech center
+brooklyn
+randalls island
+11 metrotech center
+1940s
+1970s
+the harlem renaissance
+jazz
+abstract expressionism
+hip hop
+new york city
+new york fashion week
+the new york school
+new york fashion week
+the global language monitor
+1880s
+500
+42nd street
+harrigan
+2 ,000
+electric lighting
+12 .21 million
+the great white way
+us $1 .27 billion
+11 .4 %
+12 .21 million
+11 .57 million
+24 ,000
+4 ,000
+24 ,000
+new york city department of health and mental hygiene
+one thousand
+1882
+metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field
+the original yankee stadium and ebbets field
+1882
+major league soccer
+five
+forty
+baseball
+35
+baseball
+two
+35
+73
+two
+14
+subway series
+metlife stadium
+2014
+new york giants
+metlife stadium
+east rutherford , new jersey
+super bowl xlviii
+2014
+the new york islanders and the new york rangers
+newark
+newark , new jersey
+hockey
+new york islanders
+the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks
+new york liberty
+1938
+new york liberty
+national invitation tournament
+1938
+new york knicks
+queens
+millrose games
+belmont stakes
+1930 and 1939
+madison square garden
+queens
+united states open tennis championships
+37 ,866
+millrose games
+madison square garden
+stickball
+stickball boulevard
+the bronx
+new york city subway system
+469
+grand central station
+1 .75 billion
+grand central station
+38.4
+54.6
+22
+54 .6 %
+90 %
+38.4
+52 %
+22 %
+port authority bus terminal
+7 ,000
+200 ,000
+port authority bus terminal
+john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport
+newark liberty international airport
+john f . kennedy international airport
+newburgh , new york
+109 million
+the staten island ferry
+24
+8.4
+manhattan
+20 million
+the george washington bridge
+the verrazano -narrows bridge
+the brooklyn bridge
+1903
+george washington bridge
+bergen
+verrazano -narrows bridge
+neo -gothic
+1903
+the lincoln tunnel
+1927
+1940
+president franklin d . roosevelt
+120 ,000
+hudson river
+manhattan
+jersey city
+franklin d . roosevelt
+200 ,000
+200 ,000
+21 %
+citibank
+quinnipiac university
+walk score
+catskill mountains watershed
+catskill mountains
+us $3 .2 billion
+290 million gallons
+20 %
+north
+51
+three
+four -year
+51
+three
+the city record
+four
+democrats
+67
+barack obama
+1924
+calvin coolidge
+democratic party
+67 %
+1924
+five
+republican
+43 ,523
+roosevelt island
+127
+225 ,000
+one million
+five million
+one -fifth
+one third
+lead
+crack
+tom wolfe
+the national library of australia
+baruch college
+iceland
+manhattan
+upper west side
+union square
+new york university
+central park
+fifth avenue
+manhattan
+1959
+2012
+upper east side
+brooklynese
+all in the family
+carroll o 'connor
+new yawk
+new york city fc
+yankee stadium
+harrison , new jersey
+pelé
+hofstra university
+two -thirds
+20
+250
+jfk international airport
+pennsylvania station
+manhattan
+three
+patco speedline
+copenhagen metro
+port authority trans -hudson
+the second avenue subway
+12 ,000
+manhattan island
+the theater
+finance
+advertising
+seventh avenue
+rush hour
+southwestern
+northern
+long island
+the west end
+staten island
+structural expressionism
+cantilever
+3 ,715
+28 %
+80 %
+hearst tower
+massachusetts v . environmental protection agency
+6
+110 ,000
+the greenpoint oil spill
+mayor -council
+1898
+second
+manhattan
+executive
+manhattan
+the eastern district of new york
+foley square
+the district court for the eastern district of new york
+manhattan
+manhattan
+10021
+83
+ $11 billion
+ $11 .4 billion
+new york city global partners
+2006
+1960
+pulitzer prize
+harper lee
+harper lee
+1960
+her family and neighbors
+united states
+southern gothic novel
+racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
+deep south
+racial epithets
+mary mcdonough murphy
+2006
+1962
+1990
+robert mulligan
+bible
+horton foote
+robert mulligan
+monroeville , alabama
+february 2016
+go set a watchman
+go set a watchman
+july 14 , 2015
+february 2016
+truman capote
+1950
+reservation clerk
+alabama
+1926
+truman capote
+huntingdon college
+university of alabama
+j . b . lippincott
+go set a watchman
+tay hohoff
+therese von hohoff torrey
+mental illness
+lawyer
+her father
+july 11 , 1960
+over two and a half years
+reader 's digest condensed books
+maycomb , alabama
+three
+two
+dill
+maycomb , alabama
+the great depression
+jean louise finch -lrb -scout -rrb-
+mayella ewell
+tom robinson
+scout , jem , and dill
+jem and scout
+balcony
+the colored balcony
+shot and killed
+jem and scout
+halloween pageant
+boo radley
+bob ewell
+boo radley
+sheriff tate
+fell on his own knife
+autobiography
+1919
+25
+editor and publisher
+next door
+1960
+in cold blood
+truman capote
+old underwood typewriter
+apart people
+10
+walter lett
+emmett till
+civil rights movement
+display southern prejudices
+emmett till
+satire and irony
+parody , satire , and irony
+church basement
+calpurnia
+distracted and embarrassed
+ham costume
+southern gothic and coming -of -age or bildungsroman novel
+gothic
+atticus
+miss maudie
+separations of race and class
+1955
+race relations
+white
+shot seventeen times
+death
+poor white farmers
+seventeen
+a rabid dog
+fight against the town 's racism
+calpurnia
+aunt alexandra
+walter cunningham
+jane austen
+individual worth
+poor
+gender and class
+people 's motives and behavior
+morphine
+atticus
+courage
+charles shields
+charles shields
+human dignity and respect for others
+mayella ewell
+calpurnia and miss maudie
+calpurnia and miss maudie
+mrs . dubose
+feminist
+bob ewell
+atticus
+dolphus raymond
+lawyers
+frilly clothes
+songbirds
+finch
+mockingbird
+mockingbird
+mockingbird
+that which is innocent and harmless
+book of the month club
+book of the month club
+ten
+40
+30 million
+more than 30 million
+more than 40
+scout , atticus , and boo
+alice lee
+scout , atticus , and boo
+lawyer
+integrity
+1997
+alabama state bar
+honorary special membership
+1963
+21
+1963
+21
+1966
+rape
+mayella ewell 's attraction to tom robinson
+little black sambo
+civil rights movement
+uncle tom 's cabin
+uncle tom 's cabin
+archulus persons
+truman capote
+alice
+truman capote
+her editor
+1961
+41
+1962
+1964
+the pulitzer prize
+1964
+2001
+25
+chicago
+chicago
+25
+university of notre dame
+george w . bush
+2007
+notre dame
+george w . bush
+1962
+gregory peck
+gregory peck
+father 's pocketwatch
+grandson
+her father 's pocketwatch
+grandson
+may 2005
+a national treasure
+christopher sergel
+1990
+monroeville
+townspeople
+racially segregated
+the uk
+regent 's park open air theatre
+duncan preston
+july 14 , 2015
+1957
+20
+tonja carter
+go set a watchman
+1957
+20
+rape and racial inequality
+atticus finch
+narration
+flashback
+all southerners
+the neighborhood
+southern romantic regionalism
+fine folks
+the south itself
+tom robinson
+boo radley
+real nice
+classical tragedy
+the chicago sunday tribune
+granville hicks
+flannery o 'connor
+william faulkner
+jane austen
+allen barra
+akin ajayi
+calpurnia
+black students
+poor rural `` white trash ''
+the harsh reality of inequality
+an act of protest
+like scripture
+mockingbird groupies
+the sun
+solar energy
+solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
+radiant light and heat from the sun
+174 ,000
+30 %
+3 .5 to 7.0
+174 ,000
+approximately 30 %
+150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 .5 to 7 .0 kwh/m2 per day
+clouds , oceans and land masses
+71
+14
+photosynthesis
+about 71 %
+warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
+when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds
+the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection
+photosynthesis
+3 ,850 ,000
+one year
+3 ,000
+one year
+approximately 3 ,850 ,000 exajoules -lrb -ej -rrb - per year
+approximately 3 ,000 ej per year
+coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined
+the sun
+passive or active
+depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight
+geothermal and tidal
+direct or indirect
+active
+passive
+solar thermal collectors
+designing spaces that naturally circulate air
+increase the supply of energy
+reduce the need for alternate resources
+frank shuman
+1908
+1912
+a u .s. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer
+1897
+steam engine
+1908
+1912
+maadi , egypt
+22 ,000
+the 1970s
+maadi , egypt
+parabolic troughs
+nile river
+the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil
+the 1970s
+70
+sunlight
+60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water
+evacuated tube collectors
+unglazed plastic collectors
+154
+israel and cyprus
+approximately 154 thermal gigawatt
+china
+over 90 %
+united states , canada and australia
+50
+30 % -lrb -4 .65 ej/yr -rrb-
+50 % -lrb -10 .1 ej/yr -rrb-
+solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies
+thermal
+any material that can be used to store heat
+stone , cement and water
+by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
+climates
+auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
+passive solar ventilation
+a passive solar ventilation system
+a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
+by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses
+winter
+trees and plants
+1/3 to 1/2
+they will interfere with winter solar availability
+east and west
+1767
+315
+cooking , drying and pasteurization
+box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers
+horace de saussure
+90–150 °c -lrb -194–302 °f -rrb-
+direct light
+114
+more
+parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors
+solar total energy project -lrb -step -rrb - in shenandoah , georgia , usa
+use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water
+clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks
+perforated sun -facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
+1872
+solar distillation
+16th -century arab alchemists
+1872
+22 ,700 l -lrb -5 ,000 imp gal; 6 ,000 us gal -rrb - per day
+single -slope
+the world health organization
+a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
+a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage
+over two million people in developing countries
+toxic chemicals
+to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
+algae may produce toxic chemicals
+2050
+2050
+the mojave desert
+2013
+354 mw segs csp
+mojave desert of california
+the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india
+charles fritts
+1954
+evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source
+a device that converts light directly into electricity
+charles fritts
+dr bruno lange
+gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin
+a working fluid
+lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
+a heat source for a conventional power plant
+the stirling dish
+a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight
+megaron house
+orientation relative to the sun
+well -lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
+socrates ' megaron house
+pumps , fans and switchable windows
+urban heat islands
+3
+urban heat islands
+asphalt and concrete
+paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
+fruit walls
+power grape presses
+to optimize the productivity of plants
+timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties
+employed fruit walls
+acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm
+roman times
+the 16th
+convert solar light to heat
+enabling year -round production and the growth -lrb -in enclosed environments -rrb - of specialty crops
+produce cucumbers year -round for the roman emperor tiberius
+europe
+the world solar challenge
+90 .87
+a biannual solar -powered car race
+1987
+67 kilometres per hour -lrb -42 mph -rrb-
+90 .87 kilometres per hour -lrb -56 .46 mph -rrb-
+the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge
+1975
+1975
+kenichi horie
+the sun21 catamaran
+40
+solar impulse
+1974
+29 april 1979
+july 1981
+california to north carolina
+36 hours
+hydrogen production from protons
+solar chemical processes
+artificial photosynthesis
+the solzinc process
+pure zinc
+hydrogen production technologies
+uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures
+solzinc process
+heat
+thermal mass systems
+water , earth and stone
+reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
+thermal
+the `` dover house ''
+paraffin wax and glauber 's salt
+64 °c or 147 °f
+dover house
+they are low -cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
+1 .44 terajoules -lrb -400 ,000 kwh -rrb-
+rechargeable batteries
+rechargeable batteries
+net metering programs
+by 'rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
+most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
+a hydroelectric power generator
+water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
+by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator
+1973
+the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis
+the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan
+seri , now nrel
+nedo
+fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise
+the 1920s
+20 % per year
+in the 1890s
+falling petroleum prices
+20 %
+154 gw
+the international energy agency
+the international energy agency
+glass in building
+materials used in solar water heaters
+iso 9050
+iso 10217
+passive solar or active solar
+photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating
+orienting a building to the sun
+559 .8 ej
+1 ,575–49 ,837 exajoules -lrb -ej -rrb-
+the large magnitude of solar energy available
+the united nations development programme
+through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import -independent resource
+the costs of mitigating global warming
+learning investments
+keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise
+geography , time variation , cloud cover , and the land available to humans
+areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
+photovoltaics
+during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb
+clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
+solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
+many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
+insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans
+1 ,575–49 ,837 ej per year
+conversion of sunlight into electricity
+either directly using photovoltaics -lrb -pv -rrb - , or indirectly using concentrated solar power -lrb -csp -rrb-
+lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
+focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
+photoelectric effect
+sunlight
+greeks and chinese
+toward the south
+a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air
+the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force
+the toy market
+the surface -area to payload -weight ratio is relatively high
+driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce
+increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum
+2060
+could play a key role in de -carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters
+achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire
+oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism
+city of sarazm
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism
+the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+1939
+260 ,000 tajik
+between 60 ,000 -lrb -4 % -rrb - and 120 ,000 -lrb -8 % -rrb-
+living conditions , education and industry
+by clan loyalties
+30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
+emomali rahmon
+because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities
+russian border troops
+at the dushanbe airport
+t located 15 km southwest of dushanbe
+to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
+28 tajik soldiers
+2015
+november 2010
+that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august
+a republic
+kokhir rasulzoda
+murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova
+november 1994
+where the people 's democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament
+independent press outlets remain restricted
+no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
+all direct protest is severely suppressed
+access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta .tj , tjknews .com , ferghana .ru , centrasia .ru
+tajikistan
+the pamir range
+on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley
+between latitudes 36° and 41° n -lrb -a small area is north of 41° -rrb - , and longitudes 67° and 75° e -lrb -a small area is east of 75° -rrb-
+in the north -lrb -part of the fergana valley -rrb - , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys
+the name of a pre -islamic -lrb -before the seventh century a .d. -rrb - tribe
+`` land of the tajiks ''
+`` place of '' or `` country ''
+because the term is `` embroiled in twentieth -century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . ''
+650–680
+umayyads
+the samanid empire ,
+khorasan
+650–680
+umayyads
+650–680
+the samanid empire ,
+umayyads
+the samanid empire ,
+khorasan
+khorasan
+650–680
+710
+the kara -khanid khanate
+the samanid empire
+during the late 19th century 's imperial era
+the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand
+gaining access to a supply of cotton
+russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan
+the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara
+an islamic social movement throughout the region
+russians
+between 1910 and 1913
+the threat of forced conscription during world war i
+guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi
+to maintain independence
+the bolsheviks
+islam , judaism , and christianity
+tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic
+in the southern region
+collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
+soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement
+moscow
+nearly 10 ,000 people
+ethnic russians
+grew from less than 1 % to 13 %
+subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary
+pdpt lose four seats in parliament
+accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
+`` failed to meet many key osce commitments '' and that `` these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . ''
+the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people
+in central asia
+8 million people
+area of 143 ,100 km2 -lrb -55 ,300 sq mi -rrb-
+china
+wakhan corridor
+china
+8 million
+143 ,100 km2
+afghanistan
+uzbekistan
+about 500 bce
+the achaemenid empire
+alexander the great
+yuezhi tribes
+in the early eighth century
+hephthalite empire ,
+buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism
+an average rate of 9 .6 %
+aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
+60 %
+tajik aluminum company
+the government
+hydropower potential
+nurek dam
+casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan
+us $1 .25 per day
+estimated $2 .1 billion us dollars
+by purely market -based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor
+remittances
+opium poppy
+with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities
+heroin and raw opium confiscations
+strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency
+via roads , air , and rail.
+iran and pakistan
+tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan
+2012
+26 airports
+dushanbe international airport
+russia
+khorog airport
+7 ,349 ,145
+70 %
+35 %
+tajik
+tajikistanis
+the pamiri people
+distinct linguistically and culturally
+pamir mountains
+sunni islam of the hanafi
+a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion
+id al -fitr and idi qurbon
+98 %
+minority religious groups undermine national unity
+a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere
+hizb ut -tahrir
+aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state
+state committee on religious affairs -lrb -scra -rrb - and with local authorities
+a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
+a physical structure
+can result in large fines and closure of place of worship
+ , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies
+104 ,272
+1 %
+world bank 's poverty reduction strategy paper
+11 years of primary and secondary education
+a 12 -year system
+khujand state university
+17 %
+humans and their societies
+social
+linguistic anthropology
+physical
+united states
+1870
+1869
+1902
+1865
+empirical foundation
+anthropological societies
+international
+the major theorists
+48
+13
+late 19th and early 20th centuries
+gender equality and sexual liberation
+cross -cultural comparisons
+19th -century racial ideology
+cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
+humanities , social , and natural sciences
+anthropology
+global
+greece and persia
+cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies
+structuralist and postmodern theories
+during the 1970s and 1990s
+nature and production of knowledge
+archaeology and biological anthropology
+cohesion
+sociocultural anthropology
+social
+social structures ,
+hard -and -fast
+cultural anthropology
+cultural relativism
+ethnography
+participant observation
+emic
+reductionism in cross -cultural comparison
+sociocultural
+consumption and exchange
+kinship
+language
+resolution
+archaeology
+human behavior and cultural practices
+past human groups
+in similar ways
+cultural and material lives of past societies
+anthropological
+interpretation of sociocultural processes
+linguistic
+sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis
+art
+do not exist
+evident 'aesthetic ' qualities
+1983
+culturally specific 'aesthetics '
+étienne serres
+1838
+1850
+france
+société ethnologique de paris
+comparative methods
+similarities
+processes or laws unknown to them then
+epiphany
+comparison of species
+late 1850s.
+bring it into the social sciences
+paris
+société de biologie
+transformisme
+neurosurgeon
+the pathology of speech
+speech center
+psychology
+six
+the science of the nature of man
+an animist
+comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology
+empirical
+civilization
+british ethnologists
+1863
+anthropology
+french société
+waitz
+majority of the world 's higher educational institutions
+subdivisions
+practical
+recreate the final scene
+about three dozen
+media anthropology
+ethnographic
+early 1990s
+media reception
+cyber
+visual
+visual representation
+all
+ethnographic film
+economic
+historic , geographic and cultural
+discipline of economics
+bronislaw malinowski
+exchange
+traditional concerns
+history and colonialism
+hunter -gatherers
+population
+industrial -lrb -and post -industrial -rrb - capitalism
+applied
+change or stability
+direct
+the practical side
+participating
+critical
+pondering
+increasing
+gap
+fail
+kinship
+anthropology
+over its history
+one 's social relations during development
+marriage
+feminist
+male bias
+systematic bias
+gender
+birth anthropology
+nutritional
+food security
+globalization
+nutritional status
+economic
+psychological
+humans ' development and enculturation
+its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories
+cultural group
+understanding
+cognitive
+cognitive sciences
+experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
+implicit knowledge
+political
+structure of societies
+the 1960s
+`` complex ''
+geertz
+cyborg
+1993
+the society for the social studies of science
+donna haraway
+its relations
+environmental
+political ecology
+culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more.
+corporate
+people of hyde park
+by examining historical records
+ethnic
+its foundation
+documents and manuscripts
+practitioners
+urban
+ulf hannerz
+notoriously agoraphobic
+two
+social issues
+human–animal studies
+anthrozoology
+number of other disciplines
+positive
+anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy
+evolutionary
+natural science and social science
+past and present
+scientific
+many lines
+ethical
+mutilation
+racism , slavery , and human sacrifice
+man
+depth of an anthropological approach
+active in the allied war effort
+nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan
+the armed forces
+intelligence
+communist sympathies.
+the state
+secret
+certain scholarship
+the aaa
+given
+the us military
+us army 's strategy in afghanistan
+counterinsurgency
+iraq
+ethics
+biological
+human universals
+into the field
+a community in its own setting
+genetic
+relevant time periods and geographic regions
+cultural traditions based on material
+tool
+geographers
+comparative method
+"other cultures
+time
+non -european/non -western societies
+ulf hannerz
+only in late 1960s
+set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region
+research to a single locale
+daily life of ordinary people
+scientific laboratories
+research
+wounded in an attempted assassination
+the távora family and the duke of aveiro
+the jesuits
+1759
+sebastião de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children
+1770
+until joseph i 's death in 1779
+autocracy
+knew no opposition
+crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation
+napoleon
+1822
+brazil
+united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves
+until the 20th century
+french
+until the liberal revolution of 1820
+porto
+1815
+the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family
+before the turn of the 20th century
+1884
+scramble for africa
+to protect the centuries -long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa
+beira , moçâmedes , lobito , joão belo , nacala and porto amélia
+1 february 1908
+on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902
+manuel ii of portugal
+5 october 1910
+political instability and economic weaknesses
+antónio de oliveira salazar
+1933
+five
+relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa
+united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries
+unitary semi -presidential republican
+18th highest
+france , spain and italy
+decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
+to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors
+moors
+battle of covadonga
+722 ad
+reconquista cristã
+dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
+king alfonso iii
+868 ad
+first count of portus cale
+portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugália
+maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture -lrb -galician -portuguese -rrb - from the leonese culture
+the kingdom of portugal
+galician
+spanish
+castilian -lrb -spanish language -rrb-
+the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun
+sebastião josé de carvalho e melo
+queen consort of portugal
+queen consort of portugal
+king john v of portugal
+earthquakes
+marching troops around the models
+lisbon suffered no epidemics
+the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre
+by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country
+portuguese republic
+iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe
+atlantic ocean
+1 ,214 km -lrb -754 mi -rrb-
+azores and madeira
+portuguese republic
+iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe
+spain
+atlantic ocean
+portugal–spain
+the celts and the romans
+visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples
+1139
+age of discovery
+15th and 16th centuries
+lisbon
+1822
+1910
+macau
+250 million
+portus cale
+pre -celts and celts
+gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes
+45 bc until 298 ad
+alankerk
+27 bc
+gallaecia
+conímbriga and mirobriga
+hill forts
+16 km
+a few months
+711
+750
+abd -ar -rahman
+almost two centuries
+emir
+the christian kingdoms of the north
+taifa of badajoz
+1086
+battle of sagrajas
+muwallad or muladi
+noblemen from oman
+atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa
+algarve region , and south of the tagus
+800
+garcía , became king of león
+ordoño , reigned in galicia
+fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital
+910
+1230
+1348 and 1349
+england
+portugal made an alliance with england
+nato
+oporto region
+the age of discovery
+king joão i
+azores , madeira , and cape verde
+cape of good hope
+brazil
+increased
+prime minister
+british
+sebastião de melo
+sebastião de melo
+economic and financial
+to ensure the wine 's quality
+especially among the high nobility
+sebastião de melo
+upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
+april 1974
+left -wing military coup in lisbon
+social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right -wing political forces
+junta de salvação nacional
+socialist party
+mário soares
+1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
+socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model
+1976
+to accommodate socialist and communist principles
+mediterranean
+8–12 °c -lrb -46 .4–53 .6 °f -rrb-
+16–19 °c -lrb -60 .8–66 .2 °f -rrb-
+900 metres -lrb -3 ,000 ft -rrb-
+subtropical
+rough topography
+mediterranean
+deciduous and coniferous
+the tertiary period
+pyrenean
+boars
+12
+a unique type of subtropical rainforest
+fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat -lrb -capra pyrenaica -rrb - , wild cat -lrb -felis silvestris -rrb - , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear
+migratory birds
+more than 100
+in the tagus international natural park
+because of habitat loss , pollution and drought
+plankton
+five
+aníbal cavaco silva
+230
+four -year
+thirteen
+socialist party and the social democratic party
+national - , regional - and local -levels
+unitary democratic coalition -lrb -portuguese communist party and ecologist party `` the greens '' -rrb - , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people 's party
+5 and 15 %
+president of the republic
+five
+by direct , universal suffrage
+president of the republic
+the council of ministers
+define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate
+an absolute majority of deputies
+former colonies and territories
+a civilian police force who work in urban areas
+a highly specialized criminal investigation police
+the public ministry.
+2001
+10 days worth of personal use
+go to a rehab facility
+50 percent
+308
+3 ,092
+18
+three
+navy , army and air force
+primarily as a self -defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security
+7 ,500
+ $5 .2 billion , representing 2 .1 percent of gdp
+21 ,000
+pandur ii apc
+leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc
+paratroopers , commandos and rangers
+10 ,700
+world war i and the portuguese colonial war
+1961–1974
+east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq -lrb -nasiriyah -rrb - and lebanon
+angola in 1992 and in guinea -bissau in 1998
+pedro passos coelho
+improve the state 's financial situation
+tax hikes , a freeze of civil service -related lower -wages and cuts of higher -wages by 14 .3 % , on top of the government 's spending cuts
+20 %
+1974
+unclear public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
+diário de notícias
+2007–08
+banco português de negócios -lrb -bpn -rrb - and banco privado português -lrb -bpp -rrb-
+bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud
+its size , market share , and the political implications
+fraud
+the euro -lrb -€-rrb-
+portuguese escudo
+banco de portugal
+lisbon and porto metropolitan areas
+golf
+1974
+prec period
+changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high -tech sector
+textiles , clothing , footwear and cork
+cork
+european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund
+2011
+€78 billion
+may 2014
+15 .3 percent
+small to medium -sized family -owned dispersed units
+grupo rar 's vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezírias and valouro
+tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms
+dairy products , poultry and beef
+ramirez
+bom petisco , nero , combate , comur , general , líder , manná , murtosa , pescador , pitéu , tenório , torreira and vasco da gama
+fish
+copper
+tin , tungsten and uranium
+hydrocarbon
+north
+1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization
+volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen
+embraer and ogma
+palmela
+alverca , covilhã , évora , and ponte de sor
+lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro
+increase
+eastern european destinations
+focus upon its niche attractions
+health , nature and rural tourism
+the economist
+65 %
+10 .2 %
+negative
+2011
+that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility
+third
+carnation 's revolution
+financial weakness
+70.8
+62.4
+slow and inefficient
+italy
+over 30
+passos coelho
+significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 ,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours
+austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant
+european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund
+66
+pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses
+english
+social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions
+third quarter of 2014
+17 .7 %
+7 .3 %
+december 2009
+lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra
+fátima
+blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children
+douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo
+lisbon
+fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles
+new motorways
+68 ,732 km -lrb -42 ,708 mi -rrb-
+1944
+89 ,015 km2 -lrb -34 ,369 sq mi -rrb-
+four
+lisbon , porto , faro and beja
+geographical position
+tap portugal
+spain
+comboios de portugal
+2 ,791 km -lrb -1 ,734 mi -rrb-
+1 ,430 km -lrb -889 mi -rrb-
+900 km -lrb -559 mi -rrb-
+lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area
+more than 35 km -lrb -22 mi -rrb-
+companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa -lrb -carris -rrb-
+over a century
+r&d units belonging to public universities and state -managed autonomous research institutions
+ineti – instituto nacional de engenharia , tecnologia e inovação
+ministry of science , technology and higher education -lrb -mctes -rrb-
+instituto gulbenkian de ciência and the champalimaud foundation
+neuroscience and oncology research centre
+one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
+1779
+lisbon oceanarium
+scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population
+science museum of the university of coimbra , the national museum of natural history at the university of lisbon , and the visionarium
+the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world
+taguspark -lrb -in oeiras -rrb - , the coimbra iparque -lrb -in coimbra -rrb - , the biocant -lrb -in cantanhede -rrb - , the madeira tecnopolo -lrb -in funchal -rrb-
+take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
+wind and river power
+moura , in the south
+norte region
+29 %
+redes energéticas nacionais -lrb -ren -rrb-
+uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable -energy plants
+hydropower plants on its rivers
+wind -driven turbines
+setting a premium price
+10 ,562 ,178
+52 %
+48 %
+catholicism
+mouriscos
+paleolithic peoples
+45 ,000 years ago
+paleolithic
+colonial history
+atlantic ocean
+angola and mozambique
+portuguese
+10 ,617 ,575
+81 .0 %
+protestant , latter -day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah 's witnesses , baha 'i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist
+6 .8 %
+8 .3 %
+christian
+13th and 14th
+formation of the first portuguese republic
+1910–26
+25 july 1139
+victories for the coming battles , as well as god 's wish to act through afonso
+in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands
+portuguese
+romance
+galicia and northern portugal
+galician -portuguese
+latin
+pre -roman peoples of the iberian peninsula
+1415 and 1999
+five
+brazil
+99 percent
+100 percent
+over 35 %
+50 %
+1290
+lisbon
+coimbra
+the real academia de artilharia , fortificação e desenho of rio de janeiro
+the escola médico -cirúrgica of goa
+2006
+public money
+over 23 years old
+developing health policy as well as managing the sns
+five
+implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
+noncommunicable diseases
+ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
+cerebrovascular disease
+12 %
+children as well as among women younger than 44 years
+self -reporting at the household level
+one third
+1990s and 2000s
+1956
+lisbon
+belém cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da música
+fifteen
+portuguese late gothic
+a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century
+a 20th -century interpretation of traditional architecture
+eduardo souto de moura , álvaro siza vieira -lrb -both pritzker prize winners -rrb - and gonçalo byrne
+stadium design
+late 19th century
+arthur duarte , antónio lopes ribeiro , antónio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joão césar monteiro , antónio -pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes
+joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lúcia moniz , and diogo morgado
+late 19th century
+arthur duarte , antónio lopes ribeiro , antónio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joão césar monteiro , antónio -pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes
+joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lúcia moniz , and diogo morgado
+adventurer and poet
+`` os lusíadas '' -lrb -the lusiads -rrb-
+virgil 's aeneid
+neoclassic and contemporary styles
+almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eça de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antónio lobo antunes and miguel torga
+bacalhau
+grilled sardines and caldeirada
+a potato -based stew that can be made from several types of fish
+beef , pork , lamb , or chicken
+arroz de sarrabulho -lrb -rice stewed in pigs blood -rrb - or the arroz de cabidela -lrb -rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood -rrb-
+francesinha -lrb -frenchie -rrb - from porto , and bifanas -lrb -grilled pork -rrb - or prego -lrb -grilled beef -rrb - sandwiches
+in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
+almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor
+pastéis de belém -lrb -or pastéis de nata -rrb - originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro
+since the times of the romans
+bacchus
+vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dão , vinho da bairrada and the sweet: port wine , madeira wine
+port and madeira
+festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha ,
+flowfest or hip hop porto
+one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years
+european festival award 2010 – green 'n 'clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010
+2005
+artur pizarro , maria joão pires , sequeira costa
+carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro
+josé vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joão domingos bomtempo , joão de sousa carvalho , luís de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos
+nuno malo and miguel d 'oliveira
+20th century
+french painters , particularly by the delaunays
+canção popular a russa e o fígaro
+vieira da silva , júlio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , julião sarmento and paula rego
+football
+eusébio
+luís figo and cristiano ronaldo
+fifa world player of the year
+josé mourinho , andré villas -boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel josé
+sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp
+`` os três grandes '' -lrb -`` the big three '' -rrb-
+eight
+roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball
+portuguese football federation -lrb -fpf -rrb - – federação portuguesa de futebol
+1977
+hip hop
+omari
+june 8 , 1977
+roc -a-fella records
+jay -z and alicia keys
+7
+jay-z
+chicago
+producer
+2004
+7
+32 million
+100 million
+grammy
+3
+time
+32 million
+21
+3
+2005 and 2015
+english
+atlanta
+good water store and café
+chicago state university
+polaris high school
+nanjing , china
+foreigner
+a 's and b 's
+10
+nanjing university
+poetry
+`` green eggs and ham ''
+dj no i .d.
+writing poetry
+green eggs and ham
+no i .d.
+american academy of art
+20
+chicago 's american academy of art
+english
+20
+college dropout
+local artists
+classic soul records
+go -getters
+mid -1990s
+mid -1990s
+deric `` d -dot '' angelettie
+go -getters
+hustle period
+1999
+foxy brown
+ma $e , raekwon , and eminem.
+foxy brown
+tell 'em why u madd
+roc -a-fella records
+the blueprint
+2000
+the blueprint
+rapper
+capitol records
+rapper
+gangsta image
+capitol records
+joe weinberger
+roc -a-fella
+a producer
+joe weinberger
+roc -a-fella
+through the wire
+get well soon ...
+the college dropout
+october 23 , 2002
+`` through the wire ''
+get well soon
+it was leaked
+3
+los angeles
+3
+august 2003
+2
+2
+jesus walks
+good music
+february 2004
+`` slow jamz ''
+10
+good music
+string orchestra
+jon brion
+late registration
+2 .3 million
+portishead
+late registration
+2 .3 million
+best new artist
+hurricane katrina
+rolling stone
+best new artist
+mike myers
+rolling stone
+a concert for hurricane relief
+u2
+large arenas
+bob dylan and johnny cash
+u2
+1980s
+the rolling stones
+bob dylan
+graduation
+50 cent
+957 ,000
+daft punk
+graduation
+50 cent
+daft punk
+alexis phifer
+auto -tune
+2007
+alexis phifer
+glow in the dark tour
+hawaii
+`` love lockdown ''
+island def jam
+808s & heartbreak
+island def jam
+november 2008
+heartless
+roland tr -808 drum machine
+matthew trammell
+matthew trammell
+2009 mtv video music awards
+taylor swift
+lady gaga
+2009
+beyoncé
+lady gaga
+52nd grammy awards
+hawaii
+fashion
+hawaii
+my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
+album of the year
+my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
+november 2010
+`` all of the lights ''
+good fridays
+coachella
+jay-z
+cannes film festival
+coachella
+watch the throne
+`` niggas in paris ''
+2012
+2012 cannes film festival
+paris
+yeezus
+kendrick lamar
+2013
+architecture
+yeezus
+june 18 , 2013
+kendrick lamar
+north
+adidas
+paul mccartney
+2015 brit awards
+kim kardashian
+north
+florence
+paul mccartney
+yeezy season 1
+swish
+art institute of chicago
+135 ,000
+so help me god
+school of the art institute of chicago
+135 ,000
+february 11
+waves
+wiz khalifa
+the life of pablo
+tidal
+`` facts ''
+waves
+wiz khalifa
+yeezy season 3
+david bowie
+wu -tang clan
+chipmunk soul
+david bowie
+puff daddy
+`` this can 't be life ''
+jon brion
+orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation
+a string section
+jon brion
+portishead
+graduation
+more atmospheric , rock -tinged , electronic -influenced soundscape
+melody and chord progression
+2007
+electropop
+gary numan , tj swan and boy george
+dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano
+boy george
+post -punk
+rolling stone
+my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
+simon vozick -levinson
+jon brion
+dj toomp
+808s & heartbreak
+my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
+a protest to music
+le corbusier
+2013
+yeezus
+clothing line
+cancelled
+september 2005
+2009
+nike
+louis vuitton
+women
+mixed -to -negative reviews
+march 6 , 2012
+october 1 , 2011
+dw kanye west
+october 1 , 2011
+dw kanye west
+mixed -to -negative
+march 6 , 2012
+adidas
+3
+adidas yeezy boosts
+9000
+adidas yeezy boosts
+2015
+the life of pablo
+fatburger
+2
+shut down
+fatburger
+2
+2011
+kw foods llc
+good music
+pusha t
+2004
+john legend
+pusha t
+to make products and experiences that people want and can afford
+mother donda west
+january 5 , 2012
+tidal
+jay-z
+low payout of royalties
+tidal
+lossless audio and high definition music videos
+jay z
+spotify
+kanye west foundation
+battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education
+kanye west foundation
+2007
+chicago
+music education
+`` ed in '08 ''
+august
+the dr . donda west foundation
+2011
+2008
+the dr . donda west foundation
+2008
+100 black men of america , a live earth concert benefit , world water day rally
+a concert for hurricane relief
+george w . bush
+george w . bush
+september 2 , 2005
+rick kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to chris tucker
+george bush
+`` one of the most disgusting moments '' of his presidency
+matt lauer
+kazakhstan
+ $3 million
+one of the poorest
+kazakhstan
+arizona
+human rights concerns
+jimmy kimmel live!
+an apology
+jimmy kimmel
+zane lowe
+bbc radio 1
+obama
+jewish people
+november 26 , 2013
+december 21 , 2013
+bill cosby
+bill cosby
+gretchen wilson
+touch the sky
+gretchen wilson
+touch the sky
+november 7 , 2006
+saturday night live
+race
+stronger
+his race
+`` stronger ''
+taylor swift
+obama
+president barack obama
+taylor swift
+famous
+september 2010
+november 8 , 2010
+the life of pablo
+beck
+beyoncé
+beck
+february 26 , 2015
+michael jackson video vanguard award
+2020
+michael jackson video vanguard award
+glastonbury festival 2015
+2015 pan american games
+change .org
+glastonbury festival
+50 ,000
+alexis phifer
+amber rose
+kim kardashian
+2
+2002
+august 2006
+amber rose
+april 2012
+armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james
+58
+andre aboolian
+7:35 pm
+heart disease
+andre aboolian
+jan adams
+larry king live
+`` coronary artery disease and multiple post -operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty ''
+ed mcpherson
+violating patient confidentiality
+larry king live
+january 10 , 2008
+oklahoma city
+`` hey mama '' , as well as a cover of journey 's `` don 't stop believin ' ''
+oklahoma city
+november 20 , 2007
+november 22
+glow in the dark tour
+new zealand
+new zealand
+arnold schwarzenegger
+arnold schwarzenegger
+`` donda west law ''
+robert `` evel '' knievel
+days before his death in november 2007
+robert `` evel '' knievel
+evel kanyevel
+november 2007
+felony vandalism
+ $20 ,000
+one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery
+september 11 , 2008
+felony vandalism
+don `` don c . '' crowley
+ $20 ,000
+scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle
+november 14 , 2008
+hilton hotel near gateshead
+tup tup palace nightclub
+daniel ramos
+misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft
+daniel ramos
+2
+anger management
+250
+christian
+the college dropout
+christian
+among the most critically acclaimed
+david bowie
+jon caramanic
+ben westhoff
+the guardian
+homophobia in hip hop
+gangsta rap
+middle -class
+50 cent
+ben detrick
+influential
+inventor elon musk
+6
+over 30 million
+6
+yeezus
+3 ,086 ,000
+third
+30 million
+21
+bob dylan
+twice
+21
+8
+may 16 , 2008
+mtv man of the year
+bob dylan
+3
+3
+my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
+eighth
+the pitchfork
+yeezus
+`` runaway ''
+george w . bush
+taylor swift
+clothing and footwear
+donda
+2013
+nontheistic
+teachings attributed to gautama buddha
+present -day nepal
+through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths
+ignorance and craving
+nontheistic religion
+gautama buddha
+between the 6th and 4th centuries bce
+present -day nepal
+gautama buddha
+nepal
+sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce
+gautama buddha
+4
+indian
+buddha
+theravada -lrb -`` the school of the elders '' -rrb - and mahayana -lrb -`` the great vehicle '' -rrb-
+vajrayana
+sri lanka and southeast asia
+pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai -lrb -tendai -rrb-
+488 million -lsb -web 1 -rsb - and 535 million
+mahayana
+vajrayana
+vajrayana
+indian siddhas
+the school of the elders
+the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana
+practicing the noble eightfold path -lrb -also known as the middle way -rrb-
+a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening
+buddhahood or rainbow body
+by practicing the noble eightfold path
+theravada
+tibetan
+the middle way
+bodhisattva
+suffering and rebirth
+the buddha , the dharma -lrb -the teachings -rrb - , and the sangha -lrb -the community -rrb-
+cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
+ten meritorious deeds
+renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
+creator
+greediness
+mahayana
+nidānakathā of the jataka tales of the theravada
+buddhacarita , the lokottaravādin mahāvastu , and the sarvāstivādin lalitavistara sūtra
+most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order
+5th century ce
+the buddhacarita
+buddha
+buddha
+monastic
+5th ce
+michael carrithers
+birth , maturity , renunciation
+karen armstrong
+siddhatta gotama
+disciples
+michael carrithers
+the buddha
+siddhatta gotama
+fifth century bce
+in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent
+it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch.
+the northeastern indian subcontinent
+fifth century bce
+a small republic
+early texts
+an oligarchy
+siddhārtha gautama
+elected chieftain
+asita
+siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man
+depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
+an astrologer
+suddhodana
+a great king
+asita
+suddhodana
+holy man
+prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
+29
+he learned of the suffering of ordinary people
+encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man
+a king
+29
+the four sights
+abandon royal life
+a king
+29
+four
+corpse
+went to study with famous religious teachers of the day
+the middle way
+prolonged fasting , breath -holding , and exposure to pain
+meditation
+asceticism
+milk and rice
+middle way
+they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
+milk and rice
+anapanasati
+the middle way
+35
+ficus religiosa
+he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered
+80
+jaya sri maha bodhi
+ficus religiosa
+bodhi tree
+80
+bodhi tree
+ficus religiosa
+bodh gaya
+jaya sri maha bodhi
+the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
+ignorance
+suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction
+in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path.
+samsara
+six
+ignorance
+by following the buddhist path
+the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
+six
+psychological
+avidya
+following the buddhist path
+action , work
+the force that drives saṃsāra
+sīla
+actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent
+action , work
+sīla
+cetanā
+vipāka
+the force that drives saṃsāra
+sīla
+result
+theravada buddhism
+the lotus sutra , the aṅgulim��līya sūtra and the mahāyāna mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra
+vajrayana
+amitābha
+theravada buddhism
+amitābha
+mahayana
+negative
+genshin
+amitābha
+rebirth
+the doctrine of anattā -lrb -sanskrit anātman -rrb-
+the laws of cause and effect
+from conception to death.
+karma
+rebirth
+anatta
+pratītyasamutpāda
+eternal soul
+skilled buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis -lrb -non -returners -rrb-
+those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation
+31
+pure abodes
+anāgāmis
+formless realms
+arūpajhānas
+31
+anāgāmis
+arūpajhānas
+formless realms
+east asian and tibetan
+theravada
+samyutta nikaya of the pali canon
+bardo
+theravada
+samyutta nikaya
+east asian
+east asian and tibetan
+orthodox
+pali
+the four noble truths
+the nature of dukkha -lrb -suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness -rrb - , its causes , and how it can be overcome
+the four noble truths
+suffering
+four noble truths
+dukkha
+the nature of dukkha
+`` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc.
+dukkha
+suffering
+anxiety
+three
+unsatisfactoriness
+dukkha
+three
+that the origin of dukkha can be known
+craving -lrb -pali: tanha -rrb - conditioned by ignorance -lrb -pali: avijja -rrb-
+the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
+identifies a path to this cessation
+dukkha can be known.
+craving
+ignorance
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+ignorance
+true nature of things
+dukkha
+the noble eightfold path
+lead to the cessation of dukkha
+right view -lrb -or right understanding -rrb - , right intention -lrb -or right thought -rrb - , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration
+the fourth
+eight
+the cessation of dukkha
+right action
+the fourth
+eight
+dukkha
+ajahn sucitto
+as eight significant dimensions of one 's behaviour
+mental , spoken , and bodily
+ajahn sucitto
+the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as `` the immeasurables ''
+one without egotism
+brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables
+mettā or loving -kindness meditation
+wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
+kalama
+egotism
+love , compassion , joy , and equanimity
+pema chödrön
+meditation
+prior to his enlightenment
+the middle way
+enlightenment
+abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism
+some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice.
+buddhist scholars
+doctrinal
+liberation
+suffering -lrb -dukkha -rrb - and the cycle of incessant rebirths -lrb -saṃsāra -rrb-
+nirvāṇa
+nirvāṇa
+objects
+three
+all compounded or conditioned phenomena -lrb -all things and experiences -rrb - are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent
+in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth -lrb -saṃsāra -rrb - , and in any experience of loss
+because things are impermanent
+everything
+ceasing to be
+saṃsāra
+suffering
+suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration
+disquietude
+realistic
+buddhism
+disquietude
+disquietude
+dukkha
+not -self -lrb -pāli: anatta; sanskrit: anātman -rrb-
+suffering
+the buddha refused to answer
+neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
+not -self
+nikayas
+`` i have no self ''
+skandhas
+pratītyasamutpāda , -lrb -sanskrit; pali: paticcasamuppāda; tibetan wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; chinese: 緣起 -rrb-
+`` dependent origination '' , `` conditioned genesis '' , `` dependent relationship '' , `` dependent co -arising '' , `` interdependent arising '' , or `` contingency ''
+buddhist
+the scheme of twelve nidānas
+the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth -lrb -saṃsāra -rrb - in detail.
+twelve nidānas
+cause , foundation , source or origin
+the twelve nidānas
+the twelve nidānas
+by attaining nirvana
+ignorance
+the absence of the others
+sentient beings
+dukkha
+attaining nirvana
+ignorance
+śūnyatā
+emptiness
+ātman
+phenomena
+sarvastivada teachings
+vasubandhu and asanga
+cittamatra
+vasubandhu and asanga
+buddha -nature
+perfected spiritual insight
+sakya
+jonang
+tathāgatagarbha
+nirvana
+nirvana
+arahant
+bodhi
+nirvana
+raga
+dosa
+delusion
+bodhisattva
+a buddha
+nirvana
+parinirvana
+a buddha
+samsara
+suffering
+28
+maitreya
+celestial
+reality
+arahants
+bodhi
+anagami
+buddha
+buddha
+mahayana
+existence
+monks
+śūnyatā
+bodhisattvas
+pure land
+pure land
+amitabha
+gautama buddha
+a buddha era
+gautama buddha
+gautama buddha
+mahayana buddhists
+theravada
+pure land
+enlightenment being
+bodhicitta
+mahayana
+mahayana
+mahayana
+mahayana
+bodhisattva vow
+dāna , śīla , kṣanti , vīrya , dhyāna , and prajñā
+the 14th dalai lama
+buddhists
+bowing , offerings , pilgrimage , and chanting
+meditative
+the buddha
+brahminic
+liberating
+the yogis
+mindfulness and clear awareness
+vision
+meditative
+transcendent wisdom
+buddhist texts
+buddhist texts
+upanishads
+meditation
+contemplative
+nasadiya sukta
+the three jewels
+majjhima nikaya
+tibetan
+essence.
+the three jewels
+gautama buddha
+dharma
+sangha
+śīla
+pāramitā
+keeping the precepts
+śīla
+keeping the precepts
+overall principles of ethical behavior
+precepts
+asceticism.
+training rules
+ethical
+lower
+third
+a precept of celibacy
+ten
+seventh
+the ten precepts
+vinaya
+227
+vinayapitaka
+counts
+life
+higher attainments
+islands unto themselves
+mahayana brahmajala
+meat
+japan
+zen
+jhānas
+right concentration
+samādhi
+defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous
+jhāna
+vipassanā
+insight
+idea
+jhāna
+mind
+disturbed
+jñāna
+prajñā
+understanding
+craving
+defilements
+suffering and stress
+nibbāna
+four
+bodhi
+prajñā
+sermons
+at any point
+conceptual understanding
+seon
+zen
+zen
+spiritual
+two
+rinzai
+zen
+true self
+thinking and thought
+mahayana
+diamond vehicle
+tantric
+ritual
+second half of the first millennium bce
+the shramanas
+shramanas
+non -vedic
+greater magadha
+rajagrha
+2nd or 3rd centuries
+in the upanishads
+pakudha kaccayana
+ajnanas
+jains
+vedic animal sacrifice
+hymn of the cosmic man
+animal sacrifices
+vedas
+the reliability
+insight
+rupa jhanas
+majjhima nikaya
+rebirth
+karma
+dhyana
+meditative
+fourth
+liberating insight
+linear
+nirvāna
+nikayas
+nirvāna
+the middle way
+eightfold
+prajna
+liberating insight
+person
+three
+five
+early buddhism
+sectarian
+esoteric buddhism
+vajrayana
+pre -sectarian
+rebirth
+noble eightfold
+buddhist
+ānanda
+sūtras
+abhidhamma
+the second
+the second council
+100 bce
+mahasanghikas
+mahasanghika
+the vinaya
+sthaviras
+monasteries
+doctrinal
+abhidharma
+summaries or numerical lists
+3rd century bce
+mahasanghika
+prajñāpāramitā
+āndhra
+prajñāpāramitā
+1st century bce
+āndhra
+third
+south
+buddhism
+vinaya
+monasteries
+chinese
+lokakṣema
+prajñāpāramitā
+1st
+madhyamaka , yogacara , tathagatagarbha , and buddhist logic
+buddhist logic
+yogacara
+ashoka
+stūpas
+buddhist religious memorials
+west
+missionaries
+to spread buddhism
+persian and greek
+menander
+3rd century
+3rd century
+2nd century ce
+2nd century ce
+korea and japan
+8th century onwards
+buddhist
+the teachings of the buddha
+the buddhist community
+progressive
+modern influences
+second half of the 20th century
+neo -buddhism
+nichiren buddhism: soka gakkai
+value creation society
+soka gakkai international
+sgi
+buddhism
+china
+244 million
+360 million
+150 million
+seven million
+138 million
+495 million
+487 million
+lesser vehicle
+hinayana
+concepts
+buddhist ecumenical organization
+theravada
+ancestral sthāvirīya
+pali canon
+the west
+theravadin
+merit
+nālandā university
+mahayana sutras
+the buddha
+lotus sutra and the mahaparinirvana sutra
+eastern buddhism
+northern buddhism
+the pure land school of mahayana
+saivism
+buddhists
+the guhyasiddhi of padmavajra
+buddhist
+objects
+text
+āgamas
+core
+size and complexity of the buddhist canons
+dhammapada
+buddhism
+theravada
+zen
+the buddha and his dhamma
+pāli tipitaka
+the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka
+vinaya pitaka
+the sutta pitaka
+abhidhamma pitaka
+pāli tipitaka
+five or seven
+mahākāśyapa
+to record the buddha 's teachings
+upāli
+ānanda
+dhamma
+theravadin
+the theravadins
+mahayana sutras
+mahayana sutras
+sarvastivada abhidharma
+mahayana
+the great vehicle
+bodhisattva path
+mahayana
+mahayana
+mahayana tradition
+six hundred
+east asian buddhism
+after the 5th century ce
+hinayana
+the theravada
+sri lanka
+hinayana
+hinayana
+śrāvakayāna
+buddhism
+ethics
+moral and spiritual
+christianity
+scientific
+buddhism
+buddhism
+simon fuller
+19 entertainment
+2002
+pop idol
+fox
+19 entertainment
+pop idol
+simon fuller
+19 entertainment
+june 11 , 2002
+pop idol
+randy jackson
+brian dunkleman
+jennifer lopez
+ryan seacrest
+brian dunkleman
+paula abdul
+jennifer lopez
+randy jackson
+paula abdul
+simon cowell
+keith urban
+harry connick , jr.
+345
+kelly clarkson
+a rival tv executive
+carrie underwood
+fantasia
+carrie underwood
+fantasia
+345
+a rival tv executive
+2015
+2015
+15
+eight
+may 11 , 2015
+popstars
+simon fuller
+2001
+simon cowell
+nigel lythgoe
+popstars
+nigel lythgoe
+telephone voting
+2001
+lythgoe
+seven
+2002
+2001
+his daughter elisabeth
+rupert murdoch
+american idol: the search for a superstar
+eight
+four
+angie martinez
+stryker
+four
+dj stryker
+angie martinez
+season eight
+kara dioguardi
+ellen degeneres
+two
+2010
+the x factor
+kara dioguardi
+before season nine
+january 11 , 2010
+ellen degeneres
+season ten
+season two
+adam lambert
+season three
+season six
+season nine
+lionel richie and robin gibb
+season eight
+season three
+ryan seacrest
+brian dunkleman
+randy jackson
+scott borchetta
+song choice and performance
+jimmy iovine
+randy jackson
+scott borchetta
+twenty -eight
+season four
+semi -final stage
+at least three
+the judges
+a few hundred
+in front of the judges
+three
+producers
+hollywood
+seven
+two and three
+usually three
+twelve
+three
+groups
+seasons two and three
+las vegas
+sudden death
+twelve
+178 million
+ten
+telescope inc
+the semi -finals
+over 110 million
+nearly 750 million
+ten
+wildcard
+three groups of ten
+four groups of eight
+season one
+ten
+12
+twenty -four
+by gender
+six
+six
+twelve
+four
+three
+five
+thirteen
+season eight
+three
+four
+10
+cbs television city
+jimmy iovine
+thirteen
+eight
+cbs television city
+jimmy iovine
+one
+top four or five
+eight
+once
+safety
+season six
+fourteen
+twitter
+fan save
+twitter
+top 8
+the nokia theatre
+3 ,400
+the finale
+dolby theatre
+3 ,400
+6 ,000
+nokia theatre
+19 management
+big machine records
+three months
+a record deal
+19 management
+big machine records
+a golden ticket
+a golden ticket
+the public
+seven
+ray chew
+ten
+rickey minor
+rickey minor
+ray chew
+seven
+fox
+2002
+brian dunkleman
+june 2002
+fox
+ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman
+121
+around 10 ,000
+jim verraros
+tamyra gray
+the hospital
+121
+30
+delano cagnolatti
+top four
+christina christian
+2002
+justin guarini
+september
+justin guarini
+kelly clarkson
+september 4 , 2002
+a moment like this
+from justin to kelly
+more than 23 million
+a moment like this
+the coronation song
+a moment like this
+the beatles
+from justin to kelly
+more than 23 million
+2003
+kristin adams
+january 2003
+kristin adams
+paula abdul
+frenchie davis
+corey clark
+jaered andrews
+corey clark
+frenchie davis
+jaered andrews
+ruben studdard
+24 million
+clay aiken
+134 ,000
+nigel lythgoe
+ruben studdard
+clay aiken
+134 ,000
+24 million
+clay aiken
+flying without wings
+josh gracin
+this is the night
+flying without wings
+this is the night
+aiken
+josh gracin
+2004
+william hung
+william hung
+january 19 , 2004
+william hung
+william hung
+the three divas
+jennifer hudson
+elton john
+john stevens
+the three divas
+jennifer hudson
+elton john
+john stevens
+diana degarmo
+i believe
+dreams
+summertime
+simon cowell
+fantasia and diana degarmo
+fantasia
+i believe
+nikko smith
+nikko smith
+freemantle media
+vazquez
+top 11 week
+the following night
+2005
+65 million
+inside your heaven
+carrie underwood
+may 2005
+carrie underwood
+inside your heaven
+14 million
+season five
+the brittenum twins
+season five
+january 17 , 2006
+the brittenum twins
+chris daughtry
+chris daughtry
+chris daughtry
+chris daughtry
+lead singer
+chris daughtry
+i walk the line
+not crediting the arrangement to live
+taylor hicks
+do i make you proud
+my destiny
+may 30 , 2006
+taylor hicks
+do i make you proud
+my destiny
+chris daughtry
+daughtry
+chris daughtry
+daughtry
+2007
+37 .3 million
+january 16 , 2007
+37 .3 million
+sanjaya malakar
+howard stern
+vote for the worst
+april 18
+sanjaya malakar
+sanjaya malakar
+hair
+vote for the worst
+howard stern
+april 18
+idol gives back
+ $76 million
+melinda doolittle
+idol gives back
+phil stacey and chris richardson
+melinda doolittle
+jordin sparks
+blake lewis
+may 23
+may 23
+jordin sparks
+blake lewis
+2005
+over 100 ,000
+28
+season four
+season four
+january 18 , 2005
+high definition
+over 100 ,000
+28
+2007
+this is my now
+public vote
+american idol songwriter contest
+coronation song
+20
+this is my now
+may 24 , 2007
+2008
+david hernandez
+carly smithson
+january 15 , 2008
+david hernandez
+professional status
+carly smithson
+billie jean
+david cook
+chris cornell
+march 11 , 2008
+march 11 , 2008
+chris cornell
+david cook
+david archuleta
+season ten
+hallelujah
+jeff buckley
+itunes
+john lennon 's `` imagine ''
+jennifer lopez
+jason castro
+jeff buckley
+itunes
+david cook
+david cook
+may 21 , 2008
+david cook
+the time of my life
+the american idol songwriter contest
+2008
+the time of my life
+may 22 , 2008
+2009
+danny gokey
+president of alternative programming
+january
+january 13 , 2009
+mike darnell
+danny gokey
+kara dioguardi
+two weeks
+so you think you can dance
+the kodak theatre
+the global recession
+four
+kara dioguardi
+so you think you can dance
+kodak theatre
+idol gives back
+13
+matt giraud
+two
+two
+lil rounds and anoop desai
+13
+two
+matt giraud
+kris allen and adam lambert
+kris allen
+arkansas
+100 million
+kris allen
+season two
+100 million
+at&t employees
+no boundaries
+dioguardi
+no boundaries
+dioguardi
+gold album status
+none
+2010
+ellen degeneres
+hollywood week
+january 12 , 2010
+paula abdul
+ellen degeneres
+hollywood week
+crystal bowersox
+ken warwick
+diabetic ketoacidosis
+crystal bowersox
+top 20 week
+the schedule
+ken warwick
+producer
+michael lynche
+top nine
+adam lambert
+ $45 million
+michael lynche
+adam lambert
+simon cowell
+tribute to simon cowell
+simon cowell
+paula abdul
+lee dewyze
+beautiful day
+may 26
+dewyze
+beautiful day
+up to the mountain
+2011
+ten
+jimmy iovine
+the x factor
+nigel lythgoe
+january 19 , 2011
+nigel lythgoe
+jennifer lopez and steven tyler
+jimmy iovine
+season ten
+myspace
+myspace
+online
+myspace
+chris medina
+top 40
+casey abrams
+casey abrams
+chris medina
+top 40 round
+casey abrams
+top 13 result show
+abrams
+pia toscano
+tom hanks
+pia toscano
+tom hanks
+country
+scotty mccreery
+i love you this big
+like my mother does
+soulful
+may 25
+scotty mccreery
+ruben studdard
+2012
+25
+jermaine jones
+january 18 , 2012
+jermaine jones
+march 14
+concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
+phillip phillips
+kidney stones
+eight
+phillip phillips
+phillip phillips
+kidney pain
+jessica sanchez
+jessica sanchez
+colton dixon
+final two
+top 7
+jessica sanchez
+colton dixon
+diana degarmo
+five
+three
+phillips
+season five
+season three
+home
+change nothing
+home
+change nothing
+home
+2013
+judges
+tmz
+january 16 , 2013
+four
+five
+lazaro arbos
+10
+five
+lazaro arbos
+four
+candice glover
+kree harrison
+i am beautiful
+all cried out
+candice glover
+kree harrison
+i am beautiful
+all cried out
+not signed by a music label
+randy jackson
+one
+randy jackson
+mariah carey and nicki minaj
+2014
+ryan seacrest
+in -mentor
+gregg gelfand
+january 15 , 2014
+randy jackson
+jennifer lopez
+harry connick , jr.
+nigel lythgoe and ken warwick
+sam woolf
+top 3 performance night
+songs they wrote themselves
+sam woolf
+top 8
+top 3 performance night
+caleb johnson
+jena irene
+as long as you love me
+we are one
+caleb johnson
+jena irene
+as long as you love me
+we are one
+2015
+ryan seacrest
+adam lambert
+judges
+randy jackson
+january 7 , 2015
+adam lambert
+one
+coca cola
+ford motor company
+big machine records
+one
+coca cola
+ford motor company
+big machine records
+nick fradiani
+clark beckham
+jax
+beautiful life
+forcefield
+nick fradiani
+clark beckham
+beautiful life
+champion
+jax
+2015
+15
+5
+judges
+ryan seacrest
+may 11 , 2015
+ryan seacrest
+131
+2002
+southern
+north carolina
+north carolina
+ten
+chris daughtry
+47 million
+16 percent
+47 million
+85 percent
+taylor hicks
+alabama
+church
+church
+alabama
+white guy with guitar
+phillip phillips
+american idol: the untold story
+five
+guitar
+white guy with guitar
+richard rushfield
+phillip phillips
+19 entertainment
+ruben studdard
+clay aiken
+2013
+100 million
+season two
+season eight
+power voting
+2010
+2013
+idol gives back
+ $185 million
+idol gives back
+season six
+2002
+9 .9 million
+23 million
+summer
+june 2002
+9 .9 million
+23 million
+26 .5 million
+21 .7 million
+ruben studdard
+season four
+season five
+26 .5 million
+21 .7 million
+four
+season six
+season six
+the death star
+nbc
+season six
+the death star
+decline
+results show
+season seven
+writers guild of america strike
+season seven
+kristy lee cook
+season seven
+the most watched tv network
+writers guild of america strike
+nbc
+cbs
+2010
+2010 winter olympics
+30 .1 million
+six
+32.1
+47.2
+47.2
+32.1
+eight
+sunday night football
+eight years
+13 .3 million
+13
+2002
+7 .2 million
+13 .3 million
+coca -cola
+8 .03 million
+15
+may 11 , 2015
+8 .03 million
+9
+8
+fox
+fox
+simon fuller
+dancing with the stars
+the voice
+american idol
+american idol
+american idol
+345
+rich meyer
+kelly clarkson
+345
+fred bronson
+four
+over four million
+59 million
+120 million
+59 million
+120 million
+jennifer hudson
+vocal coach
+musical theatre
+jennifer hudson
+dreamgirls
+debra byrd
+entertainment weekly
+the national anthem
+ken tucker
+entertainment weekly
+karla peterson
+lincoln memorial
+entertainment weekly
+simon cowell
+john mayer
+newsweek
+commercialism
+ann powers
+simon cowell
+john mayer
+elton john
+2006
+leann rimes
+usher
+carrie underwood
+faith hill
+leann rimes
+elton john
+country
+country music
+9
+bruce gower
+8
+idol gives back
+nine
+governor 's award in 2007
+ $900 million
+ $6 .4 billion
+the american idol experience
+ $900 million
+disney
+season four
+ $1 .3 million
+less than $300 ,000
+ $737 ,000
+four
+800 million
+season one
+season one
+at&t wireless
+after season 13
+seven
+10 million
+35 million
+at&t
+text -messaging
+4 ,349
+pepsico
+the x factor
+pepsico
+the x factor
+third
+season five
+m&m 's pretzel chocolate candies
+a semi -finalist who won a sing -off
+kellogg 's pop -tarts
+m&m 's pretzel chocolate candies
+season five
+season seven
+five
+itunes
+the winner 's coronation single
+as a compilation album
+the most successful soundtrack franchise
+itunes
+19 recordings
+umg
+bmg
+19 entertainment
+19 recordings
+bmg
+sony music entertainment
+umg 's interscope -geffen -a&m records
+the walt disney company
+2009
+2014
+19 entertainment
+february 14 , 2009
+walt disney world
+dream ticket
+august 30 , 2014
+over 100
+ctv
+2014
+yes tv
+over 100
+ctv and/or ctv two
+yes tv
+la3
+one
+star world
+thursday and friday
+star world
+la3
+ringers
+seven
+eight
+canis lupus familiaris
+domestic dog
+millennia
+sensory capabilities
+2010s
+40 ,000
+eurasia
+starch -rich
+extensive genetic studies
+man 's best friend
+man 's best friend
+meat
+dukkōn
+proto -indo -european
+old english docga
+proto -indo -european
+hound
+mastiff.
+16th
+hound
+16th century
+hunting
+*kwon - `` dog ''
+a litter.
+sire
+poupée
+whelping
+bitch
+bitch
+litter
+sire
+dam
+pups
+canis
+1758
+linnaeus
+wolf
+mammal species of the world
+canis
+family dog
+canis lupus
+canis dingo
+1982
+2003
+mammal species of the world
+canis familiaris.
+iczn
+canis familiaris.
+iczn
+opinion 2027
+genetic studies
+extinct.
+hunter -gatherers
+taimyr wolf of north asia
+human hunter -gatherers
+gray wolf
+taimyr
+modern dog breeds
+catching and tearing.
+scavengers
+wrist
+endurance
+catching and tearing
+scavengers
+height and weight.
+english mastiff
+english mastiff
+double
+soft down hair
+double
+topcoat only
+countershading
+upper surfaces
+countershading
+dark coloring
+visibility
+tails
+emotional state
+tails
+genetic ailments
+parasites
+unspayed
+unspayed females
+parasites
+toxic
+xylitol
+macadamia
+theobromine
+toxic
+nicotine
+dark
+1 .2 years
+shorter
+2013
+1 .2 years longer
+10 to 13 years.
+dogue de bordeaux
+5 .2 years
+6 to 7 years.
+dogue de bordeaux
+5 .2 years
+14 to 15 years.
+bluey
+pusuke
+1939
+bluey
+1939
+pusuke
+two
+pregnancy.
+two years
+first estrous cycle
+58 to 68 days
+63 days
+about six
+one to four
+63 days
+six
+one to four
+neutering
+the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals -lrb -aspca -rrb-
+testicles
+ovaries and uterus
+testicles
+ovaries and uterus
+neutered
+neutering
+urinary incontinence
+spayed
+urinary incontinence
+prostate cancer
+rico
+chaser
+gesturing and pointing
+australian dingos
+to solve their problems for them.
+intelligence
+over 200
+advanced
+over 1 ,000
+9 ,000–30 ,000 years bce
+humans.
+social -cognitive skills of human children
+humans.
+humans.
+dog behavior
+understand and communicate
+human children
+scents , pheromones and taste
+hand signals
+dog communication
+hand signals
+dogs.
+atrophy of the jaw muscles.
+diagnostic features
+once a year.
+behaviors.
+11
+morphology and behavior
+tameness
+fear and aggression
+production -related traits
+for their behaviors.
+11
+aggression
+525 million
+525 million
+human population densities
+apex
+fearless
+dogs
+apex
+sheep
+wolves
+leopards.
+striped hyenas
+alligators and pythons
+leopards
+tigers
+alligators and pythons
+striped hyenas
+omnivores
+vegetables and grains
+obligate
+carnivores or omnivores
+protein
+starch
+a few hundred years
+particular morphologies and behaviors
+selective breeding
+irish wolfhound
+a few hundred years old
+hundreds
+blue
+selective breeding
+breed
+modern kennel clubs.
+natural selection and selective breeding
+breeds
+non -scientific
+unsystematic.
+four
+malamute and shar pei
+herding
+four
+old world dogs
+all others
+bite inhibition
+sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication
+one of the most successful species on the planet today.
+bite inhibition
+hunter -gatherers
+aiding handicapped individuals.
+man 's best friend
+a source of meat
+food scraps.
+three dog night
+early warning.
+cleaning up food scraps
+three dog night
+cooperative hunting
+2004
+sense of smell
+the domestication of the wolf
+sled dogs
+bering land bridge
+9 ,400 years
+12 ,000 years ago
+athabascan
+apache and navajo tribes
+horse
+puppy
+humans and dogs
+after world war ii
+1980s
+outside
+elites
+outside
+1980s
+commodification
+dogs.
+two
+commodification
+everyday routines
+commodity forms
+18th
+urine marking
+18th century
+urine marking
+training
+part of the family
+dog whisperer.
+part of the family
+dog whisperer
+newspaper
+plates
+dog yoga.
+set tasks or routines
+the newspaper
+77 .5 million
+77 .5 million
+magnetic resonance imaging
+voices
+the brain
+emotion
+mri
+emotional
+man 's best friend
+hunt
+nets
+laika
+husky -terrier mix
+man 's best friend
+pointers and hounds
+nets
+laika
+1957
+service dogs
+medical care.
+breed shows
+a judge
+conformity with their established breed
+externally observable qualities
+conformation shows.
+a judge
+externally observable qualities
+health
+east asian countries
+taboo.
+dog fat
+western hypocrisy
+taboo
+medicinal properties
+gaejang -guk
+a spicy stew
+to balance the body 's heat
+scallions and chili powder.
+the summer months
+scallions and chili powder.
+4 .5 million
+17
+26
+4 .5 million
+2000s
+less severe
+12.9
+60.7
+the face or neck.
+infections.
+colorado
+60.7
+infections.
+cats
+two -wheeled vehicles.
+two -wheeled vehicles
+dog roundworm
+dog feces
+10 ,000
+retinal damage and decreased vision.
+roundworm
+14
+10 ,000
+24
+retinal damage and decreased vision
+2005
+absenteeism from school
+2005
+exercise
+exercise
+immune -stimulating microorganisms
+social interactions
+2015
+anxiety
+strangers
+mental institutions
+social behaviors
+antisocial and violent behavior
+the late 18th century
+mental institutions
+dogs
+animal -assisted therapy
+diseases
+40 times larger
+trillion
+40 times larger
+551
+cerberus
+the gates of hades.
+garmr
+kimat
+thunder
+persian
+cerberus
+garmr
+god of thunder
+kimat
+the gates of naraka.
+yama
+bronze dog figurines.
+yama
+the gates of naraka
+mount
+bronze dog figurines
+as unclean
+scavengers
+the hague
+leather dog booties
+scavengers
+2015
+lérida , spain
+their luggage
+faithfulness.
+themselves
+feed
+faithfulness
+kind protectors.
+china
+as kind protectors
+caves.
+hunting
+caves
+hunting scenes
+became more elaborate
+humans
+male french bulldogs
+run away
+respond with aggression
+pet dogs living in human homes.
+significant benefits
+the domestication of dogs
+poorly controlled
+to the doctor
+1936 summer olympics.
+129 days
+one world , one dream
+journey of harmony
+one world , one dream
+beijing , china.
+`` journey of harmony ''
+85 ,000 mi
+march 24
+olympia , greece
+march 31
+six
+silk road
+olympia , greece
+march 24
+panathinaiko stadium
+march 31.
+mount everest
+hundreds
+effectively none
+protesting
+chinese security officials
+the chinese government
+supporters
+counter -protesters
+counter -protesters
+skirmishes
+latin america , africa , and western asia
+jacques rogge
+tibetan
+global relays
+jacques rogge
+could be expelled
+ioc members.
+global relays
+paralympic games
+paralympic games
+lucky cloud
+aluminum.
+985 grams
+an ignition key
+lucky cloud
+aluminum.
+37
+2
+propane.
+a chartered air china airbus a330
+red and yellow
+march 2008
+130 days
+airbus a330
+red and yellow
+air china
+130
+21
+six
+taipei
+hong kong and macau
+continents
+taiwan.
+hong kong and macau
+24
+march 24 , 2008
+olympia , greece.
+alexandros nikolaidis
+maria nafpliotou
+march 30 , 2008
+olympia , greece.
+maria nafpliotou
+silver
+alexandros nikolaidis
+nepal.
+carrefour
+the lvmh group
+the french flag
+kunming
+the lvmh group
+censorship
+carrefour
+people 's daily
+people 's daily
+legal
+almaty
+nursultan nazarbaev.
+the president of kazakhstan
+astana square.
+uighur activists
+kazakhstan
+nursultan nazarbaev.
+20
+uighur
+april 3
+taksim square
+sultanahmet square
+uyghurs living in turkey
+istanbul
+sultanahmet square
+taksim square.
+uyghurs
+arrested
+april 5
+victory square
+palace square
+fedor emelianenko
+saint petersburg
+victory square
+palace square.
+fedor emelianenko
+london
+april 6
+£750 ,000
+london
+wembley stadium
+o2 arena
+30 mi
+thugs
+80
+sir steve redgrave
+richard vaughan
+prime minister gordon brown
+sir steve redgrave
+80
+francesca martinez and richard vaughan
+10 downing street
+ladbroke grove
+april 7
+the eiffel tower
+by bus
+teddy riner
+april 7
+paris
+eiffel tower
+3 ,000
+five
+green party officials.
+jin jing
+angel in wheelchair
+torch relay ceremony
+jin jing
+angel in wheelchair
+green party officials.
+reporters without borders
+the eiffel tower
+notre dame cathedral
+banner
+reporters without borders
+notre dame cathedral.
+the trocadéro
+jane birkin
+thupten gyatso
+trocadéro
+peaceful
+jane birkin
+freedom of speech
+the national assembly 's session
+respect for human rights in china
+freedom for tibet!
+parliament
+national assembly 's session
+respect for human rights in china
+freedom for tibet!
+tibetan flags
+libération
+the trocadéro
+michèle alliot -marie
+tibetan flags
+the trocadéro.
+michèle alliot -marie
+a police officer
+san francisco
+april 9
+lin li
+san francisco international airport
+peter ueberroth
+san francisco
+april 9.
+norman bellingham
+justin herman plaza
+san francisco board of supervisors
+human rights abuses
+april 8
+april 1 , 2008
+san francisco board of supervisors
+united nations plaza
+richard gere
+golden gate bridge
+kpix -cbs5
+china
+golden gate bridge
+laurel sutherlin
+five
+three
+a warehouse
+andrew michael
+andrew michael
+marina district
+san francisco international airport
+van ness avenue
+april 11
+the lola mora amphitheatre
+mauricio macri
+buenos aires
+lola mora amphitheatre
+mauricio macri
+carlos espínola.
+confetti
+jorge carcavallo
+from the obelisk to the city hall
+free tibet
+jorge carcavallo.
+obelisk to the city hall
+human rights torch.
+free tibet
+human rights torch relay
+susan prager
+friends of falun gong
+diego maradona
+1200
+water balloons
+friends of falun gong
+diego maradona
+1200
+water balloons
+peaceful
+dar es salaam
+april 13
+the tazara railway
+dar es salaam
+tazara
+benjamin mkapa national stadium
+china
+vice -president ali mohamed shein.
+muscat
+april 14
+sulaf fawakherji
+muscat
+20
+sulaf fawakherji.
+april 16
+jinnah stadium
+prime minister yousaf raza gillani
+islamabad
+jinnah stadium.
+april 17
+70
+baichung bhutia
+five
+new delhi
+1.5
+70
+five
+baichung bhutia
+republic day celebrations
+nirupama sen.
+india 's commerce minister
+kamal nath
+2 am
+republic day
+terrorist targets.
+150 ,000
+a democracy
+india
+150 ,000
+protests
+olympic holy flame protection unit
+relations
+the tibetan government in exile
+kiran bedi
+indian police service
+soha ali khan
+april 16
+kiran bedi
+soha ali khan
+delhi
+police.
+caged woman
+april 18
+m .r. narisa chakrabongse
+students
+april 18
+10
+foreign protesters
+mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse
+april 21
+kuala lumpur
+independence square
+1964
+independence square
+petronas twin towers.
+1964
+1000
+falun gong
+falun gong
+plastic air -filled batons
+taiwan and tibet belong to china.
+placards
+april 22
+the chinese embassy
+journalists
+jakarta
+20
+security worries
+stadium.
+outside the stadium.
+april 24
+agnes shea
+a message stick
+australian and chinese officials
+canberra
+16
+reconciliation place
+australian federal police.
+agnes shea
+people 's liberation army personnel
+sacred torch
+tony goh
+stephen smith
+people 's liberation army
+australian police
+tony goh
+zhang rongan
+stephen smith
+lin hatfield dodds
+foreign minister stephen smith
+lin hatfield dodds
+stephen smith
+ted quinlan
+600
+the chinese embassy
+ian thorpe
+up to 600
+between 2 ,000 and 10 ,000
+ted quinlan
+the chinese embassy
+nagano
+april 26
+nagano
+1998 winter olympics
+japanese buddhist temple zenkō -ji
+a municipal building
+two
+seoul
+1988 summer olympics
+olympic park
+chinese students
+seoul
+1988 summer olympics
+april 28
+kim yong nam
+pak du ik
+the juche tower
+pyongyang.
+april 28.
+pink paper flowers and small flags
+pak du ik
+a propaganda stunt.
+against human rights.
+unicef
+their staff
+raising awareness of conditions for children
+north korea
+april 29
+ho chi minh city
+60
+the downtown opera house
+the military zone 7 competition hall stadium
+ho chi minh city.
+the spratly and paracel islands
+sansha
+hanoi and ho chi minh city.
+nguyễn tấn dũng
+seven
+điếu cày
+lê minh phiếu
+seven
+nguyễn văn hải
+tax evasion.
+lê minh phiếu
+disputed islands and dotted lines marking china 's maritime claims
+may 2
+lee lai shan
+hong kong cultural centre
+golden bauhinia square in wan chai
+120
+may 2.
+donald tsang
+a dragon boat
+120
+pro -beijing camp politicians.
+plastic olympic flames
+tiananmen square protests
+christina chan
+police
+her human rights were breached.
+democracy.
+leung kwok -hung
+tibetan snow lion flag
+the color orange democracy group
+pillar of shame
+immigration reasons
+mia farrow
+one country , two systems
+the color orange
+pillar of shame
+immigration reasons
+mia farrow
+may 3
+macau fisherman 's wharf
+120
+leong hong man
+athletes
+may 3
+120
+leong hong man
+stanley ho.
+macao daily news
+cyberctm .com
+orchidbbs .com
+a macau resident
+cyberctm .com
+the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation
+may 4
+jackie chan
+may 4
+april.
+ioc
+jackie chan.
+partial and censored
+biased.
+libération
+media coverage
+censored
+reporters without borders
+libération
+saboteurs
+the more disruptive protesters
+condemned the protests
+marie -josé pérec
+radicals
+marie -josé pérec
+xinhua
+spirit of olympics
+sports and politics
+run for spirit of olympics
+sports and politics
+the daily telegraph
+libération
+western media bias.
+fu ying
+the daily telegraph
+libération
+cnn
+cnn
+the chinese government
+the challenges of reporting in china
+paul danahar
+1 ,300
+paul danahar
+tibet
+people 's daily
+people 's daily
+an anti -cnn website
+a beijing citizen.
+a beijing citizen.
+foreign correspondents
+30
+august 2007
+matching blue tracksuits
+second right brother
+30
+august 2007
+blue tracksuits
+second right brother
+carrefour
+lvmh group
+the dalai lama
+the french flag
+lvmh group
+anti -chinese racism.
+anti -japanese protests
+people 's daily
+sohu .com
+may 1
+the anti -japanese protests in 2005.
+people 's daily
+the chinese government
+may 1.
+shoichi washizawa
+great nuisance
+a major buddhist temple
+shoichi washizawa
+great nuisance
+a major buddhist temple
+lanterns.
+during protests
+hong kong legislator
+jin jing
+western media
+two
+40
+the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics
+mixed
+kurt gödel
+for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced
+gödel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell 's book
+1931
+some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them
+principia mathematica
+metaphysics
+the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916
+ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture
+`` education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is , above all things , harmful . ''
+1929
+between 1912 and 1927
+1929
+numerous essays and addresses
+inert ideas
+whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts
+important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life
+for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value -free school model
+it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom
+a relatively few important concepts
+different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life.
+value -free school model
+he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education
+`` this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . ''
+in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century 's foremost metaphysicians
+bertrand russell
+undergraduate
+friend and former student
+rank amateur
+one of the 20th century 's foremost metaphysicians.
+`` every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . ''
+such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+people need to continually re -imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
+whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy
+make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works
+they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+basic assumptions about how the universe works
+metaphysical investigations
+reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
+event -based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
+he used the term `` experience '' very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
+two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
+`` philosophy of organism ''
+cartesian idea
+an event -based or `` process '' ontology
+interrelated and dependent
+experiential
+process philosophy
+by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete
+`` quality '' , `` matter '' , and `` form ''
+these `` classical '' concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.
+a continuum of overlapping events
+a `` society '' of events
+`` classical '' concepts
+change
+quality``  ,  ''matter``  , and  ''form"
+society
+continuum of overlapping events
+discrete `` occasions of experience '' that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
+`` defining essence '' or a `` core identity ''
+qualitative and secondary to their core identity
+defining essence
+occasions of experience
+time and space
+all things flow"
+people define identities
+it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
+should not prevent people from realizing that `` material substances '' or `` essences '' are a convenient generalized description of a continuum
+limitations of language
+it is not philosophically or ontologically sound
+limitations of language
+limitations of language
+each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
+each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things
+the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything
+in whitehead 's view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves
+it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.
+it obscures the importance of relations
+materialism
+distinct and discrete
+externally
+in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
+a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
+if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity -lrb -i .e. it was not related to any other entity -rrb - , it could not be said to really exist
+relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is.
+nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities
+not be said to really exist.
+they are what the thing is
+rld around it
+in some way conform to it
+europe and china
+william temple
+temple 's gifford lectures of 1932 -1934
+practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
+ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology
+at the university of chicago 's divinity school
+henry nelson wieman
+john b . cobb
+wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams
+china
+modernization and industrialization
+traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism
+john cobb and david ray griffin
+interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts
+his assertion that matter is an abstraction
+the sheer difficulty and density of his prose
+perception of metaphysics itself as passé
+whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools
+american pragmatism
+william james and john dewey
+nicholas rescher
+charles sanders peirce
+richard rorty
+it has been severely criticized
+henry stapp and david bohm
+whitehead 's view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves
+phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes
+whitehead 's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation
+grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order
+is it too late ? a theology of ecology
+for the common good: redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future
+sustaining the common good: a christian perspective on the global economy
+to challenge `` economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . ''
+xie bangxiu
+flexible -goals , engaged -learner , embodied -knowledge , learning -through -interactions , and supportive -teacher
+it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to `` help a person become whole . ''
+chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china
+mark dibben
+`` applied process thought ''
+philosophy of management and business ethics
+philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
+this allows `` a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . ''
+1910s
+philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics
+processes
+reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another
+process and reality
+mathematics
+philosophy
+metaphysics
+metaphysical
+processes
+ramsgate , kent , england
+1861
+thomas whitehead , alfred north 's grandfather
+minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy
+maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster
+ramsgate , kent , england
+1861
+minister and schoolmaster
+maria sarah whitehead ,
+evelyn
+university of london system
+dean of the faculty of science
+chairman of the senate 's academic -lrb -leadership -rrb - council
+1924
+bachelor of science
+1918
+dean of the faculty of science
+university of london
+1924
+victor lowe
+his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death
+almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
+`` no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . ''
+two
+victor lowe
+all of his papers be destroyed after his death.
+right to privacy
+a treatise on universal algebra
+bertrand russell
+professional mathematicians
+an introduction to mathematics
+regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
+mathematics
+three
+bertrand russell
+principia mathematica
+1898
+the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
+comparative study of their several structures
+`` it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . ''
+expand algebraic structures
+unity of design
+several structures
+a year
+ten years
+the three -volume work was so massive -lrb -more than 2 ,000 pages -rrb - and its audience so narrow -lrb -professional mathematicians -rrb-
+00 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell
+today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica
+a year
+ten years
+three
+2 ,000
+cambridge university press
+generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon
+gifford lectures
+process and reality
+professional philosophers
+process and reality
+1927–28
+the most difficult to understand
+mathews ' frustration with whitehead 's books did not negatively affect his interest
+perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications
+henry nelson wieman
+wieman 's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years
+mathews
+chicago 's divinity school
+1927
+henry nelson wieman
+hired
+`` arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , ''
+it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – `` that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . ''
+he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.
+process and reality
+isabelle stengers
+how the universe works
+scientific and philosophical problems
+novel solutions
+creativity is the absolute principle of existence
+reaction to them.
+consciousness
+the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities
+creativity is the absolute principle of existence
+an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them
+has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws
+comes from the latin prehensio , meaning `` to seize . ''
+the mind only has private ideas about other entities
+prehension
+latin
+to seize
+conscious or unconscious
+two
+a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons
+entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them
+causal efficacy -lrb -or `` physical prehension '' -rrb - and presentational immediacy -lrb -or `` conceptual prehension '' -rrb-
+unmediated by the senses
+it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive
+causal efficacy
+presentational immediacy
+presentational immediacy
+`` the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . ''
+`` pure sense perception '' , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation
+causal relationships
+symbolic reference
+causal relationships
+causation
+higher grade mentality
+links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
+an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair
+`` might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . ''
+`` would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . ''
+`` life is comparatively deficient in survival value . ''
+they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
+living , living well , and living better
+increasing its own satisfaction
+survival value
+modifying their environment
+three
+increasing its own satisfaction
+unintelligible
+`` they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . ''
+`` the brief galilean vision of humility ''
+`` the church gave unto god the attributes which belonged exclusively to caesar . ''
+primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power
+god is not necessarily tied to religion
+primordial nature of god
+the consequent nature
+dipolar
+his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.
+god 's reception of the world 's activity
+god saves and cherishes all experiences forever
+it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.
+those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world
+god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
+deficient in actuality and change
+merely eternally unrealized possibilities
+whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another
+he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide
+by taking them into god 's self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
+individual
+`` religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . ''
+a system of general truths that transformed a person 's character
+while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good
+solitariness
+`` the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . ''
+meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community
+the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
+the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent
+through the work of his students and admirers rather
+bruno latour
+claremont and a select number of liberal graduate -level theology and philosophy programs
+bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine
+`` he stands provisionally as the last great anglo -american philosopher before wittgenstein 's disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . ''
+american progressive theology
+charles hartshorne
+developing whitehead 's process philosophy into a full -blown process theology
+john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller
+god 's relational nature
+`` the fellow sufferer who understands '' , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events
+people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise -worthy quality in god ?
+as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
+`` process naturalism '' , i .e. a process theology without god.
+biology and economics
+poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory
+geneticist
+alexander bard and jan söderqvist
+process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
+`` an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non -temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . ''
+religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world
+a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
+it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
+pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior
+ontology that `` understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related , yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . ''
+integrative process: follettian thinking from ontology to administration
+continue to invest client funds in over -priced -lrb -under -yielding -rrb - investments
+a conflict of interest
+professional investment managers
+to maximize their compensation
+plausible deniability
+countrywide financial
+july 11 , 2008
+indymac
+indymac bank
+indymac bancorp
+april 2008
+9 .27 %
+ $160 million
+moody 's
+minimum 10 % risk -based
+charles schumer -lrb -d-ny -rrb-
+federal deposit insurance corporation
+a little over $7 billion
+june 30
+ $500 million
+ $1 .55 billion
+7 .5 %
+ $10 .7 billion
+charles schumer
+unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
+indymac federal bank , fsb
+us $100 ,000
+roughly 10 ,000 depositors
+july 11 , 2008
+july 14 , 2008
+over 100
+bear stearns
+september and october 2008
+oct . 6 , 2008
+lehman brothers
+money market funds
+commercial paper issued by corporations
+september 2008
+ $144 .5 billion
+4 .65 %
+shadow banking system
+shadow banking system
+investor funds
+u .s. treasury secretary
+nearly one -third
+the collapse of the shadow banking system
+brookings institution
+some forms of securitization
+capital
+more than a quarter
+45 %
+20 %
+ $13 trillion
+ $8 .8 trillion
+serious
+loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth
+tens of millions
+future profits
+much worse
+global economic collapse
+ubs
+three quarters
+iceland
+capital injection
+more than a third
+14 .4 %
+21 .5 %
+the rest of the world
+recession in the u .s.
+close to zero
+ $251 billion
+300 ,000
+sound economic policymaking and good governance
+falls in trade
+arab world
+foreign direct investment
+global downturn
+lower oil prices
+oil prices
+10 .1 %
+33
+6 %
+1983
+patent applications
+faulty risk -weightings
+financial engineering
+basel iii regulations
+johan norberg
+capital ratios
+june 2009
+june 2009
+2008
+more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over."
+january 27 , 2010
+`` emerging '' and `` developing '' economies
+69 %
+global economic growth
+31 %
+advanced economies
+krugman
+december 2010
+2006
+commercial mortgage -backed securities
+the crisis in commercial real estate
+collateralized debt obligation
+ $70 trillion
+roughly doubled in size
+mortgage -backed security
+u .s. treasury bonds
+collateralized debt obligation
+extending or increasing the housing bubble
+investment -grade ratings
+single pool
+securities with lower priority
+over 20 %
+mid -2006
+nearly 1 .3 million
+81 %
+14 .4 %
+1 .0 %
+to combat a perceived risk of deflation
+a housing bubble
+excessive credit growth
+lower interest rates
+ $650 billion
+5 .8 %
+asia and oil -exporting nations
+capital account
+foreign funds
+july 2004
+adjustable -rate mortgage
+inversely
+raised the fed funds rate
+dramatically declined in value
+citigroup
+220
+60 %
+1 ,600
+over 80 %
+clayton holdings
+54 %
+23
+28 %
+900 ,000
+predatory lending
+countrywide financial
+adjustable rate mortgage -lrb -arm -rrb-
+negative amortization
+classic bait -and -switch
+california attorney general jerry brown
+adjustable rate mortgages -lrb -arms -rrb-
+disappeared
+office of thrift supervision
+weak credit
+paul krugman
+timothy geithner
+oecd
+regulatory framework
+basel
+became highly leveraged
+complex
+government
+bankruptcy
+complex financial instruments
+five
+financial shock
+capital requirements
+over $4 .1 trillion
+lehman brothers
+saving more during adverse economic conditions
+paradox of thrift
+can cause or deepen a recession
+hyman minsky
+their assets
+janet yellen
+we were in a recession
+recession
+cancelling planned investments
+balance sheet deleveraging
+financial innovation
+adjustable -rate mortgage
+cds
+mortgage -backed securities -lrb -mbs -rrb-
+expanded dramatically
+q1 2007
+ $20 billion
+over $180 billion
+36 %
+under $20 billion
+innovative financial products
+multiplied the number of actors connected
+indirect information
+computer models of rating agencies
+2005
+interest rates or fees
+pricing of risk
+lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures
+straightforward , readily understandable format
+far more disruptive
+risk inherent with financial innovation
+a variety of reasons
+approximately 32 cents on the dollar
+approximately five cents for every dollar
+ $450bn
+aig
+credit default swaps
+september 2008
+over $180 billion
+a premium
+george soros
+more complex
+the originators of synthetic products
+the banks
+international bond rating agencies
+world scientific
+2006
+merrill lynch
+some of the copula limitations
+2006
+timothy geithner
+2009
+`` parallel '' banking system
+shadow banking system
+maturity mismatch
+spring of 2007
+fall of 2008
+more than a third
+brookings institution
+a number of years
+mark zandi
+securitization markets
+close to $2 trillion
+less than $150 billion
+talf
+rapid increases
+nearly tripled from $50 to $147
+plunging
+monetary policy
+gasoline
+michael greenberger
+intercontinentalexchange
+goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp
+intercontinentalexchange -lrb -ice -rrb-
+london and new york
+ailsa mckay
+mainstream economics
+feminist economics
+a reshaping
+raghuram rajan
+2005
+at a celebration honouring alan greenspan
+`` has financial development made the world riskier ? ''
+tail risks
+raghuram rajan
+great moderation
+dirk bezemer
+as a vindication
+alan greenspan
+businessweek
+great depression
+the wharton school
+nouriel roubini
+`` dr . doom ''
+nassim nicholas taleb
+david brooks
+the breakdown of the banking system
+banking stocks
+phil dow
+50 %
+54 .7 %
+floyd norris
+northern rock
+bank of england
+september 2007
+february 2008
+northern rock
+the borrower’s income
+appraisals
+poor
+risky
+issuing criteria
+half
+63
+77
+50
+poorest families
+european commission at brussels
+0 .1 %
+−1 .0 %
+the imf
+3 %
+expand money supplies
+enacted large fiscal stimulus packages
+lender -of -last -resort
+expanded liquidity facilities
+self -reinforcing decline
+credit freeze
+us $2 .5 trillion
+ $1 .5 trillion
+joseph stiglitz
+investing internationally in emerging markets
+a series of regulatory proposals
+consumer protection
+proprietary
+paul volcker
+paul volcker
+may 2010
+december 2009
+volcker rule
+senate
+bailout of banks
+trillions of u .s. dollars
+august 9 , 2007
+2012
+bnp paribas
+2004
+2009
+escalate
+subprime
+capital
+levin–coburn report
+glass -steagall act
+financial crisis inquiry commission
+credit rating agencies
+regulatory
+mortgage -backed securities
+collateralized debt obligations
+major global financial institutions
+institutions and investors around the world
+mortgage payments and housing prices
+trillions of u .s. dollars
+foreclosure
+late 2006
+other loan types
+foreclosure epidemic
+investment banks and hedge funds
+investment banks and hedge funds
+financialization
+deregulation
+u .s. government policy
+mbs
+slowing economic activity
+central banks
+governments
+large loan defaults or mbs losses
+january 2011
+the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation
+federal reserve
+key policy makers
+financial firms
+tough competition
+2003
+2004–2007
+2004–2007
+government -sponsored enterprises -lrb -gses -rrb-
+six
+paul krugman
+government affordable housing policy
+gse loans
+4
+13 million
+over $2 trillion
+fannie mae and freddie mac
+hud
+6
+office of federal housing enterprise oversight -lrb -ofheo -rrb-
+bush administration
+september 10 , 2003
+the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation
+house financial services committee
+ $467 billion
+10 %
+community reinvestment act
+25 %
+25 %
+1995
+ $4 .5 trillion
+high -interest -rate loans -lrb -3 percentage points over average -rrb-
+prime
+after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001
+credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos.
+derivatives
+portfolio magazine
+derivatives
+credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos
+substandard
+low or no downpayments
+it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans
+1997–2007
+krugman
+160
+the saint -barthélemy channel
+little turtle rocks
+the renaissance
+satellite islets
+saint -barthélemoise
+french
+500–700
+french
+racially
+saint martin
+five
+in march 2012
+15 july 2007
+nineteen
+september 2014
+the european union
+one
+2008
+thirteen
+agricultural production
+sweet potato
+salt
+fishing
+gustavia
+the rich and famous
+200 ,000
+€61 ,200 ,000
+wealth generated by wealthy tourists
+by airplane
+25
+58
+portugal
+12
+400
+succulent
+the eastern part
+several hundred
+sea grapes
+the pacific islands
+aloe or aloe vera
+cereus
+south america
+1773
+barbary
+may
+december
+turtles
+jellyfish
+amidst tall sea grasses
+pearly -pink
+conch
+shallow waters
+ghost
+garbage and sewerage
+1 .200
+sea turtles
+anchoring
+reserve naturelle
+mooring buoys
+the swedes
+gustav adolph
+1787
+ruins
+la pointe
+over 70
+in the hotels
+les petits creux
+spicier
+gastronomic
+every alternate year
+concarneau
+boats
+10 m
+two
+the north coast
+charters
+princess juliana international airport
+sint maarten
+gustaf iii
+france
+saint -barth
+english
+ouanalao
+west
+volcanic
+9 ,035
+gustavia
+swedish
+the winter holiday season
+guadeloupe
+2003
+2007
+hotel de la collectivité
+a senator
+colombier bay
+small
+visible coral reef
+shallow
+a marine reserve
+22
+15
+leeward
+windward
+windsurfing
+arid
+2 ,500
+1000 mm
+november
+13 °c
+1744
+1785
+carénage
+gustavia
+the caribbean war
+st . barts municipal museum
+musée territorial de st . -barthélemy
+gustavia
+british
+creole
+molecular biology and genetics
+dna
+rna
+hans winkler
+1920
+university of hamburg
+biome , rhizome
+half
+meiosis
+mitochondria and chloroplasts
+genomics
+single genes or groups of genes
+sequenced
+c -value paradox
+trichomoniasis
+60 ,000
+three times
+walter fiers
+bacteriophage ms2
+fred sanger
+institute for genomic research
+1996
+us national institutes of health
+mouse
+puffer fish
+december 2013
+130 ,000
+massive parallel sequencing
+manteia predictive medicine
+james d . watson
+the structure of dna
+genome map
+the human genome project
+jean weissenbach
+genoscope
+genome composition
+evolutionary history
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes
+exon -intron
+mammals and plants
+pathogenic microbe
+virus
+plasmids
+plants , protozoa and animals
+plastome
+mitochondrial genome
+genome size
+morphological complexity
+repetitive dna
+minimal genomes
+in vivo and in silico
+protein -coding genes and rna -coding genes
+proportion of non -repetitive dna
+genome size
+e . coli
+c . elegans and fruit fly
+20 %
+tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
+proportion of repetitive dna
+tandem repeats
+satellite dna and microsatellites
+interspersed repeats.
+transposable elements
+genome evolution
+retrotransposons
+dna transposons
+rna
+cut and paste
+rna
+karyotype
+genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and gc -content
+duplications
+genetic novelty
+horizontal gene transfer
+microbes
+chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes
+comprehensive school
+selective school system
+england and wales
+90 %
+gesamtschule
+design and technology and vocational learning
+sixth form colleges and further education colleges
+city technology colleges and specialist schools programmes
+164
+1965
+neighbourhood
+academies programme , free schools and university technical colleges
+1970s
+7 to 16
+comprehensive
+remedial
+the hauptschulabschluss , the realschulabschluss or the abitur
+50 %
+less than 1 %
+stadtteilschule
+sekundarschule
+2010/2011
+college preparatory classes
+abitur
+hauptschule
+grade inflation
+barbara sommer
+sigrid beer
+christian democratic union
+alliance '90/the greens
+bright working class students
+middle class peers
+hauptschule
+helmut fend
+tripartite system
+1972
+sixth form
+a -levels
+1966
+patrick hillery
+vocational school system
+community school
+1970s
+the state
+the denominational basis of the schools
+community colleges
+1946
+london county council
+holyhead county school
+1949
+woodlands boys school
+anthony crosland
+secretary of state for education
+secondary technical schools
+margaret thatcher
+comprehensive
+conservative
+1975
+neighbourhood comprehensives
+comprehensive schools
+sandwell and dudley
+james callaghan
+comprehensive school
+labour
+education reform act
+1988
+specialisation
+league tables of school performance
+comprehensive
+specialist schools
+2005
+scotland
+england and wales
+république du congo
+central african republic
+gabon
+cameroon
+central africa
+bantu
+1960
+denis sassou nguesso
+president
+fourth
+oil revenues
+pygmy
+1500 bc
+bantu
+diogo cão
+portuguese
+commodities , manufactured goods , and people
+late 19th century
+bantu societies
+1880
+pierre de brazza
+middle congo
+french equatorial africa
+14 ,000
+brazzaville
+brazzaville conference of 1944
+1946
+the fourth republic
+1958
+the aef
+the republic of the congo
+1959
+august 15 , 1960
+fulbert youlou
+alphonse massamba -débat
+labour elements and rival political parties
+congolese military
+massamba -débat
+scientific socialism
+cuban
+september 1968
+marien ngouabi
+people 's republic of the congo
+congolese labour party
+1972
+march 16 , 1977
+eastern bloc
+the soviet union
+dictatorship
+political repression
+pascal lissouba
+imf
+civil war
+enhanced structural adjustment facility
+lissouba and sassou
+cobras
+angolan
+october
+milongo
+seven years
+january 2002
+april 2003
+sassou
+congolese observatory of human rights
+very low
+multi -party
+congolese labour party
+parti congolais du travail
+corruption revelations
+france
+march 27 , 2015
+third
+the government
+one
+10
+bantus
+pets
+december 30 , 2010
+4°n and 5°s
+11° and 19°e
+atlantic ocean
+cabinda
+angola
+brazzaville
+congo river
+kinshasa
+democratic republic of the congo
+coastal plain
+kouilou -niari river
+plateau
+forests
+equator
+24 °c -lrb -75 °f -rrb-
+16 °c -lrb -61 °f -rrb - and 21 °c -lrb -70 °f -rrb-
+june to august
+wildlife conservation society
+sangha region
+inhospitable swamps
+petroleum
+budget problems and overstaffing
+forestry
+65 %
+92 %
+large -scale development projects
+5 %
+50 %
+46 %
+civil war
+slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict
+december 1998
+stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
+natural gas and diamonds
+2007
+base metal , gold , iron and phosphate
+organization for the harmonization of business law in africa
+200 ,000 hectares
+land , air and water
+1930s
+paris
+atlantic ocean
+southwest
+534 -kilometre -lrb -332 mi -rrb-
+62
+kongo
+2 %
+12 %
+about 9 ,000
+french
+around 300
+catholics
+22 .3 %
+19 .9 %
+1 .6 %
+foreign workers
+8 .9 %
+2 .8 %
+ $30
+20
+560
+female genital mutilation
+59 .34
+16
+44 %
+baccalaureate
+french
+executive
+cabinet
+civil service
+westminster system
+ceremonial
+ensure the passage of bills
+royal prerogative
+parliament
+first lord of the treasury and minister for the civil service
+minister of defence
+1625
+cardinal richelieu
+france
+louis xiv
+18th century
+sir robert walpole
+thomas cromwell
+godolphin
+clarendon
+the monarch
+the monarch
+harley and st john
+clarendon
+glorious revolution
+bill of rights
+house of commons
+george i
+1714
+hanover
+twenty -one years
+whig
+doctrine of cabinet solidarity
+resign
+lord melbourne
+parliamentarians and legal scholars
+george ii and george iii
+benjamin disraeli
+1905
+president
+sheikh khalifah bin sulman al khalifah
+1970
+bahrain
+parliamentary republics
+parliamentary republics
+premier of the state council
+taiwan
+legislature
+cohabitation
+resignation of the government
+bangladesh 's
+the process of his/her appointment and dismissal
+the national people 's congress
+zŏnglĭ
+the constitution act
+1982
+federal and provincial first ministers
+constitution
+first decade of the twentieth century
+balfour
+1905
+margaret thatcher
+1979
+1990
+cabinet
+taoiseach
+the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
+after every general election
+lower house of parliament
+upper houses
+vote of confidence
+head of state
+resignation of the prime minister and his or her government
+prime minister
+1918
+1937
+the executive council
+cabinet
+spill motion
+chairman of the government
+rosh hamemshalah
+president of the government -lrb -presidente del gobierno -rrb-
+taoiseach
+president of the council of ministers
+statsminister
+premier
+germany and austria
+minister of state
+secretary of state
+president
+non -commonwealth countries
+right honourable
+her majesty 's most honourable privy council
+canada
+devolved
+first minister
+pradhan mantri
+wazir -e-azam
+grand vizier
+office of the prime minister
+cabinet office
+it
+19th century
+école polytechnique
+greek
+polytechnic
+the berg -schola
+world war ii
+collegium carolinum
+1794
+institutions of higher education
+1992
+university of westminster
+regent street
+polytechnics
+university of technology
+college of advanced education system
+tafe
+melbourne polytechnic
+2009
+seven
+fachhochschule
+master 's degrees
+hogeschool
+academization
+four
+three
+cambodia
+affiliate schools
+quebec
+public funding
+polytechnics canada
+collaborative institute -industry projects
+1895
+capital university
+half
+1997
+the geophysics institute
+quito astronomical observatory
+national polytechnic school
+1873
+one
+the country 's development
+50
+instituts de technologie
+180
+160
+finland
+ammattikorkeakoulus
+yrkeshögskola
+technology
+institut universitaire de technologie
+iut
+fachhochschule
+polytechnicum
+18th
+escola politécnica
+1970s
+teaching
+business
+tu
+research
+medicine
+nine
+17
+290 ,000
+saxony
+niedersächsische technische hochschule
+higher education reform act
+the hong kong polytechnic
+hong kong technical college
+1984
+hong kong university of science and technology
+1994
+copper
+1735
+court chamber of vienna
+16
+30
+aicte
+diploma in engineering
+four
+three
+regional technical college
+dublin institute of technology
+politecnico
+two
+genoa
+imperial college of engineering
+sciences
+malaysia
+unesco
+ipoh
+32
+60 ,840
+87 ,440
+university of technology , mauritius
+technology
+new zealand
+universal college of learning
+1989
+wellington polytechnic
+1990s
+central institute of technology
+north island
+auckland university of technology
+10th
+trades
+three
+be
+f .sc
+politechnika
+bacharelatos
+bologna process
+millennia institute
+5
+three
+queen maria theresa
+1735
+silver and gold
+1764
+teaching
+technikons
+1993
+2004
+technical colleges
+bachelor 's degrees
+pathumwan institute of technology
+king mongkut 's university of technology thonburi
+institute of technology and vocational education
+sirindhorn international institute of technology
+suranaree university of technology
+1989
+mahanakorn university of technology
+bursa technical university
+six
+ankara and trabzon
+1970
+the uk council for national academic awards
+central institutions
+royal polytechnic institution
+two
+loughborough university of technology
+1960s
+the further and higher education act 1992
+cnaa
+university colleges
+20th century
+high school
+1824
+massachusetts institute of technology
+middle class
+1950s
+caracas
+dr . federico rivero palacio
+world wide web
+internet archive
+san francisco
+brewster kahle and bruce gilliat
+three dimensional index
+linux
+if the content has changed
+to archive the entire internet
+the rocky and bullwinkle show
+mr . peabody and sherman
+wabac machine
+1996
+crawlers
+robots exclusion standard
+archive -it .org
+digital tape
+researchers and scientists
+fifth anniversary
+university of california , berkeley
+snapshots
+six months
+variable
+after august 2008
+jeff kaplan
+november 2010
+three petabytes
+12 terabytes/month
+petabox rack systems
+capricorn technologies
+2009
+sun open storage
+sun microsystems ' california campus
+2011
+march 2011
+2008
+2010
+save a page
+october 2013
+netbula , llc v . chordiant software inc.
+chordiant
+the robots .txt file
+internet archive
+chordiant
+magistrate judge howard lloyd
+northern district of california , san jose division
+chordiant
+tvp polonia
+the dish network
+magistrate judge arlander keys
+district court judge ronald guzman
+in examining a patent application
+authoritative statement of the archivist
+technical
+underlying links
+forms
+e -commerce
+copyright laws
+delete pages from its system
+faq
+scientology
+the site owner
+church of scientology
+harding earley follmer & frailey
+healthcare advocates
+internet archive
+the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act
+voluntary
+robots .txt
+robots .txt
+internet archive
+suzanne shell
+profane -justice .org
+northern district of california
+district of colorado
+april 25 , 2007
+internet archive
+suzanne shell
+dmca requests
+federal court of canada
+the united provinces -lrb -verenigde provinciën -rrb - , federated dutch provinces -lrb -foederatae belgii provinciae -rrb - , and dutch federation -lrb -belgica foederata -rrb-
+from 1581 , when part of the netherlands separated from spanish rule , until 1795
+batavian republic , the kingdom of holland , the united kingdom of the netherlands , and ultimately the modern kingdom of the netherlands
+netherlands , belgium , and luxembourg
+flanders
+the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg
+holy roman emperor charles v
+1568
+high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip 's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved -medieval government structures of the provinces
+1579
+a number of the northern provinces of the low countries
+the act of abjuration
+1581
+to support each other in their defence against the spanish army
+1582
+1583
+10 july 1584
+elizabeth i
+1588
+a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795
+france
+the batavian republic
+1813
+`` united provinces of the netherlands '' and `` united netherlands ''
+austrian netherlands , luxembourg and liège
+the dutch golden age
+the county of holland
+1602
+rotterdam
+six
+amsterdam
+1590–1712
+africa and the pacific
+breaking the portuguese sphere of influence on the indian ocean and in the orient
+seven
+the states general -lrb -staten -generaal in dutch -rrb - , the federal government
+representatives of each of the seven provinces
+the county of drenthe
+this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
+raadspensionaris
+the stadtholder
+the stadtholder
+the states of each province
+the princes of orange of the house of orange -nassau , beginning with william the silent
+zeeland and usually utrecht
+orangists
+republicans
+the peace of westphalia
+federally -governed generality lands -lrb -generaliteitslanden -rrb-
+staats -brabant -lrb -present north brabant -rrb - , staats -vlaanderen -lrb -present zeeuws -vlaanderen -rrb - , staats -limburg -lrb -around maastricht -rrb - and staats -oppergelre -lrb -around venlo , after 1715 -rrb-
+the states general of the united provinces
+holland and/or zeeland
+the framers of the us constitution
+james madison
+the act of abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the united provinces
+the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579
+personal religion
+william of orange
+catholic services
+the reformed church
+the time period and regional or city leaders
+fined 200 guilders -lrb -a year 's wage for a skilled tradesman -rrb - and banned from the city
+personal freedom of religion
+predestination
+the struggle between arminianism and gomarism , or between remonstrants and contra -remonstrants
+the synod of dort
+in the 18th century
+as long as their services took place secretly in private churches
+greek
+lichens
+german
+130 years
+obligate
+facultative
+lichens
+mistletoe
+disjunctive symbiosis
+endosymbiosis
+insects
+frankia
+algae
+barnacles
+lice
+exosymbiosis
+interspecies reciprocal altruism
+lifelong
+mutualistic
+coral reefs
+fix carbon from the air
+mycorrhyzal
+ocellaris clownfish
+a special mucus
+mutual symbiosis
+the goby fish
+its tail
+non -obligate
+the late 1980s
+nutrition
+the galapagos islands
+nutrients
+specialized cells
+vertical transmission
+drastic reduction in its genome size
+muller 's ratchet phenomenon
+lack of selection mechanisms
+latin
+commensalism
+inquilinism
+metabiosis
+phoresy
+a parasitic relationship
+necrotrophic
+biotrophic
+as many as half
+a tick
+amensalism
+competition and antibiosis
+competition
+juglone
+weevils
+shrub
+amensalism
+synnecrosis
+death
+uncommon
+to protect the hive
+the evolution of all eukaryotes
+plants , animals , fungi , and protists
+symbiosis
+dorion sagan
+a major role
+nectar and large sticky pollen
+dependent
+forces armées canadiennes
+the national defence act
+her majesty
+forces canadiennes
+four
+the national defence act
+queen elizabeth ii
+the governor general of canada
+the chief of the defence staff
+the armed forces council.
+cold war
+the security of europe
+the soviet military threat
+the early 1950s
+the early 1990s
+the north atlantic treaty organization -lrb -nato -rrb-
+international security operations
+afghanistan
+2002
+out of area
+canada first defence strategy
+2008
+six core missions
+north america
+conduct of canadian defence diplomacy
+deployment of canadian defence attachés
+the american air forces
+military training
+relationship -building efforts
+1867
+french and british forces
+european powers
+the american revolutionary war
+invasion by the united states
+the british crown -in -council
+halifax
+1906
+the department of militia and defence
+november 1940
+second boer war
+british command
+the first world war
+second world war
+korean war
+more than 200 operations
+72
+cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war
+united nations peacekeeping operations
+an aircraft carrier
+the normandy landings
+the strategic bombing of german cities
+the battle of vimy ridge
+croatia
+the largest volunteer army ever
+the soviet union
+japanese
+1 february 1968
+the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force
+the british government
+1931
+the first world war
+canadian armed forces
+after the 1980s
+2013
+canadian forces
+land forces
+2011
+isaf
+the government of afghanistan
+peacekeeping
+approximately $20 .1 billion
+74th in size
+approximately 119 ,000
+2020
+around 124 ,000
+the canada first defence strategy
+through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness
+loss of existing members
+main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles
+c -130 hercules
+ch -47 chinook heavy -lift helicopters
+2006
+medicine , communication , logistics , and administration
+1971
+vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air -traffic controllers
+the department changed its policies
+canadian charter of rights and freedoms
+infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air -defence artillery
+5 february 1987
+the minister of national defence
+combat -related employment of women
+1989
+submarine service
+100 percent
+the government of jean chretien
+equipment must be suitable for a mixed -gender force
+combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots
+an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments
+it begins at the top with the most senior -ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.
+the canadian constitution
+the governor general
+troop deployment and disposition orders
+the monarch or governor general
+the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet
+115 ,349
+the chief of the defence staff
+the governor general
+ottawa , ontario
+the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations.
+27
+saint -jean -sur -richelieu
+canadian forces leadership and recruit school
+33
+halifax
+the naval reserve headquarters -lrb -navreshq -rrb-
+nato exercises
+commander of the canadian army
+four divisions
+the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division
+the 5th canadian division
+the 5th canadian division
+three
+one
+tactical helicopter squadron
+a field ambulance
+cfb gagetown , cfb montreal and cfb wainwright.
+the commander of the royal canadian air force
+winnipeg
+eleven
+tactical commander
+alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba
+winnipeg and north bay
+geilenkirchen , germany
+airborne early warning force
+labrador
+joint task force -lrb -north -rrb-
+a chain of forward operating locations
+fighter operations
+cf -18 squadrons
+arctic sovereignty patrols.
+october 2012
+canada command , the canadian expeditionary force command and the canadian operational support command
+the 2012 federal budget
+the canadian special operations forces command
+generating special operations forces
+cjoc
+cfb trenton
+427
+electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks
+cfs leitrim in ottawa
+design and build cyber warfare capabilities
+june 2011
+the director general cyber
+the canadian armed forces
+joint task force
+domestic support
+in times of national emergency or threat
+primary and supplementary
+chief of reserves and cadets
+the naval reserve -lrb -navres -rrb - , land force reserve -lrb -lfr -rrb - , and air reserve -lrb -airres -rrb-
+cadet organizations administration and training service
+12 to 18 years
+officers of the cadet instructors cadre
+reserve force sub -component coats
+provide surveillance and patrol services
+in canada 's arctic
+reserve force
+canada 's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
+service dress
+gloves , swords , and medals
+operational dress is now the daily uniform
+approved parkas
+a ceremonial/regimental full dress
+beret , wedge cap , ballcap
+coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn
+the beret
+cg634 helmet
+the constitution of canada
+2005
+the principal clergy of rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
+a church in rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
+cardinal
+ninth century
+tituli
+cardo
+the church of england
+the deacons of the seven regions of the city
+8th century
+769
+nicholas ii
+the papal bull in nomine domini
+1244
+pope innocent iv
+cardinal
+747
+1567
+pope zacharias
+747
+pius v.
+1567
+1563
+pope pius iv
+1563
+pope pius iv
+french kings
+secular affairs.
+cardinal richelieu
+cardinal richelieu
+henry , king of portugal
+70
+comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons.
+pope john xxiii
+120
+80
+120
+the number of cardinals generally
+a church in the city of rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
+the dean of the college of cardinals
+titular bishopric of ostia
+1630
+pope urban viii
+prince
+the pope and crowned monarchs
+pope urban viii
+`` cardinal -lsb -first name -rsb - -lsb -surname -rsb - ''
+cardinal -lsb -first name -rsb - -lsb -surname -rsb-
+by placing the title `` cardinal '' -lrb -abbreviated card . -rrb - after their personal name and before their surname
+sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis
+because they do not belong to the roman clergy
+ -lsb -first name -rsb - cardinal -lsb -surname -rsb-
+cardinal
+1378
+1378
+no
+the cardinalate
+cardinal bishops
+cardinals of the episcopal order
+cardinal bishops
+a roman priest
+to preserve apostolic succession
+he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia.
+he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia.
+seven
+1150 until 1914
+pope pius x
+ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri
+1962
+ostia
+cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator.
+1962
+ostia
+the cardinal vicar of the see of rome
+college of cardinals
+the pope
+a gold ring
+the pope
+a galero.
+1969
+scarlet biretta
+eastern catholic cardinals
+willingness to die for his faith
+rochet
+the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture
+1460s
+the cardinalate expires
+pope martin v
+marry
+1917
+only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
+perform the functions reserved solely to bishops , such as ordination
+1962
+1917
+1962
+collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the holy see and present the results to the college of cardinals
+the cardinal protodeacon
+from the central balcony at the basilica of saint peter in vatican city state
+pope john paul i
+white
+30
+10 years
+about half
+third
+seven deacons in the papal household
+cardinal deacons
+the cardinal who is the longest -serving member of the order of cardinal priests
+paulo evaristo arns of brazil
+the pope
+a suburbicarian see
+cardinal deacons
+cardinal bishops
+cardinal priests
+priests chosen by the pope
+a titular church in rome
+1587
+70
+pope john xxiii
+iranic languages
+indo -iranian languages
+indo -european language family
+400 bce
+middle persian
+86
+proto -iranian
+persian and sanskrit
+1836
+christian lassen
+robert needham cust
+1878
+proto -iranian
+central asia
+andronovo
+2000 bc
+indo -european
+southeastern europe , the iranian plateau , and central asia
+linguistic diversity
+two
+the behistun inscription
+520 bc
+4th century bc
+avestan
+zoroastrianism
+rigvedic sanskrit
+old persian
+kurdish
+scythian
+western and eastern
+old persian
+avestan
+*ć and *dź
+first -series palatal consonants
+nuristani languages
+*ćw and *dźw
+consonant clusters
+other distinct dialect groups
+alanian/scytho -sarmatian
+old parthian
+9th century
+western and eastern
+eastern
+avestan
+aramaic
+greek script
+pahlavi
+3rd century ce
+middle persian , parthian and sogdian
+syriac script
+islam
+dari
+saffarid
+875 ce
+khorasan
+arabic script
+second half of the 8th century
+tajik script
+the 1930s
+the soviet government
+khuzestan
+sogdian and bactrian
+6th century ad
+zarafshan valley
+saka
+daylighting
+positive
+energy consumption
+artificial light sources
+lighting or illumination
+daylighting
+lighting
+positive
+energy consumption
+lighting or illumination
+light fixtures
+indoor lighting
+lighting
+light fixtures
+lighting
+1939
+recessed lighting
+400 ,000 bce
+birds and fish
+campfires or torches
+15 ,000 years
+incandescent light
+early 1800s
+urban crime.
+lighting fixtures
+visual glare
+lumen per watt
+6400
+incandescent bulb
+blue -white
+lower color temperature
+light produced by the fixture.
+lightolier
+master transformer
+cable lighting
+12 or 24 volts
+torchiere
+table lamp
+task lighting
+dark nightclub
+illuminated ceiling
+accent lighting
+small lights
+led based versions
+translucent tube
+street lights
+photovoltaic luminaires
+floodlights
+security lighting
+entry lights
+red
+white or selective yellow
+late 1950s
+white
+turn signals
+light bulbs
+electrical energy
+60 w
+800 lumens
+architectural lighting design
+kno
+radiance
+tabular
+daylight factor calculation.
+dark paint
+light paint
+photometric studies
+lighting cues
+stage lighting
+candela -lrb -cd -rrb-
+cd/m2
+stilb
+lumen -lrb -lm -rrb-
+luminosity function
+lux
+unified glare rating
+correlated color temperature
+color rendering index
+cri
+cct
+gamut area index
+gai
+ano
+light dosimeters
+daysimeter
+circadian light meter
+30
+short -wavelength light
+specification of illumination requirements
+lighting control
+wireless mesh open standards
+zigbee
+no
+occupancy sensors
+changes in heat
+ultrasonic sensors
+no
+daylighting
+not
+leds
+nonimaging optics
+higher lighting levels
+alzheimer 's disease
+24
+disrupt the natural circadian cycle
+robert ulrich
+no
+no
+university of toronto scarborough
+northwestern university
+dr . abraham gesner
+1849
+coal -gas methods
+compact fluorescent lamps
+not
+10 %
+50 ,000
+50 ,000 hours
+70 %
+light pollution
+glare
+searchlights and flares
+light
+infrared cameras
+flares
+laser -guided and gps weapons
+international commission on illumination
+the illuminating engineering society of north america
+ansi and ashrae
+distribution of light released
+the international association of lighting designers
+the professional lighting designers association
+elda
+ncqlp
+the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions
+lc
+clep and clmc
+the professional lighting and sound association
+uk
+500+
+restriction of hazardous substances directive
+separation of powers
+three
+united states constitution
+checks and balances
+separation of powers
+john locke
+thomas hobbes
+montesquieu
+the framers of the united states constitution
+john locke
+thomas hobbes
+montesquieu
+uk
+parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
+separate and distinct
+united kingdom
+a member of the court of appeals
+congress
+clinton v . city of new york
+1998
+congress
+nondelegation doctrine
+clinton v . city of new york
+1998
+wayman v . southard
+1825
+john marshall
+the judiciary
+wayman v . southard
+john marshall
+the 1930s
+national recovery administration
+1935
+1935
+schechter poultry corp . v . united states
+army and navy
+senate
+impeachment
+quasi -judicial
+executive
+the president
+impeachment
+congress
+the performance of their duties
+ins v . chadha
+1983
+two -thirds
+judicial
+president
+senate
+constitutional courts
+judicial power
+the president
+the senate
+legislative courts
+judicial power of the united states
+president
+the president
+the vice president
+the president
+the president
+the president
+congress
+the senate
+courts
+marbury v . madison
+the supreme court
+congress
+the supreme court
+the chief justice
+james madison
+federalist 51
+congress
+two
+one
+twelve
+andrew jackson
+fifteen
+tenure of office act
+grover cleveland
+grover cleveland
+franklin roosevelt
+congress
+national security
+checks and balances
+the supreme court
+the florida supreme court
+the florida supreme court
+architectural
+architectura
+architecture
+architectural works
+architectural achievements
+greek
+ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder ''
+buildings and other physical structures
+as works of art
+historical civilizations
+de architectura
+roman architect vitruvius
+1st century ad.
+firmness , commodity and delight.
+de architectura
+vitruvius
+architect
+firmitas , utilitas , venustas
+firmness , commodity and delight
+16th century
+vasari
+italian , french , spanish and english
+architect
+leon battista alberti
+proportion
+the golden mean
+16th
+augustus welby northmore pugin
+1836
+contrasts
+1836
+modern , industrial world
+gothic
+john ruskin
+john ruskin
+art critic
+1849
+to his mental health , power , and pleasure
+not
+the aesthetic
+it is in some way `` adorned ''
+string courses or rustication
+20th -century
+le corbusier
+architect
+20th -century
+heart
+i am happy
+function
+aesthetic , psychological and cultural
+vitruvius
+all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building
+both popularity and skepticism
+rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology.
+philosophies
+their approach to building design
+poststructuralism
+late 20th century
+sustainability
+environment
+non -sustainable power sources
+shelter , security , worship
+knowledge
+a craft
+architecture
+building materials
+vernacular buildings
+a surplus in production
+trial and error
+vernacular
+rural
+urbanization
+rapidly
+egypt and mesopotamia
+egypt and mesopotamia
+the divine and the supernatural
+political power
+kao gong ji
+china
+7th–5th centuries bce
+manjusri vasthu vidya sastra
+shilpa shastras
+pantheistic religion
+buddhist architecture
+3rd century bce
+the macrocosm and the microcosm
+the shastras
+buddhist
+pantheistic religion
+european architecture
+7th century ce
+byzantium
+religious and social needs
+pointed arch
+abbeys and cathedrals.
+abbeys and cathedrals
+clerics and tradesmen
+pan -european
+romanesque
+900 ce onwards
+1400
+1400 onwards
+europe
+renaissance
+role of the individual
+artist , architect and engineer
+functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic
+form , space and ambience
+pragmatic aspects
+nunzia rondanini
+through its aesthetic dimension
+social life
+social development
+functional aspects
+art for art 's sake
+quest for perfection or originality
+form
+civic ideals
+new building types
+religious or empirical ones
+architectural `` style ''
+ancient time
+specific formal prescriptions
+canons
+1st -century bce
+religious
+guilds
+written contracts
+ecclesiastical buildings
+magister lathomorum
+proportions and structure
+generalist
+architecture and engineering
+technical aspects of building design
+`` gentleman architect ''
+context and feasibility
+in the offices of other architects
+mass production and consumption
+ornamented products
+aesthetics
+pattern books and architectural journals
+current architectural design
+20th
+modern architecture
+1907
+to produce better quality machine made objects
+the bauhaus school
+avant -garde movement
+the middle and working classes
+the rapidly declining aristocratic order
+functionalist
+historical references and ornament
+frank lloyd wright
+robie house and fallingwater
+to promote harmony
+the industrial revolution
+steel -frame construction
+international style
+twin towers
+minoru yamasaki
+decorative richness
+paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen
+unfinished concrete
+postwar generation
+the school of metaphoric architecture
+biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
+nature
+expressionist architecture
+the late 1950s and 1960s
+modernism
+human experience
+robert venturi
+`` ducks ''
+since the 1980s
+one person
+modernism and postmodernism
+environmental sustainability
+the environment
+frank lloyd wright
+buckminster fuller
+the u .s. green building council
+new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture
+solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
+smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design
+modernist and globally uniform architecture
+life expectancy , education , and income per capita
+longer
+mahbub ul haq
+united nations development programme
+longer
+2010
+inequality -adjusted human development index
+the ihdi
+the hdi
+1990
+amartya sen
+people -centered policies
+1990
+life expectancy at birth
+mean years of schooling
+expected years of schooling
+gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
+the united nations development programme
+december 14 , 2015
+2014
+july 24 , 2014
+2013
+inequality
+the average level
+cuba
+very high
+lack of necessary data
+north korea
+march 14 , 2013
+2012
+the average level
+barbados
+barbados
+2011
+barbados
+barbados
+unavailability of certain crucial data
+north korea
+november 4 , 2010
+2010
+income , life expectancy , and education
+barbados
+unavailability of certain crucial data
+cuba
+high human development country
+october 5 , 2009
+period up to 2007
+overcoming barriers: human mobility and development
+very high human development
+developed countries
+being a non -un member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
+statistical update
+an accompanying human development report
+up to 2006
+november 27 , 2007
+fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world
+2005
+2005
+brasília , brazil
+high income countries
+0.5
+africa
+119th
+121st
+gabon and south africa
+0.8
+brazil
+russia
+red arrows
+green arrows
+blue dash
+norway
+iceland
+national performance and ranking
+western
+global
+egalitarianism
+three
+2010
+the economist
+182
+169
+mediterranean europe
+iberian peninsula
+balkan countries
+southern france
+political , economic , and cultural attributes
+geography , climate , and flora
+the mediterranean climate
+western and southern coastal regions
+vegetations and landscapes
+mountain ranges of spain and italy
+north coast of spain
+atlantic climate
+phytochoria
+armen takhtajan
+classical antiquity
+city -states
+alexander the great
+rome
+constantinople
+germanic
+ad 476
+300 ad
+the byzantine empire
+germanic peoples
+kingdoms and empires of their own
+the crusades
+1204
+genoa and venice
+the reconquista
+the byzantine empire
+the late middle ages
+the black death
+the ottoman empire
+1453
+14th century
+florence
+science and theology
+greek and roman
+portugal and spain
+1648
+spain and france
+galileo galilei
+guglielmo marconi
+the rise of colonial empires
+the columbian exchange
+manufacturing
+the industrial revolution of great britain
+between 1815 and 1871
+the ottoman empire
+1870
+the age of empire
+1914
+1918
+the paris peace conference
+the nazi regime
+adolf hitler
+italy
+mussolini
+the warsaw pact
+european union
+market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism
+1989
+1991
+2013
+romance languages
+italy , san marino , and the vatican
+eastern spain
+galician
+over 40 million
+hellenic
+cyprus
+macedonian
+bulgarian
+slovenia
+english
+spanish
+maltese
+albanian
+semitic
+northern spain and southwestern france
+christianity
+380 ad
+roman catholic
+greek orthodox
+regions
+statistical convenience
+sub -regions
+tourism decision metrics
+european travel commission
+bbc
+royal charter
+1932
+2 november 1936
+united kingdom
+30 %
+television production companies
+30 september 1929
+long acre , london
+30
+june 1932
+30 march 1930
+broadcasting house , london
+telephone line
+electromechanical
+16 portland place , london
+february 1934
+alexandra palace
+vhf
+240
+405
+monday to saturday
+six months
+farnsworth image dissector
+13 february 1937
+40 kilometres
+1938
+rca
+a british television set
+brookmans park
+2 august 1932
+opening of the bbc television service
+king george vi and queen elizabeth
+september 1939
+vhf transmissions
+the radar programme
+mickey 's gala premier
+before the end of the cartoon
+18 ,999
+jasmine bligh
+7 june 1946
+lime grove studios
+mickey mouse
+birmingham
+sutton coldfield transmitting station
+405 -line interlaced image
+vhf
+bbc tv
+itv
+doctor who
+alexandra palace
+itv
+bbc2
+massive power failure
+battersea power station
+denis tuohy
+bbc two
+15 november 1969
+soap opera or standard news programming
+sir david attenborough
+documentaries
+1967
+2000
+2
+cbbc
+bbc natural history unit
+the 1950s
+life on earth , the private life of plants , the blue planet , the life of mammals , planet earth and frozen planet
+fifteen
+wales , scotland and northern ireland
+local announcers
+major local events
+give my head peace
+river city
+gaelic
+eòrpa and dè a -nis ?
+patrick kielty almost live
+25 %
+the simpsons
+neighbours
+teletext
+1974
+bbci
+may 2003
+astra 2d satellite
+14 july
+£85 million
+western europe
+hollywood studios and sporting organisations
+sky digital
+scottish premier league and scottish cup football
+5 july 2004
+dvd
+newsreel
+little angels
+jana bennett
+bbc vision
+the onset of new media outlets and technology
+2008
+november 2008
+keeping up appearances
+nearly 1000
+bbc worldwide
+annually
+advertisements and subscription
+2013
+danny cohen
+commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting
+december 2004
+april 2006
+general entertainment
+july 30 , 1947
+alois
+two
+15
+seven
+conan the barbarian
+20
+arnie
+2011
+republican
+gray davis
+january 5 , 2007
+austria
+jadrny
+gustav
+chief of police
+meinhard
+refrigerator
+soccer
+john wayne
+police officer
+steve reeves
+1971
+patrick
+stroke
+barbara baker
+fortune
+mr . universe
+junior mr . europe
+1966
+london
+reg park
+legs
+four
+rolf putziger
+10
+21
+new york
+ric drasin
+la weekly
+arnold: the education of a bodybuilder
+santa monica college
+transcendental meditation
+anxiety
+the arnold classic
+monthly
+ $250 ,000
+executive editor
+junior mr . europe
+seven
+half an hour
+munich stone -lifting contest
+1969
+sergio oliva
+1970
+23
+franco columbu
+1975
+mr . olympia
+pumping iron
+three months
+jeff bridges
+conan
+seven
+seven
+1977
+dr . willi heepe
+ $10 ,000
+the globe
+hercules
+strong
+robert altman
+new male star of the year
+weird
+1991
+1980
+the incredible hulk
+the villain
+conan the destroyer
+1984
+james cameron
+sylvester stallone
+1987
+twins
+ $10 million
+christmas in connecticut
+tales from the crypt
+terminator 2: judgment day
+the national association of theatre owners
+true lies
+junior
+ $150 million
+82
+forum stadtpark
+the kid & i
+the governator
+stan lee
+with wings as eagles
+randall wallace
+may 20
+10 years
+escape plan
+terminator genisys
+2015
+2004
+`` stop the madness ''
+1988
+george h .w. bush
+conan the republican
+1999
+the hollywood reporter
+august 6 , 2003
+one
+55 .4 %
+cruz bustamante
+1 .3 million
+31 %
+john g . downey
+willie brown
+hans and franz
+november
+four
+susan kennedy
+phil angelides
+san francisco
+united states senate
+wendy leigh
+sargent shriver
+the simpsons movie
+1983
+austrian
+john mccain
+rudy giuliani
+the environment and economy
+citizens for responsibility and ethics in washington
+89 %
+23 %
+gropegate
+six
+los angeles times
+bathing suit
+gq
+marijuana
+anna richardson
+the 6th day
+los angeles times
+1968
+peter pilz
+september 27 , 2006
+refineries
+2020
+the northeast
+solar panels
+2009
+carbon dioxide emissions
+detroit
+article ii , section i , clause v
+the new york post
+columbia university
+index cards
+30
+franco columbu
+san fernando earthquake
+ $10 ,000
+planet hollywood
+2000
+the hard rock cafe
+dimensional fund advisors
+columbus , ohio
+oak productions , inc.
+simon & schuster
+schatzi on main
+santa monica
+little treasure
+1998
+2011
+ $38 million
+2006
+polite society
+the first apollo moon landing
+sue moray
+the robert f . kennedy tennis tournament
+august 1978
+niece
+hyannis
+four
+heather milligan
+25 years
+the los angeles times
+20
+joseph
+2010
+bob kaufman
+schwarzenegger
+spousal support
+brigitte nielsen
+bicuspid
+1997
+patrick
+right femur
+sun valley , idaho
+van nuys airport
+6 '2"
+herb wesson
+5 '10"
+total recall
+`` the secret ''
+october 2012
+1992
+hummers
+silver
+6 ,300
+ $21 ,000
+california hydrogen highway network
+u .s. department of energy
+the inner city games foundation
+shanghai
+400
+the usc sol price school of public policy
+2012
+chairman
+60
+190
+tamar
+devon
+plymouth sound
+mount batten
+sutton
+1620
+1646
+plymouth colony
+devonport
+1928
+plymouth blitz
+1967
+east stonehouse
+261 ,546
+30th
+three
+santander
+plymouth university
+tamari ostia
+mount batten
+mouth/estuaries of the tamar
+11th
+south town
+1211
+king henry vi
+mouth of the river plym
+1340
+breton raiders
+1596
+sutton pool
+1512
+sir john hawkins
+sir francis drake
+1588
+1620
+plymouth colony
+parliamentarians
+four
+freedom fields park
+1660
+drake 's island
+18th
+17th
+1690
+river tamar
+318
+3 ,000
+stoke damerel
+timber
+devonport
+stonehouse
+john foulston
+union street
+william cookworthy
+1768
+chemist
+john smeaton
+2
+john rennie
+1841
+1812
+devonport
+guano
+devonport
+scapa flow
+escort vessels
+mount batten
+royal australian air force
+western approaches command
+59
+more than 1 ,000
+over 3 ,700
+sir patrick abercrombie
+over 1000
+over 20 ,000
+1962
+grade ii
+ark royal
+1971
+42 commando of the royal marines
+domesday book
+1086
+sudtone
+1254
+1439
+nancy astor
+plymouth sutton
+18 october 1928
+1935
+plymstock
+plymouth devonport
+secretary of state for education
+1974 health and safety at work act
+labour
+plymouth
+250 ,000
+1971 local government white paper
+tamarside
+1 april 1974
+the banham commission
+south west england
+gary streeter
+conservative
+moor view
+three
+57
+a third
+brest
+2001
+king george v
+six
+the lord mayor
+dr john mahony
+3 elliot terrace
+lady astor
+armada way
+june 2007
+£40m
+river tamar
+river plym
+cornwall
+plymouth sound
+1967
+cattewater
+1814
+drake 's island
+30 .83
+155
+site of special scientific interest
+lower devonian slates
+granite
+upper devonian slates
+its geology
+cremyll
+dartmoor
+tamar
+cattedown
+limestone
+27 april 1944
+sir patrick abercrombie
+armada way
+david mackay
+28
+temperate oceanic
+52
+february
+20
+july
+atlantic depressions
+autumn
+39
+november
+south -west
+over 1 ,600
+south west england
+89
+june 1976
+4 .25
+−8 .8 °c
+january 1979
+25 ,895
+22nd
+3 ,000
+£160 million
+1992
+the university of st mark & st john
+teacher training
+plymouth college of art
+26 ,000
+153
+four
+two
+71
+13
+three
+plymouth college
+devonport high school for girls
+the royal naval engineering college
+1910
+dockyard technical college
+1994
+university of southampton
+marine biological association
+sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences
+marine institute
+plymouth marine sciences partnership
+national marine aquarium
+256 ,384
+240 ,720
+15 ,664
+2.3
+0.5
+25 %
+5 ,169
+£19 ,943
+£23 ,755
+7 .0 %
+26 .2 %
+78 .3 years
+82.1
+lowest
+12 ,000
+7 ,500
+1793
+plymouth gin distillery
+the 1930s
+10 %
+devonport dockyard
+270
+500
+hemsley fraser
+pannier market
+1959
+29th
+tinside pool
+£3 .4 million
+`` vision for plymouth ''
+david mackay
+the plymouth chamber of commerce
+300 ,000
+33 ,000
+2004
+october 2006
+cattedown
+the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003
+david mackay
+the bretonside bus station
+the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena
+millbay
+the parkway
+40
+tamar bridge
+plymouth city airport
+first south west
+brittany ferries
+roscoff
+mv armorique
+stonehouse
+1204
+plymouth city airport
+6
+2018
+flyplymouth
+1877
+great western railway
+cornish main line
+three
+crosscountry
+4 february 2014
+130
+4 april 2014
+february 2014
+150
+1858
+st andrew 's
+anglican
+over twenty
+moses
+1762
+grade ii*
+ashkenazi
+58 .1 %
+0 .8 %
+32 .9 %
+24 .7 %
+7 %
+1815
+charlie chaplin
+30s
+sailors from the royal navy
+british firework championships
+august 2006
+roy lowry
+university of plymouth
+1992
+1 ,315
+200
+free
+six
+2009
+bbc south west
+itv west country
+16 february 2009
+itv west
+bbc radio devon
+plymouth argyle f .c.
+football league two
+home park
+the pilgrims
+vospers oak villa f .c.
+plymouth albion r .f.c.
+plymouth raiders
+1875
+plymouth pavilions
+1983
+1823
+september 2011
+nine
+1973
+plymouth county borough corporation
+24 april 1591
+river meavy
+1801
+plymouth city council
+south west water
+western power distribution
+2009
+plympton
+1836
+crownhill
+five
+millbay docks
+devon and cornwall constabulary
+derriford hospital
+6
+royal eye infirmary
+south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust
+exeter
+2007
+weston mill
+drake memorial park
+a brass plaque
+mid -19th century
+1666
+english civil war
+1759
+23
+armada memorial
+sutton
+1620
+mayflower steps
+400
+100
+crownhill fort
+north
+the landmark trust
+west
+over 70
+south -east cornwall
+kingsand
+tamar valley
+henning larsen
+2008
+university of plymouth
+arts
+the city 's central quarter
+plymothians
+janners
+cousin jan
+john
+tavistock
+el draco
+1596
+dysentery
+sir joshua reynolds
+robert lenkiewicz
+plymouth college of art
+jazz
+keith rowe
+trematon castle
+footballer
+canadian
+lyndon b . johnson
+clear and present danger
+comedian
\ No newline at end of file