diff --git "a/reference_files/ans-dev.txt" "b/reference_files/ans-dev.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/reference_files/ans-dev.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+Denver Broncos
+Carolina Panthers
+Santa Clara, California
+Denver Broncos
+gold
+"golden anniversary"
+February 7, 2016
+American Football Conference
+"golden anniversary"
+American Football Conference
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium
+Santa Clara
+Super Bowl L
+2015
+2015
+Santa Clara
+Levi's Stadium
+24–10
+February 7, 2016
+2015
+Denver Broncos
+Carolina Panthers
+Denver Broncos
+2015
+Denver Broncos
+Santa Clara, California.
+Super Bowl
+Denver Broncos
+Cam Newton
+8
+1995
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+four
+Cam Newton
+15–1
+Cam Newton
+12–4
+4
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+2
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+1995.
+Von Miller
+2
+Broncos
+linebacker Von Miller
+five solo tackles
+Newton was limited by Denver's defense
+seven
+Von Miller
+three
+two
+Von Miller
+linebacker
+5
+2
+Von Miller
+5
+seven
+three
+a fumble
+Von Miller
+linebacker
+seven
+three
+Von Miller
+five
+CBS
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Super Bowl XLVII
+CBS
+$5 million
+Beyoncé
+Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+CBS
+$5 million
+Bruno Mars
+third
+CBS
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+CBS
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Super Bowl XLVII
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Bruno Mars
+Roger Goodell
+the 50th Super Bowl
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+early 2012
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+spectacular
+spectacular
+2012
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Miami's Sun Life Stadium
+San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
+three
+New Orleans
+Sun Life Stadium
+San Francisco
+Levi's Stadium.
+Sun Life Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Levi's Stadium.
+October 16, 2012
+10
+Super Bowl XLIV
+2010
+1985
+Sun Life Stadium
+October 16, 2012
+Stanford Stadium
+May 3, 2013
+2010
+two
+Super Bowl XLIV
+two
+Florida legislature
+1985
+New Orleans
+October 16, 2012
+10.
+New Orleans
+1985
+Florida legislature
+May 21, 2013
+NFL owners
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+San Diego
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+Super Bowl XXXVII
+San Diego
+2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+Super Bowl XXXVII
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+2003
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+2014.
+$1.2 billion
+2003.
+John Fox
+ten
+six
+Carolina Panthers
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+John Fox
+eight
+ten
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+six
+number one
+number one
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+Super Bowl XXXVIII.
+six
+one
+four
+John Fox
+DeAngelo Williams
+Kelvin Benjamin
+7
+1978
+Carolina Panthers
+Ten
+eight
+Kelvin Benjamin
+1978
+2009
+2011
+torn ACL
+Kelvin Benjamin
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+Ten
+Carolina Panthers
+1978.
+Carolina Panthers
+Ten
+six
+45
+10
+27
+Greg Olsen
+45
+99.4
+77 passes
+receivers
+Jonathan Stewart
+six
+Cam Newton
+3,837
+45
+six
+500
+3,837
+45
+99.4.
+39
+308
+136
+118
+four
+Kawann Short
+24
+Kawann Short
+four
+four
+Kurt Coleman
+24
+Kony Ealy
+Luke Kuechly.
+two.
+Gary Kubiak
+Brock Osweiler
+Indianapolis Colts
+San Diego Chargers
+Wade Phillips
+four
+Gary Kubiak
+Indianapolis Colts
+39
+plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+a plantar fasciitis injury
+39
+four
+John Fox
+Peyton Manning
+Gary Kubiak
+left foot.
+Wade Phillips
+67.9
+17
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+10
+67.9
+2,249
+nine
+Demaryius Thomas
+receiver
+67.9
+17
+Demaryius Thomas
+5
+67.9
+17
+Emmanuel Sanders
+C. J. Anderson
+4.7
+4,530
+5½
+Brandon Marshall
+three
+Linebacker
+Linebacker
+Defensive ends
+296
+Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+three.
+Von Miller
+Linebacker Brandon Marshall
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+487
+seven
+31–24
+Seattle Seahawks
+31–24
+487
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+seven
+Seattle Seahawks
+49–15
+Arizona Cardinals
+487
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11
+New England Patriots
+20–18
+17 seconds
+Broncos
+23–16
+New England Patriots
+17
+Manning
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+17
+Thomas Davis
+a broken arm
+three
+11
+ACL tears
+arm
+11
+Super Bowl
+three
+broken arm
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
+38
+Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Broncos
+Broncos
+John Elway
+38
+Peyton Manning
+two
+two
+Peyton Manning
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+39.
+John Elway
+1998
+2011
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Von Miller
+Manning
+Newton
+26
+quarterback
+1998
+2011
+Von Miller
+2011.
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Super Bowl XX
+Chicago Bears
+linebacker
+Elway
+Broncos
+linebacker
+Elway
+Rivera
+Super Bowl XX
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+Ed Mangan
+Baltimore Ravens
+kicker
+Justin Tucker
+kicker
+hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
+Justin Tucker
+a new playing surface
+a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
+their cleats
+Justin Tucker
+natural grass
+Broncos
+34–19
+Atlanta Falcons
+white
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+34���19
+Atlanta Falcons
+white
+road white jerseys
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+blue
+orange
+black jerseys with silver pants.
+San Jose State
+Stanford University
+San Jose
+Santa Clara
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose State practice facility
+Stanford University
+San Jose State practice facility
+San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford University
+Santa Clara Marriott.
+San Jose
+San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford University
+Santa Clara Marriott.
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl V
+Jaime Weston
+Super Bowl XLV
+Vince Lombardi
+2014
+Super Bowl LI
+L
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Arabic numerals
+L.
+gold
+Super Bowl LI.
+Arabic
+LI.
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+gold
+Golden Super Bowl
+Gold footballs
+the 50-yard line
+gold
+Moscone Center
+San Francisco
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+January 30
+1 million
+Ed Lee
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Ed Lee
+Super Bowl City
+More than 1 million
+mayor Ed Lee
+$5 million.
+The annual NFL Experience
+Santa Clara University
+$2 million
+a week
+$2 million
+pep rally
+city council
+Bellomy Field
+A professional fundraiser
+city council
+$2 million
+city council
+Monday
+Tuesday
+SAP Center
+San Jose
+the Golden Gate Bridge
+Tuesday
+Monday
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+SAP Center
+San Jose
+the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+SAP Center in San Jose.
+the Golden Gate Bridge.
+Monday
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+SAP Center in San Jose.
+Golden Gate Bridge.
+February 1, 2016
+Business Connect
+$40 million
+Dignity Health
+Gap
+Chevron
+Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+over $40 million
+sponsors
+Business Connect
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+25
+the 50 fund
+25 percent
+50 fund
+the most giving Super Bowl ever
+25 percent
+the 50 fund
+25 percent
+50 fund
+Vince Lombardi
+18
+66
+Tiffany & Co.
+Tiffany & Co.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18-karat gold-plated
+Tiffany & Co
+the Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co.
+CBS
+Phil Simms
+Tracy Wolfson
+36
+5K
+three
+sidelines
+360-degree
+5K resolution
+sidelines
+CBS
+three
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
+5K
+cameras
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe
+Alvaro Martin
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+CBS
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe.
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+John Sutcliffe.
+NFL Mobile
+WatchESPN
+CBSSports.com
+Xbox One
+10
+CBSSports.com
+Xbox One
+Verizon Wireless customers
+NFL Mobile service
+Verizon
+NFL Mobile service.
+digital streams of the game
+Verizon
+WatchESPN.
+The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
+The Late Late Show with James Corden
+The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
+The Late Late Show with James Corden
+The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
+late local programming
+The Late Late Show with James Corden.
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+20th
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo
+The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Crash the Super Bowl
+"Small Business Big Game"
+Death Wish Coffee
+30-second
+nine
+Death Wish Coffee
+nine
+QuickBooks.
+Death Wish Coffee
+ten
+QuickBooks.
+Death Wish Coffee
+Jason Bourne
+Gods of Egypt
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Resurgence
+Gods of Egypt
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Jason Bourne
+Captain America: Civil War
+Independence Day
+Universal
+Fox
+Westwood One
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Boomer Esiason
+James Lofton
+two
+Kevin Harlan
+Westwood One
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
+James Lofton and Mark Malone
+pre-game and halftime coverage.
+North America
+KRFX
+Dave Logan
+1110 AM
+Chester, South Carolina
+Mick Mixon
+Dave Logan
+Ed McCaffrey
+WBT
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
+BBC Radio 5
+5 Live Sports Extra
+Darren Fletcher
+BBC
+Greg Brady
+Bart Starr
+Chuck Howley
+Peyton Manning
+2001
+Peyton Manning
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+43
+39
+Bart Starr
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+Six
+the national anthem
+Academy Award
+the national anthem
+American Sign Language
+Lady Gaga
+Marlee Matlin
+Lady Gaga
+Marlee Matlin
+Lady Gaga
+Six
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+British
+Super Bowl XLVII
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+Coldplay.
+Pepsi
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Coldplay.
+Beyoncé
+Hymn for the Weekend
+Bruno Mars
+Denver
+Andre Caldwell
+Ronnie Hillman
+Brandon McManus
+C. J. Anderson
+18
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+a deficit.
+Denver
+Owen Daniels
+C. J. Anderson
+Brandon McManus
+a deficit.
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Jerricho Cotchery
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Jonathan Stewart
+Brad Nortman
+28
+61
+33
+51
+Jonathan Stewart
+11:28
+Jordan Norwood
+33
+Jonathan Stewart
+field goal
+Darian Stewart
+linebacker
+Kony Ealy
+Newton
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+19
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Danny Trevathan
+Kony Ealy
+punt
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+44
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+the uprights
+T. J. Ward.
+Trevathan
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+26-yard line
+Graham Gano
+Emmanuel Sanders
+Ealy
+39
+Devin Funchess
+Stewart
+41-yard line.
+Ealy
+50-yard line.
+punts.
+Ealy
+50-yard line.
+39-yard
+three
+24
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+Anderson
+Bennie Fowler
+Miller
+wards
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+3:08
+4:51
+Miller
+wards
+three
+Anderson
+five
+zero
+four
+Thomas Davis
+one
+one
+zero
+Anderson
+Sanders
+Thomas Davis
+Sanders
+Anderson
+all four
+one
+four
+194
+11
+Baltimore Ravens
+Jordan Norwood
+Manning
+194
+11
+Chicago Bears
+Broncos
+21
+11
+The Broncos
+Chicago Bears
+two
+Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skłodowska-Curie
+Famous musicians
+seven months old
+100
+Krasiński Palace Garden
+The Saxon Garden
+east end
+Łazienki
+15 kilometres
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+several
+to clean them
+city
+833,500
+around 34%
+Jewish
+migration and urbanisation
+Warsaw University of Technology
+2,000
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
+1816
+over two million
+architects
+Irena Bajerska
+10,000 m2
+infrastructure
+Three-Year Plan
+solid economic growth
+improved markedly
+Warsaw
+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+700
+developed
+musical
+events and festivals
+in the Palace of Culture and Science
+Warsaw
+festivals
+Ogród Saski
+Saxon Garden
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre
+Wianki
+thousands
+Midsummer’s Night
+when they would be married
+the fern
+art posters
+60
+prestigious
+some paintings
+arms
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+Katyń
+stereoscopic
+Museum of Independence
+60
+Royal Ujazdów Castle
+about 500
+Zachęta National Gallery of Art
+Polish and international artists
+last weekend of September
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+twice
+at Konwiktorska Street
+disastrous financial situation
+syrenka
+The mermaid
+since at least the mid-14th century
+1390
+a sword
+legend
+depths of the oceans and seas
+coast of Denmark
+Warszowa
+captured
+Warsaw
+1916
+the Art Deco style
+poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+2012
+wide variety of industries
+Stock
+Frontex
+1313
+Kraków
+1596
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+survived many wars, conflicts and invasions
+Roman Catholic
+Polish Academy of Sciences
+a UNESCO World Heritage Site
+architectural
+luxurious parks and royal gardens
+Warszawa
+belonging to Warsz
+12th/13th-century nobleman
+a village
+miasto stołeczne Warszawa
+Jazdów
+The Prince of Płock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+General Sejm
+1569
+religious freedom
+Due to its central location
+1596
+until 1796
+Prussia
+Napoleon's
+1815
+1816
+from 4 August 1915 until November 1918
+areas controlled by Russia in 1914
+underground leader Piłsudski
+1920
+the Red Army
+September 1939
+a German Nazi colonial administration
+some 30% of the city
+April 1943
+almost a month
+the Red Army
+Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
+August 1944
+63 days
+between 150,000 and 200,000
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+prefabricated
+an Eastern Bloc city
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+John Paul II
+growing anti-communist fervor
+less than a year
+Victory Square
+incentive for the democratic changes
+about 300
+325
+Vistula River
+452.8 ft
+at the right bank of the Vistula
+two
+Vistula Valley
+moraine
+Vistula River
+Warsaw Escarpment
+moraine
+former flooded terraces
+valleys
+plain Vistula terraces
+pine
+turbulent history of the city
+During the Second World War
+After liberation
+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+typical of Eastern bloc countries
+Gothic
+14th century
+Masovian gothic
+Renaissance
+mannerist architecture
+17th century
+1688–1692
+rococo
+neoclassical architecture
+1775–1795
+bourgeois
+not restored by the communist authorities
+socialist realism
+Warsaw University of Technology building
+the most distinctive buildings
+many places
+Pawiak
+The Warsaw Citadel
+children
+Warsaw Uprising Monument
+green
+New Orangery
+Pole Mokotowskie
+Park Ujazdowski
+1927
+location of Warsaw
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty
+two
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+as better
+residency registration
+multi-cultural
+711,988
+56.2%
+2.8%
+1944
+a commune
+counties or powiats
+Kraków
+Warsaw City Council
+60
+every four years
+committees
+30 days
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+the City council
+Centrum
+Śródmieście
+304,016
+emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+April 1991
+374
+Polish United Workers' Party
+1951
+Polonez
+Daewoo
+AvtoZAZ
+Chevrolet Aveo
+Warszawa
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+2.666 million residents
+9th
+Warsaw
+Vistula
+roughly 260 kilometres
+2.666 million
+9th
+France
+10th and 11th centuries
+Denmark, Iceland and Norway
+Rollo
+10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I
+Catholic
+Viking
+9th century
+911
+King Charles III
+Seine
+Rollo
+Catholicism
+north
+fighting horsemen
+999
+Archangel Michael
+Monte Gargano
+Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+Saracens
+1130
+Squillace
+Kitab Rudjdjar
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic
+Seljuk Turks
+1050s
+1060s
+Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+Oursel
+Turkish forces
+Norman mercenary
+Robert Guiscard
+1082
+30,000
+Deabolis
+Bohemond
+Deabolis
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+the Adriatic
+King Ethelred II
+Duke Richard II
+Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Robert of Jumièges
+Battle of Hastings
+William II
+1066
+Anglo-Saxons
+Modern English
+1169
+Ireland
+Irish
+Edgar
+King Malcolm III of Scotland
+1072
+Duncan
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+Hereford
+the Welsh
+Edward the Confessor
+Wales
+1018
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Tancred
+Jerusalem
+380 years
+a storm
+Berengaria
+1191
+Isaac Komnenos
+Conrad of Montferrat
+silver
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+12 May 1191
+double coronation
+1489
+Knights Templar
+Africa
+Bethencourt
+Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
+Maciot de Bethencourt
+Channel Islands
+two
+Romanesque
+rounded
+Early Gothic
+Anglo-Saxon
+Sicily
+early 11th century
+dukes
+16th century
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo
+mosaics
+11th
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+southern Italy
+Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.
+Robert Guiscard
+singing
+1856
+Serbian
+1943
+1856
+1943
+Serbian
+alternating current
+1884
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+War of Currents
+1884
+Thomas Edison
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+transformer
+1893
+high-voltage
+mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
+Colorado Springs
+1893
+boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+1943
+SI unit of magnetic flux density
+New York hotels
+mad scientist
+patents
+1943
+SI unit of magnetic flux density
+1990s
+showmanship
+Croatia
+priest
+eidetic
+his mother's genetics
+priest
+Milutin Tesla
+Đuka Tesla
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+his mother's genetics and influence
+four
+German
+1862
+Dane
+Milka, Angelina and Marica
+killed in a horse-riding accident
+Gospić, Austrian Empire
+pastor
+Martin Sekulić
+German
+integral calculus
+cheating
+1873
+1870
+to attend school
+Martin Sekulić
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+the best engineering school
+enter the priesthood
+Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+enter the priesthood
+to send him to the best engineering school
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+the mountains
+1874
+hunter's garb
+being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army
+1874
+he explored the mountains in hunter's garb
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Austrian Polytechnic
+1879
+gambling
+no
+Graz, Austria
+1875
+1879
+gambled
+Tesla would be killed through overwork
+left Graz
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+a draftsman
+return home
+nervous breakdown
+1878
+that he dropped out of school
+His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.
+draftsman
+nervous breakdown
+not having a residence permit
+March 1879
+60
+a stroke
+taught
+for not having a residence permit.
+1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+stroke
+Prague
+arrived too late
+as an auditor
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+1880
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+two of Tesla's uncles
+Budapest
+Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+a telephone repeater or amplifier
+draftsman
+1881
+a telegraph company
+Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+1882
+France
+New York City
+Thomas Edison
+Edison Machine Works
+Continental Edison Company
+France
+1884
+Thomas Edison
+Manhattan's lower east side
+fifty thousand dollars
+$10 a week raise
+months
+fifty thousand dollars
+American humor.
+US$10 a week raise
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla
+patents
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
+Tesla
+forced Tesla out
+penniless
+ditch digger
+1886/1887
+assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
+ditch digger
+various electrical repair jobs
+a Western Union superintendent
+April 1887
+⅓ to Tesla, ⅓ to Peck and Brown, and ⅓ to fund development
+Manhattan
+1886
+Western Union superintendent
+Charles F. Peck
+89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
+Tesla Electric Company
+an induction motor
+May 1888
+a commutator
+sparking
+self-starting
+1887
+because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+mechanical brushes
+1888
+editor of Electrical World magazine
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1888
+decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+George Westinghouse
+Galileo Ferraris
+physicist
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+1888
+$60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+George Westinghouse
+consultant
+$60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+1888
+$2,000
+Pittsburgh
+Pittsburgh
+system to power the city's streetcars
+60-cycle
+DC traction motor
+to power the city's streetcars.
+a DC traction motor
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+lighting systems
+AC development
+General Electric
+AC
+Thomas Edison
+1888
+financial strain
+General Electric
+George Westinghouse
+Chicago
+General Electric
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+George Westinghouse
+Chicago
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls
+Westinghouse Electric
+General Electric
+a two-phased system
+Richard Dean Adams
+1893
+two-phased system
+most reliable
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+an estimated $200,000
+$216,000
+35
+New York
+electric lamps
+Tesla coil
+1891
+the Tesla coil.
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1894
+vice president
+1892 to 1894
+the Institute of Radio Engineers
+he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
+5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895
+December 1895
+the metal locking screw on the camera lens
+1894
+X-Rays
+lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895
+X-ray image
+Mark Twain
+X-ray imaging
+March 1896
+radiography
+X-rays
+Tesla Coil
+1896
+Tesla Coil
+Roentgen rays
+X-rays were longitudinal waves
+damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin
+skin damage
+his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+longitudinal waves
+force-free magnetic fields
+In his many notes
+Benjamin Lamme
+1893
+Westinghouse Electric
+Egg of Columbus
+Tesla
+1934
+physically strike him
+he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
+bits of metal
+National Electric Light Association
+Tesla Coil
+the Franklin Institute
+1898
+teleautomaton
+Madison Square Garden
+an electrical exhibition
+monkey
+1900
+Marconi
+1901
+1943
+Supreme Court of the United States
+1899
+Paris
+15 June 1899
+five inches
+atmospheric
+stationary
+that the earth had a resonant frequency.
+lightning
+135 feet
+15 miles
+glowed even when turned off
+Butterflies were electrified
+power outage
+repeatedly burned out
+powerful high frequency currents
+destroy
+communications from another planet
+Mars
+Collier's Weekly
+intercepted Marconi's European experiments
+July 1899
+$100,000
+for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system
+to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.
+1899
+1900
+His lab was torn down
+1904
+sold
+Wardenclyffe
+trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
+near Shoreham, Long Island
+Morgan
+Panic of 1901
+shocked
+over 50 letters
+to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe.
+Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
+187 feet
+200
+16,000 rpm
+1906
+100–5,000 hp
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
+World Today
+eventually split the earth in two
+application of electricity
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+superintendent of New York City schools
+overseas
+lost
+sold
+$20,000
+the Edison Medal.
+Electrical Experimenter
+fluorescent screen
+radar
+Émile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
+announced a winner
+animosity toward each other
+38
+Edison
+1937
+U.S. Patent 1,655,114
+VTOL aircraft
+less than $1,000
+turbine engines
+$125 per month
+rent at the Hotel New Yorker
+for the rest of Tesla's life
+bad publicity
+mechanical energy
+over any terrestrial distance
+minimal
+mineral deposits
+1935
+feed the pigeons
+a doctor
+broken
+early 1938
+the fall of 1937
+"teleforce" weapon
+Van de Graaff generator
+infantry
+anti-aircraft purposes
+death ray
+1937
+at a luncheon in his honor
+tungsten
+high voltage
+Only a little
+charged particle beam weapons
+Nikola Tesla Museum archive
+Belgrade
+millions
+all war
+steal the invention
+in his mind.
+his papers
+86
+7 January 1943
+maid Alice Monaghan
+"do not disturb" sign
+coronary thrombosis
+FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings
+John G. Trump
+nothing
+Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
+New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia
+Louis Adamic
+12 January
+two thousand
+the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
+Belgrade
+Sava Kosanović
+Charlotte Muzar
+Belgrade
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+around 300
+26
+Canada
+patent archives
+8:10 p.m
+9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
+3:00 a.m
+headwaiter
+between 8 to 10 miles per day
+exercise
+squished his toes
+brain cells
+telepathy
+newspaper editor
+one
+pigeons
+over $2,000
+broken wing and leg
+the park
+hotel room
+142 pounds
+6 feet 2 inches
+1888 to about 1926
+New York City
+eight
+visions
+picture thinking
+blinding flashes of light
+photographic memory
+more than 48 hours
+84 hours
+Graz
+Kenneth Swezey
+journalist
+chastity
+women
+toward the end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+seclude himself
+asocial
+friend
+Mark Twain
+lab
+late 1920s
+overweight people
+secretary
+her weight
+go home and change
+electron
+ether
+transmitted electrical energy
+19th
+Einstein's
+antagonistic
+relativity
+gravity
+1892
+curved
+81
+eugenics
+ruthless
+pity
+1937
+women
+1926
+Queen Bees
+post-World War I
+Science and Discovery
+20 December 1914
+League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+"A Machine to End War"
+uncertain
+War
+books and articles
+magazines and journals
+Ben Johnston
+the web
+1900
+Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla.
+science fiction
+books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
+several
+Time magazine
+75th birthday
+electrical power generation
+Einstein
+more than 70
+Computational complexity theory
+inherent difficulty
+computational problems
+if its solution requires significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+time and storage
+number of gates in a circuit
+determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+analysis of algorithms
+computational complexity theory
+computability theory
+problem instance
+the problem
+concrete
+instances
+solution
+2000
+round trip through all sites in Milan
+computational problems
+problem instance
+binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+binary notation
+adjacency matrices
+Decision problems
+yes or no
+1 or 0
+yes
+yes
+arbitrary graph
+formal language
+how graphs are encoded as binary strings
+a computational problem
+a single output
+A function problem
+the integer factorization problem
+complex
+decision problems
+set of triples
+how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
+the instance
+as a function of the size of the instance
+bits
+an increase in the input size
+Cobham's thesis
+the time taken
+worst-case time complexity
+T(n)
+polynomial time algorithm
+A Turing machine
+an algorithm
+the Turing machine
+symbols
+A deterministic Turing machine
+rules
+A probabilistic Turing machine
+A non-deterministic Turing machine
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+time or space
+probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
+random access machines
+computational power
+time and memory
+the machines operate deterministically
+non-deterministic
+unusual resources
+mathematical models
+time
+state transitions
+difficulty
+DTIME(f(n))
+time
+complexity resources
+computational resource
+Blum complexity axioms
+Complexity measures
+Complexity measures
+best, worst and average
+complexity measure
+time
+inputs
+deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
+worst-case
+O(n2)
+the most efficient algorithm
+analysis of algorithms
+lower bounds
+upper bound
+all possible algorithms
+big O notation
+constant factors and smaller terms
+T(n) = O(n2)
+the computational model
+complexity classes
+framework
+complicated definitions
+chosen machine model
+linear time
+single-tape Turing machines
+Cobham-Edmonds thesis
+complexity class P
+time or space
+bounding
+complexity classes
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+Boolean
+quantum
+#P
+Interactive
+computation time
+DTIME(n2)
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+a proper hierarchy on the classes defined
+quantitative statements
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+EXPTIME
+PSPACE
+reduction
+another problem
+reduces
+Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+the bound on the complexity of reductions
+polynomial-time reduction
+multiplying two integers
+polynomial time
+input
+multiplication
+the type of reduction being used
+if every problem in C can be reduced to X
+solve any problem in C
+NP-hard
+NP-complete
+NP
+there is no known polynomial-time solution
+NP
+P
+Cobham–Edmonds thesis
+NP
+Boolean satisfiability problem
+Turing machines
+more efficient solutions
+protein structure prediction
+$1,000,000
+Ladner
+NP-intermediate problems
+graph isomorphism problem
+The graph isomorphism problem
+NP-complete
+polynomial time hierarchy
+second level
+Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
+The integer factorization problem
+k
+modern cryptographic systems
+the general number field sieve
+suspected to be unequal
+P ⊆ NP ⊆ PP ⊆ PSPACE
+between P and PSPACE
+Proving that any of these classes are unequal
+co-NP
+reversed
+not equal
+P is not equal to NP
+L
+strictly contained in P or equal to P
+complexity classes
+NL and NC
+if they are distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+exponential-time algorithms
+NP-complete problems
+Presburger arithmetic
+algorithms have been written
+NP-complete knapsack problem
+in less than quadratic time
+NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+foundations were laid out
+Alan Turing
+Turing machines
+1936
+a computer
+On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+time and space
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+input encoding
+encoding
+Manuel Blum
+speed-up theorem
+"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
+21
+the curriculum.
+pedagogy
+university or college.
+lesson plan
+school
+cultures
+numeracy
+craftsmanship
+life skills
+family member
+home schooling
+formal
+transient
+knowledge or skills
+spiritual
+religious
+the Quran, Torah or Bible
+Religious and spiritual teachers
+homeschooling
+paid professionals.
+Chartered
+the wider community
+paid professionals.
+school functions
+extracurricular
+study halls
+teachers
+teacher's colleges
+to serve and protect the public interest
+the public
+teachers
+standards of practice
+members
+allegations of professional misconduct
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+outdoors
+tutor
+academy
+facilitate student learning
+informal
+pedagogy
+field trips
+increasing use of technology
+the internet
+skill
+the relevant authority
+learning
+infants
+standardized
+particular skills
+self-study and problem solving
+encourage
+deflate
+a coach
+the relationship between teachers and children
+the whole curriculum
+different subject specialists
+primary school
+surrogate
+alternative
+platoon
+staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+knowledgeable
+United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more
+learning
+harmoniously
+social networking support
+corporal punishment
+substitute parent
+all the normal forms of parental discipline
+the most common
+While a child was in school
+one of the most common
+Most Western countries
+United States
+Supreme Court
+physical pain
+30
+the South
+declining
+a specially made wooden paddle
+privately in the principal's office
+caning
+some Asian, African and Caribbean countries
+see School corporal punishment.
+detention
+detention
+in schools
+quietly
+lines or a punishment essay
+assertive
+immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
+firm, clear boundaries
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
+respect
+some teachers and parents
+East Asia
+weakness in school discipline
+a more assertive and confrontational style
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+40 to 50 students
+instruction
+motivated students
+attention-seeking and disruptive students
+motivated students
+popularly based authority
+governments
+persuasion and negotiation
+easier and more efficient
+good, clear laws
+enthusiasm
+passion
+teach by rote
+higher
+teacher enthusiasm
+read lecture material
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
+Controlled, experimental studies
+higher
+self-determined
+enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+Teacher enthusiasm
+student-teacher relationships
+beneficial
+the goals he receives from his superior.
+aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+friendly and supportive
+friendly and supportive
+interacting and working directly with students
+effective
+enthusiasm about the students
+enthusiastic
+in the student
+very influential
+teaching
+sexual misconduct
+9.6%
+United States
+sometime during their educational career.
+American Association of University Women
+England
+priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
+2,869
+The AAUW study
+United States
+increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
+Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+a shortage of male teachers
+the sex offenders register
+occupational stress
+long hours
+occupational burnout
+stress
+occupational stress
+42%
+UK
+twice the figure for the average profession
+2012
+average workers
+several
+Organizational interventions
+Individual-level interventions
+occupational stress among teachers
+Organizational interventions
+a university or college
+certification by a recognized body
+elementary school education certificate
+a background check and psychiatric evaluation
+US
+the individual states and territories
+three
+tertiary education
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+primary
+a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree
+a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education
+the private sector, businesses and sponsors
+civil servants
+Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
+Grundschule
+civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
+Gymnasium
+Extra pay
+27,814
+53,423
+90,000
+the Teaching Council
+Section 30
+2001
+Oireachtas funds
+2006
+new entrants to the teaching profession
+on a phased basis
+those who refuse vetting
+41,004
+experience and extra responsibilities
+20,980
+a bachelor's degree
+September 2007
+alternative licensing programs
+hard-to-fill positions
+vary
+Excellent job opportunities
+secondary school teachers
+the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
+Teaching
+seven
+Provisional Registration
+after a year
+April 2008
+20,427
+32,583
+earn Chartered Teacher Status
+trade unions
+Wales
+Welsh
+until the age of 16
+22
+all age groups
+trade unions
+falling
+between 2005 and 2010
+trade unions
+concern
+each state
+ten years
+a bachelor's degree
+charter schools
+No Child Left Behind
+relatively low salaries
+average teacher salaries
+more experience and higher education
+elementary school teachers
+TeachersPayTeachers.com
+many
+Protestant
+not always
+(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+LDS Church
+many individuals
+spiritual
+the husband and father
+the father of the house
+guru
+extremely high
+their disciples
+the West
+a Lama
+be reborn
+Tulku
+often many times
+through phowa and siddhi
+ulemas
+ulemas
+Sufism
+actions-oriented
+Qutb
+German
+18 February 1546
+Catholic Church.
+God's punishment
+excommunication
+gift of God's grace
+faith in Jesus Christ
+the Pope
+Bible
+holy priesthood
+Bible
+standard version
+Tyndale Bible
+singing in churches
+Protestant clergy to marry.
+10 November 1483
+Eisleben, Saxony
+Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+lawyer
+University of Erfurt
+beerhouse and whorehouse
+at four
+rote learning
+1505
+law
+uncertainty
+theology and philosophy
+by experience
+God
+death and divine judgment,
+2 July 1505
+Augustinian cloister in Erfurt
+deaths of two friends
+Luther's education
+Augustinian order
+deep spiritual despair
+jailer and hangman
+Johann von Staupitz
+a change of heart
+1507
+von Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+Sentences by Peter Lombard
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Doctor in Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+rebuild St. Peter's Basilica
+Roman Catholic
+charity and good works
+charity and good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+Johann Tetzel
+coin in the coffer
+Luther
+Johann Tetzel
+God
+salvation
+punishments
+false assurances
+Christ
+Tetzel
+capacity to exaggerate
+indulgences for the dead,
+indulgences for the living
+the posting on the door
+posting on the door
+Philipp Melanchthon
+not in Wittenberg
+little foundation in truth
+January 1518
+printing press
+friends of Luther
+two weeks
+two months
+1519
+Students
+early part
+1520
+On the Freedom of a Christian
+lectured
+penance and righteousness
+corrupt in its ways
+central truths of Christianity
+doctrine of justification
+God
+1525
+gift from God
+Smalcald Articles
+lives by faith
+Christ and His salvation
+Christ and His salvation
+sale of indulgences
+two points
+Archbishop Albrecht
+Rome
+papal dispensation
+one half
+December 1517
+Pope Leo X
+papal theologians and envoys
+October 1518
+papacy was the Antichrist
+arrest Luther
+January 1519
+remain silent
+Johann Eck
+Matthew 16:18
+new Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+recanted 41 sentences
+60 days
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+secular authorities
+18 April 1521
+estates of the Holy Roman Empire
+Emperor Charles V
+Prince Frederick III
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+stood by their contents
+next day
+confirmed
+raised his arm
+knight winning a bout
+Michael Mullett
+epoch-making oratory
+recant his writings
+Luther
+not recorded
+more dramatic form
+private conferences
+25 May 1521
+Emperor
+his arrest
+kill Luther
+Luther's disappearance
+Wartburg Castle
+my Patmos
+New Testament
+shamed
+a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+trust in Christ
+justice
+summer of 1521
+condemned as idolatry
+a gift
+private confession and absolution
+break their vows
+prophetic faith
+1521
+Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+the Little Horn
+antichrist
+Gabriel Zwilling
+June 1521
+disturbances
+Zwickau prophets
+town council
+6 March 1522
+personal presence
+preached eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+trust God's word
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+After the sixth sermon
+joy
+misguided
+public order
+conservative
+Zwickau prophets
+unrest and violence.
+established Church
+Zwickau prophet
+German Peasants' War
+1524–25
+support an attack
+upper classes
+temporal authorities
+tour of Thuringia
+mad dogs
+the devil's work
+the nobles
+on three grounds
+ignoring Christ's counsel
+God
+Divine Right of Kings
+in body and soul
+backing for the uprising
+Swabian League
+15 May 1525
+Müntzer's execution
+the secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+in herring barrels
+26 years old
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+evening
+wedding banquet
+27 June
+Johannes Bugenhagen
+seal of approval
+clerical marriage
+on Biblical grounds
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+The Black Cloister
+former monastery
+six children
+riches of Croesus
+farming the land
+choosing their own ministers
+supervisory church body
+new form
+two catechisms
+revolutionary
+extreme change
+Electorate of Saxony
+adviser
+John the Steadfast
+under the temporal sovereign
+early 1526
+1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass
+simple people
+sacrifice
+freedom of ceremony
+1527
+visitation of the Electorate
+Christian education
+Christian doctrine
+incapable of teaching
+catechism
+1529
+pastors and teachers
+the people
+questions and answers
+The catechism
+writings in volumes
+the Catechism
+Small Catechism
+the Bible
+Small Catechism
+Larger Catechism
+German vernacular
+as persons
+with the Father
+1522
+1534
+the translation
+alone
+Faith alone
+Saxon chancellery
+northern and southern
+everyday Germans
+read it without hindrance
+impediments and difficulties
+German-language publications
+Bible translation
+evolution of the German language
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+authoring hymns
+high art and folk music
+singing of German hymns
+lute
+waldzither
+events in his life
+for Lutheran views
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+John C. Messenger
+Flung to the Heedless Winds
+1524
+Apostles' Creed
+Small Catechism
+German creedal hymn
+difficulty of its tune
+1538
+Small Catechism
+specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+Luther's tune
+1523
+Psalm 130
+write psalm-hymns
+Achtliederbuch
+Reformation doctrine
+Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
+Veni redemptor gentium
+main hymn
+two hymns
+German Te Deum
+baptism
+Johann Walter
+prayer for grace
+J. S. Bach
+Halle
+early Lutheran hymnals
+four
+18
+24
+Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+chorale cantatas
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+1735
+sleeps
+idea of torments
+sleep in peace
+rejected the existence
+Smalcald Articles
+Franz Pieper
+Johann Gerhard
+Gerhard. Lessing
+1755
+Commentary on Genesis
+Francis Blackburne
+1765
+Gottfried Fritschel
+dreams
+October 1529
+Landgrave of Hesse
+doctrinal unity
+fourteen points
+nature of the Eucharist
+words spoken by Jesus
+body and blood of Christ
+sacramental union
+symbolically present
+confrontational
+1530
+Marburg Colloquy
+Schmalkaldic League
+The Swiss cities
+George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
+antithetical
+reason
+no way contributes
+reason
+different epistemological spheres.
+Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Jewish conversion to Christianity
+Jews
+Anabaptists
+1543
+as a scourge
+to punish Christians
+destroy the antichrist
+the papacy
+secular war
+Qur'an
+critical pamphlets on Islam
+Islam
+tool of the devil
+exposed to scrutiny.
+God's wrath to Christians
+Johannes Agricola
+city hall
+theses against Agricola
+On the Councils and the Church
+second use of the law
+work sorrow over sin
+everything
+eliminate the accusing law
+essentially holy people
+ought to live
+Ten Commandments
+third use of the law
+illustration of the Ten Commandments
+Ten Commandments
+baptism
+Ten Commandments
+service to the neighbor
+wanted to marry
+bigamy
+one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+holds Luther accountable
+lasting damage
+expelled Jews
+Jews
+murder of Christ
+divinity of Jesus
+convert them to Christianity.
+Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen
+1543
+three years before
+the devil's people
+sanction for murder
+the Jews
+Martin Luther
+doomed to perdition
+Luther's anti-Jewish works
+Throughout the 1580s
+Luther
+anti-Jewish rhetoric
+attacks on Jews
+Luther
+radically anti-Semitic
+17 December 1941
+Luther
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Bishop Martin Sasse
+greatest antisemite
+opportunistic
+misguided agitation
+modern hatred of the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+religious and in no respect racial
+violence
+Ronald Berger
+hysterical and demonizing mentality
+Lutheran clergy and theologians
+Luther's hostile publications
+declining state of mind
+his health
+vulgarity and violence
+Muslims) and Catholics
+Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
+Since the 1980s
+least prejudiced
+Richard (Dick) Geary
+1928-1933
+his health deteriorated
+bigamy of the Philip of Hesse
+kidney and bladder stones
+arthritis, and an ear infection
+angina
+poor physical health
+writings and comments
+harsher
+His wife Katharina
+three times
+Eisleben
+15 February 1546
+Jews
+all German territory
+that they convert
+Mansfeld
+negotiations
+late 1545
+early 1546
+his siblings' families
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+Ps. 31:5
+prayer of the dying
+1 a.m
+apoplectic stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+in the Castle Church
+Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+his last statement
+Latin
+"We are beggars,"
+monumental
+frail Catholic saints
+physically imposing
+religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+18 February
+Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
+31 October
+Church of England's Calendar of Saints
+Luther is honoured
+SoCal
+10 counties
+economic center
+demographics and economic ties
+historical political divisions
+Southern California Megaregion
+11
+Nevada
+Mexican
+Tijuana
+Pacific
+seven
+12 million
+San Diego
+17.5 million
+Colorado River
+Colorado Desert
+Mojave Desert
+Mexico–United States border
+California
+3,792,621
+Los Angeles
+San Diego
+south
+Los Angeles
+United States
+counties
+15
+counties
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+music
+Sony
+skateboard
+Tony Hawk
+Shaun White
+Oahu
+Transpac
+Palm Springs
+beaches
+southern
+open spaces
+37° 9' 58.23"
+11
+ten
+Tehachapi Mountains
+northern
+Mexico
+Alta California
+Monterey
+the Missouri Compromise
+free
+inequitable taxes
+Cow Counties
+three
+75
+Milton Latham
+Los Angeles Times
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+seven
+regional tourism groups
+California State Automobile Association
+three-region
+Tehachapis
+southern
+third
+vast areas
+suburban
+highways
+international metropolitan
+Camp Pendleton
+Inland Empire
+United States Census Bureau
+Orange
+1990s
+Mediterranean
+infrequent rain
+60's
+very rare
+70
+Pacific Ocean
+varied
+topographic
+Peninsular
+valleys
+10,000
+small
+6.7
+property damage
+$20 billion
+San Andreas
+6.7
+Puente Hills
+USGS
+occurrence
+economically
+global
+economic
+2010
+high growth rates
+10.0%
+tech-oriented
+Greater Sacramento
+Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+two
+five million
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+Los Angeles
+1.3 million
+twelve
+100,000
+Riverside
+petroleum
+Hollywood
+the housing bubble
+diverse
+heavily impacted
+1920s
+richest
+citrus
+cattle
+aerospace
+business
+Central business districts
+South Coast Metro
+business
+Los Angeles Area
+San Fernando Valley
+Los Angeles
+business
+Riverside
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+Orange
+University of California, Irvine
+West Irvine
+South Coast Metro
+rapidly
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+North County
+San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+passenger volume
+third
+San Diego International Airport
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+seven
+Six
+Orange
+Port of Los Angeles
+Port of San Diego
+Southern
+The Tech Coast
+research
+private
+5
+12
+NFL
+NBA
+MLB
+Los Angeles Kings
+LA Galaxy
+Chivas USA
+two
+2014
+StubHub Center
+2018
+College
+UCLA
+Trojans
+Pac-12
+Division I
+Rugby
+high school
+an official school sport
+BSkyB
+BSkyB
+2014
+Sky plc
+Sky UK Limited
+2006
+two
+Sky
+£1.3bn
+ONdigital
+Freeview
+three
+Sky Three
+Pick TV
+Sky+ PVR
+September 2007
+monthly fee
+January 2010
+Sky+HD Box
+VideoGuard
+NDS
+Cisco Systems
+BSkyB
+Sky+
+basic channels
+2007
+substantially increased the asking price
+Video On Demand
+HD channels
+July 2013
+2013
+OneDrive
+OneDrive for Business
+cloud storage
+Sam Chisholm
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+Sky Digital
+3.5 million
+BSkyB
+telecommunications
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+Sky Q Silver set top boxes
+share recordings
+2016
+2016
+DVB-compliant MPEG-2
+Dolby Digital
+MPEG-4
+OpenTV
+DVB-S2
+1998
+Astra 2A
+Eutelsat's Eurobird 1
+hundreds
+28.5°E
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+March
+digital terrestrial
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+monthly subscription
+VideoGuard UK
+Ku band
+Sky
+1991
+ITV
+£34m
+BBC
+£304m
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+no
+not
+not
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Sky Active
+ONdigital
+100,000
+2007
+Virgin Media
+Video On Demand
+BBC HD
+Channel 4 HD
+10 million
+25m
+August 2004
+36%
+flattened
+Welfare Cash Card
+essentials
+often damaging
+Sky TV bills
+a man's presence
+£30m
+no
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+basic channels
+diversified
+second
+fourth
+Melbourne
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Bendigo
+New South Wales
+Buckland Valley
+over 1,000
+cramped and unsanitary
+multi-member proportional
+eight
+five
+four years
+every four years
+Australian Labor Party
+Liberal Party
+National Party
+The Greens
+Labor
+61.1%
+26.7%
+Buddhism
+168,637
+20%
+south-east
+most densely populated
+second
+Melbourne
+second-largest
+Koori
+1788
+New South Wales
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+26,000 square kilometres
+50%
+6,000 square kilometres
+90%
+270,000
+1975
+1855 colonial constitution
+Parliament of Victoria
+"entrenched" provisions
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+warmest regions
+32 °C
+15 °C
+48.8 °C
+2009
+state or government
+Victoria Department of Education
+some extra costs
+Roman Catholic Church
+curriculum
+major car brands
+2017
+May 2013
+October 2016
+Ford
+2,000 m
+Mount Bogong
+1,986 m
+river systems
+helmeted honeyeater
+Victorian Alps
+Great Dividing Range
+east-west
+below 0 °C
+−11.7 °C
+government-owned
+Metro Trains Melbourne
+Victorian Government
+freight services
+passenger
+37
+12
+Legislative Assembly
+Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1851
+gold rush
+sevenfold
+20 million ounces
+1,548
+489
+540,800
+63,519
+61
+Victoria
+3 million
+60%
+two-thirds
+Asia
+1,600 mm
+1,435 mm
+760 mm
+mountainous areas
+five
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+1854
+British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+mining licence fees
+Colony of Victoria Act
+most seats
+Premier
+representatives
+Daniel Andrews
+elected
+$8.7 billion
+17%
+32,463
+136,000 square kilometres
+60%
+tourism
+sports
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+SurfClassic
+the southern and central parts of France
+about one-eighth the number
+from 1562 to 1598
+the Edict of Nantes
+granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
+derision
+Geneva
+Besançon Hugues
+Amboise plot
+1560
+availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
+Around 1294
+Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+Paris
+villes de sûreté
+Montpellier
+Edict of Alès
+1622
+1629
+at the Cape of Good Hope
+Cape Town
+Maria de la Queillerie
+Dutch East India Company
+1700
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+the Charleston Orange district
+the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
+Pons
+1697
+Charleston, South Carolina
+William III of Orange
+King of England
+League of Augsburg
+Dutch Republic
+1672
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+1685
+Louis XIV
+500,000
+Catholic Church in France
+St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
+5,000 to 30,000
+their own militia
+some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
+between 1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Henry IV
+Louis XIII
+Huguenot rebellions
+one million
+2%
+Alsace
+Cévennes
+Australia
+New Rochelle
+New Paltz
+"Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz
+the oldest street in the United States of America
+Staten Island
+the Dutch Republic
+an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people
+ca. 2 million
+Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
+the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+Tours
+Huguon
+the ghost of le roi Huguet
+prétendus réformés
+night
+Canterbury
+The Weavers
+economic separation
+Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+a restaurant
+Cork City
+Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
+Dublin
+a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland
+1696
+brain drain
+New France
+non-Catholics
+Seven Years' War
+1759-60
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+granted the Protestants equality with Catholics
+the founding of new Protestant churches
+Protestantism
+education of children as Catholics
+prohibited emigration
+Four thousand
+"new converts"
+Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
+Switzerland and the Netherlands
+1555
+France Antarctique
+1560
+the Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+wine industry
+Western Cape province
+surnames
+Paul Revere
+Henry Laurens
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+lace
+'Bucks Point'
+twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+Prussia
+Cévennes
+Camisards
+the Catholic Church in the region
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Jean Ribault
+Fort Caroline
+Spanish
+1565
+Charlesfort
+Parris Island
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1562
+The Wars of Religion
+Virginia
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+390
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+Spain
+"Apologie"
+William the Silent
+Calvinist
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+1708
+50,000
+Andrew Lortie
+the doctrine of transubstantiation
+Williamite war
+William of Orange
+Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+flax cultivation
+Irish linen industry
+Prince Louis de Condé
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
+glass-making
+1890s
+1604
+Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
+Protestant
+Quebec
+Dutch Cape Colony
+they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
+Hugues Capet
+The "Hugues hypothesis"
+Janet Gray
+little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
+double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+University of Paris
+1530
+William Farel
+Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
+24 August – 3 October 1572
+Catholics
+Nearly 3,000
+1573
+almost 25,000
+Louis XIV
+acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert
+he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts
+closed Huguenot schools
+dragonnades
+Westchester
+"Bauffet's Point"
+John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+affiliated with other Protestant denominations
+married outside their immediate French communities
+E.I. du Pont
+into the nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+Historical and Critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+The French Protestant Church of London
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Lutheran and Reformed
+Germany and Scandinavia
+Edict of Potsdam
+Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
+Huguenots furnished two new regiments
+Frederick William
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+Lothar de Maizière
+Federal Minister of the Interior
+solar
+Rankine
+steam
+high
+external combustion
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+steam pump
+Papin
+United Kingdom
+21 February 1804
+Abercynon
+Wales
+south
+water pump
+multi-stage centrifugal
+1850s
+steam locomotives
+lower-pressure boiler feed water
+three
+quadruple expansion engines
+19th
+marine triple expansion
+Olympic
+Corliss
+Joy
+lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
+Lead fusible plugs
+melts
+steam escapes
+manually suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+James Watt
+rotary
+ten
+1883
+Industrial Revolution
+first
+Hero of Alexandria
+Greek
+Giovanni Branca
+1606
+compound
+expansions
+shipping
+internal combustion engines
+coal
+steam turbines
+late
+several hundred
+90
+electric
+burning combustible materials
+combustion chamber
+solar
+electric
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Richard
+London Exhibition
+90
+180
+90
+counterflow
+two
+one
+four
+expansion
+Quasiturbine
+counterflow
+port
+oscillating cylinder
+trunnion
+models
+ships
+recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+water
+working fluid
+565
+stainless steel
+63%
+30 °C
+Steam engines
+steamboats
+Stanley Steamer
+factories
+increase in the land available for cultivation
+Catch Me Who Can
+Matthew Murray
+twin-cylinder
+Middleton Railway
+Stockton and Darlington
+Arthur Woolf
+British
+torque variability
+cylinder volume
+90
+reciprocating steam engines
+gas turbines
+steam turbines
+reduction
+Rankine cycle
+removed in a condenser
+1990s
+biomass
+Scottish
+duty
+17
+7 million
+94
+Watt
+steam turbines
+Reciprocating piston
+turbine
+internal combustion
+Thomas Savery
+water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+John Smeaton
+Richard Trevithick
+Oliver Evans
+1802
+transport
+power
+Energiprojekt AB
+Sweden
+5
+8.8
+27-30
+surface condensers
+automobile radiator
+where water is costly
+wet
+3600
+centrifugal governor
+Boulton
+flour mill
+cotton spinning
+hold a set speed
+1880
+railway locomotives
+complicated
+1930
+road engines
+shortening the cutoff
+kick back
+evacuate the cylinder
+fixed
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Spanish
+1606
+1698
+1712
+rotating discs
+drive shaft
+static discs
+turbine casing
+3600 revolutions per minute
+lower
+electric motors
+steam turbine
+Advanced Steam
+pollution
+Wankel
+cylinders and valve gear
+thermal expansion
+1775
+condenser
+half
+Newcomen's
+piston
+two
+plug valve
+adjustable spring-loaded
+seal
+more power
+Corliss steam engine
+1849
+30%
+four
+Rumford medal
+thermodynamic
+Watt
+condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+liquid
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+injector
+recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+superheaters
+bunker
+stoking
+feed water
+British
+dreadnought battleships
+ocean liners
+1905
+water
+turbine
+electrical generator
+turbo-electric transmission
+Britain
+practical Carnot cycle
+in the condenser
+constant pressure
+isothermal
+liquid
+8
+helium
+two atoms
+almost half
+Diatomic oxygen
+20.8%
+Oxygen
+8
+monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend
+By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen
+oxides
+third
+dioxygen
+photosynthesis
+sunlight
+high-altitude ozone layer
+oxygen
+water
+photosynthesis
+water
+ozone
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+nitroaereus
+1679
+Robert Boyle
+nitroaereus
+17th century
+respiration
+John Mayow
+Joseph Priestley
+clergyman
+HgO
+mercuric oxide (HgO)
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+1775
+published his findings first
+active
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+2nd century BCE
+incorrectly
+Philo of Byzantium
+fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+air
+heat or a spark
+Oxygen is the oxidant
+compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative
+Oxygen
+ignition event
+oxidant
+rapid combustion
+chemical energy
+compounds of oxygen
+pure O
+oxygen
+1⁄3
+special training
+combustion
+storage vessels
+special training
+Apollo 1 crew
+oxides of silicon
+carbon dioxide
+mantle
+carbon dioxide
+Earth's crustal rock
+Earth's mantle
+mantle
+complex silicates
+monatomic
+simplest
+HO
+hydrogen
+Avogadro's law
+phlogiston
+non-combustible
+Air
+metals
+become lighter
+covalent double bond
+two
+Aufbau
+chemically
+molecular orbitals
+1773
+1774
+work was published first
+Antoine Lavoisier
+phlogiston theory
+spin triplet state
+triplet oxygen
+unpaired electrons
+spontaneous
+antibonding
+air
+weight
+weight
+1777
+azote
+ozone
+allotrope
+lung tissue
+protective radiation shield
+UV
+dioxygen
+O2
+major
+energy content
+cellular respiration
+James Dewar
+1891
+1895
+oxyacetylene
+Oxygen
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters
+seawater
+twice
+most abundant
+third
+0.9%
+world's oceans
+ultraviolet radiation
+late 19th
+compressing and cooling
+Raoul Pierre Pictet
+few drops
+March 29, 1883
+Sun
+oxygen-16
+Genesis spacecraft
+unknown
+Earth
+Singlet
+organic molecules
+photosynthesis
+photolysis of ozone
+Carotenoids
+Paleoclimatologists
+climate
+12%
+oxygen-18
+lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+carbon cycle
+satellite platform
+global
+remote sensing
+paramagnetic
+Liquid oxygen
+unpaired electrons
+magnetic field
+powerful magnet
+dangerous by-products
+destroy invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+anaerobic
+2.5 billion years ago
+90.20 K
+clear
+liquefied air
+liquid nitrogen
+combustible materials
+water
+lower
+higher oxygen content
+algae
+biochemical oxygen demand
+3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic
+banded iron formations
+1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical
+three
+photosynthesis
+oxygen
+zeolite molecular sieves
+90% to 93%
+nitrogen
+non-cryogenic
+major method
+water
+oxygen and hydrogen
+DC
+oxides and oxoacids
+Chemical
+recreational
+mild euphoric
+performance
+placebo
+aerobic
+Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine
+carbon monoxide
+anaerobic bacteria
+Decompression sickness
+Oxygen therapy
+heart
+oxygen supplementation
+respiration
+gaseous oxygen.
+electronegativity
+oxides
+FeO
+oxide
+corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+chemical
+exothermic
+oxygen gas
+storage
+insulated tankers
+liquid
+compressed gas
+hospitals
+organic solvents
+organic compounds
+feeder materials
+Epoxides
+important
+biomolecules
+Only a few
+carbohydrates
+proteins
+bones
+Oxygen toxicity
+pulmonary fibrosis
+160 kPa
+Acute oxygen toxicity
+seizures
+low total pressures
+30 kPa
+1.4 times normal
+no damage
+only marginally more
+at elevated partial pressures
+50 kilopascals
+50% oxygen
+mechanical ventilators
+30%–50%
+October 1973
+nearly $12
+1979
+first oil shock
+members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
+to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
+January 18, 1974,
+March 1974
+On August 15, 1971
+to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
+industrialized nations increased their reserves
+In September 1971
+oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
+risen by less than two percent per year
+After 1971
+1973–1974
+Until the oil shock
+On October 6, 1973
+Iran
+ten times more
+Iran
+renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict
+In response to American aid to Israel
+October 16, 1973,
+until their economic and political objectives were met
+$2.2 billion
+American aid to Israel
+over 100 billion dollars
+Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
+Middle East
+shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+distribution and price disruptions
+USSR
+1973
+Kissinger
+The embargo
+automobiles
+Macroeconomic problems
+Arctic
+five to ten years
+Netherlands
+America
+UK
+Israel
+Ted Heath
+UK
+a series of strikes
+winter of 1973–74
+Germany
+Sweden
+Price controls
+encourage investment
+Price controls
+rationing
+William E. Simon
+In 1973
+coordinate the response to the embargo
+last week of February 1974,
+55 mph
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+Bill Clinton
+November 28, 1995
+1977
+energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+congresses and presidents
+U.S
+British Prime Minister Edward Heath
+10 years
+Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
+Japan
+71%
+5% production cut
+November 22
+December 25
+USSR's invasion
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Saudi Arabia
+January 1979
+November 1979
+large cars
+Japanese imports
+V8 and six cylinder engines
+Japan
+A decade after the 1973
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+power steering
+Lexus
+Toyota Hilux
+Dodge D-50
+Ford, Chrysler, and GM
+captive import policy
+An increase in imported cars
+at least four passengers
+1985
+Lincoln Continental,
+Chevrolet Bel Air
+1979
+1981
+Mustang I
+1981
+1980s
+recover market share
+nearly $40 per barrel
+Project Mercury
+National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
+1968
+Dwight D. Eisenhower
+two
+1961 to 1972
+Gemini program
+Soviet Union
+Skylab
+1967
+prelaunch test
+Budget cuts
+Five
+oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+Apollo 17
+382 kg
+avionics, telecommunications, and computers
+one
+three
+Abe Silverstein
+manned lunar landings
+early 1960
+1960
+Maxime Faget
+three
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+Soviet Union
+massive financial commitment
+James E. Webb
+missile gap
+Yuri Gagarin
+Soviet Union
+one day
+refusing to make a commitment
+April 20
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+approximately one week
+neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
+Robert R. Gilruth
+NASA's Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+Director
+Kennedy
+three
+Apollo spacecraft
+250,000 feet
+130 million cubic foot
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+Air Force missile projects
+United States Air Force
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969
+Apollo Program Director
+a rendezvous —let alone a docking
+1961
+Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Joseph Shea
+Marshall Space Flight Center
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+NASA
+July 11, 1962
+Wiesner
+"No, that's no good"
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Grumman
+spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
+Apollo 13
+propulsion, electrical power and life support
+1964
+cone-shaped
+Command/Service Module
+two
+three
+ocean
+ablative heat shield
+Parachutes
+5,560 kg
+Service Module (SM)
+high-gain S-band antenna
+discarded
+51,300 pounds
+orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+twice the thrust
+1964
+Saturn V
+two
+Not
+15,100 kg
+3 days
+Wernher von Braun
+Army
+June 11, 1962
+dummy upper stages filled with water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
+Saturn IB
+200,000 lbf
+third stage
+40,000 pounds
+three-stage Saturn V
+33 feet
+three
+burned liquid hydrogen
+Mercury and Gemini
+All missions
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+last mission
+32
+Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+discipline problems
+Apollo 8
+1966
+265.7 nautical miles
+25,700 km
+heat shield
+unmanned
+new Apollo spacesuit
+traditional visor helmet
+a water-cooled undergarment
+Lunar Module Pilot
+Deke Slayton
+Mercury
+1966
+Donn F. Eisele
+AS-205
+canceled
+August 1967
+AS-205/208
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Samuel Phillips
+"tiger team"
+1967
+George Mueller
+altitude chamber
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+launch countdown
+North American
+strange odor in their spacesuits
+January 27, 1967
+electrical fire
+asphyxiated
+100% oxygen
+both houses of Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+immediately
+nitrogen/oxygen mixture
+flammable cabin and space suit materials
+quick-release, outward opening door
+discontinued
+fire-resistant Block II
+sequence
+successful
+letters
+AS-501
+heat shield
+April 4, 1968
+third unmanned test
+Apollo 5
+pad 37
+Grumman
+success
+"fire-in-the-hole"
+two Saturn IBs
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+orbit the Moon
+human cosmonauts
+Gemini
+July 1969
+black-and-white television
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+Apollo 12
+Surveyor 3
+returned to Earth
+the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)
+Block II spacesuit
+eight
+over three days
+mass
+liquid oxygen tank exploded
+rookies
+grounded
+oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Apollo 20
+began to shrink
+museum exhibits
+1971
+extremely old
+4.6 billion years
+KREEP
+Genesis Rock
+micrometeoroid impact craters
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater.
+$170 billion
+15
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo X
+Apollo Applications Program
+Venus
+1973
+on the ground
+February 8, 1974
+Apollo Telescope Mount
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+Apollo 11
+unknown
+Apollo 8
+Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+inspiring end
+special Apollo TV camera
+incompatible
+magnetic tape shortage
+newer satellite data
+Stan Lebar
+Nafzger
+without destroying historical legitimacy
+kinescope recordings
+Lowry Digital
+black and white
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
+a body of treaties and legislation
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+regulations and directives
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+the Treaties establishing the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+three
+courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+courts of member states
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+international law
+courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+international law
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the courts of member states
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+The European Commission
+citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+The "European Council"
+Treaty on European Union (TEU)
+the Faroe Islands
+can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity
+if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+Gibraltar and the Åland islands
+Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
+with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+1985
+in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
+Greenland
+common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
+1992
+1986
+1972
+1985
+Following the Nice Treaty
+referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+very similar
+an amending treaty
+altered the existing treaties
+there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
+this would have also produced a single constitutional document
+the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+the Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+the Commission
+The Commission's President
+one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(3)
+The Commission's President
+simple majority vote
+Ireland
+Commissioners
+the Santer Commission
+did in fact not break any law
+Committee of Independent Experts
+European Council
+do not have voting rights
+1999
+Commission v Edith Cresson
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+the European Anti-fraud Office
+2012
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+every five years
+two-thirds majority
+the Commission and Council
+the Commission
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+1979
+every five years
+the conservative European People's Party
+different ministers of the member states
+Donald Tusk
+inversely
+352
+260
+the Council
+each six months
+352
+at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU
+a majority
+qualified majority
+harder
+TEU articles 4 and 5
+Court of Justice
+TFEU article 294
+legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
+TEU articles 4 and 5
+Conciliation Committee
+judicial branch
+Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
+28
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
+the Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+EU law
+nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958
+1964 and 1968
+the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+the Court of Justice
+EU law
+foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+1972
+the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
+if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
+administrative law
+1986
+All actions
+constitutional law
+Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
+article 30
+a postal company
+Treaty provisions
+Directives
+4 weeks
+28 days
+early 1990s
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
+a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company
+10 years
+British Gas plc
+women retire at age 60 and men at 65
+national courts
+incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million Lira
+the European Court of Justice
+fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+since the 1950s
+in Article 5
+the least onerous
+since the 1960s
+international law and public law
+a proper legal basis
+the principles of legal certainty and good faith
+from the constitutional traditions common to the member states
+fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None
+member states
+1950
+European Court of Human Rights.
+1999
+2007
+the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+European Union law
+European Court of Justice
+1997 Treaty of Amsterdam
+1997
+1989
+30
+40
+11 of the then 12 member states
+The UK
+the "Social Chapter"
+1992
+the election of the UK Labour Party to government
+1997
+Works Council Directive
+1996
+workforce consultation in businesses
+France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
+1951
+cartels
+article 66
+1957
+Article 101(1)
+the abuse of dominant position
+Articles 106 and 107
+Article 102
+2007
+1957
+consumer prices
+free trade
+the Court of Justice
+a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination
+parallel importers like Mr Dassonville
+private actors
+Commission v France
+a protest that blocked heavy traffic
+25
+France
+2003
+cocoa butter
+motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers
+Keck and Mithouard
+cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
+to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+the European Community
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
+to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
+articles 1 to 7
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+Gaelic
+Hendrix v Employee
+between 3 and 14 hours a week
+Citizenship of the EU
+the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+Commission v Austria
+higher education
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+if they were non-discriminatory
+Reyners v Belgium
+article 49
+Commission v Italy
+2006
+shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+2005
+to people who give services "for remuneration"
+because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+narcotic drugs
+the treatment
+the Daily Mail
+£1
+200,000 Danish krone
+creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
+Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
+also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle,
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
+This region includes territory belonging to nine nations.
+States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.
+The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
+Amazoneregenwoud
+The Amazon rainforest
+Brazil
+over half
+16,000
+moist broadleaf forest
+7,000,000 square kilometres (2,70
+nine nations
+Brazil
+16,000 species
+the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
+Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
+During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
+It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
+However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
+45
+Climate fluctuations
+Oligocene
+It expanded
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+last glacial maximum
+34 million years
+During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.
+Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic,
+Solimões Basin
+Within the last 5–10 million years
+joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
+During the mid-Eocene
+the Atlantic
+the Pacific
+Amazonas Basin
+the Solimões Basin
+the mid-Eocene
+Purus Arch
+the Atlantic
+the Pacific
+Solimões Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
+the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+This debate has proved difficult
+explanations are reasonably well supported
+21,000
+the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
+sediment deposits
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+21,000
+sediment deposits
+moist tropical vegetation cover
+open forest and grassland
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+182 million tons
+1,600 miles
+Amazon basin
+132 million tons
+NASA's CALIPSO satellite
+182 million tons
+27.7 million tons
+132 million tons
+43 million tons
+CALIPSO
+NASA
+182 million tons
+1,600 miles
+27.7 million tons
+Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.52/sq mi
+agriculture
+anthropological
+5 million
+the poor soil
+Betty Meggers
+0.2
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+Betty Meggers
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
+5 million people
+200,000.
+Francisco de Orellana
+1540s
+diseases from Europe
+1970s
+AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+AD 0–1250
+Ondemar Dias
+11,000 years
+black earth
+large areas
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida
+Terra preta (black earth)
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger and colleagues
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2.5 million
+One in five
+40,000
+one in five
+96,660 and 128,843
+2.5 million
+2,000
+40,000
+378
+One in five
+62 acres
+1,100
+90,790
+356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+highest on Earth
+1,100
+90,790 tonnes
+356 ± 47 tonnes
+438,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+piranha
+lipophilic alkaloid toxins
+Vampire bats
+Deforestation
+the early 1960s
+slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye
+415,000
+587,000
+pasture for cattle
+second-largest global producer
+91%
+soy farmers
+increased settlement and deforestation
+8,646 sq mi
+deforestation has declined
+18% higher
+loss of biodiversity
+destruction of the forest
+carbon contained within the vegetation
+10% of the carbon stores
+1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes
+reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+greenhouse gas emissions
+2100
+though the 21st century
+climate change in addition to deforestation
+indigenous territories
+community-based conservation
+deforestation and ecocide
+Urarina
+lowland South American
+remote sensing
+Trio Tribe
+southern Suriname
+to help strengthen their territorial claims
+to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
+tree growth
+carbon related emissions
+Tatiana Kuplich
+2006
+Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
+2005
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+deforestation
+savanna or desert
+Woods Hole Research Center
+2010
+1,160,000
+three epicenters
+2005
+1.5 gigatons
+comb jellies
+marine waters worldwide.
+a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
+phylum of animals that live in marine waters
+‘combs’ – groups of cilia
+water flow through the body cavity
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+‘combs’ – groups of cilia
+comb jellies
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+water flow through the body cavity
+κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'
+marine waters
+ten times their own weight
+100–150
+possibly another 25
+100–150 species
+tentilla
+ten times their own weight
+tentacles
+groups of large, stiffened cilia
+ten times their own weight
+tentilla
+groups of large, stiffened cilia
+colloblasts
+100–150 species
+Most species are hermaphrodites
+miniature cydippids
+In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size
+can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+sequential
+platyctenids
+hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+the Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
+other ctenophores
+Mnemiopsis
+fish larvae and organisms
+In bays
+In bays
+planktonic plants
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+introduction of Beroe
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+515 million years
+tentacles
+515 million years
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+monophyletic
+tentacles
+cnidarians
+by having colloblasts
+bilaterians
+Ctenophores
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+bilaterians
+mesoglea
+diploblastic
+sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores
+sponges
+cilia
+method of locomotion
+ctenes
+comb-bearing
+Pleurobrachia
+oceanic species
+to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+epithelium
+bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.
+the mouth and pharynx;
+swimming-plates
+also called "ctenes" or "comb plates
+supporting function
+in the direction in which the mouth is pointing,
+2 millimeters (0.079 in)
+osmotic pressure
+the mesoglea
+increase its bulk and decrease its density
+pump water out of the mesoglea
+aboral organ
+at the opposite end from the mouth
+a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
+a statocyst
+a balance sensor
+sea gooseberry
+a pair of long, slender tentacles
+more or less rounded
+a sheath
+at the narrow end
+tentilla
+specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
+they contain striated muscle,
+three types of movement
+capturing prey
+eight rows
+from near the mouth to the opposite end
+evenly round the body
+ciliary groove
+lobes
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents
+four
+help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+by clapping their lobes
+jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
+nerves
+water disturbances created by the cilia
+Nuda
+The Beroida
+zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,
+"zip" the mouth shut
+large pharynx
+The Cestida
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
+Velamen parallelum
+a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles
+cling to and creep on surfaces
+comb-rows
+on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
+Mnemiopsis
+in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
+external
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+among the plankton
+after dropping to the sea-floor
+more like true larvae
+Beroe
+they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce
+are disturbed,
+ink
+Juveniles will luminesce more brightly
+Almost all ctenophores are predators
+jellyfish
+incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
+smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.
+Lampea
+their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+chum salmon
+ctenophores
+the Red Sea
+ctenophores,
+ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+via the ballast tanks of ships
+by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,
+in the late 1980s
+significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
+Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
+comb jelly.
+Cambrian period.
+Three additional putative species
+lacked tentacles
+515 million years
+Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+Vendobionta
+Ediacaran period
+all other animals
+Porifera
+beroids
+monophyletic
+65.5 million years ago
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+220 miles (350 km)
+ash tree
+ash leaf
+(/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh)
+1872
+the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
+1885
+47 streetcars
+store
+2.7%
+Chinatown
+Pinedale
+an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
+an assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+to revolve a balance
+1976
+Visa Inc.
+Bill Aken
+Bob Gallion
+Madera
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Park
+Shinzen Japanese Gardens
+Kearney Park
+Between the 1880s and World War II
+Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+Hughes Hotel
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre-Auguste Renoir
+near their current locations
+wide sidewalks
+Fresno's far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+Sunnyside
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile
+late 1970s
+second and third run movies, along with classic films
+1978
+Fresno
+Evita and The Wiz
+live theater
+all within a few hundred feet of each other
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+Storybook houses
+contrasts
+in recent decades
+Huntington Boulevard
+William Stranahan
+1914
+267
+Fresno Traction Company
+"Southwest Fresno"
+southwest
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+"West Side"
+M. Theo Kearney
+tall palm trees
+Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
+Brookhaven
+The isolated subdivision
+between the 1960s and 1990s
+Fresno and B streets
+Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+the West Side
+very little
+Ralph Woodward
+300 acres
+2,500
+22 miles
+April through October
+1946
+William Smilie
+Sierra Sky Park
+automobiles
+there are now numerous such communities across the United States
+hot and dry
+July
+around 11.5 inches
+northwest
+December, January and February
+115 °F
+January 6, 1913
+1885
+2.2 inches
+3.55 inches
+494,665
+49.6%
+8,525
+30.0%
+4,404.5 people
+68,511
+19.3%
+1,388
+3.62
+3.07
+427,652
+149,025
+8.4%
+a third
+4,097.9 people per square mile
+To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+NBC affiliate KSEE
+KGPE
+State Route 99
+the Sierra Freeway
+State Route 41
+west
+Fresno
+1950s
+99
+rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Fresno
+Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
+This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
+the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
+Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
+circuit switching
+circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted
+circuit switching
+a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth
+by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
+the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
+the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
+the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching
+survivable communications networks
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks
+delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
+a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+by store and forward switching
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets
+independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran
+packet switching
+proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK
+use in the ARPANET
+Donald Davies
+packet switching
+suggested it for use in the ARPANET
+each packet includes complete addressing information
+individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery
+Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
+the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number
+The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number
+Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
+a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking
+a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
+connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer
+supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching
+Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted
+A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS
+1969
+Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host
+User Datagram Protocol
+a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985
+that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
+automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
+a plug-n-play system
+CYCLADES packet switching network
+to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
+using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+later ARPANET architecture
+a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
+connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
+Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
+were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux
+a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers
+the world's first commercial online service
+They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around
+that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable
+as a means to help the state's educational and economic development
+an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State
+Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
+the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+Larry Roberts
+making ARPANET technology public
+host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29
+Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE
+an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
+connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
+government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks
+private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
+There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC
+DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research
+A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
+AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra
+supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications
+Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
+was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom
+Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines
+public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049
+use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
+The Computer Science Network
+to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET
+role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet
+a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
+The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest
+Abilene
+a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network
+Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network
+The National Science Foundation Network
+advanced research and education networking in the United States
+it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone
+The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
+provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
+By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3
+vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c
+the arid plains of Central Asia
+merchant ships.
+30–60% of Europe's total population
+the 17th century
+until the 19th century
+commonly present
+dating to 1338–39
+China
+1331
+an estimated 25 million
+Genoese traders
+Jani Beg
+infected corpses
+Sicily
+war, famine, and weather
+northwest across Europe
+northwestern Russia
+parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+Germany and Scandinavia
+1349
+serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
+autumn 1347
+y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
+The city's residents fled to the north
+Gasquet
+atra mors
+J.I. Pontanus
+1823
+Scandinavia
+the heavens
+the king of France
+That the plague was caused by bad air
+Miasma theory
+Yersinia pestis
+Hong Kong in 1894
+French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin
+The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
+two populations of rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague
+1908
+rats and fleas
+the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.
+30–75%
+100–106 °F
+80 percent
+90 to 95 percent
+purple skin patches
+In October 2010
+a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
+with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
+from the tooth sockets in human skeletons
+unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague
+genetic branches
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
+through the port of Marseille around November 1347
+spring of 1349
+confirmed and amended
+East Smithfield
+may no longer exist
+October 2011
+British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
+contemporary accounts were exaggerations
+the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
+epidemiological account of the plague
+the lack of reliable statistics from this period
+by over 100%
+the clergy
+between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377
+the rat population was insufficient
+of marginal significance
+temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
+the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
+5 to 15 years
+a form of anthrax
+a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+(a type of "blood poisoning"
+25
+about a third.
+Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people
+at least some pre-planning and Christian burials
+as much as 50%
+most isolated areas
+throughout the 14th to 17th centuries
+the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
+almost a million people
+propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
+By the end of 1350
+10–15% of the population
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+the Italian Plague of 1629–1631
+The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.
+22 times between 1361 and 1528
+some 1.7 million victims
+about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
+reduced the population of Seville by half
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720 in Marseille.
+between 1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand inhabitants
+until the second quarter of the 19th century.
+two-thirds of its population
+melt (magma and/or lava)
+metamorphic rock
+new magma
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the convecting mantle
+the 1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+Transform boundaries
+Alfred Wegener
+the convecting mantle
+seismic waves
+crust
+the mantle
+wave speeds
+the outer core and inner core
+second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale
+Quaternary
+The Holocene
+the Quaternary period
+The principle of cross-cutting relationships
+younger than the fault
+the key bed
+older than the fault
+xenoliths
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+The principle of inclusions and components
+gravel
+The principle of faunal succession
+William Smith
+complex
+organisms
+Charles Darwin
+At the beginning of the 20th century
+stratigraphic correlation
+absolute ages
+to one another
+fossil sequences
+Thermochemical techniques
+particular closure temperature
+isotope ratios of radioactive elements
+Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
+horizontal compression
+In the shallow crust
+antiforms
+synforms
+anticlines and synclines
+Extension
+boudins
+within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
+metamorphosed
+normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
+Dikes
+in areas that are being actively deformed
+topographic gradients
+Continual motion along the fault
+Deformational events
+layered basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss
+sedimentary rocks
+Cambrian time
+Slave craton in northwestern Canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+modern soils
+identifying rocks
+birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties
+geochemical evolution of rock units
+the laboratory
+petrographic microscope
+pressure physical experiments
+physical experiments
+metamorphic processes
+Structural geologists
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections
+plot and combine
+analog and numerical experiments
+orogenic wedges
+those involving orogenic wedges
+sand
+all angles remain the same
+Numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical surveys
+well logs
+computer programs
+water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
+provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+Magnetic stratigraphers
+Geochronologists
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+Shen Kuo
+Ibn Sina
+his observation of fossil animal shells
+James Hutton
+Theory of the Earth
+1795
+Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
+William Maclure
+1809
+1807
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+the American Philosophical Society
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+103 miles
+8.5 mi
+Eurocities
+Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose
+wool
+coal
+16th century
+the Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+Tyne
+2,000
+Hadrian's
+Pictish
+England's
+Elizabeth
+25-foot
+William the Lion
+three times
+coal
+the Hostmen
+a pointless pursuit
+an eccentric
+ruin him
+their families
+boats
+7,000
+47%
+devastating loss
+the King
+the Scots
+drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization
+the Maling company
+electric lighting
+prosperity
+the steam turbine
+medieval
+Narrow alleys
+Stairs
+modern
+a restaurant
+Tyneside Classical
+England's best-looking city
+Grey Street
+in the 1960s
+Shopping Centre
+Town Moor
+graze
+The Hoppings funfair
+June
+freemen
+Large-scale regeneration
+Gateshead Council
+Norman Foster
+tourist promotion
+ten
+the Grainger Town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four stories
+244
+the Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+a painting
+English Heritage
+oceanic
+warming
+rain
+January 1982
+the British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre,
+Bainbridge's
+by department
+2007
+shopping
+suburban
+Tesco
+the MetroCentre
+Gateshead
+The Tyneside flat
+terraces
+the Ouseburn valley
+Architects
+high density
+7.8%
+5.9%
+overinflated
+authorities
+Tunbridge Wells.
+2001
+metropolitan
+student
+Universities
+student populations
+37.8
+ancestors
+Border Reiver
+500
+1%
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon populations
+many elements
+strong
+stream
+Scandinavia
+Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words
+Dutch
+a report
+noisiest
+80.4
+negative
+a motorway underpass
+Collingwood Street
+indoor complex
+12
+'The Pink Triangle'
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+many celebrated seasons
+1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+the Theatre Royal
+Royal Shakespeare
+local talent
+arts capital of the UK
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle
+8000
+Green
+lecture theatre
+Joseph Swan
+The Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+biennial
+EAT!
+2
+The Hoppings
+every June
+Temperance
+a cycling festival
+The Northern Pride Festival
+Newcastle Mela
+Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
+Design Event festival
+East Asian
+NewcastleGateshead
+folk-rock
+1971
+Venom
+Skyclad
+Duran Duran
+November 2006 and May 2008
+Old Town Hall
+three
+Classic
+roof
+Centre for Life
+life on Tyneside
+shipbuilding
+2009
+Seven Stories
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+gangster
+Mike Figgis
+Sting
+Gosforth Park
+the Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Brough Park
+Blaydon Race
+6 miles
+Metro Light Rail system
+20 minutes
+over five million
+over 90
+Victorian architecture
+six
+Victoria
+Robert Stephenson.
+Manors
+half-hourly
+about three
+Edinburgh
+CrossCountry
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and Wear Metro
+five
+deep-level
+A bridge
+over 37 million
+Metro: All Change.'
+smart ticketing
+tracks, signalling and overhead wires
+an entirely new fleet of trains
+trams
+the A1
+the A696
+the old "Great North Road"
+the roads
+the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel
+3
+two
+Stagecoach
+the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
+Go-Ahead
+1998
+highlighting the usage of cycling
+healthy
+one way
+national networks
+Danish DFDS Seaways
+end of October 2006
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+late 2008
+Thomson
+eleven
+seven
+the Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+Catholic
+two
+Newcastle University
+Sunday Times University of the Year award
+polytechnics became new universities
+Northumbria University
+three
+1474
+Coptic
+Thomas
+parish churches
+The Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+the main porch
+ancient churchyards
+The church tower
+City Road
+a new facility
+The entrance to studio 5
+result of its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+NE1fm
+Newcastle Student Radio
+since 1951
+Radio Lollipop
+Newcastle University's student's union building
+1770
+Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+the incandescent light bulb
+Thailand
+Rutherford Grammar School
+international footballers
+Nobel Prize
+keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
+It was founded in 1852
+named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5
+145
+5,000
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+post-classical sculpture
+Great Exhibition of 1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+between September and November 1946
+nearly a million and a half
+Festival of Britain (1951)
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+Gryphon
+Roy Strong
+mediaeval music
+Dundee
+£76 million
+on the city's waterfront
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+within five years
+Brompton Park House
+Sheepshanks Gallery
+Captain Francis Fowke
+Secretariat Wing
+offices and board room
+Oriental Courts
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+Isaac Newton
+Titian
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+Alfred Stevens
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Henry Young Darracott Scott
+School for Naval Architects
+Cadeby stone
+prints and architectural drawings
+2008
+sgraffito
+Starkie Gardner
+southeast of the garden
+Art Library
+Reuben Townroe
+Aston Webb
+red brick and Portland stone
+720 feet
+a statue of fame
+top row of windows
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Alfred Drury
+marble
+Queen Victoria
+Art Library
+Henry Cole wing
+a new entrance building
+Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
+the Spiral
+main silverware gallery
+mosaic floors
+FuturePlan
+South Kensington
+McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
+Kim Wilkie
+John Madejski Garden
+elliptical
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+American Sweetgum
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+over 600,000
+RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
+over 700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+Zaha Hadid
+over 330
+Sir Christopher Wren
+Sir Edwin Lutyens
+Bishopsgate
+Great Fire of London
+c1600
+Montal
+Alhambra
+over 19,000
+2006
+Ardabil Carpet
+Spain
+1909
+nearly 60,000
+about 10,000
+6000
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru
+more than 70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+The T. T. Tsui Gallery
+1991
+Ming and Qing
+Toshiba
+1986
+13th
+from 1550 to 1900
+bronze
+from the 14th to the 19th century
+Sri Lanka
+Hindu and Buddhist sculptures
+mother-of-pearl
+ivory
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+over 14,000
+1869
+1876
+Charles Dickens
+Beatrix Potter
+from the 12th to 16th
+the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc
+Lucas Horenbout
+Word and Image Department
+MODES
+Encoded Archival Description
+newly accessioned into the collection
+Search the Collections
+2007
+Factory Project
+Andy Warhol
+15,000
+to catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+Horace Walpole
+porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
+increase in tea drinking
+increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure
+John Ruskin
+the growth of mass production
+Arts and Crafts
+Trajan's Column
+cut in half
+David
+sculptures, friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+1731
+Frederick II the Great
+1762
+1909
+Chinese and Japanese ceramics
+Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
+Britain and Holland
+ceramic stoves
+from the 16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+4000
+over 6000
+Ancient Egypt
+René Lalique
+Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
+1994
+Danny Lane
+2004
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+over 10,000
+2,000
+Dürer
+Rembrandt
+Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
+over 14,000
+Word and Image department
+Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+Harrods
+2002
+Vivienne Westwood
+178
+Costiff
+modern
+Italian and French Renaissance
+between 1859 and 1865
+French 18th-century art and furnishings
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+c1750
+Germany
+Charles and Ray Eames
+over 6000
+Ancient Egypt
+1869
+154
+William and Judith Bollinger
+secular and sacred
+1496–97
+8
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+St Thomas Becket
+c1180
+gilt copper
+over 5,100
+Bryan Davies
+Horniman Museum
+35
+2010
+1130
+650
+6800
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+1857
+233
+forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+British
+continental art 1600–1800
+Madame de Pompadour
+Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
+François, Duc d'Alençon
+Eadweard Muybridge
+1887
+781
+animals and humans performimg various actions
+James Lafayette
+post-classical European
+22,000
+from about 400 AD to 1914
+All
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton
+Chancel Chapel
+Giuliano da Sangallo
+1493–1500
+more than 20
+the sculptor
+1914
+World War I
+St John the Baptist
+George Frampton
+Thomas Brock
+Sir Francis Chantrey
+Europeans who were based in Britain
+Dorothy and Michael Hintze
+1950
+by theme
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+Tate Britain
+more than 53,000
+all populated continents
+from the 1st century AD to the present
+western Europe
+by technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+the Netherlands
+hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank's workshop
+late 14th-century
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+2009
+material about live performance
+Shakespeare
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+interventive
+V&A Museum of Childhood
+preventive
+The Walt Disney Company
+1957
+Manhattan
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+Disney Media Networks
+October 12, 1943
+radio network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+232
+Citadel Broadcasting
+eight
+Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+Radio Corporation of America
+NBC Blue and NBC Red
+major cities
+drama series
+NBC Blue
+Mutual
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+NBC Blue Network
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+David Sarnoff
+$7.5 million
+Life Savers candy
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+president and CEO
+June 30, 1951
+Magnetophon tape recorder
+Paul Whiteman
+ABC
+Bing Crosby
+public service
+$155 million
+ABC1
+September 8, 2007
+ABC International
+United States
+1959
+satellite television
+Japan and Latin America
+legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
+coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+Mainichi Broadcasting System
+flight delays
+technical problems
+Peanuts
+Emmy Awards
+1965
+the Academy Awards
+It's the Great Pumpkin
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+1954
+Times Square
+TLC
+General Hospital
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+X Games
+2006
+12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time
+NBA
+The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
+Frank Marx
+channels 2 through 6
+1947
+VHF channel 7
+108
+two
+DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+U.S. Supreme Court
+Paramount Pictures
+nine
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
+the Paramount Building
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+1960s
+William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
+1960s
+1959
+NBC
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+Troika Design Group
+black-and-yellow
+the dot
+Pittard Sullivan
+2015
+"We Love TV" image campaign
+ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
+1993–94 season
+1995–96 season
+1983
+That Special Feeling
+1977
+black background
+glossy gold
+Paul Rand
+Bauhaus typeface
+Herbert Bayer
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+Grey's Anatomy
+Anne Sweeney
+NASCAR
+2002
+Michael Eisner
+The Bachelor
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable
+ABC
+ABC
+afternoon of May 2.
+2000
+The WB
+CBS
+August 1999
+Regis Philbin
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+ABC Inc.
+Knight Ridder
+Robert Iger
+Sports Night
+1965–66 season
+third place
+Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+ABC-DuMont
+$5 million in cash
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+Cheyenne
+Sugarfoot
+Walt Disney
+Warner Bros. Presents
+Roy
+$500,000
+1954
+Disneyland
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+LOVE Radio
+seven
+1969
+Duel
+1971
+$400,000–$450,000
+early 1970s
+ABC
+behavioral and demographic data
+Monday Night Football
+2006
+ESPN
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+youth-oriented programming
+Paramount Pictures
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+president of NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+jiggle TV
+Alex Haley
+Aaron Spelling
+nine seasons
+1976–77 season
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Hugh Downs
+Barbara Walters
+MCA Inc.
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News Now
+WJRT-TV
+WTVG
+Writers Guild of America
+Duel
+Caris & Co.
+ABC Entertainment
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+iTunes
+2010
+2004
+Fridays
+Wednesdays
+1970
+Worldvision Enterprises
+ABC Circle Films
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Disney–ABC Domestic Television
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Selznick library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+eight
+235 additional television stations
+96.26%
+1946
+the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
+1957
+2011
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+HD
+Litton's Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i HD
+11
+720p high definition
+Body of Proof
+Happy Endings
+NBC
+V
+All My Children and One Life to Live
+Prospect Park
+Hulu
+The Revolution
+18–49 demographic
+2004
+CBS
+Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
+The Neighbors
+The Middle and Modern Family
+Dragon's Den
+Sundays
+Tim Allen
+Daniel Burke
+Thomas Murphy
+NYPD Blue
+Steven Bochco
+ten seasons
+1993
+DIC Entertainment
+Time Warner Cable
+23.63% of American households
+WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+CFTO-TV
+Wide World of Sports
+Edgar Scherick
+Roone Arledge
+Sports Programs, Inc.
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The Dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
+90%
+Dynasty
+Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
+Daniel B. Burke
+chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+America's Funniest Home Videos
+Home Improvement
+General Hospital
+The View and The Chew
+7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays
+Jimmy Kimmel
+New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
+WBMA-LD
+WBND-LD
+WLQP-LP
+ABC Circle Films
+ABC Studios
+ABC Television Center
+ABC Television Center, East
+Times Square Studios
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Peter Jennings
+World News Tonight
+ABC on Demand
+Hulu
+July 6, 2009
+27% ownership stake
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+January 7, 2014
+LoyalKaspar
+four variants
+ABC Modern
+ESPN
+14
+74
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+UHF tuning
+Youngstown
+five times lower viewership
+WTRF-TV
+1980s
+Walt Disney Presents
+Desilu Productions
+its use of violence
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+ITT
+Donald F. Turner
+Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$3.5 billion
+Warren Buffett
+E. W. Scripps Company
+12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.
+president of ABC's broadcasting division
+Michael P. Millardi
+Roone Arledge
+Laverne & Shirley
+Three's Company
+NBC
+The Love Boat
+comedies and family-oriented series
+the "TGIF" block
+Thank Goodness It's Funny
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros.
+seven radio stations
+Charly
+Ralph Nelson
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+500%
+between 10% and 18%
+Ollie Treiz
+Dick Clark
+counterprogramming
+Zorro
+Life
+detective shows
+WATCH ABC
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+WatchESPN
+Sinclair Broadcast Group
+WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market
+E. W. Scripps Company
+28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
+15
+Start Here
+Troika
+the entertainment division
+ABC News
+WFTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WOTV
+WTSP
+the Mongol Empire
+many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia
+Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
+a substantial portion of Central Asia and China
+the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
+Ögedei Khan
+1227
+Western Xia
+his sons and grandsons
+somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
+Delüün Boldog
+Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad
+1162
+a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured
+Temülen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
+Börte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Begter
+Hoelun
+Temüjin and his brother Khasar
+during one hunting excursion
+the Tayichi'ud
+with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks
+Chilaun
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+a river crevice
+arranged marriages
+Temüjin's mother Hoelun
+the Chinese dynasties to the south
+the need for alliances
+the Onggirat
+the Merkits
+Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
+Jochi
+1185
+three
+Chagatai
+1241
+Tolui
+six
+sworn brother or blood brother
+Toghrul
+the Keraites
+20,000
+Jamukha
+the traditional Mongolian aristocracy
+Kokochu
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+Qara Khitai
+the Yassa code
+wealth from future possible war spoils
+orphans from the conquered tribe
+his protection
+Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+the Keraite
+the Naimans
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+his friendship
+he did not want disloyal men in his army
+a noble death
+breaking the back
+the Chinese
+Jamukha
+Khasar
+Yam route systems
+Wang Khan
+1206
+Khuruldai
+Khagan
+Ögedei
+a council of Mongol chiefs
+the Jin dynasty
+Ming-Tan
+1215
+Kaifeng
+Ögedei Khan
+Kuchlug
+the Liao dynasty
+20,000
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+inciting internal revolt
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Khwarezmid Empire
+a Muslim state
+Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
+Inalchuq
+the Muslim
+100,000
+the Silk Road
+Tien Shan
+three
+the southeast
+Tolui
+Samarkand
+fragmentation
+Otrar
+silver
+fled
+Subutai and Jebe
+Samarkand
+Bukhara
+a river
+captured enemies
+reneged
+pyramids of severed heads
+opened the gates
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+artisans and craftsmen
+the flail of God
+young men who had not fought
+1220
+Subutai
+near the Black Sea
+Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
+Batu
+the Golden Horde
+Subutai and Jebe
+1225
+on the road back to Samarkand
+1226
+autumn
+the Mongols
+the Yellow River
+a line of five stars arranged in the sky
+Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+arrows
+Liupanshan
+executed
+Jochi
+Chagatai
+invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire
+Ögedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai
+Tolui
+Ögedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+Urgench
+Sultan Muhammad
+Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
+Yinchuan
+hunting
+arrow
+Western Xia
+Oirads
+without markings
+Khentii Aimag
+Onon River
+The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Edsen Khoroo
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining
+1954
+Red Guards
+October 6, 2004
+a river
+Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+Yassa
+meritocracy
+Genghis Khan and his family
+Muhammad Khan
+tax exemptions
+Ong Khan
+a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Töregene Khatun
+the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
+the Chinese
+legal equality of all individuals, including women
+Chu'Tsai
+they were nomads
+Jin
+Khitan rulers
+his generals
+Karakorum
+Muqali
+Subutai and Jebe
+unwavering loyalty
+rivers
+Muslim and Chinese
+feigned retreat
+driving them in front of the army
+Sea of Japan
+Caspian Sea
+Ögedei Khan
+1279
+the Silk Road
+Turkey
+tolerant
+increased
+1990s
+uniting warring tribes
+Genghis Khan's children
+his brutality
+unfairly biased
+tögrög
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+to avoid trivialization
+Ulaanbaatar
+Ikh Zasag
+corruption and bribery
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+traditional Mongolian script
+Inner Mongolia region
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Yuan
+grandson
+Iran
+three-fourths
+10 to 15 million
+Hulagu Khan
+the Mamluks of Egypt
+Ghazan Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+Mughal emperors
+Timur
+Nishapur
+tenggis
+Lake Baikal
+"right", "just", or "true"
+Zhèng
+Chinggis
+Chinggis Khaan
+Cengiz Han
+Tiěmùzhēn
+Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+Chéngjísī Hán
+its root word pharma
+ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs not listed
+healthcare professionals
+optimal health outcomes
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small-business proprietors
+specialised education and training
+other senior pharmacy technicians
+the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
+regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+health care professional
+manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+writing a five volume book in his native Greek
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+many middle eastern scientists
+highly respected
+the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718)
+the pre-Heian Imperial court
+status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists
+ranked above
+botany and chemistry
+Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Al-Muwaffaq
+sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
+1317
+Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy
+museum
+albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications
+automation
+patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
+a pharmacy practice residency
+various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+pharmacists practicing in hospitals
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
+high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
+The high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications
+optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
+inside hospitals and clinics
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+patient care rounds drug product selection
+all health care settings
+creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
+drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
+potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
+full independent prescribing authority
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+2011
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+medication regimen review
+nursing homes
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+about the year 2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
+online pharmacies
+another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
+dispensing substandard products
+sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+to ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone
+to reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
+There is no known case
+to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+medication management system development, deployment and optimization
+quickly
+specialty pharmacies
+19
+cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
+novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
+lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
+separately from physicians
+only pharmacists
+the American Medical Association (AMA)
+7 to 10 percent
+form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
+Austria
+In some rural areas in the United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+more than 4 kilometers
+the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.
+exaggerating their seriousness
+in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
+expected to become more integral within the health care system
+increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
+a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+the Australian Government
+medicine use reviews
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
+the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character
+The show globe
+the Netherlands
+Germany and Austria
+France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
+the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+the neuroimmune system
+biological structures and processes within an organism
+pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+disease
+pathogens
+neuroimmune system
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
+pathogens
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+neuroimmune system
+Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
+enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
+eukaryotes
+creates immunological memory
+bacteriophage
+defensins
+vaccination
+Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+genetic disease
+rheumatoid arthritis
+Immunodeficiency
+autoimmunity
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+plague of Athens in 430 BC
+scorpion
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+microorganisms
+yellow fever virus
+Athens in 430 BC
+immunological memory
+the innate immune system
+the adaptive immune system
+Innate immune systems
+adaptive immune system
+immunological memory
+physical barriers
+self and non-self
+self molecules
+non-self molecules
+antigens
+specific immune receptors
+pattern recognition receptors
+innate immune system
+microorganisms
+non-specific
+exoskeleton
+The waxy cuticle
+coughing and sneezing
+mucus
+tears
+β-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+defensins and zinc
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+fungi
+lactobacilli
+pH or available iron
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+prostaglandins
+interleukins
+phagocytes
+cytokines
+phagosome
+phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+Neutrophils
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes (white blood cells)
+adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+Dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
+vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
+killer T cell and the helper T cell
+regulatory T cells
+Class I MHC molecules
+Class II MHC molecules
+γδ T cells
+Killer T cells
+CD8
+T cell receptor (TCR)
+granulysin
+perforin
+CD4 co-receptor
+around 200–300
+a single MHC:antigen molecule
+cytokines
+CD40 ligand
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+alternative T cell receptor (TCR)
+γδ T cells
+receptor diversity
+Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells
+B cell
+proteolysis
+lymphokines
+long-lived memory cells
+adaptive
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+specific pathogen
+microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+passive immunity
+immunomodulators
+adaptive and innate immune responses
+lupus erythematosus
+immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+decline in hormone levels with age
+vitamin D
+hormones
+cholecalciferol
+killer T cells
+MHC class I molecules
+viral antigens
+antibodies
+phagocytic cells
+Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
+apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non-self
+thymus and bone marrow
+"self" peptides
+Immunodeficiencies
+the young and the elderly
+around 50 years of age
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+an antigen from a pathogen
+natural specificity of the immune system
+enzymes
+type III secretion system
+shut down host defenses
+elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft
+histocompatibility
+Niels Jerne
+Glucocorticoids
+cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+free radical production
+a vitamin D receptor
+calcitriol
+symbiotic relationship
+gene CYP27B1
+dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
+Pattern recognition receptors
+defensins
+phagocytic cells
+RNA interference pathway
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+the lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)
+adaptive immune system
+lymphocytes
+the restriction modification system
+bacteriophages
+CRISPR
+"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
+Elie Metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+soluble components (molecules)
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+cytokine TGF-β
+macrophages and lymphocytes
+Hypersensitivity
+four classes (Type I – IV)
+Type I
+IgE
+Type II hypersensitivity
+intracellular pathogenesis
+Salmonella
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+protein A
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+Trypanosoma brucei
+antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanomas
+melanocytes
+>500 Da
+hydrophilic amino acids
+Immunoproteomics
+B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
+APCs
+Th1
+Th1 immune responses
+carbohydrates
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+signal amplification
+catalytic cascade
+Civil disobedience
+apartheid
+Singing Revolution
+Ukraine
+Georgia
+Egyptians
+the British
+nonviolent resistance
+unfair laws
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+former King of Thebes
+Creon
+Oedipus
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+Sophocles
+Creon, the current King of Thebes
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+obey her conscience rather than human law
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent
+Satyagraha
+free India
+Henry David Thoreau
+Percy Shelley
+unjust forms of authority
+principle of nonviolent protest
+doctrine of Satyagraha
+Gandhi
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders
+Vice President Agnew
+ambiguity
+LeGrande
+impossible
+lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
+semantical
+specific
+LeGrande
+voluminous literature
+semantical problems and grammatical niceties
+nonviolent civil disobedience
+violent civil disobedience
+constitutional impasse
+citizen's
+to the state and its laws
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
+Civil disobedience
+the state and its laws
+refuse to enforce a decision
+head of government
+private citizen
+sovereign branches of government
+Thoreau
+imprisonment
+not necessarily right
+Resign
+elite politicians
+The individual
+individuals
+Thoreau
+Resign
+not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+trade unions, banks, and private universities
+legal system
+international organizations and foreign governments
+Brownlee
+a larger challenge to the legal system
+only justified against governmental entities
+universities
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+hiding a Jew in their house
+(Exodus 1: 15-19)
+Shiphrah and Puah
+must be publicly announced
+rules that conflict with morality
+fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+the dilemma faced by German citizens
+Book of Exodus
+non-violence
+Black's Law
+civil rebellion
+tolerance
+violence
+non-violent
+civil rebellion
+destructive
+help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Hungarians
+Ferenc Deák
+Gandhi's
+cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
+disobedience of laws
+judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
+render certain laws ineffective
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Gandhi
+during the Roman Empire
+gathered in the streets
+was not covered in any newspapers
+rose to higher political office
+after the end of the Mexican War
+during the Roman Empire
+prevent the installation of pagan images
+refuse to sign bail
+jail solidarity
+until after the end of the Mexican War
+illegal
+propaganda
+Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+successfully preventing it from being cut down
+illegal acts
+trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
+entirely symbolic
+social goal
+Julia Butterfly Hill
+sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors
+"Wise up or die."
+criminalized behavior
+Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+1978
+pure speech
+broadcasting
+Threatening government officials
+sending an email
+system to function
+by padlocking the gates
+using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+limited coercion
+coercive
+refusals to pay taxes
+coercion
+engage in moral dialogue
+padlocking the gates
+criminal investigations
+not to grant a consent search
+suspect's talking to criminal investigators
+lack of understanding of the legal ramifications,
+use the arrest as an opportunity
+accept punishment
+validity of the social contract
+legitimacy of a particular law
+anarchists
+does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
+Guilt implies wrong-doing
+creative plea
+Camp Mercury nuclear test site
+tempted to enter the test site
+arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+a way of continuing their protest
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+protest should be maintained all the way
+accept jail penitently
+plea bargain
+no jail time
+solidarity tactics
+blind plea
+Mohandas Gandhi
+defiant speech
+explaining their actions
+lack of remorse
+likelihood of repeating
+mistreatment from government officials
+acquittal and avoid imprisonment
+use the proceedings as a forum
+inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances
+Vietnam War
+jury nullification
+general disobedience
+neither conscientious nor of social benefit
+breaking the law for self-gratification
+not being a civil disobedient
+avoiding attribution
+Indirect civil disobedience
+direct civil disobedience
+Vietnam War
+competing harms defense
+the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
+incapacitation
+would do more harm than good
+the state
+moral reasons to follow this law
+Construction
+manufacturing
+six to nine percent
+planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
+a known client
+An architect
+a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non-residential
+heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
+Infrastructure
+Industrial
+a trade magazine for the construction industry
+ENR
+2014
+transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers
+The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+small renovations
+the owner of the property
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+Materials readily available in the area
+a lot of waste
+Cost of construction
+3D printing technology
+around 20 hours
+Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
+designs into reality
+the property owner
+a quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+previously separated specialties
+entirely separate companies
+"one-stop shopping"
+"design build" contract
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
+preventable financial problems
+when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
+the mortgage banker
+Accountants
+identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+the owner
+the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad
+things that are a matter of custom or expectation
+An attorney
+A construction project
+A contract
+that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive
+that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+poorly drafted contracts
+relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship
+Public-Private Partnering
+private finance initiatives (PFIs)
+co-operation
+the architect or engineer
+the project coordinator
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+the main contractor
+the building is ready to occupy.
+The owner
+D&B contractors
+The owner
+a consortium of several contractors
+they design phase 2
+contractors
+damage
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+the municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+$960 billion
+$680 billion
+667,000 firms
+fewer than 10 employees
+828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+US/Canada
+Construction
+Falls
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
+independent
+academic
+tuition
+to select their students
+$45,000
+'tuition-free
+Australia
+North America
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+peer tuitions
+teachers
+Roman Catholic
+Orthodox Christians
+religious
+expulsion
+blazer
+more expensive
+Presbyterian
+Catholic
+Sydney
+girls
+7
+second Gleichschaltung
+7.8
+11.1
+0.5
+Sonderungsverbot
+Ersatzschulen
+very low
+Ergänzungsschulen
+vocational
+tuition
+religious
+independent
+CBSE
+30
+union government
+societies
+India
+Annual Status of Education Report
+evaluates learning levels in rural India
+English
+scoil phríobháideach
+teacher's salaries are paid by the State
+€5,000
+Society of Jesus
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+Chinese
+English
+National School
+60
+aided
+fully funded by private parties
+Kathmandu
+English
+Nepali
+88
+28,000
+3.7
+Catholic
+Auckland
+Anglican
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+Christchurch
+Society of St Pius X
+7.5
+32
+80
+August 1992
+natural science
+Education Service Contracting
+Tuition Fee Supplement
+Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+South African Schools Act
+1996
+independent
+traditional private
+nineteenth
+government schools formerly reserved for white children
+better
+higher
+10
+10,000
+700
+The Knowledge School
+voucher
+13
+public
+9
+13
+£21,000
+Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
+segregation academies
+South
+white
+African-American
+endowments
+First
+Blaine
+charter
+Massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+268 U.S. 510
+McCrary
+$40,000
+$50,000
+Groton School
+fundraising
+John Harvard
+1977
+James Bryant Conant
+Association of American Universities
+Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79 individual libraries
+18 million volumes
+eight U.S. presidents
+150 Nobel laureates
+Boston metropolitan area
+$37.6 billion
+Charles River
+eleven separate academic units
+Harvard Yard
+1636
+Massachusetts Bay Colony
+1638
+1639
+1650
+Puritan ministers
+English university model
+It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+intuition
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+identify, recruit
+1945
+about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
+1977
+the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
+3 miles
+twelve residential Houses
+Charles River
+half a mile northwest of the Yard
+Allston
+The John W. Weeks Bridge
+Longwood Medical and Academic Area
+approximately fifty percent
+new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.
+enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.
+2,400
+7,200
+14,000
+1875
+1858
+$32 billion
+30% loss
+Allston Science Complex
+$4.093 million
+$159 million
+late 1980s
+South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
+$230 million
+accepted 5.3% of applicants
+2007
+disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants
+2016
+core curriculum of seven classes
+eight General Education categories
+reliance on teaching fellows
+beginning in early September and ending in mid-May
+four-course rate average
+summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+nothing for their children to attend, including room and board
+$414 million
+88%
+Widener Library
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+18 million volumes
+three museums.
+Western art from the Middle Ages to the present
+Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+second most commonly
+42
+Yale University
+every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team
+1875
+1903
+1906
+former captain of the Yale football team
+Lavietes Pavilion
+Malkin Athletic Center
+three weight rooms
+23 years
+Thames River
+strong rivalry against Cornell
+2003
+General Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+José María Figueres
+Benjamin Netanyahu
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+12th
+Duval
+1968
+St. Johns
+340 miles
+Fort Caroline
+the Timucua
+Andrew Jackson
+third largest
+golf
+two
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+thousands
+a University of North Florida team
+Timucua
+the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+France
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+San Mateo
+Fort Caroline
+French and Indian War
+constructed the King's Road
+cattle were brought across the river there.
+Spain
+February 9, 1832
+Confederate
+The Skirmish of the Brick Church
+Battle of Olustee
+Warfare and the long occupation
+Battle of Cedar Creek
+Gilded Age
+Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south
+railroad
+Spanish moss
+over 2,000
+declare martial law
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+silent film
+Winter Film Capital of the World
+Hollywood
+highways
+55.1%
+"white flight"
+Mayor W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+Much of the city's tax base dissipated
+unincorporated suburbs
+annexing outlying communities
+Voters outside the city limits
+old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+public high schools lost their accreditation
+voters approved the plan
+Hans Tanzler
+"Bold New City of the South"
+Better Jacksonville Plan
+authorized a half-penny sales tax
+874.3 square miles
+The St. Johns River
+The Trout River
+13.34%
+Baldwin
+tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville
+Barnett Center
+617 ft
+28
+its distinctive flared base
+subtropical
+May through September
+mild
+low latitude
+104 °F
+thunderstorms
+high humidity
+July
+Hurricane Dora
+110 mph
+Tropical Storm Beryl
+Saffir-Simpson Scale
+2008
+Arab
+821,784
+largest
+Filipino
+29.7%
+23.9%
+females
+91.3
+40%
+about 3.5 billion people
+$759,900
+the methodology used
+a diversion
+40%
+financial assets
+nearly $41 trillion
+half
+greater tendency to take on debts
+400
+New York Times
+Inherited wealth
+grew up in substantial privilege
+wealth
+richest 1 percent
+Inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+Neoclassical economics
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+different classifications of workers
+productivity gap
+marginal value added of each economic actor
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+value added by different classifications of workers
+wages and profits
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+reduce costs and maximize profits
+less workers are required
+increasing unemployment
+rising levels of property income
+labor inputs
+reduce costs and maximize profits
+substitute capital equipment
+productivity
+stagnant
+workers wages
+supply and demand
+business is chronically understaffed
+offering a higher wage
+unfair
+the market
+prices
+wages
+markets
+unfair
+Competition amongst workers
+low demand
+high wages
+collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+Professional and labor organizations
+low wage
+competition between workers
+expendable nature of the worker
+high
+employers
+entrepreneurship rates
+Necessity-based entrepreneurship
+push
+pull
+opportunity-based entrepreneurship
+higher economic inequality
+necessity
+Necessity-based
+achievement-oriented
+positive
+progressive tax
+top tax rate
+social spending
+tax system
+the tax rate
+level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax
+the Gini index
+access to education
+optional education
+lower wages
+poor
+savings and investment
+access to education
+high wages
+lower
+lower incomes
+education
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+Standard & Poor
+2014
+2008-2009
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+increase
+decrease
+gender inequality in education
+period of compression
+from 1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
+Education
+gender inequality in education
+unions
+continental European countries
+little
+continental European liberalism
+economic inequality
+social exclusion
+CEPR
+little
+lower
+Scandinavia
+high inequality
+decline of organized labor
+technological changes and globalization
+Sociologist
+University of Washington
+decline of organized labor
+high
+weak labor movements
+reduced wages
+increased wages
+technological innovation
+machine labor
+global
+workers in the poor countries
+trade liberalisation
+minor
+machine labor
+53%
+-40%
+less willing to travel or relocate
+males
+Gender
+males in the labor market
+women
+Thomas Sowell
+a difference
+social welfare
+relatively equal
+more capital
+redistribution mechanisms
+Economist
+levels of economic inequality
+more capital
+more wealth
+lower levels of inequality
+1910 to 1940
+1970s
+service
+manufacturing
+Kuznets
+Kuznets curve
+very weak
+eventually decrease
+effect
+Wealth concentration
+means to invest
+greater return of capital
+larger fortunes
+the possession of already-wealthy individuals
+those who already hold wealth
+wealth condensation
+Thomas Piketty
+higher returns
+market
+Economist
+rare and desired
+political power generated by wealth
+rent-seeking
+inequality
+human capital is neglected
+life expectancy
+inequality
+life expectancy is lower
+2013
+rising inequality
+negative
+Unemployment
+economic
+British
+higher
+lower
+23
+equality
+better health and longer lives
+poorer countries
+life expectancy
+Americans
+more equally
+income inequality
+authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+nine
+among states in the US with larger income inequalities
+greater equality
+inequality
+homicides
+fifty
+differences in the amount of inequality
+tenfold
+the greatest good
+distributive efficiency
+a great deal of utility
+decreases
+higher aggregate utility
+consumption
+libertarian
+2001
+Thomas B. Edsall
+journalist
+economist
+systematic economic inequalities
+the Financial crisis of 2007–08
+easier credit
+easier credit
+inequality in wealth and income
+quality of a country's institutions
+declines
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+economists
+economic growth
+subsequent long-run economic growth
+because it is a waste of resources
+inequality-associated effects
+evidence
+by limiting aggregate demand
+Economist
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+detrimental
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+reduce
+encourage
+growth and investment
+Harvard
+between 1960 and 2000
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+first increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Economist
+wars and "violent economic and political shocks"
+the 1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+risen with increased income inequality
+several years
+more equality in the income distribution
+special efforts
+existing level of inequality
+reduction
+the United Nations
+reducing poverty
+much land and housing
+through various associations and other arrangements
+extra-legal
+200
+government land
+a shortage of affordable housing
+quality rental units
+demand for higher quality housing increased
+residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
+ad valorem property tax policy
+by everyone
+their finances
+aspirational consumption
+taking on debt
+economic instability
+created
+emissions per person
+environmental degradation
+If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
+private ownership of the means of production
+a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income
+wage or salary
+socially
+reflective
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+force
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+the end itself
+to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
+through increasing functionings
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+deprived of earning as much
+earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+for fear of their lives
+a better relevant income.
+BBC
+1963
+TARDIS
+a blue British police box
+science-fiction
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+K-9 and Company
+BBC Wales
+Christopher Eccleston
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+The Time of the Doctor
+after sustaining an injury
+new personality
+Gallifrey
+Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
+Time and Relative Dimension in Space
+chameleon circuit
+due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
+rarely
+the Master
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+23 November 1963
+The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
+the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes of transmission length
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+the series would return
+BBC 1
+relaunch the show
+Philip Segal
+the Fox Network
+9.1 million
+the United States
+Rose
+2005
+2009
+Chris Chibnall
+Christmas Day specials
+1963–1989
+The 2005 version
+1996
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+Mission Impossible,
+30 November 1963
+eighty seconds
+ten minutes
+the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
+a series of power blackouts across the country
+Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
+the Museum of the Moving Image
+Behind the Sofa
+scariest TV show of all time
+Digital Spy
+Doctor Who
+3%
+Philip Howard
+Monopoly
+The Times newspaper
+the TARDIS
+blue police box
+time machine
+the Metropolitan Police Authority
+2002
+26
+6 December 1989
+12
+The Master
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+2005
+60 minutes
+Christmas Day
+Journey's End
+2010
+826
+25-minute
+eight
+72 minutes
+2009
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+97
+3, 4, & 5
+1978
+Between about 1964 and 1973
+bought prints for broadcast
+fans
+Mission to the Unknown
+8 mm cine film
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+the BBC
+Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+regeneration
+the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
+William Hartnell's poor health
+renewal
+change of appearance
+12
+13
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+1996
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
+the War Doctor
+The Three Doctors
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+Zagreus
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
+Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+Mawdryn Undead
+The Lodger
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+Susan Foreman
+2005
+destroyed
+Smith and Jones
+a human
+The Deadly Assassin
+his granddaughter Susan Foreman
+teachers
+Romana
+female
+Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
+The Eleventh
+Pearl Mackie as Bill
+Catherine Tate
+Russell T Davies
+series 1
+Cybermen
+3
+Zygons
+The Dalek race
+Skaro
+to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
+Davros
+their eyestalk
+The Master
+Time Lord
+Eric Roberts
+Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
+Roger Delgado
+Derek Jacobi
+Utopia
+2014
+Missy
+Michelle Gomez
+Ron Grainer
+the BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+musique concrète
+17
+Did I write that?
+Peter Howell
+Dominic Glynn
+Seventh
+Murray Gold
+The Christmas Invasion
+Voyage of the Damned
+Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+2010
+228
+Gold
+Jon Pertwee
+Mankind
+number 24
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Dudley Simpson
+Planet of Giants
+the 1960s and 1970s
+The Horns of Nimon
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+the BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+the BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+27 July 2008
+Music of the Spheres
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Six
+the first two series
+music from the 2008–2010 specials
+A Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+The original logo
+The logo for the Twelfth Doctor
+the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors
+The logo from 1973–80
+the Eleventh Doctor
+the assassination of John F. Kennedy
+on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
+the late 1970s
+circa 1964–1965
+BBC Three
+During the ITV network strike of 1979
+Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers
+Coronation Street
+the most popular show at the time
+After the series' revival in 2005
+PBS
+New Zealand
+Edmonton, Canada
+15 days
+23 November
+Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
+partial funding
+SyFy
+weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
+ABC1
+1976
+The Three Doctors
+Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary
+The Christmas Invasion
+9 October 2006
+Thanksgiving
+the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight original series serials
+The Infinite Quest
+Spearhead from Space
+from 2009 onwards
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday
+David Banks
+Torchwood
+22 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+Torchwood: Miracle Day
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+2009
+2010
+due to the death of Elisabeth Sladen
+Dimensions in Time
+Children in Need
+EastEnders
+glasses with one darkened lens
+the Pulfrich effect
+Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
+four
+Rowan Atkinson
+Joanna Lumley
+head writer and executive producer
+The Neutral Zone
+"Blue Harvest" and "420"
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver
+Brisingr and High Wizardry,
+The Chase
+21-minute
+Doctor Who and the Pescatons
+1981
+Slipback
+the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+Destiny of the Doctor
+Big Finish Productions
+1999
+2012
+1991
+the mid-sixties
+since 1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+the early 1960s
+BBC Television
+producers of the show
+the BBC
+2006
+2005–2010
+2011
+Michelle Gomez
+Best Supporting Actress
+Guinness World Records
+Doctor Who
+electronic
+2013
+50th anniversary special
+Season 11
+Doctor Who
+third
+SFX magazine
+eight
+Best Drama Series
+five
+25
+2009
+a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards
+six
+over 200
+over a hundred
+Matt Smith
+The Waters of Mars
+Spike Milligan
+Jon Culshaw
+a soap sponge
+Doctor Who fandom
+BBC Dead Ringers
+a private research university
+1890
+seven
+four
+5,000
+various academic disciplines
+Chicago's physics department
+beneath the university's Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+the American Baptist Education Society
+John D. Rockefeller
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+Marshall Field
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Charles L. Hutchinson
+several regional colleges and universities
+1896
+made a grade of A for all four years
+passed
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+the Common Core
+to emphasize academics over athletics
+24-year tenure
+1929
+1950s
+a result of increasing crime and poverty
+after their second year
+Hyde Park
+allowed very young students to attend college
+1962
+the university's off-campus rental policies.
+1967
+a two-page statement
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+around $200 million
+the Chicago Theological Seminary
+David G. Booth
+the Main Quadrangles
+six
+Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche,
+Oxford's Magdalen Tower
+Christ Church Hall
+the 1940s
+Eero Saarinen
+School of Social Service Administration
+Harris School of Public Policy Studies
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+Seine
+2010
+Renmin University
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Robert Zimmer
+The Higher Learning Commission
+four
+seven
+50
+28
+five
+the New Collegiate Division
+the Common Core
+17
+the most rigorous, intense
+Uni in the USA
+University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
+the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+four
+four public charter schools
+the University of Chicago campus
+six
+9.8 million
+the Regenstein Library
+2011
+more than 1.3 million
+12
+113
+the Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+shaping ideas about the free market
+Chicago Pile-1
+Miller–Urey experiment
+1953
+1933
+2000
+1996
+2002
+Several thousand
+5,792
+3,468
+5,984
+15,244
+international students
+the University Athletic Association
+NCAA's Division III
+the Big Ten Conference
+Jay Berwanger
+Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics
+over 400
+Recognized Student Organizations
+the University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+Off-Off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate students
+an Executive Committee
+two
+greater than $2 million
+fifteen
+seven
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Alpha Phi Omega
+ten
+May
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Summer Breeze
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+Larry Ellison
+Jon Corzine
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+David Axelrod
+Robert Bork
+Masaaki Shirakawa
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+Kurt Vonnegut
+Lauren Oliver
+Studs Terkel
+Philip Roth
+Philip Glass
+Alex Seropian
+Halo
+Ed Asner
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+David Suzuki,
+John B. Goodenough
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Milton Friedman
+George Stigler
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+Samuel P. Huntington
+A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Enrico Fermi
+Edward Teller
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Calderón
+Ted Fujita
+Yuan T. Lee
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+Goldman Sachs
+David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Yuán Cháo
+the Great Yuan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+Mongol Empire
+Song dynasty
+Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching)
+Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
+Great Mongol State
+Great Khan
+Mongol and Turkic tribes
+1206
+Ögedei Khan
+1251
+nephew
+the Jin
+Xiao Zhala
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima
+10,000
+3
+Han Chinese
+Jin dynasty
+between Han and Jurchen
+Shi Bingzhi
+Song dynasty
+Möngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Böke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+south
+Wonjong
+northeast
+1262
+preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
+local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties
+Han Chinese
+three, later four
+salt and iron
+Karakorum
+Khanbaliq
+1264
+Zhongdu
+Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
+commercial, scientific, and cultural
+Mongol peace
+southern China
+Daidu in the north
+Marco Polo
+the Song Emperor
+1115
+1234
+Kong Duancao
+30,000
+northern China
+between 1268 and 1273
+Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+drowned
+after 1279
+an inauspicious typhoon
+Annam (Dai Viet)
+Battle of Bạch Đằng
+1288
+1253
+his eldest son, Zhenjin
+before Kublai in 1285
+Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture
+Li Meng
+the Department of State Affairs
+1313
+Gegeen Khan
+1321 to 1323
+Baiju
+"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
+five
+Shangdu
+the War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temür
+Tugh Temür
+his cultural contribution
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+spring of 1329
+Jingshi Dadian
+supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism
+1332
+Emperor Ningzong
+13
+nine
+Liao, Jin, and Song
+struggle, famine, and bitterness
+Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese
+both the army and the populace
+Outlaws ravaged the country
+administration
+From the late 1340s onwards
+the Red Turban Rebellion
+fear of betrayal
+the Red Turban rebels
+1368–1644
+The political unity of China and much of central Asia
+The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
+the Ilkhanate
+carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
+Western
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Taoism
+Confucian
+travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+Travels of Marco Polo
+Il milione
+through contact with Persian traders
+Guo Shoujing
+26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
+Beijing
+sorghum
+non-native Chinese people
+the Eternal Heaven
+Song
+Ming
+a period of foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+tripartite
+civil, military, and censorial offices
+the Privy Council
+since the Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+the Ministry of War
+1269
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well
+Tugh Temur
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+1291
+income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants
+painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
+painting, poetry, and calligraphy
+Song
+the qu
+zaju
+western
+Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Sakya
+1249
+1314
+matrices
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+applied mathematics to the construction of calendars
+a cubic interpolation formula
+Shoushi Li
+Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
+1281
+non-Mongol physicians
+herbal remedies
+spiritual cures
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
+four
+inherited from the Jin dynasty
+Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
+1347
+Muslim medicine
+Jesus the Interpreter
+1263
+its humoral system
+yin-yang and wuxing
+through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+in the 12th century
+Töregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
+woodblocks
+1294
+patrimonial feudalism
+traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
+allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire
+colonial
+Ilkhanate
+Central Asian Muslims
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
+artisans and farmers
+a Qara-Khitay (Khitan
+restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision
+Kosher butchering
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+thanks
+Muslims in the semu class
+Frederick W. Mote
+degrees of privilege
+rich and well socially standing
+lived in poverty and were ill treated
+Northern
+Southern
+southern China withstood and fought to the last
+The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed
+private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+Uighurs
+the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+the Korean King
+the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
+The Central Region
+the Central Secretariat
+Khanbaliq
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+in Africa
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Tanzania
+45 million people
+a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline
+The climate is cooler
+Mount Kenya
+Somalia and Ethiopia
+its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
+Lower Paleolithic period
+By the first millennium AD
+Bantu and Nilotic
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
+God's resting place
+both Kenia and Kegnia
+a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
+Joseph Thompsons
+1862
+The "Big Five"
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Masai Mara
+between June and September
+2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
+more than 20 million years ago
+in the Pleistocene epoch
+Richard Leakey
+.6-million-year-old
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+The Swahili
+Mombasa
+Duarte Barbosa
+the Kenyan Coast
+City of Malindi
+14th century
+August 1914
+governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated
+Northern Rhodesia
+The central highlands
+as itinerant farmers
+banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
+80,000
+15 January 1954
+the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686 Mau Mau
+the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.
+1957
+Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta
+12 December 1963
+1963
+Republic of Kenya
+where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
+agitation for constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+a presidential representative democratic republic
+the head of state and head of government
+exercised by the government
+both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
+The Judiciary
+low
+gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
+139th out of 176 total countries
+the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
+Party of National Unity
+the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
+Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later
+Odinga
+programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
+Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
+Evangelical Lutheran Church
+Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process
+28 February 2008
+Prime Minister
+both PNU and ODM camps
+depending on each party's strength in Parliament
+until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
+PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
+Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete
+the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
+August 2010
+delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
+27 August 2010
+the Second Republic
+December 2014
+to guard against armed groups
+Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
+h International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
+US President Barack Obama
+China
+In July 2015
+in peacekeeping missions around the world
+violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
+credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers
+, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
+0.519, ranked 145 out of 186 in the world
+Kenya
+less than $1.25 a day
+a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
+rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity
+food security
+Industry and manufacturing
+75% of the labour force
+61%
+tourism
+steady growth
+the coastal beaches and the game reserves
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+24%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+Agriculture
+weather-related fluctuations
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
+Pigeon peas are very drought resistant,
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25%
+enabling some farmers to buy assets
+the fertile highlands
+Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+the semi-arid savanna to the north and east
+53% of the population
+Kenyans for Kenya
+Kenya
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
+2000
+hydroelectric stations at dams
+Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam
+1997
+in Turkana
+around 10 billion barrels.
+Exploration
+r 20% to 25%
+$474 million
+Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment
+support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda
+Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia
+environmental and social problems
+Vision 2030
+an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030
+National Climate Change Action Plan
+having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight
+climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
+in agriculture
+up to 30%
+9–18.
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities
+English and Swahili
+in commerce, schooling and government
+in the country
+Christian
+Protestant
+3 million followers
+Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+mostly Christian
+around 300,000
+Nurses
+clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
+65,000
+7,000 doctors
+Diseases of poverty
+Half
+diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector
+15 million
+British colonists.
+12 December 1963
+Ominde Commission
+focused on identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
+the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted
+look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
+8–4–4 system
+8–4–4 system
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational subjects
+the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+January 2003
+increased by about 70%.
+age six years
+eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
+join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
+join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years
+85%
+age three to five
+a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade)
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
+the Kenya National Library Service
+establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+a peoples university
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
+its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
+Morocco and Ethiopia
+six gold
+Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics
+IAAF Golden League jackpot
+the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
+economic or financial factors
+women's volleyball within Africa
+Cricket
+2003
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+the world famous Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
+three meals in a day
+10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm tea
+tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
+the United Nations
+the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Hoesung Lee
+Korean
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Bert Bolin
+February 2015
+representatives appointed by governments and organizations
+350
+government officials and climate change experts
+about seven-eighths
+1989
+the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+United Nations Environment Programme
+the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+World Meteorological Organization
+does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
+available information about climate change based on published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+two
+ten to fifteen
+a somewhat larger number
+The coordinating lead authors
+the Working Group chairs
+substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
+additional warming of the Earth's surface
+over half
+"business as usual" (BAU)
+increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C
+2001
+16 national science academies
+Science
+at least 90%
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
+Richard Lindzen
+does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
+John Houghton
+a co-chair of TAR WGI
+scientific evidence
+the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports
+2011
+2011
+requested by governments
+the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
+default emission factors
+fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
+the date
+"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
+the WWF report
+"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+IPCC chairman
+making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
+co-chair of the IPCC working group II
+Himalayan glaciers
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+1999
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+the "hockey stick graph"
+Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
+between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
+18 July 2000
+United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Rep. Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+2001
+2007
+Ten
+divergence
+14
+1 February 2007
+temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates
+actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given
+actual sea level rise was above the top of the range
+projected rises in sea levels
+9–88 cm
+50–140 cm
+2001
+coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report
+Science Magazine
+concurring, smaller assessments of special problems
+the Montreal Protocol
+Climate Change
+states and governments
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
+regional burden sharing conflicts
+the UK government
+other scientific bodies
+significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
+IPCC
+five
+the journal Nature
+turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC
+remove government oversight from its processes
+to conduct photosynthesis
+energy
+energy
+the Calvin cycle
+1
+pinch in two
+environmental factors like light color and intensity
+contain their own DNA
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
+must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
+plants and algae
+Russian
+biologist
+1905
+Andreas Schimper
+Cyanobacteria
+prokaryotes
+they have two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+eukaryotic
+around a billion years ago
+two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
+phagosomal
+many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
+almost the same thing as chloroplast
+three
+red algal chloroplast
+green chloroplast
+the green chloroplast lineage
+glaucophyte
+alga
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+a carboxysome
+icosahedral
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+phycobilisomes
+the phycobilin phycoerytherin
+catch more sunlight in deep water
+a form of starch
+phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+the peptidoglycan wall
+chloroplast division
+chlorophyll b
+double
+additional membranes outside of the original two
+a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it
+sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
+its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
+chloroplasts derived from a green alga
+common flagellated
+stacked in groups of three
+Starch
+the membrane of the primary endosymbiont
+cryptomonads
+red-algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+in granules found in the periplastid space
+stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+the malaria parasite
+a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
+fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
+four
+Peridinin
+peridinin-type chloroplast
+triplet-stacked
+the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin dinophyte
+fucoxanthin dinophyte
+four
+a six membraned chloroplast
+a cryptophyte
+its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+a phycobilin-containing chloroplast
+a two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+up to five
+the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
+granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
+the dinophyte nucleus
+Lepidodinium
+their original peridinin chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+about a million
+around 850
+three million
+ctDNA, or cpDNA
+the plastome
+1962
+1986
+two Japanese research teams
+The inverted repeat regions
+direct repeats
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron microscopy
+two
+a theta intermediary form
+a Cairns replication intermediate
+with a rolling circle mechanism
+A → G deamination
+when it is single stranded
+linear
+homologous recombination
+in branched, linear, or other complex structures
+bacteriophage T4
+linear
+circular
+via a D loop mechanism
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+the lost chloroplast's existence
+a red algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+nonfunctional pseudogenes
+around half
+participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+the cell membrane
+a ribosome
+in the cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+keeping it from folding prematurely
+lens-shaped
+5–8 μm in diameter
+1–3 μm
+a net
+a cup
+a double membrane
+the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+homologous
+the mitochondrial double membrane
+run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
+generate ATP energy
+the internal thylakoid system
+the inner chloroplast membrane
+Stromules
+stroma-containing tubule
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+in the chloroplasts of C4 plants
+in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms
+The chloroplast peripheral reticulum
+increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+17 nm
+25 nm
+motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
+is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)
+spherical bubbles
+lipids and proteins
+45–60 nanometers across
+a lipid monolayer
+either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
+the thylakoid network
+singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid
+In old or stressed chloroplasts
+The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae
+roughly spherical
+highly refractive
+starch
+divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
+the helical thylakoid model
+flattened circular
+anywhere from two to a hundred
+10–20
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light energy
+light energy
+energize electrons
+pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+a dam turbine
+two
+are arranged in grana
+are in contact with the stroma
+pancake-shaped circular disks
+about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
+about thirty
+help transfer and dissipate excess energy
+their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green
+a bright red-orange carotenoid
+orange-red zeaxanthin
+e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
+red
+red algae
+relatively large protein complexes
+about 40 nanometers across
+an enzyme called rubisco
+it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
+the Calvin cycle
+ATP energy
+light reactions
+rubisco
+normal grana and thylakoids
+a four-carbon compound
+to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
+All green parts
+the chlorophyll in them
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+A plant cell which contains chloroplasts
+in the stems
+concentrated in the leaves
+8–15 per cell
+half a million
+the mesophyll layers
+low-light conditions
+Under intense light
+photooxidative damage
+to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
+Mitochondria
+two
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
+infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
+by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
+After detecting stress in a cell
+pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+food in the form of sugars
+Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
+sugar and oxygen (O2)
+generate ATP energy
+into the thylakoid space
+up to a thousand times
+phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate
+adenosine triphosphate
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+in C4 plants
+more ATP than NADPH
+The Calvin cycle
+unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down
+three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together
+Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+distorting the grana and thylakoids
+Waterlogged roots
+another photosynthesis-depressing factor
+add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
+up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
+they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
+in their stroma
+cysteine and methionine
+it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
+Chloroplasts
+undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg
+in an adult plant's apical meristems
+the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts
+proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
+a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
+invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+a yellow chlorophyll precursor
+Gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
+chromoplasts
+chromoplasts
+chloroplasts and other plastids
+filaments
+proteins
+a structure called a Z-ring
+within the chloroplast's stroma
+The Min system
+plastid-dividing rings
+two
+about 5 nanometers across
+6.4 nanometers
+chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring
+Light
+bright white light
+large dumbbell-shaped
+poor quality green light
+transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen
+environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+transplastomic
+itself
+composite number
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+a product of primes
+because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
+primality
+trial division
+the Miller–Rabin primality test
+the AKS primality test
+22,338,618 decimal digits
+infinitely many
+Euclid
+the statistical behaviour
+the prime number theorem
+at the end of the 19th century
+Goldbach's conjecture
+the twin prime conjecture
+algebraic aspects
+public-key cryptography
+prime ideals
+2
+1, 2, and n
+odd prime
+9
+even numbers
+1
+Christian Goldbach
+Leonhard Euler
+10,006,721
+its own special category as a "unit"
+Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+if 1 were considered a prime
+Euler's totient function
+the sum of divisors function
+only the single number 1
+the Rhind papyrus
+the Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+compute primes
+In 1640
+Euler
+22n + 1
+2p − 1
+up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
+trial division
+if a complete list of primes up to is known
+greater than 1
+only three divisions
+less than or equal to the square root of n
+two main classes
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo")
+deterministic
+deterministic
+1/(1-p)n
+the Fermat primality test,
+np≡n (mod p)
+composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)
+Baillie-PSW
+Solovay-Strassen tests
+2p + 1
+2p − 1
+The Lucas–Lehmer test
+primorial primes
+Fermat primes
+distributed computing
+In 2009
+US$100,000
+The Electronic Frontier Foundation
+[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]
+the floor function
+Chebyshev
+any natural number n > 3
+n < p < 2n − 2
+Wilson's theorem
+their greatest common divisor is one
+Dirichlet's theorem
+1/6
+at most one prime number
+infinitely many prime numbers
+The zeta function
+a finite value
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+identity
+1859
+s = −2, −4, ...,
+random noise
+asymptotic distribution
+asymptotic distribution
+Goldbach's conjecture
+1912
+all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017
+Vinogradov's theorem
+Chen's theorem
+twin prime conjecture
+pairs of primes with difference 2
+Polignac's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+Brocard's conjecture
+number theory
+G. H. Hardy
+the 1970s
+hash tables
+pseudorandom number generators
+a recurring decimal
+p − 1
+(p − 1)! + 1
+(n − 1)!
+p is not a prime factor of q
+RSA
+the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+512-bit
+modular exponentiation
+1024-bit
+cicadas
+as grubs underground
+17 years
+make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators
+up to 2% higher
+indecomposability
+the smallest subfield
+as a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
+it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+commutative ring R
+prime elements
+irreducible elements
+it is neither zero nor a unit
+cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+the Gaussian integers Z[i]
+a + bi
+arbitrary integers
+4k + 3
+In ring theory
+Prime ideals
+algebraic number theory
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+a Noetherian commutative ring
+Prime ideals
+ramification in geometry
+ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+the solvability of quadratic equations
+norm gets smaller
+completed (or local) fields
+the absolute value
+local-global principle
+Olivier Messiaen
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+Quatre études de rythme
+the third étude
+the movements of nature
+Swiss canton
+North Sea
+Cologne, Germany
+Danube
+1,230 km (760 mi)
+Europe
+Netherlands
+1,230 km
+Gaulish name Rēnos
+Rhin
+Rīnaz
+1st century BC
+Gaulish name Rēnos
+Rhin
+Rijn
+Rīnaz
+Rhijn
+Rhine-kilometers
+1939
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+Hoek van Holland
+canalisation projects
+Rhine-kilometers"
+1939
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+canalisation projects
+Hoek van Holland
+north
+86 km long,
+Rhine Valley
+Sargans
+Austria
+Chur
+86 km
+599 m
+Rhine Valley
+Switzerland
+Lake Constance
+Alter Rhein
+modern canalized section
+Isel
+Donkey
+Lake Constance
+modern canalized section
+Alter Rhein
+small islands
+Isel
+Diepoldsau
+Fußach
+strong sedimentation
+parallel to the canalized Rhine
+silt
+Fußach
+constant flooding
+Diepoldsau
+Dornbirner Ach
+continuous input of sediment
+three
+lower lake
+Lake Rhine
+Swiss-Austrian border
+upper lake
+three
+Austria
+Alps
+47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650; 9.317.
+Baden-Württemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake Überlingen
+Rheinbrech
+entire length
+Lindau
+Rheinbrech
+Lindau
+Lake Überlingen
+Rhine Gutter
+water level
+westward
+river Aare
+1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
+Finsteraarhorn
+Basel
+westward
+Aare
+1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s),
+Finsteraarhorn
+German
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+Central Bridge
+300 km long
+40 km wide
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+North
+High Rhine
+Central Bridge
+19th Century
+increased
+fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+large compensation pools
+Upper Rhine
+19th Century
+increased
+fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+Germany
+300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+Rhine
+Moselle
+400 m (1,300 ft).
+Germany
+Germany
+Moselle
+France
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+castles
+Romantic Rhine
+plants and factories
+Duisburg
+Ruhr
+drinking water
+Switzerland
+pollution
+Lower Rhine
+Switzerland
+Duisburg
+Ruhr
+tourism
+Rüdesheim am Rhein
+Lorelei
+Middle Rhine Valley
+tourism
+UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+Rüdesheim am Rhein
+Lorelei
+Sankt Goarshausen
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+Lippe
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr
+Duisport
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m wide
+Meuse
+Rijn
+Two thirds
+west
+Waal
+Meuse
+The Oude Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+Nederrijn
+Lek
+Noord River
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+Nederrijn
+one ninth
+Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+Rijn
+draining the surrounding land
+Kromme Rijn
+Bent Rhine
+Old Rhine
+Rhine-Meuse
+Millingen aan de Rijn,
+Rhine Delta
+Nederrijn at Angeren
+three
+Waal
+Old Meuse
+the Rip
+St. Elizabeth's
+1421
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421 to 1904
+archipelago-like estuary
+drainage channels
+construction of Delta Works
+dammed
+20th Century
+tidal delta
+tidal currents
+tear huge areas of land into the sea.
+Zaltbommel
+Tethys sea
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+Mesozoic Era
+Iberia
+N–S
+Upper Rhine Graben
+Miocene
+Danube
+stream capture
+Pliocene period
+Vosges Mountains
+Ice Ages
+six
+120 m
+northwest
+Brest
+74,000 (BP
+11,600 BP
+west
+120 m
+English Channel
+glacier
+tundra
+22,000–14,000 yr BP
+ice-sheets
+loess
+22,000 years ago
+thaw
+Rhine
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+Rates of sea-level rise
+last 7000 years
+tectonic subsidence
+1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century
+11,700 years ago
+8,000 years ago
+Late-Glacial valley
+Netherlands
+3000 yr BP
+increased flooding and sedimentation
+sediment load
+11–13th century
+80
+North Sea
+Meuse estuary
+IJsselmeer
+freshwater lake
+three
+1st century BC
+Germania
+6th century BC
+Maurus Servius Honoratus
+AD 14
+Danube
+the empire fell
+eastwards
+southern
+eight
+army of Germania Inferior
+Ubiorum
+threat of war
+town of the Ubii
+5th century
+kingdoms
+dragons rock
+Siegfried
+Hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund
+1469
+Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders"
+Napoleon
+1806
+1840
+end of World War I
+1935
+German army
+Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+Arnhem
+formidable natural obstacle
+September 1944
+Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+Knaurs Lexikon
+typographical error
+1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
+2010
+Following a referendum in 1997
+Scotland Act 1998
+in which it can make laws
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Westminster
+lack of a Parliament of Scotland
+three hundred
+First World War.
+the late 1960s
+directly elected Scottish Assembly
+North
+"It's Scotland's oil"
+1974
+not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+Edinburgh
+majority
+51.6%
+failed
+32.9%
+a Scottish Parliament
+the Conservative Party
+1989
+blueprint
+Scottish Parliament Building
+Enric Miralles
+Spanish
+leaf-shaped
+Queen Elizabeth II
+meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
+courtyard
+University of Aberdeen
+former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
+City of Edinburgh Council
+Lothian Regional Council
+demolished
+Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh
+main
+one MSP
+Tricia Marwick
+secret
+129
+A vote clerk
+Presiding Officer
+the Parliamentary Bureau
+five
+The Presiding Officer
+hemicycle
+encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+vote
+Scottish rivers
+silver
+the Queen
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+a glass case suspended from the lid
+April
+debating chamber
+the public
+free
+the Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+Presiding Officer
+religious beliefs
+nominate speakers
+The Presiding Officer
+amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+different viewpoints
+ministers or party leaders
+Gaelic
+5 pm
+"Decision Time"
+vote
+electronic consoles on their desks
+seconds
+votes
+political parties
+whips
+moral
+deselected as official party candidates during future elections
+Immediately after Decision Time
+not a Scottish minister
+45 minutes
+other members
+winds up
+committee
+stronger
+no revising chamber
+principal role
+other locations throughout Scotland
+a small number of MSPs
+balance of parties
+functions
+Mandatory
+fourth
+beginning of each parliamentary session
+one
+current Subject Committees
+Session
+type of committee
+large-scale development projects
+Scottish Government.
+Private Bill
+Scotland Act 1998
+Queen Elizabeth II
+devolved competencies
+Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
+Scottish Parliament
+Schedule 5
+Scottish Parliament
+automatically devolved
+up to 3 pence in the pound
+2012 Act
+Reserved
+Scottish Parliament
+Westminster
+UK Government ministers
+Bills
+the Scottish Government
+a private member
+an outside proposer
+in a number of stages
+introductory
+accompanying documents
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+in the relevant committee or committees
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+two
+final
+wrecking
+Decision Time
+the Monarch
+royal assent
+a 4-week period
+Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+[Date]
+hold the majority of seats
+Any member
+First Minister
+elected MSPs
+the Sovereign
+Thursday
+May
+the Monarch
+supplant it.
+28
+Several procedures
+MSPs
+legislative programme for the forthcoming year
+issues related to the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+Thursday
+any member of the Scottish Government
+issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73
+2005
+one
+dispersed population and distance
+55,000
+proportionally to the number of votes received
+the d'Hondt method
+quotient
+constituency seats
+iteratively
+a number of qualifications
+1981
+over the age of 18
+police and the armed forces
+Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
+Labour
+151 votes
+eight
+Scottish independence
+the Conservatives
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+Cameron
+able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
+domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian question
+the Conservative
+England
+Islamism
+all spheres of life.
+reordering
+poles
+revolution or invasion
+democratic
+Palestine
+abolish the state of Israel
+democracy
+religious
+major division
+Sunni pan-Islamism
+sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
+democracy
+to maintain their legitimacy
+political
+Islam
+its supporters
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+religion from politics
+Muslims
+Americans
+a historical fluke
+between 1945 and 1970
+non-political Islam
+dangerous enemies
+During the 1970s
+considerable impact
+the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+considerable impact
+Anwar Sadat
+peace
+political support
+1975
+assassinated
+conservative
+hate
+wars
+infidels
+Saudi
+Islamist
+incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful
+housing
+rhetoric
+avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands
+law and philosophy
+the All India Muslim League
+the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+secularism and secular nationalism
+crowd out
+nationalist differences
+1930
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+1941
+through his writing
+in a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+through his writing
+a modern context
+Sharia
+an Islamic state
+unity of God
+gradual
+an educational process
+1928
+Ismailiyah, Egypt
+Hassan al Banna
+the Qur'an
+imperialist
+violence
+1949
+Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+1948
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+one of the most influential movements
+75% of the total seats
+"semi-legal"
+field candidates
+Mohamed Morsi
+quick and decisive
+a pivotal event
+economic
+A steep and steady decline
+anti-democratic Islamist movements
+ideological
+Ali Shariati
+somewhere between
+the Prophet Mohammad
+conspiracy
+Islamic
+Shia terrorist
+economic
+During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
+President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+the Soviet Union
+an Islamic rebellion
+send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+16,000 to 35,000
+worked to radicalize the Islamist movement
+Saddam Hussein
+Islamist
+Saudi
+the west
+conservative Muslims
+domestic Islamists
+in the kingdom
+Algeria
+Osama bin Laden
+Qutb's
+1966
+the Brotherhood
+Fringe or splinter
+By the 1970s
+Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
+1981
+apostate
+promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+violence
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+in 2003
+unsuccessful
+political figures
+quiescent
+HAMAS
+destruction of Israel
+alcohol
+Palestine
+Hamas
+542
+majority of the seats,
+2007
+driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist
+Hassan al-Turabi
+National Islamic Front
+money from foreign Islamist banking systems
+university and military academy
+1985
+with the help of the military
+sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+American attack on Iraq
+staying home
+1989
+Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+a military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+vicious and destructive
+1992
+one of the poorest countries on earth
+80%
+The Taliban
+Pakistan
+neofundamentalist
+Sharia
+Osama bin Laden
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+his means of seizing power
+1988
+Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant
+Sunni Arabs
+ten million
+recognition
+a caliphate
+2004
+2003
+notorious intransigence
+March 2011
+a terrorist organisation
+a different view
+7th century
+1924
+true Islamic
+ended the true Islamic system
+armed
+ideological struggle
+elites
+Egypt
+terrorist groups
+over 900,000
+strong Islamist
+2007
+Londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+since 2001
+State
+Christian Whiton
+U.S. Defense Secretary
+undermining the communist ideology
+Latin
+military force
+Japan
+technologies and ideas
+influence
+"Formal imperialism"
+othering
+direct
+"informal" imperialism
+"formal"
+aggressiveness
+ownership of private industries
+informal
+distinction
+the world systems theory
+Lenin
+empires
+seaborne
+colonialism
+political focus
+ideological
+Ottoman
+person or group of people
+Imperialism and colonialism
+taking physical control of another
+conquering the other state's lands
+exploitation
+characteristics
+empire-building
+imperialism
+highest 'social efficiency'
+theory of races
+whiteness
+Germany
+Britain
+Political
+geographical societies in Europe
+fund
+environmental determinism
+temperate
+Orientalism
+uncivilized
+superior
+Terra nullius
+the eighteenth century
+the British Empire
+Aboriginal
+empty land
+an imaginative geography
+irrational and backward
+inferior
+Orientalism
+progressive
+nineteenth-century maps
+blank spaces on contemporary maps
+unexplored territory
+nineteenth-century cartographic techniques
+French
+the pre-Columbian era
+Genghis Khan
+dozens
+Ethiopian Empire
+Sub-Saharan Africa
+Cultural imperialism
+soft power
+Dallas
+Roman
+bans
+around 1700
+colonizing
+thousands
+middle of the 20th century
+Open Door Policy
+1919
+1999
+historians
+the world's economy
+many imperial powers
+economic growth
+mid-18th century
+colonies
+the Mughal state
+communication
+deadly explosives
+the machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+European
+British
+in the late 1870s
+philanthropy
+to constantly expand investment
+aristocracy
+the 1950s
+before World War I
+disease
+taxation
+environmental determinism
+the environment in which they lived
+less civilized
+Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+geographic scholars
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
+guidance
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+the sixteenth century
+1599
+Queen Elizabeth
+exploitation
+the Portuguese
+1830
+1850
+Catholicism
+Africa
+when Germany started to build her own
+civilize the inferior
+assimilation
+small numbers of settlers
+Christianity and French culture
+Algeria
+overseas colonies
+anti-colonial movements
+Vietnam
+Algeria
+1960
+Scandinavia
+Muslim Iberia
+middle period of classical antiquity
+800 CE
+central Europe
+late 19th century
+1862
+after the Franco-German War
+Napoleon
+Europe
+the South Pacific
+prestige
+1884
+New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants and traders
+Japan took part of Sakhalin Island
+1894
+Thailand
+Manchuria
+China
+1932
+Lenin
+Eastern Europe
+Bolshevik leaders
+a world revolution
+Lenin
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+socialism in one country
+mercantilism
+1776
+free trade
+about 1820
+1815
+The British Empire
+pseudo-sciences
+The British spirit of imperialism
+Middle East
+the Monroe Doctrine
+interventionism
+a war erupted
+the Philippines
+a "racket"
+Isiah Bowman
+1917
+American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference
+U.S authorship of a 'new world'
+Wilson's geographer
+internal strife
+"internal colonialism"
+12 to 15 million
+the contemporary Orient
+1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32
+Europe
+During the 16th and 17th centuries
+Istanbul
+Germany
+World War I
+Turkey
+United Methodist Church
+mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
+1968
+union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+Wesleyan
+United Methodist Church
+80 million
+mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+mid-18th century
+within the Church of England
+being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study
+1735
+colony of Georgia
+American Indians
+salvation by God's grace
+American Revolution
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+sail loft on Dock Street
+1784
+Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas
+Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
+holy catholic (or universal) church
+The Book of Discipline
+meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
+result of the American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
+1968
+John Wesley and Charles Wesley
+Albert C. Outler
+Albert C. Outler
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+the grace that "goes before" us
+Prevenient grace
+Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace
+justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+New Birth
+grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
+Christian Perfection
+Wesleyan theology
+prima scriptura
+UMC
+Book of Discipline
+2008
+pro-choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
+The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
+all women
+the mother
+Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (
+2012
+Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
+temperance movement
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital punishment
+John 8:7.
+Matthew 5:38-39
+The General Conference
+same-sex unions
+1999
+2016
+Connectional Table
+LGBT
+same-gender marriages with resolutions
+1987
+2005
+Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+conscription
+the way of military action
+all war
+Christ's message and teachings
+instrument of national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+girls and women
+IVF
+stem cells
+research
+Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
+When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
+The Book of Common Prayer
+Africa
+Book of Common Prayer
+anointing with oil
+Methodist institutions
+William Booth
+John Wesley
+United Methodist Church
+General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+to elect and appoint bishops
+bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+Mission Council
+church bishops
+36
+for the George W. Bush Presidential Library
+Southern Methodist University
+nine
+Judicial Council
+eight-year term
+twice a year
+various locations throughout the world
+The Annual Conference
+geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+their Annual Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+three
+nine
+church conference
+church conference
+one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Elders
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+one year at a time
+bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
+Elders
+the local church
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+Deacons
+Deacons
+granted sacramental authority
+1996
+The provisional elder/deacon
+1996 General Conference
+Licensed Local Pastor
+licensed local pastor
+five
+Associate Membership
+Baptized Members
+confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+transfer from another Christian denomination
+Baptism
+confirmation and membership preparation classes
+The Book of Discipline
+Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+lay servants
+they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant
+annually
+at least one advanced course every three years
+United Methodist Church
+observer status
+blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
+2000
+May 2012
+1985
+11 million
+42,000
+8 million
+34,000
+Texas
+11.4 million
+7.9 million
+3.5 million
+Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+colonies of British America and New France
+roughly 60,000 European settlers
+2 million
+primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
+dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio
+Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754,
+1755
+disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela
+combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+expulsion of the Acadians
+William Pitt
+unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
+against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
+Sainte Foy in Quebec
+territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain
+French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain
+confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
+1740s
+Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War
+much larger conflict between France and Great Britain
+Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
+declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763
+six years
+1760
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+about 75,000
+heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia
+St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women
+20 to 1
+from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
+along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior
+native tribes
+Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
+present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
+Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements
+Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
+western portions of the Great Lakes region
+Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee
+no French regular army troops were stationed in North America
+few British troops
+mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.
+about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
+200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
+informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+village of Pickawillany
+threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
+ignored the warning.
+very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English
+proposing that action be taken
+British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+1749
+Ohio Company of Virginia
+Christopher Gist
+Treaty of Logstown
+mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
+King George's War
+1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+conflicting territorial claims between British and French
+Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
+Marquis de la Jonquière
+300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
+punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania
+Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania
+protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Tanaghrisson
+British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
+Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things."
+colonel of the Iroquois
+Mohawk Chief Hendrick
+Ohio Company
+Major George Washington
+Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
+As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
+France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
+Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754
+early months of 1754
+Fort Duquesne.
+with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen
+killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
+regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
+dislodge the French
+plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure
+dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
+blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755
+Albany Congress
+formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal
+The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
+format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence
+Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops
+The expedition was a disaster
+Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
+Washington and Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson.
+efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience
+planned to attack Fort Niagara
+garrisons
+Marquis de Vaudreuil.
+sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
+inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field
+Fort William Henry
+Ticonderoga Point,
+Colonel Monckton
+deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
+Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757
+William Shirley
+Albany
+capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario
+through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec
+Major General James Abercrombie
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+Oneida Carry
+Battle of Fort Bull
+45,000 pounds
+hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison
+Abercrombie
+Ticonderoga
+Oswego
+disposition of prisoners' personal effects
+attack on New France's capital, Quebec
+to distract Montcalm
+William Pitt
+returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.
+French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians)
+Lake George
+attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
+British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
+poor harvest
+St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,
+British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
+Loudoun
+three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
+Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
+3,600
+18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies
+sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac
+recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
+invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
+The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France
+Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
+James Wolfe
+cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+naval Battle of the Restigouche
+Governor Vaudreuil
+freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property,
+General Amherst.
+signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763
+Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763
+continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
+value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
+80,000
+1755
+throughout its North American provinces
+New Orleans
+King George III
+outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
+west of the Appalachian Mountains
+Most went to Cuba,
+military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes
+1769
+Choctaw and the Creek
+disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
+force
+fundamental error
+Sir Isaac Newton
+nearly three hundred years
+Einstein
+Standard Model
+gauge bosons
+strong
+gravitational
+electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+Aristotelian cosmology
+four
+on the ground
+unnatural
+17th century
+Galileo Galilei
+impetus
+Galileo
+friction
+Newton
+lack of net force
+Newton
+Newton's First
+the same
+laws of physics
+parabolic
+at rest
+Inertia
+inertia
+rotational inertia of planet
+Albert Einstein
+weightlessness
+principle of equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+General relativity
+fixed
+Newton's Third
+Newton's Third
+unidirectional
+magnitude
+center of mass
+closed
+mass of the system
+intuitive understanding
+standard measurement scale
+Newtonian mechanics
+experimentation
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+Associating forces with vectors
+ambiguous
+Associating forces with vectors
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+net force
+respective lines of application
+parallelogram
+independent components
+two
+the original force
+orthogonal
+three-dimensional
+static friction
+static friction
+applied
+applied force
+forces
+spring reaction force
+gravity
+gravity
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+rest
+Galileo
+behind the foot of the mast
+foot of the mast
+dynamic equilibrium
+kinetic friction force
+kinetic friction
+Aristotle
+Schrödinger
+Newtonian
+classical position variables
+quantized
+force
+spin
+Pauli
+spin
+antiparallel
+parallel
+mathematical by-product
+force
+conservation of momentum
+Feynman
+straight
+four
+strong and weak
+electromagnetic
+masses
+Pauli exclusion principle
+Isaac Newton
+20th
+unification
+self-consistent unification
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+about 9.81 meters per second squared
+sea level
+force of gravity
+at larger distances.
+the Moon
+mass
+radius () of the Earth
+Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,
+Henry Cavendish
+1798
+Newton
+Mercury
+Vulcan
+theory of general relativity
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+ballistic trajectory
+gravitational force
+global
+electric current
+unified electromagnetic
+Lorentz's Law
+electrostatic force
+James Clerk Maxwell
+1864
+20
+4
+Maxwell
+electromagnetic theory
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+repulsion of like charges
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+as a structural force
+repulsion of like charges
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+as a structural force
+elementary particles
+residual of the force
+nuclear
+as gluons
+color confinement
+weak force
+beta decay
+radioactivity
+1013
+approximately 1015 kelvins
+normal force
+Pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+normal
+ideal strings
+ideal pulleys
+action-reaction pairs
+conservation of mechanical energy
+movable pulleys
+idealized point particles
+three-dimensional objects
+extended
+other parts
+extended structure
+stress tensor
+pressure terms
+pressure terms
+formalism
+rotational equivalent for position
+unbalanced torque
+Newton's Second Law of Motion
+toward the center of the curving path
+perpendicular
+centripetal
+radial
+tangential force
+kinetic
+potential
+net mechanical energy
+difference in potential energy
+artifact
+forces
+gradient of potentials
+friction
+Nonconservative
+statistical mechanics
+nonconservative forces
+nonconservative forces
+Second
+nonconservative forces
+kilogram-force
+kilopond
+slug
+kip
+sthène
\ No newline at end of file