diff --git "a/reference_files/ans-dev-normalized.txt" "b/reference_files/ans-dev-normalized.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/reference_files/ans-dev-normalized.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+denver broncos
+carolina panthers
+santa clara , california
+denver broncos
+gold
+`` golden anniversary ''
+february 7 , 2016
+american football conference
+`` golden anniversary ''
+american football conference
+february 7 , 2016
+denver broncos
+levi 's stadium
+santa clara
+super bowl l
+2015
+2015
+santa clara
+levi 's stadium
+24–10
+february 7 , 2016
+2015
+denver broncos
+carolina panthers
+denver broncos
+2015
+denver broncos
+santa clara , california.
+super bowl
+denver broncos
+cam newton
+8
+1995
+arizona cardinals
+new england patriots
+arizona cardinals
+new england patriots
+new england patriots
+four
+cam newton
+15–1
+cam newton
+12–4
+4
+new england patriots
+cam newton
+arizona cardinals
+2
+new england patriots
+cam newton
+new england patriots
+arizona cardinals
+cam newton
+arizona cardinals
+1995.
+von miller
+2
+broncos
+linebacker von miller
+five solo tackles
+newton was limited by denver 's defense
+seven
+von miller
+three
+two
+von miller
+linebacker
+5
+2
+von miller
+5
+seven
+three
+a fumble
+von miller
+linebacker
+seven
+three
+von miller
+five
+cbs
+ $5 million
+coldplay
+beyoncé and bruno mars
+super bowl xlvii
+cbs
+ $5 million
+beyoncé
+bruno mars
+coldplay
+cbs
+ $5 million
+bruno mars
+third
+cbs
+ $5 million
+coldplay
+beyoncé and bruno mars
+cbs
+coldplay
+beyoncé and bruno mars
+super bowl xlvii
+ $5 million
+coldplay
+beyoncé and bruno mars
+bruno mars
+roger goodell
+the 50th super bowl
+2012
+roger goodell
+early 2012
+roger goodell
+roger goodell
+roger goodell
+spectacular
+spectacular
+2012
+new orleans ' mercedes -benz superdome
+miami 's sun life stadium
+san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium
+sun life stadium
+levi 's stadium
+levi 's stadium
+mercedes -benz superdome
+sun life stadium
+new orleans ' mercedes -benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium
+three
+new orleans
+sun life stadium
+san francisco
+levi 's stadium.
+sun life stadium
+mercedes -benz superdome
+levi 's stadium.
+october 16 , 2012
+10
+super bowl xliv
+2010
+1985
+sun life stadium
+october 16 , 2012
+stanford stadium
+may 3 , 2013
+2010
+two
+super bowl xliv
+two
+florida legislature
+1985
+new orleans
+october 16 , 2012
+10.
+new orleans
+1985
+florida legislature
+may 21 , 2013
+nfl owners
+2014
+ $1 .2 billion
+san diego
+boston
+may 21 , 2013
+ $1 .2 billion
+super bowl xxxvii
+san diego
+2013
+2014
+ $1 .2 billion
+1985
+super bowl xxxvii
+may 21 , 2013
+2014
+2003
+boston
+may 21 , 2013
+2014.
+ $1 .2 billion
+2003.
+john fox
+ten
+six
+carolina panthers
+super bowl xlviii
+john fox
+eight
+ten
+super bowl xxxviii
+six
+number one
+number one
+super bowl xlviii
+super bowl xxxviii.
+six
+one
+four
+john fox
+deangelo williams
+kelvin benjamin
+7
+1978
+carolina panthers
+ten
+eight
+kelvin benjamin
+1978
+2009
+2011
+torn acl
+kelvin benjamin
+deangelo williams
+1978
+ten
+carolina panthers
+1978.
+carolina panthers
+ten
+six
+45
+10
+27
+greg olsen
+45
+99.4
+77 passes
+receivers
+jonathan stewart
+six
+cam newton
+3 ,837
+45
+six
+500
+3 ,837
+45
+99 .4.
+39
+308
+136
+118
+four
+kawann short
+24
+kawann short
+four
+four
+kurt coleman
+24
+kony ealy
+luke kuechly.
+two.
+gary kubiak
+brock osweiler
+indianapolis colts
+san diego chargers
+wade phillips
+four
+gary kubiak
+indianapolis colts
+39
+plantar fasciitis
+gary kubiak
+peyton manning
+a plantar fasciitis injury
+39
+four
+john fox
+peyton manning
+gary kubiak
+left foot.
+wade phillips
+67.9
+17
+demaryius thomas
+c . j . anderson
+10
+67.9
+2 ,249
+nine
+demaryius thomas
+receiver
+67.9
+17
+demaryius thomas
+5
+67.9
+17
+emmanuel sanders
+c . j . anderson
+4.7
+4 ,530
+5½
+brandon marshall
+three
+linebacker
+linebacker
+defensive ends
+296
+von miller
+brandon marshall
+three.
+von miller
+linebacker brandon marshall
+derek wolfe and malik jackson
+seattle seahawks
+arizona cardinals
+487
+seven
+31–24
+seattle seahawks
+31–24
+487
+seattle seahawks
+arizona cardinals
+seven
+seattle seahawks
+49–15
+arizona cardinals
+487
+pittsburgh steelers
+11
+new england patriots
+20–18
+17 seconds
+broncos
+23–16
+new england patriots
+17
+manning
+pittsburgh steelers
+11
+new england patriots
+pittsburgh steelers
+new england patriots
+17
+thomas davis
+a broken arm
+three
+11
+acl tears
+arm
+11
+super bowl
+three
+broken arm
+11
+thomas davis
+39
+john elway
+38
+executive vice president of football operations and general manager
+broncos
+broncos
+john elway
+38
+peyton manning
+two
+two
+peyton manning
+john elway
+super bowl xxxiii
+peyton manning
+39.
+john elway
+1998
+2011
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+von miller
+manning
+newton
+26
+quarterback
+1998
+2011
+von miller
+2011.
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+super bowl xx
+chicago bears
+linebacker
+elway
+broncos
+linebacker
+elway
+rivera
+super bowl xx
+justin tucker
+bermuda 419
+ed mangan
+baltimore ravens
+kicker
+justin tucker
+kicker
+hybrid bermuda 419 turf
+justin tucker
+a new playing surface
+a hybrid bermuda 419 turf.
+their cleats
+justin tucker
+natural grass
+broncos
+34–19
+atlanta falcons
+white
+super bowl xxxiii
+super bowl xxxiii
+34–19
+atlanta falcons
+white
+road white jerseys
+pittsburgh steelers
+super bowl xxxiii
+blue
+orange
+black jerseys with silver pants.
+san jose state
+stanford university
+san jose
+santa clara
+san jose marriott
+santa clara marriott
+san jose state practice facility
+stanford university
+san jose state practice facility
+san jose marriott.
+stanford university
+santa clara marriott.
+san jose
+san jose marriott.
+stanford university
+santa clara marriott.
+june 4 , 2014
+super bowl v
+jaime weston
+super bowl xlv
+vince lombardi
+2014
+super bowl li
+l
+gold
+june 4 , 2014
+arabic numerals
+l.
+gold
+super bowl li.
+arabic
+li.
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+gold
+golden super bowl
+gold footballs
+the 50 -yard line
+gold
+moscone center
+san francisco
+ed lee
+jane kim
+january 30
+1 million
+ed lee
+moscone center
+super bowl city
+moscone center
+super bowl city
+ed lee
+super bowl city
+more than 1 million
+mayor ed lee
+ $5 million.
+the annual nfl experience
+santa clara university
+ $2 million
+a week
+ $2 million
+pep rally
+city council
+bellomy field
+a professional fundraiser
+city council
+ $2 million
+city council
+monday
+tuesday
+sap center
+san jose
+the golden gate bridge
+tuesday
+monday
+super bowl opening night
+sap center
+san jose
+the tuesday afternoon prior to the game
+super bowl opening night.
+sap center in san jose.
+the golden gate bridge.
+monday
+super bowl opening night.
+sap center in san jose.
+golden gate bridge.
+february 1 , 2016
+business connect
+ $40 million
+dignity health
+gap
+chevron
+super bowl 50 host committee
+over $40 million
+sponsors
+business connect
+business connect
+over $40 million
+25
+the 50 fund
+25 percent
+50 fund
+the most giving super bowl ever
+25 percent
+the 50 fund
+25 percent
+50 fund
+vince lombardi
+18
+66
+tiffany & co.
+tiffany & co.
+vince lombardi trophy
+18 -karat gold -plated
+tiffany & co
+the vince lombardi trophy
+tiffany & co.
+cbs
+phil simms
+tracy wolfson
+36
+5k
+three
+sidelines
+360 -degree
+5k resolution
+sidelines
+cbs
+three
+cbs
+jim nantz and phil simms
+tracy wolfson and evan washburn
+5k
+cameras
+espn deportes
+john sutcliffe
+alvaro martin
+december 28 , 2015
+spanish
+cbs
+espn deportes
+john sutcliffe.
+espn deportes
+alvaro martin and raul allegre
+john sutcliffe.
+nfl mobile
+watchespn
+cbssports .com
+xbox one
+10
+cbssports .com
+xbox one
+verizon wireless customers
+nfl mobile service
+verizon
+nfl mobile service.
+digital streams of the game
+verizon
+watchespn.
+the late show with stephen colbert
+the late late show with james corden
+the late show with stephen colbert
+the late late show with james corden
+the late show with stephen colbert
+late local programming
+the late late show with james corden.
+ $5 ,000 ,000
+anheuser -busch inbev
+doritos
+20th
+ $5 ,000 ,000
+anheuser -busch inbev
+doritos
+nintendo
+the pokémon company
+anheuser -busch inbev
+doritos
+anheuser -busch inbev
+doritos
+crash the super bowl
+`` small business big game ''
+death wish coffee
+30 -second
+nine
+death wish coffee
+nine
+quickbooks.
+death wish coffee
+ten
+quickbooks.
+death wish coffee
+jason bourne
+gods of egypt
+teenage mutant ninja turtles: out of the shadows
+resurgence
+gods of egypt
+teenage mutant ninja turtles: out of the shadows
+jason bourne
+captain america: civil war
+independence day
+universal
+fox
+westwood one
+kevin harlan
+jim gray
+boomer esiason
+james lofton
+two
+kevin harlan
+westwood one
+kevin harlan
+jim gray
+kevin harlan
+boomer esiason and dan fouts
+james lofton and mark malone
+pre -game and halftime coverage.
+north america
+krfx
+dave logan
+1110 am
+chester , south carolina
+mick mixon
+dave logan
+ed mccaffrey
+wbt
+mick mixon
+koa -lrb -850 am -rrb - and krfx -lrb -103 .5 fm -rrb-
+wbt -fm -lrb -99 .3 fm -rrb-
+bbc radio 5
+5 live sports extra
+darren fletcher
+bbc
+greg brady
+bart starr
+chuck howley
+peyton manning
+2001
+peyton manning
+39
+peyton manning
+harvey martin
+43
+39
+bart starr
+peyton manning
+harvey martin
+six
+the national anthem
+academy award
+the national anthem
+american sign language
+lady gaga
+marlee matlin
+lady gaga
+marlee matlin
+lady gaga
+six
+marlee matlin
+december 3
+british
+super bowl xlvii
+`` hymn for the weekend ''
+super bowl xlviii
+coldplay.
+pepsi
+`` hymn for the weekend ''
+coldplay.
+beyoncé
+hymn for the weekend
+bruno mars
+denver
+andre caldwell
+ronnie hillman
+brandon mcmanus
+c . j . anderson
+18
+shaq thompson
+brandon mcmanus
+a deficit.
+denver
+owen daniels
+c . j . anderson
+brandon mcmanus
+a deficit.
+mike carey
+cam newton
+von miller
+malik jackson
+super bowl xxviii
+jerricho cotchery
+mike carey
+von miller
+malik jackson
+1993
+mike carey
+von miller
+malik jackson
+super bowl xxviii
+jonathan stewart
+brad nortman
+28
+61
+33
+51
+jonathan stewart
+11:28
+jordan norwood
+33
+jonathan stewart
+field goal
+darian stewart
+linebacker
+kony ealy
+newton
+demarcus ware
+mike tolbert
+kony ealy
+19
+demarcus ware
+mike tolbert
+danny trevathan
+kony ealy
+punt
+demarcus ware
+ted ginn jr.
+graham gano
+44
+mcmanus
+t . j . ward
+ted ginn jr.
+the uprights
+t . j . ward.
+trevathan
+ted ginn jr.
+26 -yard line
+graham gano
+emmanuel sanders
+ealy
+39
+devin funchess
+stewart
+41 -yard line.
+ealy
+50 -yard line.
+punts.
+ealy
+50 -yard line.
+39 -yard
+three
+24
+newton
+josh norman
+anderson
+bennie fowler
+miller
+wards
+newton
+josh norman
+3:08
+4:51
+miller
+wards
+three
+anderson
+five
+zero
+four
+thomas davis
+one
+one
+zero
+anderson
+sanders
+thomas davis
+sanders
+anderson
+all four
+one
+four
+194
+11
+baltimore ravens
+jordan norwood
+manning
+194
+11
+chicago bears
+broncos
+21
+11
+the broncos
+chicago bears
+two
+nobel prize
+1745
+maria skłodowska -curie
+famous musicians
+seven months old
+100
+krasiński palace garden
+the saxon garden
+east end
+łazienki
+15 kilometres
+otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+several
+to clean them
+city
+833 ,500
+around 34 %
+jewish
+migration and urbanisation
+warsaw university of technology
+2 ,000
+medical university of warsaw
+1816
+fryderyk chopin university of music
+1816
+over two million
+architects
+irena bajerska
+10 ,000 m2
+infrastructure
+three -year plan
+solid economic growth
+improved markedly
+warsaw
+children 's memorial health institute
+maria skłodowska -curie institute of oncology
+700
+developed
+musical
+events and festivals
+in the palace of culture and science
+warsaw
+festivals
+ogród saski
+saxon garden
+1870 to 1939
+momus
+wojciech bogusławski theatre
+wianki
+thousands
+midsummer’s night
+when they would be married
+the fern
+art posters
+60
+prestigious
+some paintings
+arms
+warsaw uprising museum
+katyń
+stereoscopic
+museum of independence
+60
+royal ujazdów castle
+about 500
+zachęta national gallery of art
+polish and international artists
+last weekend of september
+polonia warsaw
+1946
+twice
+at konwiktorska street
+disastrous financial situation
+syrenka
+the mermaid
+since at least the mid -14th century
+1390
+a sword
+legend
+depths of the oceans and seas
+coast of denmark
+warszowa
+captured
+warsaw
+1916
+the art deco style
+poet
+isaac bashevis singer
+economist intelligence unit
+2012
+wide variety of industries
+stock
+frontex
+1313
+kraków
+1596
+king sigismund iii vasa
+survived many wars , conflicts and invasions
+roman catholic
+polish academy of sciences
+a unesco world heritage site
+architectural
+luxurious parks and royal gardens
+warszawa
+belonging to warsz
+12th/13th -century nobleman
+a village
+miasto stołeczne warszawa
+jazdów
+the prince of płock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+general sejm
+1569
+religious freedom
+due to its central location
+1596
+until 1796
+prussia
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+areas controlled by russia in 1914
+underground leader piłsudski
+1920
+the red army
+september 1939
+a german nazi colonial administration
+some 30 % of the city
+april 1943
+almost a month
+the red army
+stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland
+august 1944
+63 days
+between 150 ,000 and 200 ,000
+`` bricks for warsaw ''
+prefabricated
+an eastern bloc city
+palace of culture and science
+unesco 's world heritage list
+john paul ii
+growing anti -communist fervor
+less than a year
+victory square
+incentive for the democratic changes
+about 300
+325
+vistula river
+452 .8 ft
+at the right bank of the vistula
+two
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+moraine
+vistula river
+warsaw escarpment
+moraine
+former flooded terraces
+valleys
+plain vistula terraces
+pine
+turbulent history of the city
+during the second world war
+after liberation
+leopold kronenberg palace
+typical of eastern bloc countries
+gothic
+14th century
+masovian gothic
+renaissance
+mannerist architecture
+17th century
+1688–1692
+rococo
+neoclassical architecture
+1775–1795
+bourgeois
+not restored by the communist authorities
+socialist realism
+warsaw university of technology building
+the most distinctive buildings
+many places
+pawiak
+the warsaw citadel
+children
+warsaw uprising monument
+green
+new orangery
+pole mokotowskie
+park ujazdowski
+1927
+location of warsaw
+within the borders of warsaw
+masovian primeval forest
+kabaty
+two
+1 ,300 ,000
+420 ,000
+1951
+as better
+residency registration
+multi -cultural
+711 ,988
+56 .2 %
+2 .8 %
+1944
+a commune
+counties or powiats
+kraków
+warsaw city council
+60
+every four years
+committees
+30 days
+president
+jan andrzej menich
+1695–1696
+the city council
+centrum
+śródmieście
+304 ,016
+emerging market
+12 %
+191 .766 billion pln
+1817
+world war ii
+april 1991
+374
+polish united workers ' party
+1951
+polonez
+daewoo
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+chevrolet aveo
+warszawa
+warsaw
+vistula river
+2 .666 million residents
+9th
+warsaw
+vistula
+roughly 260 kilometres
+2 .666 million
+9th
+france
+10th and 11th centuries
+denmark , iceland and norway
+rollo
+10th century
+william the conqueror
+richard i
+catholic
+viking
+9th century
+911
+king charles iii
+seine
+rollo
+catholicism
+north
+fighting horsemen
+999
+archangel michael
+monte gargano
+drogo
+william iron arm
+saracens
+1130
+squillace
+kitab rudjdjar
+the book of roger
+meritocratic
+seljuk turks
+1050s
+1060s
+alexius komnenos
+afranji
+oursel
+turkish forces
+norman mercenary
+robert guiscard
+1082
+30 ,000
+deabolis
+bohemond
+deabolis
+1185
+dyrrachium
+the adriatic
+king ethelred ii
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+normandy
+sweyn forkbeard
+harthacnut
+1041
+robert of jumièges
+battle of hastings
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+modern english
+1169
+ireland
+irish
+edgar
+king malcolm iii of scotland
+1072
+duncan
+sybilla of normandy
+norman
+hereford
+the welsh
+edward the confessor
+wales
+1018
+william of montreuil
+1097
+tancred
+jerusalem
+380 years
+a storm
+berengaria
+1191
+isaac komnenos
+conrad of montferrat
+silver
+guy de lusignan
+richard the lion -heart
+12 may 1191
+double coronation
+1489
+knights templar
+africa
+bethencourt
+enrique pérez de guzmán
+maciot de bethencourt
+channel islands
+two
+romanesque
+rounded
+early gothic
+anglo -saxon
+sicily
+early 11th century
+dukes
+16th century
+embroidery
+bayeux tapestry
+odo
+mosaics
+11th
+william of volpiano and john of ravenna
+southern italy
+latin monastery at sant 'eufemia.
+robert guiscard
+singing
+1856
+serbian
+1943
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+serbian
+alternating current
+1884
+thomas edison
+george westinghouse
+new york city
+war of currents
+1884
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+new york city
+george westinghouse
+transformer
+1893
+high -voltage
+mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x -ray imaging
+colorado springs
+1893
+boat
+wardenclyffe tower project
+1943
+si unit of magnetic flux density
+new york hotels
+mad scientist
+patents
+1943
+si unit of magnetic flux density
+1990s
+showmanship
+croatia
+priest
+eidetic
+his mother 's genetics
+priest
+milutin tesla
+đuka tesla
+making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems
+his mother 's genetics and influence
+four
+german
+1862
+dane
+milka , angelina and marica
+killed in a horse -riding accident
+gospić , austrian empire
+pastor
+martin sekulić
+german
+integral calculus
+cheating
+1873
+1870
+to attend school
+martin sekulić
+german
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+the best engineering school
+enter the priesthood
+smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+enter the priesthood
+to send him to the best engineering school
+tomingaj
+mark twain
+the mountains
+1874
+hunter 's garb
+being drafted into the austro -hungarian army
+1874
+he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb
+mark twain
+1875
+austrian polytechnic
+1879
+gambling
+no
+graz , austria
+1875
+1879
+gambled
+tesla would be killed through overwork
+left graz
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+a draftsman
+return home
+nervous breakdown
+1878
+that he dropped out of school
+his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river.
+draftsman
+nervous breakdown
+not having a residence permit
+march 1879
+60
+a stroke
+taught
+for not having a residence permit.
+1879
+higher real gymnasium
+stroke
+prague
+arrived too late
+as an auditor
+charles -ferdinand university
+prague
+1880
+charles -ferdinand university
+two of tesla 's uncles
+budapest
+budapest telephone exchange
+chief electrician
+a telephone repeater or amplifier
+draftsman
+1881
+a telegraph company
+budapest telephone exchange
+chief electrician
+1882
+france
+new york city
+thomas edison
+edison machine works
+continental edison company
+france
+1884
+thomas edison
+manhattan 's lower east side
+fifty thousand dollars
+ $10 a week raise
+months
+fifty thousand dollars
+american humor.
+us $10 a week raise
+robert lane and benjamin vail
+tesla electric light & manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla
+patents
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+robert lane and benjamin vail
+1886
+tesla electric light & manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
+tesla
+forced tesla out
+penniless
+ditch digger
+1886/1887
+assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
+ditch digger
+various electrical repair jobs
+a western union superintendent
+april 1887
+⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development
+manhattan
+1886
+western union superintendent
+charles f . peck
+89 liberty street in manhattan
+tesla electric company
+an induction motor
+may 1888
+a commutator
+sparking
+self -starting
+1887
+because of its advantages in long -distance , high -voltage transmission
+mechanical brushes
+1888
+editor of electrical world magazine
+american institute of electrical engineers
+1888
+decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market
+thomas commerford martin
+thomas commerford martin
+george westinghouse
+galileo ferraris
+physicist
+westinghouse electric & manufacturing company
+1888
+ $60 ,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2 .50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor
+george westinghouse
+consultant
+ $60 ,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2 .50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor
+1888
+ $2 ,000
+pittsburgh
+pittsburgh
+system to power the city 's streetcars
+60 -cycle
+dc traction motor
+to power the city 's streetcars.
+a dc traction motor
+thomas edison and george westinghouse
+lighting systems
+ac development
+general electric
+ac
+thomas edison
+1888
+financial strain
+general electric
+george westinghouse
+chicago
+general electric
+tesla polyphase system
+tesla polyphase system
+george westinghouse
+chicago
+1893
+ac power
+richard dean adams
+niagara falls
+westinghouse electric
+general electric
+a two -phased system
+richard dean adams
+1893
+two -phased system
+most reliable
+1896
+ $216 ,000
+ $2 .50 per ac horsepower royalty
+ $200 ,000
+j . p . morgan
+an estimated $200 ,000
+ $216 ,000
+35
+new york
+electric lamps
+tesla coil
+1891
+the tesla coil.
+35
+wireless
+american institute of electrical engineers
+american institute of electrical engineers
+1894
+vice president
+1892 to 1894
+the institute of radio engineers
+he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
+5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895
+december 1895
+the metal locking screw on the camera lens
+1894
+x -rays
+lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895
+x -ray image
+mark twain
+x -ray imaging
+march 1896
+radiography
+x -rays
+tesla coil
+1896
+tesla coil
+roentgen rays
+x -rays were longitudinal waves
+damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin
+skin damage
+his circuit and single -node x -ray -producing devices
+force -free magnetic fields
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+longitudinal waves
+force -free magnetic fields
+in his many notes
+benjamin lamme
+1893
+westinghouse electric
+egg of columbus
+tesla
+1934
+physically strike him
+he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
+bits of metal
+national electric light association
+tesla coil
+the franklin institute
+1898
+teleautomaton
+madison square garden
+an electrical exhibition
+monkey
+1900
+marconi
+1901
+1943
+supreme court of the united states
+1899
+paris
+15 june 1899
+five inches
+atmospheric
+stationary
+that the earth had a resonant frequency.
+lightning
+135 feet
+15 miles
+glowed even when turned off
+butterflies were electrified
+power outage
+repeatedly burned out
+powerful high frequency currents
+destroy
+communications from another planet
+mars
+collier 's weekly
+intercepted marconi 's european experiments
+july 1899
+ $100 ,000
+for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system
+to fund his colorado springs experiments.
+1899
+1900
+his lab was torn down
+1904
+sold
+wardenclyffe
+trans -atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
+near shoreham , long island
+morgan
+panic of 1901
+shocked
+over 50 letters
+to complete the construction of wardenclyffe.
+marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland
+187 feet
+200
+16 ,000 rpm
+1906
+100–5 ,000 hp
+steam
+houston street lab
+the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
+world today
+eventually split the earth in two
+application of electricity
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+william h . maxwell
+superintendent of new york city schools
+overseas
+lost
+sold
+ $20 ,000
+the edison medal.
+electrical experimenter
+fluorescent screen
+radar
+émile girardeau
+thomas edison and nikola tesla
+sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg
+tesla and/or edison had refused the prize
+announced a winner
+animosity toward each other
+38
+edison
+1937
+u .s. patent 1 ,655 ,114
+vtol aircraft
+less than $1 ,000
+turbine engines
+ $125 per month
+rent at the hotel new yorker
+for the rest of tesla 's life
+bad publicity
+mechanical energy
+over any terrestrial distance
+minimal
+mineral deposits
+1935
+feed the pigeons
+a doctor
+broken
+early 1938
+the fall of 1937
+`` teleforce '' weapon
+van de graaff generator
+infantry
+anti -aircraft purposes
+death ray
+1937
+at a luncheon in his honor
+tungsten
+high voltage
+only a little
+charged particle beam weapons
+nikola tesla museum archive
+belgrade
+millions
+all war
+steal the invention
+in his mind.
+his papers
+86
+7 january 1943
+maid alice monaghan
+`` do not disturb '' sign
+coronary thrombosis
+fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings
+john g . trump
+nothing
+manhattan storage and warehouse company
+new york city mayor fiorello la guardia
+louis adamic
+12 january
+two thousand
+the cathedral of saint john the divine
+belgrade
+sava kosanović
+charlotte muzar
+belgrade
+nikola tesla museum
+around 300
+26
+canada
+patent archives
+8:10 p.m
+9:00 a .m. until 6:00 p .m. or later
+3:00 a.m
+headwaiter
+between 8 to 10 miles per day
+exercise
+squished his toes
+brain cells
+telepathy
+newspaper editor
+one
+pigeons
+over $2 ,000
+broken wing and leg
+the park
+hotel room
+142 pounds
+6 feet 2 inches
+1888 to about 1926
+new york city
+eight
+visions
+picture thinking
+blinding flashes of light
+photographic memory
+more than 48 hours
+84 hours
+graz
+kenneth swezey
+journalist
+chastity
+women
+toward the end of his life
+dorothy skerrit
+robert underwood johnson
+seclude himself
+asocial
+friend
+mark twain
+lab
+late 1920s
+overweight people
+secretary
+her weight
+go home and change
+electron
+ether
+transmitted electrical energy
+19th
+einstein 's
+antagonistic
+relativity
+gravity
+1892
+curved
+81
+eugenics
+ruthless
+pity
+1937
+women
+1926
+queen bees
+post -world war i
+science and discovery
+20 december 1914
+league of nations
+orthodox christian
+fanaticism
+buddhism and christianity
+`` a machine to end war ''
+uncertain
+war
+books and articles
+magazines and journals
+ben johnston
+the web
+1900
+inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla.
+science fiction
+books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games
+several
+time magazine
+75th birthday
+electrical power generation
+einstein
+more than 70
+computational complexity theory
+inherent difficulty
+computational problems
+if its solution requires significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+time and storage
+number of gates in a circuit
+determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+analysis of algorithms
+computational complexity theory
+computability theory
+problem instance
+the problem
+concrete
+instances
+solution
+2000
+round trip through all sites in milan
+computational problems
+problem instance
+binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+binary notation
+adjacency matrices
+decision problems
+yes or no
+1 or 0
+yes
+yes
+arbitrary graph
+formal language
+how graphs are encoded as binary strings
+a computational problem
+a single output
+a function problem
+the integer factorization problem
+complex
+decision problems
+set of triples
+how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
+the instance
+as a function of the size of the instance
+bits
+an increase in the input size
+cobham 's thesis
+the time taken
+worst -case time complexity
+t -lrb -n-rrb-
+polynomial time algorithm
+a turing machine
+an algorithm
+the turing machine
+symbols
+a deterministic turing machine
+rules
+a probabilistic turing machine
+a non -deterministic turing machine
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+time or space
+probabilistic turing machines , non -deterministic turing machines
+random access machines
+computational power
+time and memory
+the machines operate deterministically
+non -deterministic
+unusual resources
+mathematical models
+time
+state transitions
+difficulty
+dtime -lrb -f-lrb -n-rrb --rrb-
+time
+complexity resources
+computational resource
+blum complexity axioms
+complexity measures
+complexity measures
+best , worst and average
+complexity measure
+time
+inputs
+deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
+worst -case
+o -lrb -n2 -rrb-
+the most efficient algorithm
+analysis of algorithms
+lower bounds
+upper bound
+all possible algorithms
+big o notation
+constant factors and smaller terms
+t -lrb -n-rrb - = o -lrb -n2 -rrb-
+the computational model
+complexity classes
+framework
+complicated definitions
+chosen machine model
+linear time
+single -tape turing machines
+cobham -edmonds thesis
+complexity class p
+time or space
+bounding
+complexity classes
+bpp , zpp and rp
+boolean
+quantum
+#p
+interactive
+computation time
+dtime -lrb -n2 -rrb-
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+a proper hierarchy on the classes defined
+quantitative statements
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+exptime
+pspace
+reduction
+another problem
+reduces
+karp reductions and levin reductions
+the bound on the complexity of reductions
+polynomial -time reduction
+multiplying two integers
+polynomial time
+input
+multiplication
+the type of reduction being used
+if every problem in c can be reduced to x
+solve any problem in c
+np -hard
+np -complete
+np
+there is no known polynomial -time solution
+np
+p
+cobham–edmonds thesis
+np
+boolean satisfiability problem
+turing machines
+more efficient solutions
+protein structure prediction
+ $1 ,000 ,000
+ladner
+np -intermediate problems
+graph isomorphism problem
+the graph isomorphism problem
+np -complete
+polynomial time hierarchy
+second level
+laszlo babai and eugene luks
+the integer factorization problem
+k
+modern cryptographic systems
+the general number field sieve
+suspected to be unequal
+p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace
+between p and pspace
+proving that any of these classes are unequal
+co -np
+reversed
+not equal
+p is not equal to np
+l
+strictly contained in p or equal to p
+complexity classes
+nl and nc
+if they are distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+exponential -time algorithms
+np -complete problems
+presburger arithmetic
+algorithms have been written
+np -complete knapsack problem
+in less than quadratic time
+np -complete boolean satisfiability problem
+foundations were laid out
+alan turing
+turing machines
+1936
+a computer
+on the computational complexity of algorithms
+juris hartmanis and richard stearns
+1965
+time and space
+1965
+john myhill
+1961
+hisao yamada
+input encoding
+encoding
+manuel blum
+speed -up theorem
+`` reducibility among combinatorial problems ''
+21
+the curriculum.
+pedagogy
+university or college.
+lesson plan
+school
+cultures
+numeracy
+craftsmanship
+life skills
+family member
+home schooling
+formal
+transient
+knowledge or skills
+spiritual
+religious
+the quran , torah or bible
+religious and spiritual teachers
+homeschooling
+paid professionals.
+chartered
+the wider community
+paid professionals.
+school functions
+extracurricular
+study halls
+teachers
+teacher 's colleges
+to serve and protect the public interest
+the public
+teachers
+standards of practice
+members
+allegations of professional misconduct
+teacher 's colleges
+teacher 's colleges
+teacher 's colleges
+outdoors
+tutor
+academy
+facilitate student learning
+informal
+pedagogy
+field trips
+increasing use of technology
+the internet
+skill
+the relevant authority
+learning
+infants
+standardized
+particular skills
+self -study and problem solving
+encourage
+deflate
+a coach
+the relationship between teachers and children
+the whole curriculum
+different subject specialists
+primary school
+surrogate
+alternative
+platoon
+staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+knowledgeable
+united states
+co -teaching
+two or more
+learning
+harmoniously
+social networking support
+corporal punishment
+substitute parent
+all the normal forms of parental discipline
+the most common
+while a child was in school
+one of the most common
+most western countries
+united states
+supreme court
+physical pain
+30
+the south
+declining
+a specially made wooden paddle
+privately in the principal 's office
+caning
+some asian , african and caribbean countries
+see school corporal punishment.
+detention
+detention
+in schools
+quietly
+lines or a punishment essay
+assertive
+immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
+firm , clear boundaries
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
+respect
+some teachers and parents
+east asia
+weakness in school discipline
+a more assertive and confrontational style
+japan
+japan
+japan
+japan
+40 to 50 students
+instruction
+motivated students
+attention -seeking and disruptive students
+motivated students
+popularly based authority
+governments
+persuasion and negotiation
+easier and more efficient
+good , clear laws
+enthusiasm
+passion
+teach by rote
+higher
+teacher enthusiasm
+read lecture material
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
+controlled , experimental studies
+higher
+self -determined
+enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+teacher enthusiasm
+student -teacher relationships
+beneficial
+the goals he receives from his superior.
+aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+friendly and supportive
+friendly and supportive
+interacting and working directly with students
+effective
+enthusiasm about the students
+enthusiastic
+in the student
+very influential
+teaching
+sexual misconduct
+9 .6 %
+united states
+sometime during their educational career.
+american association of university women
+england
+priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers
+2 ,869
+the aauw study
+united states
+increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
+fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
+chris keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+a shortage of male teachers
+the sex offenders register
+occupational stress
+long hours
+occupational burnout
+stress
+occupational stress
+42 %
+uk
+twice the figure for the average profession
+2012
+average workers
+several
+organizational interventions
+individual -level interventions
+occupational stress among teachers
+organizational interventions
+a university or college
+certification by a recognized body
+elementary school education certificate
+a background check and psychiatric evaluation
+us
+the individual states and territories
+three
+tertiary education
+universities and/or tafe colleges
+primary
+a post -secondary degree bachelor 's degree
+a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education
+the private sector , businesses and sponsors
+civil servants
+lehramtstudien -lrb -teaching education studies -rrb-
+grundschule
+civil servants ' salary index scale -lrb -bundesbesoldungsordnung -rrb-
+gymnasium
+extra pay
+27 ,814
+53 ,423
+90 ,000
+the teaching council
+section 30
+2001
+oireachtas funds
+2006
+new entrants to the teaching profession
+on a phased basis
+those who refuse vetting
+41 ,004
+experience and extra responsibilities
+20 ,980
+a bachelor 's degree
+september 2007
+alternative licensing programs
+hard -to -fill positions
+vary
+excellent job opportunities
+secondary school teachers
+the general teaching council for scotland -lrb -gtcs -rrb-
+teaching
+seven
+provisional registration
+after a year
+april 2008
+20 ,427
+32 ,583
+earn chartered teacher status
+trade unions
+wales
+welsh
+until the age of 16
+22
+all age groups
+trade unions
+falling
+between 2005 and 2010
+trade unions
+concern
+each state
+ten years
+a bachelor 's degree
+charter schools
+no child left behind
+relatively low salaries
+average teacher salaries
+more experience and higher education
+elementary school teachers
+teacherspayteachers .com
+many
+protestant
+not always
+ -lrb -roman -rrb - catholic , -lrb -eastern -rrb - orthodox catholic , and protestant/non -denominational
+lds church
+many individuals
+spiritual
+the husband and father
+the father of the house
+guru
+extremely high
+their disciples
+the west
+a lama
+be reborn
+tulku
+often many times
+through phowa and siddhi
+ulemas
+ulemas
+sufism
+actions -oriented
+qutb
+german
+18 february 1546
+catholic church.
+god 's punishment
+excommunication
+gift of god 's grace
+faith in jesus christ
+the pope
+bible
+holy priesthood
+bible
+standard version
+tyndale bible
+singing in churches
+protestant clergy to marry.
+10 november 1483
+eisleben , saxony
+holy roman empire
+catholic
+lawyer
+university of erfurt
+beerhouse and whorehouse
+at four
+rote learning
+1505
+law
+uncertainty
+theology and philosophy
+by experience
+god
+death and divine judgment ,
+2 july 1505
+augustinian cloister in erfurt
+deaths of two friends
+luther 's education
+augustinian order
+deep spiritual despair
+jailer and hangman
+johann von staupitz
+a change of heart
+1507
+von staupitz
+1508
+9 march 1508
+sentences by peter lombard
+19 october 1512
+21 october 1512
+doctor in bible
+university of wittenberg
+doctor of theology
+1516
+rebuild st . peter 's basilica
+roman catholic
+charity and good works
+charity and good works
+31 october 1517
+albert of mainz
+the ninety -five theses
+hans hillerbrand
+thesis 86
+johann tetzel
+coin in the coffer
+luther
+johann tetzel
+god
+salvation
+punishments
+false assurances
+christ
+tetzel
+capacity to exaggerate
+indulgences for the dead ,
+indulgences for the living
+the posting on the door
+posting on the door
+philipp melanchthon
+not in wittenberg
+little foundation in truth
+january 1518
+printing press
+friends of luther
+two weeks
+two months
+1519
+students
+early part
+1520
+on the freedom of a christian
+lectured
+penance and righteousness
+corrupt in its ways
+central truths of christianity
+doctrine of justification
+god
+1525
+gift from god
+smalcald articles
+lives by faith
+christ and his salvation
+christ and his salvation
+sale of indulgences
+two points
+archbishop albrecht
+rome
+papal dispensation
+one half
+december 1517
+pope leo x
+papal theologians and envoys
+october 1518
+papacy was the antichrist
+arrest luther
+january 1519
+remain silent
+johann eck
+matthew 16:18
+new jan hus
+15 june 1520
+recanted 41 sentences
+60 days
+karl von miltitz
+3 january 1521
+secular authorities
+18 april 1521
+estates of the holy roman empire
+emperor charles v
+prince frederick iii
+johann eck
+archbishop of trier
+stood by their contents
+next day
+confirmed
+raised his arm
+knight winning a bout
+michael mullett
+epoch -making oratory
+recant his writings
+luther
+not recorded
+more dramatic form
+private conferences
+25 may 1521
+emperor
+his arrest
+kill luther
+luther 's disappearance
+wartburg castle
+my patmos
+new testament
+shamed
+a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 august 1521
+trust in christ
+justice
+summer of 1521
+condemned as idolatry
+a gift
+private confession and absolution
+break their vows
+prophetic faith
+1521
+daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25
+the little horn
+antichrist
+gabriel zwilling
+june 1521
+disturbances
+zwickau prophets
+town council
+6 march 1522
+personal presence
+preached eight sermons
+invocavit sermons
+trust god 's word
+immediate
+jerome schurf
+after the sixth sermon
+joy
+misguided
+public order
+conservative
+zwickau prophets
+unrest and violence.
+established church
+zwickau prophet
+german peasants ' war
+1524–25
+support an attack
+upper classes
+temporal authorities
+tour of thuringia
+mad dogs
+the devil 's work
+the nobles
+on three grounds
+ignoring christ 's counsel
+god
+divine right of kings
+in body and soul
+backing for the uprising
+swabian league
+15 may 1525
+müntzer 's execution
+the secular powers
+katharina von bora
+in herring barrels
+26 years old
+41 years old
+april 1523
+13 june 1525
+evening
+wedding banquet
+27 june
+johannes bugenhagen
+seal of approval
+clerical marriage
+on biblical grounds
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+the black cloister
+former monastery
+six children
+riches of croesus
+farming the land
+choosing their own ministers
+supervisory church body
+new form
+two catechisms
+revolutionary
+extreme change
+electorate of saxony
+adviser
+john the steadfast
+under the temporal sovereign
+early 1526
+1523 adaptation of the latin mass
+simple people
+sacrifice
+freedom of ceremony
+1527
+visitation of the electorate
+christian education
+christian doctrine
+incapable of teaching
+catechism
+1529
+pastors and teachers
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+the bible
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+larger catechism
+german vernacular
+as persons
+with the father
+1522
+1534
+the translation
+alone
+faith alone
+saxon chancellery
+northern and southern
+everyday germans
+read it without hindrance
+impediments and difficulties
+german -language publications
+bible translation
+evolution of the german language
+lucas cranach
+william tyndale
+authoring hymns
+high art and folk music
+singing of german hymns
+lute
+waldzither
+events in his life
+for lutheran views
+ein neues lied wir heben an
+john c . messenger
+flung to the heedless winds
+1524
+apostles ' creed
+small catechism
+german creedal hymn
+difficulty of its tune
+1538
+small catechism
+specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+luther 's tune
+1523
+psalm 130
+write psalm -hymns
+achtliederbuch
+reformation doctrine
+nun komm , der heiden heiland
+veni redemptor gentium
+main hymn
+two hymns
+german te deum
+baptism
+johann walter
+prayer for grace
+j . s . bach
+halle
+early lutheran hymnals
+four
+18
+24
+eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn
+johann sebastian bach
+chorale cantatas
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+1735
+sleeps
+idea of torments
+sleep in peace
+rejected the existence
+smalcald articles
+franz pieper
+johann gerhard
+gerhard . lessing
+1755
+commentary on genesis
+francis blackburne
+1765
+gottfried fritschel
+dreams
+october 1529
+landgrave of hesse
+doctrinal unity
+fourteen points
+nature of the eucharist
+words spoken by jesus
+body and blood of christ
+sacramental union
+symbolically present
+confrontational
+1530
+marburg colloquy
+schmalkaldic league
+the swiss cities
+george , margrave of brandenburg -ansbach
+antithetical
+reason
+no way contributes
+reason
+different epistemological spheres.
+jesus christ was born a jew
+jewish conversion to christianity
+jews
+anabaptists
+1543
+as a scourge
+to punish christians
+destroy the antichrist
+the papacy
+secular war
+qur 'an
+critical pamphlets on islam
+islam
+tool of the devil
+exposed to scrutiny.
+god 's wrath to christians
+johannes agricola
+city hall
+theses against agricola
+on the councils and the church
+second use of the law
+work sorrow over sin
+everything
+eliminate the accusing law
+essentially holy people
+ought to live
+ten commandments
+third use of the law
+illustration of the ten commandments
+ten commandments
+baptism
+ten commandments
+service to the neighbor
+wanted to marry
+bigamy
+one of his wife 's ladies -in -waiting
+holds luther accountable
+lasting damage
+expelled jews
+jews
+murder of christ
+divinity of jesus
+convert them to christianity.
+von den juden und ihren lügen
+1543
+three years before
+the devil 's people
+sanction for murder
+the jews
+martin luther
+doomed to perdition
+luther 's anti -jewish works
+throughout the 1580s
+luther
+anti -jewish rhetoric
+attacks on jews
+luther
+radically anti -semitic
+17 december 1941
+luther
+diarmaid macculloch
+bishop martin sasse
+greatest antisemite
+opportunistic
+misguided agitation
+modern hatred of the jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+religious and in no respect racial
+violence
+ronald berger
+hysterical and demonizing mentality
+lutheran clergy and theologians
+luther 's hostile publications
+declining state of mind
+his health
+vulgarity and violence
+muslims -rrb - and catholics
+luther 's last battles: politics and polemics 1531–46
+since the 1980s
+least prejudiced
+richard -lrb -dick -rrb - geary
+1928 -1933
+his health deteriorated
+bigamy of the philip of hesse
+kidney and bladder stones
+arthritis , and an ear infection
+angina
+poor physical health
+writings and comments
+harsher
+his wife katharina
+three times
+eisleben
+15 february 1546
+jews
+all german territory
+that they convert
+mansfeld
+negotiations
+late 1545
+early 1546
+his siblings ' families
+17 february 1546
+chest pains
+ps . 31:5
+prayer of the dying
+1 a.m
+apoplectic stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 february 1546
+in the castle church
+johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon
+his last statement
+latin
+`` we are beggars , ''
+monumental
+frail catholic saints
+physically imposing
+religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+18 february
+episcopal -lrb -united states -rrb - calendar of saints.
+31 october
+church of england 's calendar of saints
+luther is honoured
+socal
+10 counties
+economic center
+demographics and economic ties
+historical political divisions
+southern california megaregion
+11
+nevada
+mexican
+tijuana
+pacific
+seven
+12 million
+san diego
+17 .5 million
+colorado river
+colorado desert
+mojave desert
+mexico–united states border
+california
+3 ,792 ,621
+los angeles
+san diego
+south
+los angeles
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+15
+counties
+hollywood
+los angeles
+the walt disney company
+music
+sony
+skateboard
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+shaun white
+oahu
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+open spaces
+37° 9 ' 58 .23"
+11
+ten
+tehachapi mountains
+northern
+mexico
+alta california
+monterey
+the missouri compromise
+free
+inequitable taxes
+cow counties
+three
+75
+milton latham
+los angeles times
+1900
+1999
+imperial
+seven
+regional tourism groups
+california state automobile association
+three -region
+tehachapis
+southern
+third
+vast areas
+suburban
+highways
+international metropolitan
+camp pendleton
+inland empire
+united states census bureau
+orange
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+60 's
+very rare
+70
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+varied
+topographic
+peninsular
+valleys
+10 ,000
+small
+6.7
+property damage
+ $20 billion
+san andreas
+6.7
+puente hills
+usgs
+occurrence
+economically
+global
+economic
+2010
+high growth rates
+10 .0 %
+tech -oriented
+greater sacramento
+metropolitan statistical areas
+two
+five million
+southern border region
+17 ,786 ,419
+los angeles
+1 .3 million
+twelve
+100 ,000
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+petroleum
+hollywood
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+diverse
+heavily impacted
+1920s
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+12
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+three
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+september 2007
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+january 2010
+sky+hd box
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+basic channels
+2007
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+video on demand
+hd channels
+july 2013
+2013
+onedrive
+onedrive for business
+cloud storage
+sam chisholm
+astra
+27 september 2001
+sky digital
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+sky q hub
+sky q silver set top boxes
+share recordings
+2016
+2016
+dvb -compliant mpeg-2
+dolby digital
+mpeg-4
+opentv
+dvb -s2
+1998
+astra 2a
+eutelsat 's eurobird 1
+hundreds
+28 .5°e
+22 may 2006
+40 ,000
+thomson
+17 ,000
+4 ,222 ,000
+8 february 2007
+march
+digital terrestrial
+virgin media
+english premier league football
+free -to -view
+monthly subscription
+videoguard uk
+ku band
+sky
+1991
+itv
+£34m
+bbc
+£304m
+ofcom
+£15–100 ,000
+no
+not
+not
+1 october 1998
+sky digital
+sky active
+ondigital
+100 ,000
+2007
+virgin media
+video on demand
+bbc hd
+channel 4 hd
+10 million
+25m
+august 2004
+36 %
+flattened
+welfare cash card
+essentials
+often damaging
+sky tv bills
+a man 's presence
+£30m
+no
+virgin media
+bskyb
+basic channels
+diversified
+second
+fourth
+melbourne
+melbourne cricket ground
+bendigo
+new south wales
+buckland valley
+over 1 ,000
+cramped and unsanitary
+multi -member proportional
+eight
+five
+four years
+every four years
+australian labor party
+liberal party
+national party
+the greens
+labor
+61 .1 %
+26 .7 %
+buddhism
+168 ,637
+20 %
+south -east
+most densely populated
+second
+melbourne
+second -largest
+koori
+1788
+new south wales
+sullivan bay
+1803
+26 ,000 square kilometres
+50 %
+6 ,000 square kilometres
+90 %
+270 ,000
+1975
+1855 colonial constitution
+parliament of victoria
+`` entrenched '' provisions
+victoria constitution act 1855
+warmest regions
+32 °c
+15 °c
+48 .8 °c
+2009
+state or government
+victoria department of education
+some extra costs
+roman catholic church
+curriculum
+major car brands
+2017
+may 2013
+october 2016
+ford
+2 ,000 m
+mount bogong
+1 ,986 m
+river systems
+helmeted honeyeater
+victorian alps
+great dividing range
+east -west
+below 0 °c
+−11 .7 °c
+government -owned
+metro trains melbourne
+victorian government
+freight services
+passenger
+37
+12
+legislative assembly
+legislative council
+linda dessau
+1 july 1851
+1851
+gold rush
+sevenfold
+20 million ounces
+1 ,548
+489
+540 ,800
+63 ,519
+61
+victoria
+3 million
+60 %
+two -thirds
+asia
+1 ,600 mm
+1 ,435 mm
+760 mm
+mountainous areas
+five
+1788
+new south wales
+new holland
+sydney
+1854
+british troops
+eureka stockade
+mining licence fees
+colony of victoria act
+most seats
+premier
+representatives
+daniel andrews
+elected
+ $8 .7 billion
+17 %
+32 ,463
+136 ,000 square kilometres
+60 %
+tourism
+sports
+melbourne
+regional cities
+surfclassic
+the southern and central parts of france
+about one -eighth the number
+from 1562 to 1598
+the edict of nantes
+granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy
+derision
+geneva
+besançon hugues
+amboise plot
+1560
+availability of the bible in vernacular languages
+around 1294
+guyard de moulin
+1487
+paris
+villes de sûreté
+montpellier
+edict of alès
+1622
+1629
+at the cape of good hope
+cape town
+maria de la queillerie
+dutch east india company
+1700
+1624
+jessé de forest
+l 'église française à la nouvelle -amsterdam
+l 'eglise du saint -esprit
+brooklyn
+the charleston orange district
+the british landgrave edmund bellinger
+pons
+1697
+charleston , south carolina
+william iii of orange
+king of england
+league of augsburg
+dutch republic
+1672
+edict of fontainebleau
+1685
+louis xiv
+500 ,000
+catholic church in france
+st . bartholomew 's day massacre
+5 ,000 to 30 ,000
+their own militia
+some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france
+between 1621 and 1629
+southwestern france
+henry iv
+louis xiii
+huguenot rebellions
+one million
+2 %
+alsace
+cévennes
+australia
+new rochelle
+new paltz
+`` huguenot street historic district '' in new paltz
+the oldest street in the united states of america
+staten island
+the dutch republic
+an estimated total of 75 ,000 to 100 ,000 people
+ca . 2 million
+amsterdam and the area of west frisia
+the revocation of the edict of nantes
+tours
+huguon
+the ghost of le roi huguet
+prétendus réformés
+night
+canterbury
+the weavers
+economic separation
+kent , particularly sandwich , faversham and maidstone
+a restaurant
+cork city
+dublin , cork , youghal and waterford
+dublin
+a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland
+1696
+brain drain
+new france
+non -catholics
+seven years ' war
+1759 -60
+henry of navarre
+1598
+granted the protestants equality with catholics
+the founding of new protestant churches
+protestantism
+education of children as catholics
+prohibited emigration
+four thousand
+`` new converts ''
+holland , prussia , and south africa
+switzerland and the netherlands
+1555
+france antarctique
+1560
+the guanabara confession of faith
+afrikaans
+wine industry
+western cape province
+surnames
+paul revere
+henry laurens
+charleston , south carolina
+manakin episcopal church
+texas
+lace
+ 'bucks point '
+twenty -five widows who settled in dover
+first half of the eighteenth century
+dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt
+one -fifth
+in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon
+1806 -07
+fredericia -lrb -denmark -rrb - , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden
+prussia
+cévennes
+camisards
+the catholic church in the region
+1702 and 1709
+jacksonville
+jean ribault
+fort caroline
+spanish
+1565
+charlesfort
+parris island
+pedro menéndez de avilés
+1562
+the wars of religion
+virginia
+lower norfolk county
+manakin town
+390
+12 may 1705
+1568–1609
+spain
+`` apologie ''
+william the silent
+calvinist
+foreign protestants naturalization act
+1708
+50 ,000
+andrew lortie
+the doctrine of transubstantiation
+williamite war
+william of orange
+dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal
+flax cultivation
+irish linen industry
+prince louis de condé
+count ludwig von nassau -saarbrücken
+glass -making
+1890s
+1604
+electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate
+protestant
+quebec
+dutch cape colony
+they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
+hugues capet
+the `` hugues hypothesis ''
+janet gray
+little hugos , or those who want hugo
+double or triple non -french linguistic origins
+jacques lefevre
+university of paris
+1530
+william farel
+jean cauvin -lrb -john calvin -rrb-
+24 august – 3 october 1572
+catholics
+nearly 3 ,000
+1573
+almost 25 ,000
+louis xiv
+acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert
+he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts
+closed huguenot schools
+dragonnades
+westchester
+`` bauffet 's point ''
+john pell , lord of pelham manor
+la rochelle
+trinity -st . paul 's episcopal church
+affiliated with other protestant denominations
+married outside their immediate french communities
+e .i. du pont
+into the nineteenth century
+eleutherian gunpowder mills
+pierre bayle
+rotterdam
+historical and critical dictionary
+us library of congress
+saint nicolas
+the french protestant church of london
+1550
+soho square
+shoreditch
+1724
+lutheran and reformed
+germany and scandinavia
+edict of potsdam
+elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia
+huguenots furnished two new regiments
+frederick william
+theodor fontane
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+lothar de maizière
+federal minister of the interior
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+steam
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+atmospheric engine
+thomas newcomen
+1712
+steam pump
+papin
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+21 february 1804
+abercynon
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+1850s
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+three
+quadruple expansion engines
+19th
+marine triple expansion
+olympic
+corliss
+joy
+lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
+lead fusible plugs
+melts
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+manually suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+james watt
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+1883
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+first
+hero of alexandria
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+several hundred
+90
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+two
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+four
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+mercury
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+working fluid
+565
+stainless steel
+63 %
+30 °c
+steam engines
+steamboats
+stanley steamer
+factories
+increase in the land available for cultivation
+catch me who can
+matthew murray
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+stockton and darlington
+arthur woolf
+british
+torque variability
+cylinder volume
+90
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+5
+8.8
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+where water is costly
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+3600
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+hold a set speed
+1880
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+1775
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+half
+newcomen 's
+piston
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+adjustable spring -loaded
+seal
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+four
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+during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+liquid
+1 % to 3 %
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+superheaters
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+in the condenser
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+isothermal
+liquid
+8
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+two atoms
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+20 .8 %
+oxygen
+8
+monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend
+by mass , oxygen is the third -most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen
+oxides
+third
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+oxygen
+water
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+published his findings first
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+compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative
+oxygen
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+oxygen
+1⁄3
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+two
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+third
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+world 's oceans
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+late 19th
+compressing and cooling
+raoul pierre pictet
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+genesis spacecraft
+unknown
+earth
+singlet
+organic molecules
+photosynthesis
+photolysis of ozone
+carotenoids
+paleoclimatologists
+climate
+12 %
+oxygen -18
+lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+carbon cycle
+satellite platform
+global
+remote sensing
+paramagnetic
+liquid oxygen
+unpaired electrons
+magnetic field
+powerful magnet
+dangerous by -products
+destroy invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+anaerobic
+2 .5 billion years ago
+90 .20 k
+clear
+liquefied air
+liquid nitrogen
+combustible materials
+water
+lower
+higher oxygen content
+algae
+biochemical oxygen demand
+3 .5 billion years ago
+paleoproterozoic
+banded iron formations
+1 .7 billion years ago
+3–2 .7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical
+three
+photosynthesis
+oxygen
+zeolite molecular sieves
+90 % to 93 %
+nitrogen
+non -cryogenic
+major method
+water
+oxygen and hydrogen
+dc
+oxides and oxoacids
+chemical
+recreational
+mild euphoric
+performance
+placebo
+aerobic
+hyperbaric -lrb -high -pressure -rrb - medicine
+carbon monoxide
+anaerobic bacteria
+decompression sickness
+oxygen therapy
+heart
+oxygen supplementation
+respiration
+gaseous oxygen.
+electronegativity
+oxides
+feo
+oxide
+corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+chemical
+exothermic
+oxygen gas
+storage
+insulated tankers
+liquid
+compressed gas
+hospitals
+organic solvents
+organic compounds
+feeder materials
+epoxides
+important
+biomolecules
+only a few
+carbohydrates
+proteins
+bones
+oxygen toxicity
+pulmonary fibrosis
+160 kpa
+acute oxygen toxicity
+seizures
+low total pressures
+30 kpa
+1 .4 times normal
+no damage
+only marginally more
+at elevated partial pressures
+50 kilopascals
+50 % oxygen
+mechanical ventilators
+30 %–50 %
+october 1973
+nearly $12
+1979
+first oil shock
+members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries
+to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights.
+january 18 , 1974 ,
+march 1974
+on august 15 , 1971
+to `` float '' -lrb -rise and fall according to market demand -rrb-
+industrialized nations increased their reserves
+in september 1971
+oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased
+risen by less than two percent per year
+after 1971
+1973–1974
+until the oil shock
+on october 6 , 1973
+iran
+ten times more
+iran
+renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict
+in response to american aid to israel
+october 16 , 1973 ,
+until their economic and political objectives were met
+ $2 .2 billion
+american aid to israel
+over 100 billion dollars
+al -qaeda and the taliban
+middle east
+shrinking western demand
+wahhabism
+distribution and price disruptions
+ussr
+1973
+kissinger
+the embargo
+automobiles
+macroeconomic problems
+arctic
+five to ten years
+netherlands
+america
+uk
+israel
+ted heath
+uk
+a series of strikes
+winter of 1973–74
+germany
+sweden
+price controls
+encourage investment
+price controls
+rationing
+william e . simon
+in 1973
+coordinate the response to the embargo
+last week of february 1974 ,
+55 mph
+emergency highway energy conservation act
+bill clinton
+november 28 , 1995
+1977
+energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+congresses and presidents
+u.s
+british prime minister edward heath
+10 years
+arabs and much of the rest of the third world
+japan
+71 %
+5 % production cut
+november 22
+december 25
+ussr 's invasion
+saudi arabia and iran
+saudi arabia
+january 1979
+november 1979
+large cars
+japanese imports
+v8 and six cylinder engines
+japan
+a decade after the 1973
+toyota corona mark ii
+power steering
+lexus
+toyota hilux
+dodge d -50
+ford , chrysler , and gm
+captive import policy
+an increase in imported cars
+at least four passengers
+1985
+lincoln continental ,
+chevrolet bel air
+1979
+1981
+mustang i
+1981
+1980s
+recover market share
+nearly $40 per barrel
+project mercury
+national aeronautics and space administration -lrb -nasa -rrb-
+1968
+dwight d . eisenhower
+two
+1961 to 1972
+gemini program
+soviet union
+skylab
+1967
+prelaunch test
+budget cuts
+five
+oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon
+apollo 8
+apollo 17
+382 kg
+avionics , telecommunications , and computers
+one
+three
+abe silverstein
+manned lunar landings
+early 1960
+1960
+maxime faget
+three
+hugh l . dryden
+john f . kennedy
+soviet union
+massive financial commitment
+james e . webb
+missile gap
+yuri gagarin
+soviet union
+one day
+refusing to make a commitment
+april 20
+lyndon b . johnson
+approximately one week
+neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
+robert r . gilruth
+nasa 's langley research center
+houston , texas
+rice university
+florida
+merritt island
+kurt h . debus
+director
+kennedy
+three
+apollo spacecraft
+250 ,000 feet
+130 million cubic foot
+dr . george e . mueller
+july 23 , 1963
+d . brainerd holmes
+mueller
+air force missile projects
+united states air force
+general samuel c . phillips
+january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969
+apollo program director
+a rendezvous —let alone a docking
+1961
+robert seamans
+nicholas e . golovin
+july 1961
+manned spacecraft center
+joseph shea
+marshall space flight center
+jerome wiesner
+golovin
+nasa
+july 11 , 1962
+wiesner
+`` no , that 's no good ''
+lunar excursion module
+grumman
+spacecraft to be used as a `` lifeboat ''
+apollo 13
+propulsion , electrical power and life support
+1964
+cone -shaped
+command/service module
+two
+three
+ocean
+ablative heat shield
+parachutes
+5 ,560 kg
+service module -lrb -sm -rrb-
+high -gain s -band antenna
+discarded
+51 ,300 pounds
+orbital scientific instrument package
+north american aviation
+twice the thrust
+1964
+saturn v
+two
+not
+15 ,100 kg
+3 days
+wernher von braun
+army
+june 11 , 1962
+dummy upper stages filled with water
+1964 and 1965
+pegasus satellites
+frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
+saturn ib
+200 ,000 lbf
+third stage
+40 ,000 pounds
+three -stage saturn v
+33 feet
+three
+burned liquid hydrogen
+mercury and gemini
+all missions
+dr . harrison schmitt
+apollo 17
+last mission
+32
+distinguished service medal
+1969
+discipline problems
+apollo 8
+1966
+265 .7 nautical miles
+25 ,700 km
+heat shield
+unmanned
+new apollo spacesuit
+traditional visor helmet
+a water -cooled undergarment
+lunar module pilot
+deke slayton
+mercury
+1966
+donn f . eisele
+as -205
+canceled
+august 1967
+as -205/208
+apollo 1 backup crew
+samuel phillips
+`` tiger team ''
+1967
+george mueller
+altitude chamber
+grissom , white , and chaffee
+launch countdown
+north american
+strange odor in their spacesuits
+january 27 , 1967
+electrical fire
+asphyxiated
+100 % oxygen
+both houses of congress
+deficiencies
+george low
+immediately
+nitrogen/oxygen mixture
+flammable cabin and space suit materials
+quick -release , outward opening door
+discontinued
+fire -resistant block ii
+sequence
+successful
+letters
+as -501
+heat shield
+april 4 , 1968
+third unmanned test
+apollo 5
+pad 37
+grumman
+success
+`` fire -in -the -hole ''
+two saturn ibs
+zond 5
+christmas eve
+orbit the moon
+human cosmonauts
+gemini
+july 1969
+black -and -white television
+neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin
+july 24
+apollo 12
+surveyor 3
+returned to earth
+the sun
+lunar roving vehicle -lrb -lrv -rrb-
+block ii spacesuit
+eight
+over three days
+mass
+liquid oxygen tank exploded
+rookies
+grounded
+oxygen tank
+april 1970
+apollo 20
+began to shrink
+museum exhibits
+1971
+extremely old
+4 .6 billion years
+kreep
+genesis rock
+micrometeoroid impact craters
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater.
+ $170 billion
+15
+ $20 .4 billion
+apollo x
+apollo applications program
+venus
+1973
+on the ground
+february 8 , 1974
+apollo telescope mount
+lunar reconnaissance orbiter
+apollo 11
+unknown
+apollo 8
+book of genesis
+one -quarter
+inspiring end
+special apollo tv camera
+incompatible
+magnetic tape shortage
+newer satellite data
+stan lebar
+nafzger
+without destroying historical legitimacy
+kinescope recordings
+lowry digital
+black and white
+primary law , secondary law and supplementary law.
+a body of treaties and legislation
+treaties establishing the european union
+regulations and directives
+european parliament and the council of the european union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law , secondary law and supplementary law
+european parliament and the council of the european union
+primary law , secondary law and supplementary law
+the treaties establishing the european union
+the european parliament and the council of the european union
+three
+courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union
+courts of member states
+treaty on the functioning of the european union
+the european court of justice
+international law
+courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union
+the treaty on the functioning of the european union
+the european court of justice
+international law
+the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union
+the courts of member states
+the european court of justice
+case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law
+treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb - and the treaty on the functioning of the european union -lrb -tfeu -rrb-
+the european commission
+citizens
+the european court of justice
+the `` european council ''
+treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb-
+the faroe islands
+can interpret the treaties , but it cannot rule on their validity
+if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional.
+as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise
+treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb - and the treaty on the functioning of the european union -lrb -tfeu -rrb-
+gibraltar and the åland islands
+treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise
+the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties
+with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy
+treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992
+1985
+in 1972 -lrb -though norway did not end up joining -rrb-
+greenland
+common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy
+1992
+1986
+1972
+1985
+following the nice treaty
+referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands
+very similar
+an amending treaty
+altered the existing treaties
+there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent
+this would have also produced a single constitutional document
+the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands
+the lisbon treaty
+the european commission
+the commission
+the commission 's president
+one commissioner for each of the 28 member states
+federica mogherini
+article 17 -lrb -3-rrb-
+the commission 's president
+simple majority vote
+ireland
+commissioners
+the santer commission
+did in fact not break any law
+committee of independent experts
+european council
+do not have voting rights
+1999
+commission v edith cresson
+a committee of independent experts
+the european anti -fraud office
+2012
+the european parliament and the council of the european union
+cannot initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes
+every five years
+two -thirds majority
+the commission and council
+the commission
+the european parliament and the council of the european union
+1979
+every five years
+the conservative european people 's party
+different ministers of the member states
+donald tusk
+inversely
+352
+260
+the council
+each six months
+352
+at least 55 per cent of the council members -lrb -not votes -rrb - representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu
+a majority
+qualified majority
+harder
+teu articles 4 and 5
+court of justice
+tfeu article 294
+legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission
+teu articles 4 and 5
+conciliation committee
+judicial branch
+court of justice of the european union -lrb -cjeu -rrb-
+28
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed
+by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration
+the court of justice of the european union
+civil service tribunal
+three years
+to `` ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed ''
+eu law
+nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958
+1964 and 1968
+the european court of justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+the court of justice
+eu law
+foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+1972
+the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people.
+if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
+administrative law
+1986
+all actions
+constitutional law
+van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen
+article 30
+a postal company
+treaty provisions
+directives
+4 weeks
+28 days
+early 1990s
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action
+a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company
+10 years
+british gas plc
+women retire at age 60 and men at 65
+national courts
+incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million lira
+the european court of justice
+fundamental rights -lrb -see human rights -rrb - , proportionality , legal certainty , equality before the law and subsidiarity
+since the 1950s
+in article 5
+the least onerous
+since the 1960s
+international law and public law
+a proper legal basis
+the principles of legal certainty and good faith
+from the constitutional traditions common to the member states
+fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+none
+member states
+1950
+european court of human rights.
+1999
+2007
+the charter of fundamental rights of the european union
+european union law
+european court of justice
+1997 treaty of amsterdam
+1997
+1989
+30
+40
+11 of the then 12 member states
+the uk
+the `` social chapter ''
+1992
+the election of the uk labour party to government
+1997
+works council directive
+1996
+workforce consultation in businesses
+france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany
+1951
+cartels
+article 66
+1957
+article 101 -lrb -1-rrb-
+the abuse of dominant position
+articles 106 and 107
+article 102
+2007
+1957
+consumer prices
+free trade
+the court of justice
+a customs union , and the principle of non -discrimination
+parallel importers like mr dassonville
+private actors
+commission v france
+a protest that blocked heavy traffic
+25
+france
+2003
+cocoa butter
+motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers
+keck and mithouard
+cut throat competition
+konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini
+the unfair commercial practices directive
+to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+the european community
+citizenship
+steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie
+to stay , so long as there was at least an `` indirect quid pro quo '' for the work he did
+articles 1 to 7
+jean -marc bosman
+gaelic
+hendrix v employee
+between 3 and 14 hours a week
+citizenship of the eu
+the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+commission v austria
+higher education
+the treaty on the functioning of the european union
+if they were non -discriminatory
+reyners v belgium
+article 49
+commission v italy
+2006
+shipping toxic waste
+october 2007
+2005
+to people who give services `` for remuneration ''
+because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice
+narcotic drugs
+the treatment
+the daily mail
+£1
+200 ,000 danish krone
+creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes
+überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh
+also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle ,
+5 ,500 ,000 square kilometres -lrb -2 ,100 ,000 sq mi -rrb - are covered by the rainforest.
+this region includes territory belonging to nine nations.
+states or departments in four nations contain `` amazonas '' in their names.
+the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests
+amazoneregenwoud
+the amazon rainforest
+brazil
+over half
+16 ,000
+moist broadleaf forest
+7 ,000 ,000 square kilometres -lrb -2 ,70
+nine nations
+brazil
+16 ,000 species
+the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
+climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
+during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
+it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
+however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
+45
+climate fluctuations
+oligocene
+it expanded
+cretaceous–paleogene extinction event
+66–34 mya
+middle miocene
+last glacial maximum
+34 million years
+during the mid -eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch.
+water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic ,
+solimões basin
+within the last 5–10 million years
+joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic.
+during the mid -eocene
+the atlantic
+the pacific
+amazonas basin
+the solimões basin
+the mid -eocene
+purus arch
+the atlantic
+the pacific
+solimões basin
+last glacial maximum
+rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present
+the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+this debate has proved difficult
+explanations are reasonably well supported
+21 ,000
+the last glacial maximum -lrb -lgm -rrb - and subsequent deglaciation
+sediment deposits
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+21 ,000
+sediment deposits
+moist tropical vegetation cover
+open forest and grassland
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin
+calipso
+182 million tons
+1 ,600 miles
+amazon basin
+132 million tons
+nasa 's calipso satellite
+182 million tons
+27 .7 million tons
+132 million tons
+43 million tons
+calipso
+nasa
+182 million tons
+1 ,600 miles
+27 .7 million tons
+man and culture in a counterfeit paradise
+0 .52/sq mi
+agriculture
+anthropological
+5 million
+the poor soil
+betty meggers
+0.2
+amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise
+betty meggers
+amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise
+0 .2 inhabitants per square kilometre
+5 million people
+200 ,000.
+francisco de orellana
+1540s
+diseases from europe
+1970s
+ad 0–1250
+francisco de orellana
+1542
+ad 0–1250
+ondemar dias
+11 ,000 years
+black earth
+large areas
+agriculture and silviculture
+xingu tribe
+michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida
+terra preta -lrb -black earth -rrb-
+agriculture and silviculture
+xingu tribe
+michael heckenberger and colleagues
+roads , bridges and large plazas
+2 .5 million
+one in five
+40 ,000
+one in five
+96 ,660 and 128 ,843
+2 .5 million
+2 ,000
+40 ,000
+378
+one in five
+62 acres
+1 ,100
+90 ,790
+356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
+438 ,000
+highest on earth
+1 ,100
+90 ,790 tonnes
+356 ± 47 tonnes
+438 ,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+piranha
+lipophilic alkaloid toxins
+vampire bats
+deforestation
+the early 1960s
+slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye
+415 ,000
+587 ,000
+pasture for cattle
+second -largest global producer
+91 %
+soy farmers
+increased settlement and deforestation
+8 ,646 sq mi
+deforestation has declined
+18 % higher
+loss of biodiversity
+destruction of the forest
+carbon contained within the vegetation
+10 % of the carbon stores
+1 .1 × 1011 metric tonnes
+reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+greenhouse gas emissions
+2100
+though the 21st century
+climate change in addition to deforestation
+indigenous territories
+community -based conservation
+deforestation and ecocide
+urarina
+lowland south american
+remote sensing
+trio tribe
+southern suriname
+to help strengthen their territorial claims
+to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
+tree growth
+carbon related emissions
+tatiana kuplich
+2006
+synthetic aperture radar -lrb -sar -rrb-
+2005
+brazilian national institute of amazonian research
+deforestation
+savanna or desert
+woods hole research center
+2010
+1 ,160 ,000
+three epicenters
+2005
+1 .5 gigatons
+comb jellies
+marine waters worldwide.
+a few millimeters to 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb - in size.
+phylum of animals that live in marine waters
+‘combs’ – groups of cilia
+water flow through the body cavity
+1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb-
+‘combs’ – groups of cilia
+comb jellies
+1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb-
+water flow through the body cavity
+κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry '
+marine waters
+ten times their own weight
+100–150
+possibly another 25
+100–150 species
+tentilla
+ten times their own weight
+tentacles
+groups of large , stiffened cilia
+ten times their own weight
+tentilla
+groups of large , stiffened cilia
+colloblasts
+100–150 species
+most species are hermaphrodites
+miniature cydippids
+in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size
+can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+sequential
+platyctenids
+hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+the black sea
+mnemiopsis
+over -fishing and long -term environmental changes
+other ctenophores
+mnemiopsis
+fish larvae and organisms
+in bays
+in bays
+planktonic plants
+mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+introduction of beroe
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+515 million years
+tentacles
+515 million years
+cretaceous–paleogene extinction
+monophyletic
+tentacles
+cnidarians
+by having colloblasts
+bilaterians
+ctenophores
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+bilaterians
+mesoglea
+diploblastic
+sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores
+sponges
+cilia
+method of locomotion
+ctenes
+comb -bearing
+pleurobrachia
+oceanic species
+to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis
+epithelium
+bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx -lrb -`` throat '' -rrb -; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.
+the mouth and pharynx;
+swimming -plates
+also called `` ctenes '' or "comb plates
+supporting function
+in the direction in which the mouth is pointing ,
+2 millimeters -lrb -0 .079 in -rrb-
+osmotic pressure
+the mesoglea
+increase its bulk and decrease its density
+pump water out of the mesoglea
+aboral organ
+at the opposite end from the mouth
+a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia
+a statocyst
+a balance sensor
+sea gooseberry
+a pair of long , slender tentacles
+more or less rounded
+a sheath
+at the narrow end
+tentilla
+specialized mushroom -shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
+they contain striated muscle ,
+three types of movement
+capturing prey
+eight rows
+from near the mouth to the opposite end
+evenly round the body
+ciliary groove
+lobes
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents
+four
+help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+by clapping their lobes
+jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
+nerves
+water disturbances created by the cilia
+nuda
+the beroida
+zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding ,
+`` zip '' the mouth shut
+large pharynx
+the cestida
+cestum veneris
+belt animals
+by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb -rows.
+velamen parallelum
+a pair of tentilla -bearing tentacles
+cling to and creep on surfaces
+comb -rows
+on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
+mnemiopsis
+in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
+external
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+among the plankton
+after dropping to the sea -floor
+more like true larvae
+beroe
+they produce secretions -lrb -ink -rrb - that luminesce
+are disturbed ,
+ink
+juveniles will luminesce more brightly
+almost all ctenophores are predators
+jellyfish
+incorporate their prey 's nematocysts -lrb -stinging cells -rrb - into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
+smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.
+lampea
+their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+chum salmon
+ctenophores
+the red sea
+ctenophores ,
+ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi
+via the ballast tanks of ships
+by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis -eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata ,
+in the late 1980s
+significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism
+because of their soft , gelatinous bodies
+comb jelly.
+cambrian period.
+three additional putative species
+lacked tentacles
+515 million years
+cambrian sessile frond -like fossil stromatoveris
+stromatoveris
+vendobionta
+ediacaran period
+all other animals
+porifera
+beroids
+monophyletic
+65 .5 million years ago
+richard harbison
+fresno
+220 miles -lrb -350 km -rrb-
+ash tree
+ash leaf
+ -lrb -/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez -noh -rrb-
+1872
+the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
+1885
+47 streetcars
+store
+2 .7 %
+chinatown
+pinedale
+an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps
+an assembly center
+bankamericard
+bankamericard
+to revolve a balance
+1976
+visa inc.
+bill aken
+bob gallion
+madera
+the fresno barn
+lupe mayorga
+three
+roeding park
+kearney park
+shinzen japanese gardens
+kearney park
+between the 1880s and world war ii
+fresno county courthouse -lrb -demolished -rrb - , the fresno carnegie public library
+san joaquin light & power building
+hughes hotel
+1964
+fulton mall
+pierre -auguste renoir
+near their current locations
+wide sidewalks
+fresno 's far southeast side
+kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+sunnyside
+william p . bell
+tower theatre
+1939
+water tower
+fresno normal school
+one -half mile
+late 1970s
+second and third run movies , along with classic films
+1978
+fresno
+evita and the wiz
+live theater
+all within a few hundred feet of each other
+tower district
+tower district
+tower district
+early twentieth century homes
+storybook houses
+contrasts
+in recent decades
+huntington boulevard
+william stranahan
+1914
+267
+fresno traction company
+`` southwest fresno ''
+southwest
+african -american
+hmong or laotian
+`` west side ''
+m . theo kearney
+tall palm trees
+fresno street and thorne ave
+brookhaven
+the isolated subdivision
+between the 1960s and 1990s
+fresno and b streets
+cargill meat solutions and foster farms
+the west side
+very little
+ralph woodward
+300 acres
+2 ,500
+22 miles
+april through october
+1946
+william smilie
+sierra sky park
+automobiles
+there are now numerous such communities across the united states
+hot and dry
+july
+around 11 .5 inches
+northwest
+december , january and february
+115 °f
+january 6 , 1913
+1885
+2 .2 inches
+3 .55 inches
+494 ,665
+49 .6 %
+8 ,525
+30 .0 %
+4 ,404 .5 people
+68 ,511
+19 .3 %
+1 ,388
+3 .62
+3 .07
+427 ,652
+149 ,025
+8 .4 %
+a third
+4 ,097 .9 people per square mile
+to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations
+kmj -tv
+june 1 , 1953
+nbc affiliate ksee
+kgpe
+state route 99
+the sierra freeway
+state route 41
+west
+fresno
+1950s
+99
+rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99
+amtrak san joaquins
+downtown fresno
+burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad
+san joaquin valley railroad
+fresno
+paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching
+provide a fault -tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
+this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre -allocation of network bandwidth
+davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe
+the concept distributed adaptive message block switching
+to provide a fault -tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
+davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe
+circuit switching
+circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted
+circuit switching
+a method which pre -allocates dedicated network bandwidth
+by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+asynchronously using first -in , first -out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
+the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first -in , first -out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
+the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
+the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching
+survivable communications networks
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks
+delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
+a general architecture for a large -scale , distributed , survivable communications network
+by store and forward switching
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets
+independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran
+packet switching
+proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk
+use in the arpanet
+donald davies
+packet switching
+suggested it for use in the arpanet
+each packet includes complete addressing information
+individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out -of -order delivery
+each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
+the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number
+the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number
+routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
+a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking
+a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
+connection -oriented operations . but x .25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer
+supplanted by the internet protocol -lrb -ip -rrb - at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode -lrb -atm -rrb - and or versions of multi -protocol label switching
+frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x .25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted
+a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls
+1969
+two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host
+user datagram protocol
+a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc . in 1985
+that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
+automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter -network routing
+a plug -n-play system
+cyclades packet switching network
+to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself
+using unreliable datagrams and associated end -to -end protocol mechanisms
+later arpanet architecture
+a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation
+connect two pdp -11 minicomputers
+initially built with three layers , it later -lrb -1982 -rrb - evolved into a seven -layer osi -compliant networking protocol
+were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux
+a data network based on this voice -phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers
+the world 's first commercial online service
+they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high -level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around
+that a time -sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable
+as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development
+an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state
+ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network
+the first fcc -licensed public data network in the united states
+larry roberts
+making arpanet technology public
+host interface to x .25 and the terminal interface to x .29
+telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte
+an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca
+connect host computers -lrb -servers -rrb -at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies
+connected via dial -up connections or dedicated async connections
+government agencies and large companies -lrb -mostly banks and airlines -rrb - to build their own dedicated networks
+private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
+there were two kinds of x .25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac
+datapac was developed by bell northern research
+a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address
+austpac was an australian public x .25 network operated by telstra
+supporting applications such as on -line betting , financial applications
+access can be via a dial -up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x .25 node to the network
+was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom
+datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines
+public pad service telepad -lrb -using the dnic 2049
+use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion
+the computer science network
+to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet
+role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet
+a not -for -profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government
+the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest
+abilene
+a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network
+internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network
+the national science foundation network
+advanced research and education networking in the united states
+it developed into a major part of the internet backbone
+the very high -speed backbone network service
+provide high -speed interconnection between nsf -sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states
+the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf
+by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3
+vbns installed one of the first ever production oc -48c -lrb -2 .5 gbit/s -rrb - ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc -48c
+the arid plains of central asia
+merchant ships.
+30–60 % of europe 's total population
+the 17th century
+until the 19th century
+commonly present
+dating to 1338–39
+china
+1331
+an estimated 25 million
+genoese traders
+jani beg
+infected corpses
+sicily
+war , famine , and weather
+northwest across europe
+northwestern russia
+parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+germany and scandinavia
+1349
+serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
+autumn 1347
+y through the port 's trade with constantinople , and ports on the black sea
+the city 's residents fled to the north
+gasquet
+atra mors
+j .i. pontanus
+1823
+scandinavia
+the heavens
+the king of france
+that the plague was caused by bad air
+miasma theory
+yersinia pestis
+hong kong in 1894
+french -swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin
+the mechanism by which y . pestis was usually transmitted
+two populations of rodents
+francis aidan gasquet
+some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague
+1908
+rats and fleas
+the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce.
+30–75 %
+100–106 °f
+80 percent
+90 to 95 percent
+purple skin patches
+in october 2010
+a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death
+with polymerase chain reaction -lrb -pcr -rrb-
+from the tooth sockets in human skeletons
+unambiguously demonstrates that y . pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague
+genetic branches
+y . p . orientalis and y . p . medievalis
+the plague may have entered europe in two waves
+through the port of marseille around november 1347
+spring of 1349
+confirmed and amended
+east smithfield
+may no longer exist
+october 2011
+british bacteriologist j . f . d . shrewsbury
+rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th -century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
+contemporary accounts were exaggerations
+the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+samuel k . cohn , jr.
+epidemiological account of the plague
+the lack of reliable statistics from this period
+by over 100 %
+the clergy
+between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377
+the rat population was insufficient
+of marginal significance
+temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas
+the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
+5 to 15 years
+a form of anthrax
+a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections
+ -lrb -a type of `` blood poisoning ''
+25
+about a third.
+half of paris 's population of 100 ,000 people
+at least some pre -planning and christian burials
+as much as 50 %
+most isolated areas
+throughout the 14th to 17th centuries
+the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
+almost a million people
+propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
+by the end of 1350
+10–15 % of the population
+1665
+40 ,000
+russia
+the italian plague of 1629–1631
+the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654.
+22 times between 1361 and 1528
+some 1 .7 million victims
+about half of naples ' 300 ,000 inhabitants
+reduced the population of seville by half
+sweden v . russia and allies
+1720 in marseille.
+between 1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand inhabitants
+until the second quarter of the 19th century.
+two -thirds of its population
+melt -lrb -magma and/or lava -rrb-
+metamorphic rock
+new magma
+igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the convecting mantle
+the 1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+transform boundaries
+alfred wegener
+the convecting mantle
+seismic waves
+crust
+the mantle
+wave speeds
+the outer core and inner core
+second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale
+quaternary
+the holocene
+the quaternary period
+the principle of cross -cutting relationships
+younger than the fault
+the key bed
+older than the fault
+xenoliths
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+the principle of inclusions and components
+gravel
+the principle of faunal succession
+william smith
+complex
+organisms
+charles darwin
+at the beginning of the 20th century
+stratigraphic correlation
+absolute ages
+to one another
+fossil sequences
+thermochemical techniques
+particular closure temperature
+isotope ratios of radioactive elements
+dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
+horizontal compression
+in the shallow crust
+antiforms
+synforms
+anticlines and synclines
+extension
+boudins
+within the maria fold and thrust belt
+metamorphosed
+normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
+dikes
+in areas that are being actively deformed
+topographic gradients
+continual motion along the fault
+deformational events
+layered basaltic lava flows
+acasta gneiss
+sedimentary rocks
+cambrian time
+slave craton in northwestern canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+modern soils
+identifying rocks
+birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties
+geochemical evolution of rock units
+the laboratory
+petrographic microscope
+pressure physical experiments
+physical experiments
+metamorphic processes
+structural geologists
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections
+plot and combine
+analog and numerical experiments
+orogenic wedges
+those involving orogenic wedges
+sand
+all angles remain the same
+numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical surveys
+well logs
+computer programs
+water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction
+provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+magnetic stratigraphers
+geochronologists
+persia
+abu al -rayhan al -biruni
+shen kuo
+ibn sina
+his observation of fossil animal shells
+james hutton
+theory of the earth
+1795
+earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
+william maclure
+1809
+1807
+observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map
+the american philosophical society
+principles of geology
+uniformitarianism
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+charles darwin
+103 miles
+8 .5 mi
+eurocities
+northumberland
+geordie
+robert curthose
+wool
+coal
+16th century
+the great north run
+pons aelius
+tyne
+2 ,000
+hadrian 's
+pictish
+england 's
+elizabeth
+25 -foot
+william the lion
+three times
+coal
+the hostmen
+a pointless pursuit
+an eccentric
+ruin him
+their families
+boats
+7 ,000
+47 %
+devastating loss
+the king
+the scots
+drummes
+triumphing by a brave defence
+charles i
+urbanization
+the maling company
+electric lighting
+prosperity
+the steam turbine
+medieval
+narrow alleys
+stairs
+modern
+a restaurant
+tyneside classical
+england 's best -looking city
+grey street
+in the 1960s
+shopping centre
+town moor
+graze
+the hoppings funfair
+june
+freemen
+large -scale regeneration
+gateshead council
+norman foster
+tourist promotion
+ten
+the grainger town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four stories
+244
+the butcher market
+1835
+2000
+a painting
+english heritage
+oceanic
+warming
+rain
+january 1982
+the british isles
+2010
+eldon square shopping centre ,
+bainbridge 's
+by department
+2007
+shopping
+suburban
+tesco
+the metrocentre
+gateshead
+the tyneside flat
+terraces
+the ouseburn valley
+architects
+high density
+7 .8 %
+5 .9 %
+overinflated
+authorities
+tunbridge wells.
+2001
+metropolitan
+student
+universities
+student populations
+37.8
+ancestors
+border reiver
+500
+1 %
+geordie
+anglo -saxon populations
+many elements
+strong
+stream
+scandinavia
+northern united kingdom
+scots
+many words
+dutch
+a report
+noisiest
+80.4
+negative
+a motorway underpass
+collingwood street
+indoor complex
+12
+ 'the pink triangle '
+bars , cafés and clubs
+theatre
+stephen kemble
+many celebrated seasons
+1788
+grey street
+theatres
+the theatre royal
+royal shakespeare
+local talent
+arts capital of the uk
+the literary and philosophical society of newcastle
+8000
+green
+lecture theatre
+joseph swan
+the newcastle beer festival
+may
+biennial
+eat!
+2
+the hoppings
+every june
+temperance
+a cycling festival
+the northern pride festival
+newcastle mela
+sage gateshead music and arts centre
+design event festival
+east asian
+newcastlegateshead
+folk -rock
+1971
+venom
+skyclad
+duran duran
+november 2006 and may 2008
+old town hall
+three
+classic
+roof
+centre for life
+life on tyneside
+shipbuilding
+2009
+seven stories
+on the night of the fire
+get carter
+gangster
+mike figgis
+sting
+gosforth park
+the newcastle eagles
+newcastle diamonds
+brough park
+blaydon race
+6 miles
+metro light rail system
+20 minutes
+over five million
+over 90
+victorian architecture
+six
+victoria
+robert stephenson.
+manors
+half -hourly
+about three
+edinburgh
+crosscountry
+northern rail
+tyne and wear metro
+five
+deep -level
+a bridge
+over 37 million
+metro: all change . '
+smart ticketing
+tracks , signalling and overhead wires
+an entirely new fleet of trains
+trams
+the a1
+the a696
+the old `` great north road ''
+the roads
+the capacity of the tyne tunnel
+3
+two
+stagecoach
+the tyne and wear passenger transport executive.
+go -ahead
+1998
+highlighting the usage of cycling
+healthy
+one way
+national networks
+danish dfds seaways
+end of october 2006
+high fuel prices and new competition from low -cost air services
+late 2008
+thomson
+eleven
+seven
+the royal grammar school
+newcastle college
+catholic
+two
+newcastle university
+sunday times university of the year award
+polytechnics became new universities
+northumbria university
+three
+1474
+coptic
+thomas
+parish churches
+the parish church of st andrew
+1726
+the main porch
+ancient churchyards
+the church tower
+city road
+a new facility
+the entrance to studio 5
+result of its colouring
+bbc radio newcastle
+ne1fm
+newcastle student radio
+since 1951
+radio lollipop
+newcastle university 's student 's union building
+1770
+archbishop of westminster
+george stephenson
+the incandescent light bulb
+thailand
+rutherford grammar school
+international footballers
+nobel prize
+keyed northumbrian smallpipes
+newcastle
+the v&a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea
+a permanent collection of over 4 .5 million objects.
+it was founded in 1852
+named after queen victoria and prince albert
+royal borough of kensington and chelsea
+1852
+queen victoria and prince albert
+department for culture , media and sport
+2001
+12.5
+145
+5 ,000
+europe , north america , asia and north africa
+post -classical sculpture
+great exhibition of 1851
+henry cole
+museum of manufactures
+somerset house
+gottfried semper
+queen victoria
+22 june 1857
+george wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+between september and november 1946
+nearly a million and a half
+festival of britain -lrb -1951 -rrb-
+festival of britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+gryphon
+roy strong
+mediaeval music
+dundee
+£76 million
+on the city 's waterfront
+fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography
+within five years
+brompton park house
+sheepshanks gallery
+captain francis fowke
+secretariat wing
+offices and board room
+oriental courts
+italian renaissance
+james gamble & reuben townroe
+isaac newton
+titian
+philip webb and william morris
+edward burne -jones
+james gamble
+alfred stevens
+sir edward poynter
+henry young darracott scott
+school for naval architects
+cadeby stone
+prints and architectural drawings
+2008
+sgraffito
+starkie gardner
+southeast of the garden
+art library
+reuben townroe
+aston webb
+red brick and portland stone
+720 feet
+a statue of fame
+top row of windows
+alfred drury
+four
+alfred drury
+marble
+queen victoria
+art library
+henry cole wing
+a new entrance building
+christopher hay and douglas coyne
+the spiral
+main silverware gallery
+mosaic floors
+futureplan
+south kensington
+mcinnes usher mcknight architects
+kim wilkie
+john madejski garden
+elliptical
+receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes
+american sweetgum
+2004
+royal institute of british architects
+over 600 ,000
+riba drawings and archives collection
+over 700 ,000
+andrea palladio
+zaha hadid
+over 330
+sir christopher wren
+sir edwin lutyens
+bishopsgate
+great fire of london
+c1600
+montal
+alhambra
+over 19 ,000
+2006
+ardabil carpet
+spain
+1909
+nearly 60 ,000
+about 10 ,000
+6000
+1991
+jawaharlal nehru
+more than 70 ,000
+china , japan and korea
+the t . t . tsui gallery
+1991
+ming and qing
+toshiba
+1986
+13th
+from 1550 to 1900
+bronze
+from the 14th to the 19th century
+sri lanka
+hindu and buddhist sculptures
+mother -of -pearl
+ivory
+leonardo da vinci
+forster i , forster ii , and forster iii
+over 14 ,000
+1869
+1876
+charles dickens
+beatrix potter
+from the 12th to 16th
+the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc
+lucas horenbout
+word and image department
+modes
+encoded archival description
+newly accessioned into the collection
+search the collections
+2007
+factory project
+andy warhol
+15 ,000
+to catalog everything
+british patrons
+asia
+gian lorenzo bernini
+horace walpole
+porcelain , cloth and wallpaper
+increase in tea drinking
+increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure
+john ruskin
+the growth of mass production
+arts and crafts
+trajan 's column
+cut in half
+david
+sculptures , friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+1731
+frederick ii the great
+1762
+1909
+chinese and japanese ceramics
+josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach
+britain and holland
+ceramic stoves
+from the 16th and 17th centuries
+germany and switzerland
+4000
+over 6000
+ancient egypt
+rené lalique
+louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé
+1994
+danny lane
+2004
+dale chihuly
+13th
+over 10 ,000
+2 ,000
+dürer
+rembrandt
+jean auguste dominique ingres
+over 14 ,000
+word and image department
+because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+harrods
+2002
+vivienne westwood
+178
+costiff
+modern
+italian and french renaissance
+between 1859 and 1865
+french 18th -century art and furnishings
+1882
+£250 ,000
+1580
+hans vredeman de vries
+c1750
+germany
+charles and ray eames
+over 6000
+ancient egypt
+1869
+154
+william and judith bollinger
+secular and sacred
+1496–97
+8
+sir george gilbert scott
+over 10 ,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+st thomas becket
+c1180
+gilt copper
+over 5 ,100
+bryan davies
+horniman museum
+35
+2010
+1130
+650
+6800
+queen elizabeth ii
+andrés marzal de sax
+1857
+233
+forming a 'a national gallery of british art '
+the hay wain
+british
+continental art 1600–1800
+madame de pompadour
+carlo crivelli 's virgin and child
+françois , duc d 'alençon
+eadweard muybridge
+1887
+781
+animals and humans performimg various actions
+james lafayette
+post -classical european
+22 ,000
+from about 400 ad to 1914
+all
+national galleries of scotland
+neptune and triton
+chancel chapel
+giuliano da sangallo
+1493–1500
+more than 20
+the sculptor
+1914
+world war i
+st john the baptist
+george frampton
+thomas brock
+sir francis chantrey
+europeans who were based in britain
+dorothy and michael hintze
+1950
+by theme
+henry moore and jacob epstein
+tate britain
+more than 53 ,000
+all populated continents
+from the 1st century ad to the present
+western europe
+by technique
+cloth of st gereon
+15th
+the netherlands
+hunting of various animals
+john vanderbank 's workshop
+late 14th -century
+william morris
+1887
+marion dorn
+serge chermayeff
+theatre museum
+2009
+material about live performance
+shakespeare
+research , exhibitions and other shows
+conservation
+temperature and light
+interventive
+v&a museum of childhood
+preventive
+the walt disney company
+1957
+manhattan
+columbus avenue and west 66th street
+disney media networks
+october 12 , 1943
+radio network
+1948
+espn
+capital cities communications
+232
+citadel broadcasting
+eight
+canadian radio -television and telecommunications commission
+citadel broadcasting
+radio corporation of america
+nbc blue and nbc red
+major cities
+drama series
+nbc blue
+mutual
+1938
+1940
+nbc red network
+nbc blue
+mark woods
+nbc blue network
+dillon , read & co.
+david sarnoff
+ $7 .5 million
+life savers candy
+october 12 , 1943
+george b . storer
+president and ceo
+june 30 , 1951
+magnetophon tape recorder
+paul whiteman
+abc
+bing crosby
+public service
+ $155 million
+abc1
+september 8 , 2007
+abc international
+united states
+1959
+satellite television
+japan and latin america
+legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
+coronation of queen elizabeth ii
+beirut
+mainichi broadcasting system
+flight delays
+technical problems
+peanuts
+emmy awards
+1965
+the academy awards
+it 's the great pumpkin
+1974
+ryan seacrest
+1954
+times square
+tlc
+general hospital
+1975
+the edge of night
+the view and the chew
+1963
+x games
+2006
+12:00 to 6:00 p .m. eastern time
+nba
+the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments
+frank marx
+channels 2 through 6
+1947
+vhf channel 7
+108
+two
+dumont television network
+cbs and nbc
+u .s. supreme court
+paramount pictures
+nine
+cbs
+prudential insurance company of america
+leonard goldenson
+william s . paley
+june 6 , 1951
+1952
+february 9 , 1953
+american broadcasting -paramount theatres , inc
+the paramount building
+august 10 , 1948
+october 1948
+mount wilson
+the prospect studios
+september 30 , 1960
+1960s
+william hanna and joseph barbera
+1960s
+1959
+nbc
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+troika design group
+black -and -yellow
+the dot
+pittard sullivan
+2015
+`` we love tv '' image campaign
+abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show
+1993–94 season
+1995–96 season
+1983
+that special feeling
+1977
+black background
+glossy gold
+paul rand
+bauhaus typeface
+herbert bayer
+1963–64 season
+abc radio
+october 19 , 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+grey 's anatomy
+anne sweeney
+nascar
+2002
+michael eisner
+the bachelor
+the bachelorette
+time warner cable
+abc
+abc
+afternoon of may 2.
+2000
+the wb
+cbs
+august 1999
+regis philbin
+buena vista television
+meredith vieira
+july 31 , 1995
+abc inc.
+knight ridder
+robert iger
+sports night
+1965–66 season
+third place
+beating the odds: the untold story behind the rise of abc
+may 1 , 1953
+7 west 66th street
+baltimore
+robert kintner
+dumont television network
+abc -dumont
+ $5 million in cash
+paramount pictures
+the lone ranger
+the adventures of ozzie and harriet
+cheyenne
+sugarfoot
+walt disney
+warner bros . presents
+roy
+ $500 ,000
+1954
+disneyland
+allen shaw
+harold l . neal
+love radio
+seven
+1969
+duel
+1971
+ $400 ,000– $450 ,000
+early 1970s
+abc
+behavioral and demographic data
+monday night football
+2006
+espn
+15 %–16 %
+1970
+1972
+worldvision enterprises
+cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
+january 2 , 1971
+henry plitt
+elton rule
+1966
+happy days
+youth -oriented programming
+paramount pictures
+fred pierce
+fred silverman
+s .w.a.t
+november 3 , 1975
+president of nbc 's entertainment division
+laverne & shirley
+jiggle tv
+alex haley
+aaron spelling
+nine seasons
+1976–77 season
+soap
+roone arledge
+abc sports
+7 lincoln square
+june 1979
+june 1978
+hugh downs
+barbara walters
+mca inc.
+abc cable news
+abc news now
+wjrt -tv
+wtvg
+writers guild of america
+duel
+caris & co.
+abc entertainment
+abc entertainment group
+citadel media
+itunes
+2010
+2004
+fridays
+wednesdays
+1970
+worldvision enterprises
+abc circle films
+turner broadcasting system
+disney–abc domestic television
+buena vista television
+buena vista international television
+selznick library
+wabc -tv and wpvi -tv
+eight
+235 additional television stations
+96 .26 %
+1946
+the seal of the federal communications commission
+1957
+2011
+extreme makeover: home edition
+hd
+litton 's weekend aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i hd
+11
+720p high definition
+body of proof
+happy endings
+nbc
+v
+all my children and one life to live
+prospect park
+hulu
+the revolution
+18–49 demographic
+2004
+cbs
+agents of s .h.i .e.l .d.
+the neighbors
+the middle and modern family
+dragon 's den
+sundays
+tim allen
+daniel burke
+thomas murphy
+nypd blue
+steven bochco
+ten seasons
+1993
+dic entertainment
+time warner cable
+23 .63 % of american households
+wls
+may 9 , 1960
+john bassett
+cfto -tv
+wide world of sports
+edgar scherick
+roone arledge
+sports programs , inc.
+american broadcasting companies
+the dating game
+the newlywed game
+1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan
+90 %
+dynasty
+mork & mindy
+alpha repertory television service -lrb -arts -rrb-
+infinity broadcasting corporation
+getty oil
+the entertainment channel
+arts & entertainment television -lrb -a&e -rrb-
+daniel b . burke
+chairman and ceo
+ $465 million
+america 's funniest home videos
+home improvement
+general hospital
+the view and the chew
+7:00 to 9:00 a .m. weekdays
+jimmy kimmel
+new jersey , rhode island and delaware
+wbma -ld
+wbnd -ld
+wlqp -lp
+abc circle films
+abc studios
+abc television center
+abc television center , east
+times square studios
+good morning america and nightline
+peter jennings
+world news tonight
+abc on demand
+hulu
+july 6 , 2009
+27 % ownership stake
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+january 7 , 2014
+loyalkaspar
+four variants
+abc modern
+espn
+14
+74
+all -channel receiver act
+uhf tuning
+youngstown
+five times lower viewership
+wtrf -tv
+1980s
+walt disney presents
+desilu productions
+its use of violence
+april 1959
+abc sunday night movie
+ $15 .5 million
+hanna -barbera
+the jetsons
+april 1 , 1963
+itt
+donald f . turner
+department of justice
+january 1 , 1968
+capital cities communications
+ $3 .5 billion
+warren buffett
+e . w . scripps company
+12 television stations
+september 5 , 1985
+capital cities/abc , inc.
+president of abc 's broadcasting division
+michael p . millardi
+roone arledge
+laverne & shirley
+three 's company
+nbc
+the love boat
+comedies and family -oriented series
+the `` tgif '' block
+thank goodness it 's funny
+miller -boyett productions
+warner bros.
+seven radio stations
+charly
+ralph nelson
+1985
+redwood city , california
+westerns and detective series
+500 %
+between 10 % and 18 %
+ollie treiz
+dick clark
+counterprogramming
+zorro
+life
+detective shows
+watch abc
+new york city o&o wabc -tv and philadelphia o&o wpvi -tv
+hearst television
+watchespn
+sinclair broadcast group
+wabm -dt2/wdbb -dt2 in the birmingham market
+e . w . scripps company
+28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel -only affiliates
+15
+start here
+troika
+the entertainment division
+abc news
+wfts -tv and wwsb
+kmbc -tv and kqtv
+wzzm and wotv
+wtsp
+the mongol empire
+many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia
+khwarezmian and xia controlled lands
+a substantial portion of central asia and china
+the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties
+ögedei khan
+1227
+western xia
+his sons and grandsons
+somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location
+delüün boldog
+yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad
+1162
+a tatar chieftain , temüjin -üge , whom his father had just captured
+temülen
+hasar , hachiun , and temüge
+börte
+khongirad
+dai setsen
+begter
+hoelun
+temüjin and his brother khasar
+during one hunting excursion
+the tayichi 'ud
+with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks
+chilaun
+jelme and bo 'orchu
+a river crevice
+arranged marriages
+temüjin 's mother hoelun
+the chinese dynasties to the south
+the need for alliances
+the onggirat
+the merkits
+jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe
+jochi
+1185
+three
+chagatai
+1241
+tolui
+six
+sworn brother or blood brother
+toghrul
+the keraites
+20 ,000
+jamukha
+the traditional mongolian aristocracy
+kokochu
+1186
+battle of dalan balzhut
+qara khitai
+the yassa code
+wealth from future possible war spoils
+orphans from the conquered tribe
+his protection
+jochi
+jamukha
+jamukha
+the keraite
+the naimans
+1201
+universal ruler
+subutai
+1206
+his friendship
+he did not want disloyal men in his army
+a noble death
+breaking the back
+the chinese
+jamukha
+khasar
+yam route systems
+wang khan
+1206
+khuruldai
+khagan
+ögedei
+a council of mongol chiefs
+the jin dynasty
+ming -tan
+1215
+kaifeng
+ögedei khan
+kuchlug
+the liao dynasty
+20 ,000
+jebe
+the arrow
+inciting internal revolt
+west of kashgar
+lake balkhash
+khwarezmid empire
+a muslim state
+shah ala ad -din muhammad
+inalchuq
+the muslim
+100 ,000
+the silk road
+tien shan
+three
+the southeast
+tolui
+samarkand
+fragmentation
+otrar
+silver
+fled
+subutai and jebe
+samarkand
+bukhara
+a river
+captured enemies
+reneged
+pyramids of severed heads
+opened the gates
+a unit of turkish defenders
+artisans and craftsmen
+the flail of god
+young men who had not fought
+1220
+subutai
+near the black sea
+kalka river
+mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev
+batu
+the golden horde
+subutai and jebe
+1225
+on the road back to samarkand
+1226
+autumn
+the mongols
+the yellow river
+a line of five stars arranged in the sky
+ning hia
+ma jianlong
+arrows
+liupanshan
+executed
+jochi
+chagatai
+invasion of the khwarezmid empire
+ögedei
+chagatai and jochi
+chagatai
+tolui
+ögedei
+1226
+khorasan
+urgench
+sultan muhammad
+sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223
+yinchuan
+hunting
+arrow
+western xia
+oirads
+without markings
+khentii aimag
+onon river
+the genghis khan mausoleum
+edsen khoroo
+dongshan dafo dian
+kumbum monastery or ta 'er shi near xining
+1954
+red guards
+october 6 , 2004
+a river
+sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun
+horses
+genghis khan
+yassa
+meritocracy
+genghis khan and his family
+muhammad khan
+tax exemptions
+ong khan
+a personal concept
+shamanist , buddhist or christian
+töregene khatun
+the pax mongolica -lrb -mongol peace -rrb-
+the chinese
+legal equality of all individuals , including women
+chu 'tsai
+they were nomads
+jin
+khitan rulers
+his generals
+karakorum
+muqali
+subutai and jebe
+unwavering loyalty
+rivers
+muslim and chinese
+feigned retreat
+driving them in front of the army
+sea of japan
+caspian sea
+ögedei khan
+1279
+the silk road
+turkey
+tolerant
+increased
+1990s
+uniting warring tribes
+genghis khan 's children
+his brutality
+unfairly biased
+tögrög
+genghis khan
+chinggis khaan international airport
+to avoid trivialization
+ulaanbaatar
+ikh zasag
+corruption and bribery
+tsakhiagiin elbegdorj
+traditional mongolian script
+inner mongolia region
+5 million
+kublai khan
+yuan
+grandson
+iran
+three -fourths
+10 to 15 million
+hulagu khan
+the mamluks of egypt
+ghazan khan
+1237
+novgorod and pskov
+mughal emperors
+timur
+nishapur
+tenggis
+lake baikal
+`` right '' , `` just '' , or `` true ''
+zhèng
+chinggis
+chinggis khaan
+cengiz han
+tiěmùzhēn
+chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz
+chéngjísī hán
+its root word pharma
+ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs not listed
+healthcare professionals
+optimal health outcomes
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small -business proprietors
+specialised education and training
+other senior pharmacy technicians
+the general pharmaceutical council -lrb -gphc -rrb - register
+regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+health care professional
+manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+writing a five volume book in his native greek
+de materia medica
+materia medica
+diocles of carystus
+many middle eastern scientists
+highly respected
+the taihō code -lrb -701 -rrb - and re -stated in the yōrō code -lrb -718 -rrb-
+the pre -heian imperial court
+status superior to all others in health -related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists
+ranked above
+botany and chemistry
+muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi
+abu al -qasim al -zahrawi
+al -muwaffaq
+sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
+1317
+church of santa maria novella in florence , italy
+museum
+albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications
+automation
+patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc.
+a pharmacy practice residency
+various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+pharmacists practicing in hospitals
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit -dose , or a single dose of medicine
+high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
+the high cost of medications and drug -related technology
+hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications
+optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention
+inside hospitals and clinics
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+patient care rounds drug product selection
+all health care settings
+creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient -specific problems
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
+drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy
+potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions
+full independent prescribing authority
+north carolina and new mexico
+2011
+board certified ambulatory care pharmacist
+the va , the indian health service , and nih
+medication regimen review
+nursing homes
+omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica
+because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+about the year 2000
+brick -and -mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
+online pharmacies
+another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+to avoid the `` inconvenience '' of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication.
+dispensing substandard products
+sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
+the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor -patient relationship
+the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor -patient relationship
+to ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone
+to reduce consumer costs
+canada
+international drug suppliers , rather than consumers
+there is no known case
+to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+medication management system development , deployment and optimization
+quickly
+specialty pharmacies
+19
+cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis
+novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed
+lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost -containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
+separately from physicians
+only pharmacists
+the american medical association -lrb -ama -rrb-
+7 to 10 percent
+form business partnerships with physicians or give them `` kickback '' payments
+austria
+in some rural areas in the united kingdom
+1 .6 kilometres
+more than 4 kilometers
+the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+the checks and balances system of the u .s. and many other governments.
+exaggerating their seriousness
+in obtaining cost -effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side -effects
+expected to become more integral within the health care system
+increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+thorough analysis of all medication -lrb -prescription , non -prescription , and herbals -rrb - currently being taken by an individual
+a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+alberta and british columbia
+the australian government
+medicine use reviews
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+doctor of pharmacy -lrb -pharm . d . -rrb-
+the mortar and pestle and the ℞ -lrb -recipere -rrb - character
+the show globe
+the netherlands
+germany and austria
+france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms
+the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+the neuroimmune system
+biological structures and processes within an organism
+pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+disease
+pathogens
+neuroimmune system
+blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
+pathogens
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+humoral immunity versus cell -mediated immunity
+neuroimmune system
+pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
+enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
+eukaryotes
+creates immunological memory
+bacteriophage
+defensins
+vaccination
+adaptive -lrb -or acquired -rrb - immunity
+autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life -threatening infections
+genetic disease
+rheumatoid arthritis
+immunodeficiency
+autoimmunity
+immunology
+hiv/aids
+plague of athens in 430 bc
+scorpion
+louis pasteur
+walter reed
+robert koch
+microorganisms
+yellow fever virus
+athens in 430 bc
+immunological memory
+the innate immune system
+the adaptive immune system
+innate immune systems
+adaptive immune system
+immunological memory
+physical barriers
+self and non -self
+self molecules
+non -self molecules
+antigens
+specific immune receptors
+pattern recognition receptors
+innate immune system
+microorganisms
+non -specific
+exoskeleton
+the waxy cuticle
+coughing and sneezing
+mucus
+tears
+β -defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase a2
+defensins and zinc
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+fungi
+lactobacilli
+ph or available iron
+inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+prostaglandins
+interleukins
+phagocytes
+cytokines
+phagosome
+phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+neutrophils and macrophages
+neutrophils
+50 % to 60 %
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+leukocytes
+leukocytes -lrb -white blood cells -rrb-
+adaptive immune system
+macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells
+dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+t cells
+t cells
+missing self
+natural killer cells
+mhc i -lrb -major histocompatibility complex -rrb-
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors -lrb -kir
+vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+pathogens or pathogen -infected cells
+killer t cell and the helper t cell
+regulatory t cells
+class i mhc molecules
+class ii mhc molecules
+γδ t cells
+killer t cells
+cd8
+t cell receptor -lrb -tcr -rrb-
+granulysin
+perforin
+cd4 co -receptor
+around 200–300
+a single mhc:antigen molecule
+cytokines
+cd40 ligand
+helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells
+alternative t cell receptor -lrb -tcr -rrb-
+γδ t cells
+receptor diversity
+vγ9/vδ2 t cells
+b cell
+proteolysis
+lymphokines
+long -lived memory cells
+adaptive
+passive short -term memory or active long -term memory
+specific pathogen
+microbes
+igg
+breast milk or colostrum
+passive immunity
+immunomodulators
+adaptive and innate immune responses
+lupus erythematosus
+immunosuppressive
+nfil3
+heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+decline in hormone levels with age
+vitamin d
+hormones
+cholecalciferol
+killer t cells
+mhc class i molecules
+viral antigens
+antibodies
+phagocytic cells
+pathogen -associated molecular patterns
+apoptosis
+systemic acquired resistance -lrb -sar -rrb-
+rna silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non -self
+thymus and bone marrow
+`` self '' peptides
+immunodeficiencies
+the young and the elderly
+around 50 years of age
+obesity , alcoholism , and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+an antigen from a pathogen
+natural specificity of the immune system
+enzymes
+type iii secretion system
+shut down host defenses
+elude host immune responses
+frank burnet
+pathogens , an allograft
+histocompatibility
+niels jerne
+glucocorticoids
+cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls -lrb -cytotoxic t lymphocytes -rrb-
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+free radical production
+a vitamin d receptor
+calcitriol
+symbiotic relationship
+gene cyp27b1
+dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages
+pattern recognition receptors
+defensins
+phagocytic cells
+rna interference pathway
+immunoglobulins and t cell receptors
+the lamprey and hagfish
+variable lymphocyte receptors -lrb -vlrs -rrb-
+adaptive immune system
+lymphocytes
+the restriction modification system
+bacteriophages
+crispr
+`` cellular '' and `` humoral '' theories of immunity
+elie metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+robert koch and emil von behring
+soluble components -lrb -molecules -rrb-
+cancers
+mhc class i molecules
+cytokine tgf-β
+macrophages and lymphocytes
+hypersensitivity
+four classes -lrb -type i – iv -rrb-
+type i
+ige
+type ii hypersensitivity
+intracellular pathogenesis
+salmonella
+plasmodium falciparum
+mycobacterium tuberculosis
+protein a
+antigenic variation
+hiv
+trypanosoma brucei
+antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanomas
+melanocytes
+>500 da
+hydrophilic amino acids
+immunoproteomics
+b cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin
+apcs
+th1
+th1 immune responses
+carbohydrates
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+signal amplification
+catalytic cascade
+civil disobedience
+apartheid
+singing revolution
+ukraine
+georgia
+egyptians
+the british
+nonviolent resistance
+unfair laws
+american civil rights movement
+antigone
+former king of thebes
+creon
+oedipus
+giving her brother polynices a proper burial
+antigone
+sophocles
+creon , the current king of thebes
+giving her brother polynices a proper burial
+obey her conscience rather than human law
+percy shelley
+nonviolent
+satyagraha
+free india
+henry david thoreau
+percy shelley
+unjust forms of authority
+principle of nonviolent protest
+doctrine of satyagraha
+gandhi
+muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti -war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+marshall cohen
+ambiguity
+utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+marshall cohen
+code -word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders
+vice president agnew
+ambiguity
+legrande
+impossible
+lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience
+semantical
+specific
+legrande
+voluminous literature
+semantical problems and grammatical niceties
+nonviolent civil disobedience
+violent civil disobedience
+constitutional impasse
+citizen 's
+to the state and its laws
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
+civil disobedience
+the state and its laws
+refuse to enforce a decision
+head of government
+private citizen
+sovereign branches of government
+thoreau
+imprisonment
+not necessarily right
+resign
+elite politicians
+the individual
+individuals
+thoreau
+resign
+not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+trade unions , banks , and private universities
+legal system
+international organizations and foreign governments
+brownlee
+a larger challenge to the legal system
+only justified against governmental entities
+universities
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+hiding a jew in their house
+ -lrb -exodus 1: 15 -19 -rrb-
+shiphrah and puah
+must be publicly announced
+rules that conflict with morality
+fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+the dilemma faced by german citizens
+book of exodus
+non -violence
+black 's law
+civil rebellion
+tolerance
+violence
+non -violent
+civil rebellion
+destructive
+help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience
+revolutionary civil disobedience
+hungarians
+ferenc deák
+gandhi 's
+cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs
+disobedience of laws
+judged `` wrong '' by an individual conscience
+render certain laws ineffective
+revolutionary civil disobedience
+gandhi
+during the roman empire
+gathered in the streets
+was not covered in any newspapers
+rose to higher political office
+after the end of the mexican war
+during the roman empire
+prevent the installation of pagan images
+refuse to sign bail
+jail solidarity
+until after the end of the mexican war
+illegal
+propaganda
+voice in the wilderness
+738 days
+successfully preventing it from being cut down
+illegal acts
+trespassing at a nuclear -missile installation
+entirely symbolic
+social goal
+julia butterfly hill
+sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors
+`` wise up or die . ''
+criminalized behavior
+supreme court case of fcc v . pacifica foundation
+1978
+pure speech
+broadcasting
+threatening government officials
+sending an email
+system to function
+by padlocking the gates
+using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+limited coercion
+coercive
+refusals to pay taxes
+coercion
+engage in moral dialogue
+padlocking the gates
+criminal investigations
+not to grant a consent search
+suspect 's talking to criminal investigators
+lack of understanding of the legal ramifications ,
+use the arrest as an opportunity
+accept punishment
+validity of the social contract
+legitimacy of a particular law
+anarchists
+does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law
+guilt implies wrong -doing
+creative plea
+camp mercury nuclear test site
+tempted to enter the test site
+arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+a way of continuing their protest
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+protest should be maintained all the way
+accept jail penitently
+plea bargain
+no jail time
+solidarity tactics
+blind plea
+mohandas gandhi
+defiant speech
+explaining their actions
+lack of remorse
+likelihood of repeating
+mistreatment from government officials
+acquittal and avoid imprisonment
+use the proceedings as a forum
+inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances
+vietnam war
+jury nullification
+general disobedience
+neither conscientious nor of social benefit
+breaking the law for self -gratification
+not being a civil disobedient
+avoiding attribution
+indirect civil disobedience
+direct civil disobedience
+vietnam war
+competing harms defense
+the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence
+incapacitation
+would do more harm than good
+the state
+moral reasons to follow this law
+construction
+manufacturing
+six to nine percent
+planning , -lsb -citation needed -rsb - design , and financing
+a known client
+an architect
+a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure
+buildings , infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non -residential
+heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering
+infrastructure
+industrial
+a trade magazine for the construction industry
+enr
+2014
+transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water
+building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors
+construction service firms -lrb -e .g. , engineering , architecture -rrb - and construction managers
+the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+building construction
+small renovations
+the owner of the property
+structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation
+make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+materials readily available in the area
+a lot of waste
+cost of construction
+3d printing technology
+around 20 hours
+working versions of 3d -printing building technology are already printing
+2 metres -lrb -6 ft 7 in -rrb-
+plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
+designs into reality
+the property owner
+a quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+previously separated specialties
+entirely separate companies
+`` one -stop shopping ''
+`` design build '' contract
+design -build , partnering and construction management
+architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design -build process
+preventable financial problems
+when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+fraud
+mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers
+the mortgage banker
+accountants
+identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+the owner
+the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad
+things that are a matter of custom or expectation
+an attorney
+a construction project
+a contract
+that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive
+that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+poorly drafted contracts
+relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co -operative relationship
+public -private partnering
+private finance initiatives -lrb -pfis -rrb-
+co -operation
+the architect or engineer
+the project coordinator
+the architect 's client and the main contractor
+the main contractor
+the building is ready to occupy.
+the owner
+d&b contractors
+the owner
+a consortium of several contractors
+they design phase 2
+contractors
+damage
+electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities
+the municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+ $960 billion
+ $680 billion
+667 ,000 firms
+fewer than 10 employees
+828 ,000
+£42 ,090
+£26 ,719
+us/canada
+construction
+falls
+electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave -ins
+proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
+independent
+academic
+tuition
+to select their students
+ $45 ,000
+ 'tuition -free
+australia
+north america
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+peer tuitions
+teachers
+roman catholic
+orthodox christians
+religious
+expulsion
+blazer
+more expensive
+presbyterian
+catholic
+sydney
+girls
+7
+second gleichschaltung
+7.8
+11.1
+0.5
+sonderungsverbot
+ersatzschulen
+very low
+ergänzungsschulen
+vocational
+tuition
+religious
+independent
+cbse
+30
+union government
+societies
+india
+annual status of education report
+evaluates learning levels in rural india
+english
+scoil phríobháideach
+teacher 's salaries are paid by the state
+€5 ,000
+society of jesus
+€25 ,000 per year
+1957
+chinese
+english
+national school
+60
+aided
+fully funded by private parties
+kathmandu
+english
+nepali
+88
+28 ,000
+3.7
+catholic
+auckland
+anglican
+wellington
+presbyterian
+christchurch
+society of st pius x
+7.5
+32
+80
+august 1992
+natural science
+education service contracting
+tuition fee supplement
+private education student financial assistance
+south african schools act
+1996
+independent
+traditional private
+nineteenth
+government schools formerly reserved for white children
+better
+higher
+10
+10 ,000
+700
+the knowledge school
+voucher
+13
+public
+9
+13
+£21 ,000
+brown v . board of education of topeka
+segregation academies
+south
+white
+african -american
+endowments
+first
+blaine
+charter
+massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+268 u .s. 510
+mccrary
+ $40 ,000
+ $50 ,000
+groton school
+fundraising
+john harvard
+1977
+james bryant conant
+association of american universities
+charles w . eliot
+harvard library
+79 individual libraries
+18 million volumes
+eight u .s. presidents
+150 nobel laureates
+boston metropolitan area
+ $37 .6 billion
+charles river
+eleven separate academic units
+harvard yard
+1636
+massachusetts bay colony
+1638
+1639
+1650
+puritan ministers
+english university model
+it was never affiliated with any particular denomination
+1804
+samuel webber
+1805
+louis agassiz
+intuition
+thomas reid and dugald stewart
+charles w . eliot
+transcendentalist unitarian
+william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson
+james bryant conant
+identify , recruit
+1945
+about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe
+1977
+the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states
+3 miles
+twelve residential houses
+charles river
+half a mile northwest of the yard
+allston
+the john w . weeks bridge
+longwood medical and academic area
+approximately fifty percent
+new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram.
+enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible.
+2 ,400
+7 ,200
+14 ,000
+1875
+1858
+ $32 billion
+30 % loss
+allston science complex
+ $4 .093 million
+ $159 million
+late 1980s
+south african vice consul duke kent -brown.
+ $230 million
+accepted 5 .3 % of applicants
+2007
+disadvantage low -income and under -represented minority applicants
+2016
+core curriculum of seven classes
+eight general education categories
+reliance on teaching fellows
+beginning in early september and ending in mid -may
+four -course rate average
+summa cum laude
+60 %
+ $38 ,000
+ $57 ,000
+nothing for their children to attend , including room and board
+ $414 million
+88 %
+widener library
+cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library
+pusey library
+18 million volumes
+three museums.
+western art from the middle ages to the present
+peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology
+2003
+2011
+second most commonly
+42
+yale university
+every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team
+1875
+1903
+1906
+former captain of the yale football team
+lavietes pavilion
+malkin athletic center
+three weight rooms
+23 years
+thames river
+strong rivalry against cornell
+2003
+general ban ki -moon
+juan manuel santos
+josé maría figueres
+benjamin netanyahu
+conan o 'brien
+leonard bernstein
+yo yo ma
+w . e . b . du bois
+shing -tung yau
+alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig
+stephen greenblatt
+jacksonville
+1 ,345 ,596
+12th
+duval
+1968
+st . johns
+340 miles
+fort caroline
+the timucua
+andrew jackson
+third largest
+golf
+two
+`` jacksonvillians '' or `` jaxsons ''
+thousands
+a university of north florida team
+timucua
+the historical era
+ossachite
+jean ribault
+france
+pedro menéndez de avilés
+san mateo
+fort caroline
+french and indian war
+constructed the king 's road
+cattle were brought across the river there.
+spain
+february 9 , 1832
+confederate
+the skirmish of the brick church
+battle of olustee
+warfare and the long occupation
+battle of cedar creek
+gilded age
+grover cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+extension of the florida east coast railway further south
+railroad
+spanish moss
+over 2 ,000
+declare martial law
+great fire of 1901
+new york–based filmmakers
+silent film
+winter film capital of the world
+hollywood
+highways
+55 .1 %
+`` white flight ''
+mayor w . haydon burns
+world war ii
+much of the city 's tax base dissipated
+unincorporated suburbs
+annexing outlying communities
+voters outside the city limits
+old boy network
+11
+jacksonville consolidation
+public high schools lost their accreditation
+voters approved the plan
+hans tanzler
+`` bold new city of the south ''
+better jacksonville plan
+authorized a half -penny sales tax
+874 .3 square miles
+the st . johns river
+the trout river
+13 .34 %
+baldwin
+tallest building in downtown jacksonville
+barnett center
+617 ft
+28
+its distinctive flared base
+subtropical
+may through september
+mild
+low latitude
+104 °f
+thunderstorms
+high humidity
+july
+hurricane dora
+110 mph
+tropical storm beryl
+saffir -simpson scale
+2008
+arab
+821 ,784
+largest
+filipino
+29 .7 %
+23 .9 %
+females
+91.3
+40 %
+about 3 .5 billion people
+ $759 ,900
+the methodology used
+a diversion
+40 %
+financial assets
+nearly $41 trillion
+half
+greater tendency to take on debts
+400
+new york times
+inherited wealth
+grew up in substantial privilege
+wealth
+richest 1 percent
+inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+institute for policy studies
+neoclassical economics
+differences in value added by labor , capital and land
+different classifications of workers
+productivity gap
+marginal value added of each economic actor
+differences in value added by labor , capital and land
+value added by different classifications of workers
+wages and profits
+worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord
+productivity gap between highly -paid professions and lower -paid professions
+reduce costs and maximize profits
+less workers are required
+increasing unemployment
+rising levels of property income
+labor inputs
+reduce costs and maximize profits
+substitute capital equipment
+productivity
+stagnant
+workers wages
+supply and demand
+business is chronically understaffed
+offering a higher wage
+unfair
+the market
+prices
+wages
+markets
+unfair
+competition amongst workers
+low demand
+high wages
+collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption
+professional and labor organizations
+low wage
+competition between workers
+expendable nature of the worker
+high
+employers
+entrepreneurship rates
+necessity -based entrepreneurship
+push
+pull
+opportunity -based entrepreneurship
+higher economic inequality
+necessity
+necessity -based
+achievement -oriented
+positive
+progressive tax
+top tax rate
+social spending
+tax system
+the tax rate
+level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax
+the gini index
+access to education
+optional education
+lower wages
+poor
+savings and investment
+access to education
+high wages
+lower
+lower incomes
+education
+increasing access to education
+ $105 billion
+boom -and -bust cycles
+standard & poor
+2014
+2008 -2009
+increasing access to education
+ $105 billion
+boom -and -bust cycles
+1910–1940
+increase
+decrease
+gender inequality in education
+period of compression
+from 1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
+education
+gender inequality in education
+unions
+continental european countries
+little
+continental european liberalism
+economic inequality
+social exclusion
+cepr
+little
+lower
+scandinavia
+high inequality
+decline of organized labor
+technological changes and globalization
+sociologist
+university of washington
+decline of organized labor
+high
+weak labor movements
+reduced wages
+increased wages
+technological innovation
+machine labor
+global
+workers in the poor countries
+trade liberalisation
+minor
+machine labor
+53 %
+ -40 %
+less willing to travel or relocate
+males
+gender
+males in the labor market
+women
+thomas sowell
+a difference
+social welfare
+relatively equal
+more capital
+redistribution mechanisms
+economist
+levels of economic inequality
+more capital
+more wealth
+lower levels of inequality
+1910 to 1940
+1970s
+service
+manufacturing
+kuznets
+kuznets curve
+very weak
+eventually decrease
+effect
+wealth concentration
+means to invest
+greater return of capital
+larger fortunes
+the possession of already -wealthy individuals
+those who already hold wealth
+wealth condensation
+thomas piketty
+higher returns
+market
+economist
+rare and desired
+political power generated by wealth
+rent -seeking
+inequality
+human capital is neglected
+life expectancy
+inequality
+life expectancy is lower
+2013
+rising inequality
+negative
+unemployment
+economic
+british
+higher
+lower
+23
+equality
+better health and longer lives
+poorer countries
+life expectancy
+americans
+more equally
+income inequality
+authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett
+nine
+among states in the us with larger income inequalities
+greater equality
+inequality
+homicides
+fifty
+differences in the amount of inequality
+tenfold
+the greatest good
+distributive efficiency
+a great deal of utility
+decreases
+higher aggregate utility
+consumption
+libertarian
+2001
+thomas b . edsall
+journalist
+economist
+systematic economic inequalities
+the financial crisis of 2007–08
+easier credit
+easier credit
+inequality in wealth and income
+quality of a country 's institutions
+declines
+higher gdp growth
+the poor and the middle class
+economists
+economic growth
+subsequent long -run economic growth
+because it is a waste of resources
+inequality -associated effects
+evidence
+by limiting aggregate demand
+economist
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+detrimental
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+reduce
+encourage
+growth and investment
+harvard
+between 1960 and 2000
+kuznets curve hypothesis
+first increases
+thomas piketty
+economist
+wars and `` violent economic and political shocks ''
+the 1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+risen with increased income inequality
+several years
+more equality in the income distribution
+special efforts
+existing level of inequality
+reduction
+the united nations
+reducing poverty
+much land and housing
+through various associations and other arrangements
+extra -legal
+200
+government land
+a shortage of affordable housing
+quality rental units
+demand for higher quality housing increased
+residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
+ad valorem property tax policy
+by everyone
+their finances
+aspirational consumption
+taking on debt
+economic instability
+created
+emissions per person
+environmental degradation
+if -lrb -as wwf argued -rrb - , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
+private ownership of the means of production
+a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income
+wage or salary
+socially
+reflective
+robert nozick
+taxation
+force
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+the end itself
+to “wid -lsb -en -rsb - people’s choices and the level of their achieved well -being”
+through increasing functionings
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+deprived of earning as much
+earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+for fear of their lives
+a better relevant income.
+bbc
+1963
+tardis
+a blue british police box
+science -fiction
+1963 to 1989
+russell t davies
+k -9 and company
+bbc wales
+christopher eccleston
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+peter capaldi
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+10 ,000
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+commercial , scientific , and cultural
+mongol peace
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+30 ,000
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+an inauspicious typhoon
+annam -lrb -dai viet -rrb-
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+1288
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+1294 to 1307
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+five
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+four days
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+his cultural contribution
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+jingshi dadian
+supported zhu xi 's neo -confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism
+1332
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+13
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+struggle , famine , and bitterness
+mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese
+both the army and the populace
+outlaws ravaged the country
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+fear of betrayal
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+1368–1644
+the political unity of china and much of central asia
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+carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high -quality granulated sugar , and cotton
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+travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education
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+il milione
+through contact with persian traders
+guo shoujing
+26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
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+the eternal heaven
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+since the sui and tang dynasties
+mongols and semuren
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+1269
+mongolian , tibetan , and chinese
+could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well
+tugh temur
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+1290
+1291
+income from the harvests of their chinese tenants
+painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater
+painting , poetry , and calligraphy
+song
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+buddhism , especially the tibetan variants
+tibetan buddhism
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+1249
+1314
+matrices
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+applied mathematics to the construction of calendars
+a cubic interpolation formula
+shoushi li
+calendar for fixing the seasons
+1281
+non -mongol physicians
+herbal remedies
+spiritual cures
+imperial academy of medicine
+it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues
+four
+inherited from the jin dynasty
+chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols
+acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs
+1347
+muslim medicine
+jesus the interpreter
+1263
+its humoral system
+yin -yang and wuxing
+through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries
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+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
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+allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire
+colonial
+ilkhanate
+central asian muslims
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+artisans and farmers
+a qara -khitay -lrb -khitan
+restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision
+kosher butchering
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+thanks
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+rich and well socially standing
+lived in poverty and were ill treated
+northern
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+the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed
+private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants
+uighurs
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+the korean king
+the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
+the central region
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+in africa
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+the climate is cooler
+mount kenya
+somalia and ethiopia
+its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
+lower paleolithic period
+by the first millennium ad
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+19th century
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+god 's resting place
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+a very precise notation of a correct african pronunciation
+joseph thompsons
+1862
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+lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant
+masai mara
+between june and september
+2 ,900 kilometres -lrb -1 ,802 mi -rrb-
+more than 20 million years ago
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+ .6 -million -year -old
+mary leakey and louis leakey
+the swahili
+mombasa
+duarte barbosa
+the kenyan coast
+city of malindi
+14th century
+august 1914
+governors of british east africa -lrb -as the protectorate was generally known -rrb - and german east africa
+lt col paul von lettow -vorbeck
+effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated
+northern rhodesia
+the central highlands
+as itinerant farmers
+banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
+80 ,000
+15 january 1954
+the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure
+24 april 1954
+4 ,686 mau mau
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+1957
+kenya african national union -lrb -kanu -rrb - of jomo kenyatta
+12 december 1963
+1963
+republic of kenya
+where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
+agitation for constitutional reform
+daniel arap moi
+a presidential representative democratic republic
+the head of state and head of government
+exercised by the government
+both the government and the national assembly and the senate
+the judiciary
+low
+gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
+139th out of 176 total countries
+the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti -corruption commission
+party of national unity
+the orange democratic movement -lrb -odm -rrb-
+kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later
+odinga
+programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
+truth , justice and reconciliation commission
+evangelical lutheran church
+kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process
+28 february 2008
+prime minister
+both pnu and odm camps
+depending on each party 's strength in parliament
+until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
+pm will have power and authority to co -ordinate and supervise the functions of the government
+annan and his un -backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete
+the steps of nairobi 's harambee house
+29 february 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president
+august 2010
+delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights
+27 august 2010
+the second republic
+december 2014
+to guard against armed groups
+opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+of the united states , britain , germany and france
+h international criminal court trial dates in 2013 for both president kenyatta and deputy president william ruto
+us president barack obama
+china
+in july 2015
+in peacekeeping missions around the world
+violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+human rights violations
+kenya’s armed forces
+because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
+credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers
+ , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
+0 .519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world
+kenya
+less than $1 .25 a day
+a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
+rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity
+food security
+industry and manufacturing
+75 % of the labour force
+61 %
+tourism
+steady growth
+the coastal beaches and the game reserves
+germany and the united kingdom
+24 %
+tea , horticultural produce , and coffee
+agriculture
+weather -related fluctuations
+international crops research institute for the semi -arid tropics -lrb -icrisat -rrb-
+pigeon peas are very drought resistant ,
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro -dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+ , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 %
+enabling some farmers to buy assets
+the fertile highlands
+tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat
+the semi -arid savanna to the north and east
+53 % of the population
+kenyans for kenya
+kenya
+14 %
+nairobi , mombasa and kisumu
+small -scale manufacturing of household goods , motor -vehicle parts , and farm implements
+kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the us government 's african growth and opportunity act -lrb -agoa -rrb-
+2000
+hydroelectric stations at dams
+tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam
+1997
+in turkana
+around 10 billion barrels.
+exploration
+r 20 % to 25 %
+ $474 million
+kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment
+support from china for a planned $2 .5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda
+base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia
+environmental and social problems
+vision 2030
+an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030
+national climate change action plan
+having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight
+climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months
+in agriculture
+up to 30 %
+9–18.
+poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities
+english and swahili
+in commerce , schooling and government
+in the country
+christian
+protestant
+3 million followers
+nairobi
+2 .4 %
+sixty percent
+mostly christian
+around 300 ,000
+nurses
+clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners
+65 ,000
+7 ,000 doctors
+diseases of poverty
+half
+diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition
+weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector
+15 million
+british colonists.
+12 december 1963
+ominde commission
+focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time
+the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted
+look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
+8–4–4 system
+8–4–4 system
+1992
+january 1985
+vocational subjects
+the new structure would enable school drop -outs at all levels either to be self -employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+january 2003
+increased by about 70 %.
+age six years
+eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
+join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
+join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years
+85 %
+age three to five
+a key requirement for admission to standard one -lrb -first grade -rrb-
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+the kenya certificate of secondary education
+the kenya national library service
+establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+a peoples university
+it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing
+its dominance in middle -distance and long -distance athletics
+kenyan athletes -lrb -particularly kalenjin -rrb-
+morocco and ethiopia
+six gold
+africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics
+iaaf golden league jackpot
+the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries
+economic or financial factors
+women 's volleyball within africa
+cricket
+2003
+rakep patel
+march 2007
+the world famous safari rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae
+three meals in a day
+10 o 'clock tea -lrb -chai ya saa nne -rrb - and 4 pm tea
+tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew
+the united nations
+the world meteorological organization -lrb -wmo -rrb - and the united nations environment programme -lrb -unep -rrb-
+greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
+united nations framework convention on climate change
+resolution 43/53
+hoesung lee
+korean
+ismail el gizouli
+bert bolin
+february 2015
+representatives appointed by governments and organizations
+350
+government officials and climate change experts
+about seven -eighths
+1989
+the united nations environment programme -lrb -unep -rrb - and the world meteorological organization -lrb -wmo -rrb-
+united nations environment programme
+the financial regulations and rules of the wmo
+world meteorological organization
+does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
+available information about climate change based on published sources
+non -peer -reviewed sources
+model results , reports from government agencies and non -governmental organizations , and industry journals
+two
+ten to fifteen
+a somewhat larger number
+the coordinating lead authors
+the working group chairs
+substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
+additional warming of the earth 's surface
+over half
+`` business as usual '' -lrb -bau -rrb-
+increased by 0 .3 to 0 .6 °c
+2001
+16 national science academies
+science
+at least 90 %
+between 1 .4 and 5 .8 °c above 1990 levels
+richard lindzen
+does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report
+john houghton
+a co -chair of tar wgi
+scientific evidence
+the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports
+2011
+2011
+requested by governments
+the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme
+default emission factors
+fuel consumption , industrial production and so on
+wmo executive council and unep governing council
+the date
+`` the poor application of well -established ipcc procedures in this instance ''
+the wwf report
+`` variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale ''
+ipcc chairman
+making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
+co -chair of the ipcc working group ii
+himalayan glaciers
+`` generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment ''
+1999
+michael e . mann , raymond s . bradley and malcolm k . hughes
+the `` hockey stick graph ''
+jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000
+between 1000 and 1900
+fred singer
+capitol hill , washington , d .c.
+18 july 2000
+united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation
+rep . joe barton
+ed whitfield
+23 june 2005
+sherwood boehlert
+sherwood boehlert
+2001
+2007
+ten
+divergence
+14
+1 february 2007
+temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates
+actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given
+actual sea level rise was above the top of the range
+projected rises in sea levels
+9–88 cm
+50–140 cm
+2001
+coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report
+science magazine
+concurring , smaller assessments of special problems
+the montreal protocol
+climate change
+states and governments
+sheldon ungar
+varying regional cost -benefit analysis and burden -sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
+regional burden sharing conflicts
+the uk government
+other scientific bodies
+significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
+ipcc
+five
+the journal nature
+turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated `` living '' wikipedia -ipcc
+remove government oversight from its processes
+to conduct photosynthesis
+energy
+energy
+the calvin cycle
+1
+pinch in two
+environmental factors like light color and intensity
+contain their own dna
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
+must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
+plants and algae
+russian
+biologist
+1905
+andreas schimper
+cyanobacteria
+prokaryotes
+they have two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue -green algae
+eukaryotic
+around a billion years ago
+two innermost lipid -bilayer membranes
+phagosomal
+many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
+almost the same thing as chloroplast
+three
+red algal chloroplast
+green chloroplast
+the green chloroplast lineage
+glaucophyte
+alga
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+a carboxysome
+icosahedral
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+phycobilisomes
+the phycobilin phycoerytherin
+catch more sunlight in deep water
+a form of starch
+phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors
+the peptidoglycan wall
+chloroplast division
+chlorophyll b
+double
+additional membranes outside of the original two
+a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast -containing alga but failed to digest it
+sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane
+its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
+chloroplasts derived from a green alga
+common flagellated
+stacked in groups of three
+starch
+the membrane of the primary endosymbiont
+cryptomonads
+red -algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+in granules found in the periplastid space
+stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+the malaria parasite
+a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
+fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron -sulfur clusters
+apicomplexan -related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
+four
+peridinin
+peridinin -type chloroplast
+triplet -stacked
+the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin dinophyte
+fucoxanthin dinophyte
+four
+a six membraned chloroplast
+a cryptophyte
+its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+a phycobilin -containing chloroplast
+a two -membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+a diatom -lrb -heterokontophyte -rrb - derived chloroplast
+up to five
+the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
+granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm
+the dinophyte nucleus
+lepidodinium
+their original peridinin chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+about a million
+around 850
+three million
+ctdna , or cpdna
+the plastome
+1962
+1986
+two japanese research teams
+the inverted repeat regions
+direct repeats
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron microscopy
+two
+a theta intermediary form
+a cairns replication intermediate
+with a rolling circle mechanism
+a → g deamination
+when it is single stranded
+linear
+homologous recombination
+in branched , linear , or other complex structures
+bacteriophage t4
+linear
+circular
+via a d loop mechanism
+endosymbiotic gene transfer
+the lost chloroplast 's existence
+a red algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+nonfunctional pseudogenes
+around half
+participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance
+the cell membrane
+a ribosome
+in the cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+keeping it from folding prematurely
+lens -shaped
+5–8 μm in diameter
+1–3 μm
+a net
+a cup
+a double membrane
+the product of the host 's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+homologous
+the mitochondrial double membrane
+run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
+generate atp energy
+the internal thylakoid system
+the inner chloroplast membrane
+stromules
+stroma -containing tubule
+to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross -membrane transport
+1962
+in the chloroplasts of c4 plants
+in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms
+the chloroplast peripheral reticulum
+increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross -membrane transport
+the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+17 nm
+25 nm
+motifs for shine -dalgarno sequence recognition
+is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule -lrb -s-rrb-
+spherical bubbles
+lipids and proteins
+45–60 nanometers across
+a lipid monolayer
+either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
+the thylakoid network
+singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid
+in old or stressed chloroplasts
+the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae
+roughly spherical
+highly refractive
+starch
+divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced `` de novo ''
+the helical thylakoid model
+flattened circular
+anywhere from two to a hundred
+10–20
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light energy
+light energy
+energize electrons
+pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+a dam turbine
+two
+are arranged in grana
+are in contact with the stroma
+pancake -shaped circular disks
+about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
+about thirty
+help transfer and dissipate excess energy
+their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green
+a bright red -orange carotenoid
+orange -red zeaxanthin
+e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
+red
+red algae
+relatively large protein complexes
+about 40 nanometers across
+an enzyme called rubisco
+it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
+the calvin cycle
+atp energy
+light reactions
+rubisco
+normal grana and thylakoids
+a four -carbon compound
+to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar
+all green parts
+the chlorophyll in them
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+a plant cell which contains chloroplasts
+in the stems
+concentrated in the leaves
+8–15 per cell
+half a million
+the mesophyll layers
+low -light conditions
+under intense light
+photooxidative damage
+to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
+mitochondria
+two
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
+infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence
+by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
+after detecting stress in a cell
+pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+food in the form of sugars
+water -lrb -h2o -rrb - and carbon dioxide -lrb -co2 -rrb-
+sugar and oxygen -lrb -o2 -rrb-
+generate atp energy
+into the thylakoid space
+up to a thousand times
+phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate
+adenosine triphosphate
+nadp+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+in c4 plants
+more atp than nadph
+the calvin cycle
+unstable six -carbon molecules that immediately break down
+three -carbon molecules called 3 -phosphoglyceric acid
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together
+under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations
+distorting the grana and thylakoids
+waterlogged roots
+another photosynthesis -depressing factor
+add o2 instead of co2 to rubp
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar
+up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle
+they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
+in their stroma
+cysteine and methionine
+it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
+chloroplasts
+undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg
+in an adult plant 's apical meristems
+the formation of starch -storing amyloplasts
+proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
+a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
+invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+a yellow chlorophyll precursor
+gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+pigment -filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
+chromoplasts
+chromoplasts
+chloroplasts and other plastids
+filaments
+proteins
+a structure called a z -ring
+within the chloroplast 's stroma
+the min system
+plastid -dividing rings
+two
+about 5 nanometers across
+6 .4 nanometers
+chloroplasts have a third plastid -dividing ring
+light
+bright white light
+large dumbbell -shaped
+poor quality green light
+transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen
+environmental risks
+3 in 1 ,000 ,000
+transplastomic
+itself
+composite number
+the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+a product of primes
+because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
+primality
+trial division
+the miller–rabin primality test
+the aks primality test
+22 ,338 ,618 decimal digits
+infinitely many
+euclid
+the statistical behaviour
+the prime number theorem
+at the end of the 19th century
+goldbach 's conjecture
+the twin prime conjecture
+algebraic aspects
+public -key cryptography
+prime ideals
+2
+1 , 2 , and n
+odd prime
+9
+even numbers
+1
+christian goldbach
+leonhard euler
+10 ,006 ,721
+its own special category as a `` unit ''
+euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+if 1 were considered a prime
+euler 's totient function
+the sum of divisors function
+only the single number 1
+the rhind papyrus
+the ancient greeks
+euclid 's elements
+euclid
+compute primes
+in 1640
+euler
+22n + 1
+2p − 1
+up to n = 4 -lrb -or 216 + 1 -rrb-
+trial division
+if a complete list of primes up to is known
+greater than 1
+only three divisions
+less than or equal to the square root of n
+two main classes
+probabilistic -lrb -or `` monte carlo '' -rrb-
+deterministic
+deterministic
+1/ -lrb -1-p -rrb-n
+the fermat primality test ,
+np≡n -lrb -mod p -rrb-
+composite numbers -lrb -the carmichael numbers -rrb-
+baillie -psw
+solovay -strassen tests
+2p + 1
+2p − 1
+the lucas–lehmer test
+primorial primes
+fermat primes
+distributed computing
+in 2009
+us $100 ,000
+the electronic frontier foundation
+ -lsb -256kn + 1 , 256k -lrb -n + 1 -rrb - − 1 -rsb-
+the floor function
+chebyshev
+any natural number n > 3
+n < p < 2n − 2
+wilson 's theorem
+their greatest common divisor is one
+dirichlet 's theorem
+1/6
+at most one prime number
+infinitely many prime numbers
+the zeta function
+a finite value
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+identity
+1859
+s = −2 , −4 , ... ,
+random noise
+asymptotic distribution
+asymptotic distribution
+goldbach 's conjecture
+1912
+all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017
+vinogradov 's theorem
+chen 's theorem
+twin prime conjecture
+pairs of primes with difference 2
+polignac 's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+brocard 's conjecture
+number theory
+g . h . hardy
+the 1970s
+hash tables
+pseudorandom number generators
+a recurring decimal
+p − 1
+ -lrb -p − 1 -rrb -! + 1
+ -lrb -n − 1 -rrb-!
+p is not a prime factor of q
+rsa
+the diffie–hellman key exchange
+512 -bit
+modular exponentiation
+1024 -bit
+cicadas
+as grubs underground
+17 years
+make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators
+up to 2 % higher
+indecomposability
+the smallest subfield
+as a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components
+it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+commutative ring r
+prime elements
+irreducible elements
+it is neither zero nor a unit
+cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
+the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+the gaussian integers z -lsb -i-rsb-
+a + bi
+arbitrary integers
+4k + 3
+in ring theory
+prime ideals
+algebraic number theory
+the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+a noetherian commutative ring
+prime ideals
+ramification in geometry
+ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+the solvability of quadratic equations
+norm gets smaller
+completed -lrb -or local -rrb - fields
+the absolute value
+local -global principle
+olivier messiaen
+la nativité du seigneur
+quatre études de rythme
+the third étude
+the movements of nature
+swiss canton
+north sea
+cologne , germany
+danube
+1 ,230 km -lrb -760 mi -rrb-
+europe
+netherlands
+1 ,230 km
+gaulish name rēnos
+rhin
+rīnaz
+1st century bc
+gaulish name rēnos
+rhin
+rijn
+rīnaz
+rhijn
+rhine -kilometers
+1939
+old rhine bridge at constance
+hoek van holland
+canalisation projects
+rhine -kilometers"
+1939
+old rhine bridge at constance
+canalisation projects
+hoek van holland
+north
+86 km long ,
+rhine valley
+sargans
+austria
+chur
+86 km
+599 m
+rhine valley
+switzerland
+lake constance
+alter rhein
+modern canalized section
+isel
+donkey
+lake constance
+modern canalized section
+alter rhein
+small islands
+isel
+diepoldsau
+fußach
+strong sedimentation
+parallel to the canalized rhine
+silt
+fußach
+constant flooding
+diepoldsau
+dornbirner ach
+continuous input of sediment
+three
+lower lake
+lake rhine
+swiss -austrian border
+upper lake
+three
+austria
+alps
+47°39′n 9°19′e / 47 .650°n 9 .317°e / 47 .650; 9 .317.
+baden -württemberg
+greater density of cold water
+lake überlingen
+rheinbrech
+entire length
+lindau
+rheinbrech
+lindau
+lake überlingen
+rhine gutter
+water level
+westward
+river aare
+1 ,000 m3/s -lrb -35 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb-
+finsteraarhorn
+basel
+westward
+aare
+1 ,000 m3/s -lrb -35 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb - ,
+finsteraarhorn
+german
+basel
+rhine knee
+central bridge
+300 km long
+40 km wide
+basel
+rhine knee
+north
+high rhine
+central bridge
+19th century
+increased
+fell significantly
+grand canal d 'alsace
+large compensation pools
+upper rhine
+19th century
+increased
+fell significantly
+grand canal d 'alsace
+germany
+300 m3/s -lrb -11 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb-
+rhine
+moselle
+400 m -lrb -1 ,300 ft -rrb-.
+germany
+germany
+moselle
+france
+2 ,290 m3/s -lrb -81 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb-
+middle rhine
+rhine gorge
+erosion
+the romantic rhine
+middle rhine
+rhine gorge
+castles
+romantic rhine
+plants and factories
+duisburg
+ruhr
+drinking water
+switzerland
+pollution
+lower rhine
+switzerland
+duisburg
+ruhr
+tourism
+rüdesheim am rhein
+lorelei
+middle rhine valley
+tourism
+unesco world heritage site.
+rüdesheim am rhein
+lorelei
+sankt goarshausen
+duisburg
+wesel -datteln canal
+lippe
+emmerich rhine bridge
+400 m
+lower rhine
+rhine -ruhr
+duisport
+emmerich rhine bridge
+400 m wide
+meuse
+rijn
+two thirds
+west
+waal
+meuse
+the oude maas
+pannerdens kanaal
+nederrijn
+lek
+noord river
+pannerdens kanaal
+nederrijn
+one ninth
+lek
+wijk bij duurstede
+rijn
+draining the surrounding land
+kromme rijn
+bent rhine
+old rhine
+rhine -meuse
+millingen aan de rijn ,
+rhine delta
+nederrijn at angeren
+three
+waal
+old meuse
+the rip
+st . elizabeth 's
+1421
+merwede -oude maas
+1421 to 1904
+archipelago -like estuary
+drainage channels
+construction of delta works
+dammed
+20th century
+tidal delta
+tidal currents
+tear huge areas of land into the sea.
+zaltbommel
+tethys sea
+jurassic period
+mediterranean geography
+mesozoic era
+iberia
+n–s
+upper rhine graben
+miocene
+danube
+stream capture
+pliocene period
+vosges mountains
+ice ages
+six
+120 m
+northwest
+brest
+74 ,000 -lrb -bp
+11 ,600 bp
+west
+120 m
+english channel
+glacier
+tundra
+22 ,000–14 ,000 yr bp
+ice -sheets
+loess
+22 ,000 years ago
+thaw
+rhine
+13 ,000 bp
+9000 bp
+7500 yr ago
+rates of sea -level rise
+last 7000 years
+tectonic subsidence
+1–3 cm -lrb -0 .39–1 .18 in -rrb - per century
+11 ,700 years ago
+8 ,000 years ago
+late -glacial valley
+netherlands
+3000 yr bp
+increased flooding and sedimentation
+sediment load
+11–13th century
+80
+north sea
+meuse estuary
+ijsselmeer
+freshwater lake
+three
+1st century bc
+germania
+6th century bc
+maurus servius honoratus
+ad 14
+danube
+the empire fell
+eastwards
+southern
+eight
+army of germania inferior
+ubiorum
+threat of war
+town of the ubii
+5th century
+kingdoms
+dragons rock
+siegfried
+hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+lower lorraine
+archduke sigismund
+1469
+peace of westphalia
+establishing `` natural borders ''
+napoleon
+1806
+1840
+end of world war i
+1935
+german army
+adolf hitler 's rise to power
+1936
+arnhem
+formidable natural obstacle
+september 1944
+ludendorff bridge
+seven days to the river rhine
+1 ,230 kilometres -lrb -764 miles -rrb-
+knaurs lexikon
+typographical error
+1 ,320 kilometres -lrb -820 miles -rrb-
+2010
+following a referendum in 1997
+scotland act 1998
+in which it can make laws
+parliament of the united kingdom
+westminster
+lack of a parliament of scotland
+three hundred
+first world war.
+the late 1960s
+directly elected scottish assembly
+north
+`` it 's scotland 's oil ''
+1974
+not benefitting scotland as much as they should
+1978
+edinburgh
+majority
+51 .6 %
+failed
+32 .9 %
+a scottish parliament
+the conservative party
+1989
+blueprint
+scottish parliament building
+enric miralles
+spanish
+leaf -shaped
+queen elizabeth ii
+meeting of the church 's general assembly
+general assembly hall of the church of scotland
+courtyard
+university of aberdeen
+former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow
+city of edinburgh council
+lothian regional council
+demolished
+parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh
+main
+one msp
+tricia marwick
+secret
+129
+a vote clerk
+presiding officer
+the parliamentary bureau
+five
+the presiding officer
+hemicycle
+encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+vote
+scottish rivers
+silver
+the queen
+wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity
+a glass case suspended from the lid
+april
+debating chamber
+the public
+free
+the official report
+wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+presiding officer
+religious beliefs
+nominate speakers
+the presiding officer
+amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+different viewpoints
+ministers or party leaders
+gaelic
+5 pm
+`` decision time ''
+vote
+electronic consoles on their desks
+seconds
+votes
+political parties
+whips
+moral
+deselected as official party candidates during future elections
+immediately after decision time
+not a scottish minister
+45 minutes
+other members
+winds up
+committee
+stronger
+no revising chamber
+principal role
+other locations throughout scotland
+a small number of msps
+balance of parties
+functions
+mandatory
+fourth
+beginning of each parliamentary session
+one
+current subject committees
+session
+type of committee
+large -scale development projects
+scottish government.
+private bill
+scotland act 1998
+queen elizabeth ii
+devolved competencies
+parliament of the united kingdom at westminster
+scottish parliament
+schedule 5
+scottish parliament
+automatically devolved
+up to 3 pence in the pound
+2012 act
+reserved
+scottish parliament
+westminster
+uk government ministers
+bills
+the scottish government
+a private member
+an outside proposer
+in a number of stages
+introductory
+accompanying documents
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament
+in the relevant committee or committees
+stage 2
+stage 3
+two
+final
+wrecking
+decision time
+the monarch
+royal assent
+a 4 -week period
+supreme court of the united kingdom
+ -lsb -date -rsb-
+hold the majority of seats
+any member
+first minister
+elected msps
+the sovereign
+thursday
+may
+the monarch
+supplant it.
+28
+several procedures
+msps
+legislative programme for the forthcoming year
+issues related to the substance of the statement
+parliamentary time
+thursday
+any member of the scottish government
+issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73
+2005
+one
+dispersed population and distance
+55 ,000
+proportionally to the number of votes received
+the d 'hondt method
+quotient
+constituency seats
+iteratively
+a number of qualifications
+1981
+over the age of 18
+police and the armed forces
+mental health -lrb -care and treatment -rrb - -lrb -scotland -rrb - act 2003
+a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
+labour
+151 votes
+eight
+scottish independence
+the conservatives
+edinburgh pentlands
+five seats
+annabel goldie
+cameron
+able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland
+domestic legislation of the scottish parliament
+west lothian question
+the conservative
+england
+islamism
+all spheres of life.
+reordering
+poles
+revolution or invasion
+democratic
+palestine
+abolish the state of israel
+democracy
+religious
+major division
+sunni pan -islamism
+sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions ,
+democracy
+to maintain their legitimacy
+political
+islam
+its supporters
+illiberal islamic regimes
+religion from politics
+muslims
+americans
+a historical fluke
+between 1945 and 1970
+non -political islam
+dangerous enemies
+during the 1970s
+considerable impact
+the mujahideen muslim afghanistan
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+considerable impact
+anwar sadat
+peace
+political support
+1975
+assassinated
+conservative
+hate
+wars
+infidels
+saudi
+islamist
+incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful
+housing
+rhetoric
+avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands
+law and philosophy
+the all india muslim league
+the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress
+1908
+the reconstruction of religious thought in islam
+secularism and secular nationalism
+crowd out
+nationalist differences
+1930
+pakistan movement
+sayyid abul ala maududi
+journalism
+1941
+through his writing
+in a modern context
+sayyid abul ala maududi
+journalism
+through his writing
+a modern context
+sharia
+an islamic state
+unity of god
+gradual
+an educational process
+1928
+ismailiyah , egypt
+hassan al banna
+the qur 'an
+imperialist
+violence
+1949
+egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi
+1948
+gamal abdul nasser
+one of the most influential movements
+75 % of the total seats
+`` semi -legal ''
+field candidates
+mohamed morsi
+quick and decisive
+a pivotal event
+economic
+a steep and steady decline
+anti -democratic islamist movements
+ideological
+ali shariati
+somewhere between
+the prophet mohammad
+conspiracy
+islamic
+shia terrorist
+economic
+during the 2006 israel -lebanon conflict
+president mahmoud ahmadinejad
+the soviet union
+an islamic rebellion
+send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+16 ,000 to 35 ,000
+worked to radicalize the islamist movement
+saddam hussein
+islamist
+saudi
+the west
+conservative muslims
+domestic islamists
+in the kingdom
+algeria
+osama bin laden
+qutb 's
+1966
+the brotherhood
+fringe or splinter
+by the 1970s
+egyptian islamic jihad organization
+1981
+apostate
+promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies
+muhammad abd al -salaam farag
+violence
+al -gama 'a al -islamiyya
+in 2003
+unsuccessful
+political figures
+quiescent
+hamas
+destruction of israel
+alcohol
+palestine
+hamas
+542
+majority of the seats ,
+2007
+driving israel out of the gaza strip
+islamist
+hassan al -turabi
+national islamic front
+money from foreign islamist banking systems
+university and military academy
+1985
+with the help of the military
+sharia law
+osama bin laden
+american attack on iraq
+staying home
+1989
+algeria
+front islamique de salut
+a military coup d 'état
+justice and prosperity
+vicious and destructive
+1992
+one of the poorest countries on earth
+80 %
+the taliban
+pakistan
+neofundamentalist
+sharia
+osama bin laden
+july 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+islamism
+his means of seizing power
+1988
+wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant
+sunni arabs
+ten million
+recognition
+a caliphate
+2004
+2003
+notorious intransigence
+march 2011
+a terrorist organisation
+a different view
+7th century
+1924
+true islamic
+ended the true islamic system
+armed
+ideological struggle
+elites
+egypt
+terrorist groups
+over 900 ,000
+strong islamist
+2007
+londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+since 2001
+state
+christian whiton
+u .s. defense secretary
+undermining the communist ideology
+latin
+military force
+japan
+technologies and ideas
+influence
+`` formal imperialism ''
+othering
+direct
+`` informal '' imperialism
+`` formal ''
+aggressiveness
+ownership of private industries
+informal
+distinction
+the world systems theory
+lenin
+empires
+seaborne
+colonialism
+political focus
+ideological
+ottoman
+person or group of people
+imperialism and colonialism
+taking physical control of another
+conquering the other state 's lands
+exploitation
+characteristics
+empire -building
+imperialism
+highest 'social efficiency '
+theory of races
+whiteness
+germany
+britain
+political
+geographical societies in europe
+fund
+environmental determinism
+temperate
+orientalism
+uncivilized
+superior
+terra nullius
+the eighteenth century
+the british empire
+aboriginal
+empty land
+an imaginative geography
+irrational and backward
+inferior
+orientalism
+progressive
+nineteenth -century maps
+blank spaces on contemporary maps
+unexplored territory
+nineteenth -century cartographic techniques
+french
+the pre -columbian era
+genghis khan
+dozens
+ethiopian empire
+sub -saharan africa
+cultural imperialism
+soft power
+dallas
+roman
+bans
+around 1700
+colonizing
+thousands
+middle of the 20th century
+open door policy
+1919
+1999
+historians
+the world 's economy
+many imperial powers
+economic growth
+mid -18th century
+colonies
+the mughal state
+communication
+deadly explosives
+the machine gun
+arrows , swords , and leather shields
+european
+british
+in the late 1870s
+philanthropy
+to constantly expand investment
+aristocracy
+the 1950s
+before world war i
+disease
+taxation
+environmental determinism
+the environment in which they lived
+less civilized
+africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+geographic scholars
+northern europe and the mid -atlantic
+guidance
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+the sixteenth century
+1599
+queen elizabeth
+exploitation
+the portuguese
+1830
+1850
+catholicism
+africa
+when germany started to build her own
+civilize the inferior
+assimilation
+small numbers of settlers
+christianity and french culture
+algeria
+overseas colonies
+anti -colonial movements
+vietnam
+algeria
+1960
+scandinavia
+muslim iberia
+middle period of classical antiquity
+800 ce
+central europe
+late 19th century
+1862
+after the franco -german war
+napoleon
+europe
+the south pacific
+prestige
+1884
+new guinea
+hamburg merchants and traders
+japan took part of sakhalin island
+1894
+thailand
+manchuria
+china
+1932
+lenin
+eastern europe
+bolshevik leaders
+a world revolution
+lenin
+mao zedong
+nikita khrushchev
+socialism in one country
+mercantilism
+1776
+free trade
+about 1820
+1815
+the british empire
+pseudo -sciences
+the british spirit of imperialism
+middle east
+the monroe doctrine
+interventionism
+a war erupted
+the philippines
+a `` racket ''
+isiah bowman
+1917
+american delegation from the paris peace conference
+u .s authorship of a 'new world '
+wilson 's geographer
+internal strife
+`` internal colonialism ''
+12 to 15 million
+the contemporary orient
+1923
+suleiman the magnificent
+32
+europe
+during the 16th and 17th centuries
+istanbul
+germany
+world war i
+turkey
+united methodist church
+mainline protestant methodist denomination
+1968
+union of the methodist church -lrb -usa -rrb - and the evangelical united brethren church
+wesleyan
+united methodist church
+80 million
+mainline protestant denomination
+3 .6 %
+mid -18th century
+within the church of england
+being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study
+1735
+colony of georgia
+american indians
+salvation by god 's grace
+american revolution
+1784
+thomas coke
+lovely lane methodist church
+lovely lane methodist church
+st . george 's united methodist church
+st . george 's united methodist church
+1767
+sail loft on dock street
+1784
+richard allen and absalom jones
+st . george 's church
+1784
+1830
+issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+april 23 , 1968
+constituting general conference in dallas , texas
+bishop lloyd christ wicke
+holy catholic -lrb -or universal -rrb - church
+the book of discipline
+meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible
+result of the american revolution
+dr . thomas coke
+thomas vasey and richard whatcoat.
+1968
+john wesley and charles wesley
+albert c . outler
+albert c . outler
+prevenient grace
+prevenient grace
+the grace that `` goes before '' us
+prevenient grace
+justifying grace or accepting grace
+justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+new birth
+grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection
+sanctifying grace
+a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
+christian perfection
+wesleyan theology
+prima scriptura
+umc
+book of discipline
+2008
+pro -choice
+religious coalition for reproductive choice
+the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women
+all women
+the mother
+taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality -lrb-
+2012
+rev . paul t . stallsworth
+temperance movement
+2011 and 2012
+the use of money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital punishment
+john 8:7.
+matthew 5:38 -39
+the general conference
+same -sex unions
+1999
+2016
+connectional table
+lgbt
+same -gender marriages with resolutions
+1987
+2005
+baltimore -washington conference of the umc
+conscription
+the way of military action
+all war
+christ 's message and teachings
+instrument of national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church
+violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion
+girls and women
+ivf
+stem cells
+research
+sunday service of the methodists in north america
+when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england
+the book of common prayer
+africa
+book of common prayer
+anointing with oil
+methodist institutions
+william booth
+john wesley
+united methodist church
+general conference
+the book of discipline
+general conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+to elect and appoint bishops
+bishops
+episcopal areas
+mission council
+church bishops
+36
+for the george w . bush presidential library
+southern methodist university
+nine
+judicial council
+eight -year term
+twice a year
+various locations throughout the world
+the annual conference
+geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+their annual conference
+the book of discipline
+three
+nine
+church conference
+church conference
+one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+international association of methodist -related schools , colleges , and universities
+john wesley
+pastors
+annual conference order of elders
+annual conference order of deacons
+annual conference cabinet
+one year at a time
+bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference
+elders
+the local church
+2–3 years
+district superintendents
+2–3 years
+deacons
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+granted sacramental authority
+1996
+the provisional elder/deacon
+1996 general conference
+licensed local pastor
+licensed local pastor
+five
+associate membership
+baptized members
+confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+transfer from another christian denomination
+baptism
+confirmation and membership preparation classes
+the book of discipline
+church and the methodist -christian theological tradition
+lay servants
+they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant
+annually
+at least one advanced course every three years
+united methodist church
+observer status
+blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
+2000
+may 2012
+1985
+11 million
+42 ,000
+8 million
+34 ,000
+texas
+11 .4 million
+7 .9 million
+3 .5 million
+wesleyan holiness consortium
+world methodist council
+july 18 , 2006
+1754–1763
+colonies of british america and new france
+roughly 60 ,000 european settlers
+2 million
+primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies
+dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio
+battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 ,
+1755
+disaster; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela
+combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies
+fort beauséjour
+expulsion of the acadians
+william pitt
+unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france
+against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war.
+sainte foy in quebec
+territory east of the mississippi to great britain
+french louisiana west of the mississippi river -lrb -including new orleans -rrb - to its ally spain
+confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america
+1740s
+indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war
+much larger conflict between france and great britain
+fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire
+declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763
+six years
+1760
+battle of jumonville glen
+about 75 ,000
+heavily concentrated along the st . lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia
+st . lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women
+20 to 1
+from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south
+along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior
+native tribes
+mi 'kmaq and the abenaki
+present -day upstate new york and the ohio country
+iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements
+catawba , muskogee -speaking creek and choctaw
+western portions of the great lakes region
+iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee
+no french regular army troops were stationed in north america
+few british troops
+mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces.
+about 3 ,000 miles -lrb -4 ,800 km -rrb - between june and november 1749.
+200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians
+british merchants or fur -traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave.
+informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french
+village of pickawillany
+threatened `` old briton '' with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british
+ignored the warning.
+very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english
+proposing that action be taken
+british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present
+1749
+ohio company of virginia
+christopher gist
+treaty of logstown
+mouth of the monongahela river -lrb -the site of present -day pittsburgh , pennsylvania -rrb-
+king george 's war
+1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix -la -chapelle
+conflicting territorial claims between british and french
+frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides
+marquis de la jonquière
+300 men , including french -canadians and warriors of the ottawa
+punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british
+capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton
+paul marin de la malgue
+fort presque isle -lrb -near present -day erie , pennsylvania
+fort le boeuf -lrb -present -day waterford , pennsylvania
+protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british
+tanaghrisson
+british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond
+warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . ''
+colonel of the iroquois
+mohawk chief hendrick
+ohio company
+major george washington
+jacob van braam as an interpreter; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson
+december 12
+jacques legardeur de saint -pierre
+dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country
+as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it.
+france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british
+contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754
+early months of 1754
+fort duquesne.
+with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen
+killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville
+regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships
+dislodge the french
+plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure
+dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755.
+blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755
+albany congress
+formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal
+the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
+format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence
+braddock -lrb -with george washington as one of his aides -rrb - led about 1 ,500 army troops
+the expedition was a disaster
+approximately 1 ,000 british soldiers were killed or injured.
+washington and thomas gage
+shirley and johnson.
+efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience
+planned to attack fort niagara
+garrisons
+marquis de vaudreuil.
+sent dieskau to fort st . frédéric to meet that threat
+inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field
+fort william henry
+ticonderoga point ,
+colonel monckton
+deportation of the french -speaking acadian population from the area.
+petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757
+william shirley
+albany
+capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario
+through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec
+major general james abercrombie
+major general louis -joseph de montcalm
+may 18 , 1756
+oneida carry
+battle of fort bull
+45 ,000 pounds
+hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison
+abercrombie
+ticonderoga
+oswego
+disposition of prisoners ' personal effects
+attack on new france 's capital , quebec
+to distract montcalm
+william pitt
+returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry.
+french irregular forces -lrb -canadian scouts and indians -rrb-
+lake george
+attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves.
+british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping.
+poor harvest
+st . lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg ,
+british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater
+loudoun
+three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
+two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg
+3 ,600
+18 ,000 regulars , militia and native american allies
+sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac
+recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg.
+invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland
+the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france
+lagos and quiberon bay.
+james wolfe
+cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south
+battle of sainte -foy
+naval battle of the restigouche
+governor vaudreuil
+freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property ,
+general amherst.
+signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763
+treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763
+continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique
+value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
+80 ,000
+1755
+throughout its north american provinces
+new orleans
+king george iii
+outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
+west of the appalachian mountains
+most went to cuba ,
+military roads to the area by braddock and forbes
+1769
+choctaw and the creek
+disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession
+force
+fundamental error
+sir isaac newton
+nearly three hundred years
+einstein
+standard model
+gauge bosons
+strong
+gravitational
+electroweak interaction
+aristotle
+aristotelian cosmology
+four
+on the ground
+unnatural
+17th century
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+the same
+laws of physics
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+at rest
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+rotational inertia of planet
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+weightlessness
+principle of equivalence
+newton 's second law
+kinematic
+general relativity
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+fixed
+newton 's third
+newton 's third
+unidirectional
+magnitude
+center of mass
+closed
+mass of the system
+intuitive understanding
+standard measurement scale
+newtonian mechanics
+experimentation
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+associating forces with vectors
+ambiguous
+associating forces with vectors
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+net force
+respective lines of application
+parallelogram
+independent components
+two
+the original force
+orthogonal
+three -dimensional
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+foot of the mast
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+feynman
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+strong and weak
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+masses
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+isaac newton
+20th
+unification
+self -consistent unification
+isaac newton
+galileo
+about 9 .81 meters per second squared
+sea level
+force of gravity
+at larger distances.
+the moon
+mass
+radius -lrb --rrb - of the earth
+newton 's universal gravitation constant ,
+henry cavendish
+1798
+newton
+mercury
+vulcan
+theory of general relativity
+albert einstein
+albert einstein
+general relativity
+ballistic trajectory
+gravitational force
+global
+electric current
+unified electromagnetic
+lorentz 's law
+electrostatic force
+james clerk maxwell
+1864
+20
+4
+maxwell
+electromagnetic theory
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+repulsion of like charges
+the pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+as a structural force
+repulsion of like charges
+the pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+as a structural force
+elementary particles
+residual of the force
+nuclear
+as gluons
+color confinement
+weak force
+beta decay
+radioactivity
+1013
+approximately 1015 kelvins
+normal force
+pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+normal
+ideal strings
+ideal pulleys
+action -reaction pairs
+conservation of mechanical energy
+movable pulleys
+idealized point particles
+three -dimensional objects
+extended
+other parts
+extended structure
+stress tensor
+pressure terms
+pressure terms
+formalism
+rotational equivalent for position
+unbalanced torque
+newton 's second law of motion
+toward the center of the curving path
+perpendicular
+centripetal
+radial
+tangential force
+kinetic
+potential
+net mechanical energy
+difference in potential energy
+artifact
+forces
+gradient of potentials
+friction
+nonconservative
+statistical mechanics
+nonconservative forces
+nonconservative forces
+second
+nonconservative forces
+kilogram -force
+kilopond
+slug
+kip
+sthène
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