lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance." This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.

Question: Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons?
Answer: Taiwan

Question: What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?
Answer: General T. Michael Moseley

Question: When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?
Answer: 24 October 2008
The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y 3Al 5O 12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining blue light appears white to the eye. However using different phosphors (fluorescent materials) it also became possible to instead produce green and red light through fluorescence. The resulting mixture of red, green and blue is not only perceived by humans as white light but is superior for illumination in terms of color rendering, whereas one cannot appreciate the color of red or green objects illuminated only by the yellow (and remaining blue) wavelengths from the YAG phosphor.

Question: What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?
Answer: white

Question: What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?
Answer: yellow light
In the US, one kilowatt-hour (3.6 MJ) of electricity currently causes an average 1.34 pounds (610 g) of CO 2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO 2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO 2 over the same time span. A building’s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs.

Question: In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?
Answer: US

Question: How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?
Answer: 196 pounds

Question: A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?
Answer: 30 pounds

Question: How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?
Answer: 85%
Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the meaning of Qīng (lit. "clear" or "pure"). The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (明), which consists of the Chinese characters for "sun" (日) and "moon" (月), both associated with the fire element of the Chinese zodiacal system. The character Qīng (清) is composed of "water" (氵) and "azure" (青), both associated with the water element. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri. The Manchu name daicing, which sounds like a phonetic rendering of Dà Qīng or Dai Ching, may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word that means "warrior". Daicing gurun may therefore have meant "warrior state", a pun that was only intelligible to Manchu and Mongol people. In the later part of the dynasty, however, even the Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning.

Question: Who named himself the Bright Khan?
Answer: Nurhaci

Question: What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?
Answer: water imagery

Question: Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?
Answer: Hong Taiji

Question: What language did the dynasties name come from originall?
Answer: Mongolian

Question: What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?
Answer: Mongolian word that means "warrior"
Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restoring Ming customs, ordering that the resented queues be cut, and declaring himself emperor of a new dynasty. At the peak of the rebels' fortunes, they extended their control as far north as the Yangtze River, nearly establishing a divided China. Wu then hesitated to go further north, not being able to coordinate strategy with his allies, and Kangxi was able to unify his forces for a counterattack led by a new generation of Manchu generals. By 1681, the Qing government had established control over a ravaged southern China which took several decades to recover. Manchu Generals and Bannermen were initially put to shame by the better performance of the Han Chinese Green Standard Army, who fought better than them against the rebels and this was noted by Kangxi, leading him to task Generals Sun Sike, Wang Jinbao, and Zhao Liangdong to lead Green Standard Soldiers to crush the rebels. The Qing thought that Han Chinese were superior at battling other Han people and so used the Green Standard Army as the dominant and majority army in crushing the rebels instead of Bannermen. Similarly, in northwestern China against Wang Fuchen, the Qing used Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Chinese Generals such as Zhang Liangdong, Wang Jinbao, and Zhang Yong as the primary military forces. This choice was due to the rocky terrain, which favoured infantry troops over cavalry, to the desire to keep Bannermen in the reserves, and, again, to the belief that Han troops were better at fighting other Han people. These Han generals achieved victory over the rebels. Also due to the mountainous terrain, Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were also retaken by the Han Chinese Green Standard Army under Wang Jinbao and Zhao Liangdong in 1680, with Manchus only participating in dealing with logistics and provisions. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war. 213 Han Chinese Banner companies, and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing during the revolt. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.

Question: How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?
Answer: eight years

Question: Who declared himself emperor?
Answer: Wu

Question: When did the Qing regain power over southern China?
Answer: 1681

Question: Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?
Answer: other Han people

Question: How many Green Standard Army soldiers were on the Qing side?
Answer: 400,000
Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.

Question: what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?
Answer: capital punishment

Question: What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?
Answer: terrorist organisation

Question: In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?
Answer: 529

Question: What former president's supporters are set to be executed?
Answer: Mohamed Morsi
In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).

Question: What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?
Answer: gold mosaics with only one great cross

Question: Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?
Answer: condemned as idolatry

Question: When did the Iconodules change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?
Answer: 787–797

Question: When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?
Answer: after 740

Question: When was the Dormition church destroyed?
Answer: 1922
Regardless of the way the tension between universities, individual scientists, and the scientific revolution itself is perceived, there was a discernible impact on the way that university education was constructed. Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and knowledge construction, but also for the training of scholars within the higher education setting. The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution, and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation, initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines. Instead of entering higher education to become a "general scholar" immersed in becoming proficient in the entire curriculum, there emerged a type of scholar that put science first and viewed it as a vocation in itself. The divergence between those focused on science and those still entrenched in the idea of a general scholar exacerbated the epistemological tensions that were already beginning to emerge.

Question: What type of epistemology served as the foundation of knowledge constructions and training scholars in universities?
Answer: Aristotelian

Question: The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science?
Answer: autonomy

Question: There was disagreement between universities and scientists over schools focusing on science, and the idea of what?
Answer: a general scholar

Question: A hierarchy of scientific disciplines came out of what?
Answer: the scientific revolution

Question: Where did students after the scientific revolution put science on the scale of importance?
Answer: first
The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury.

Question: How deities did the Romans have?
Answer: great number

Question: What group was an influence to Roman culture?
Answer: Greeks

Question: What sort of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome's culture?
Answer: religious

Question: What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs?
Answer: Greek

Question: What religion influenced augury for the Romans?
Answer: Etruscan
In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius, the divine tutelary of every individual. Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio.

Question: After the Republic collapsed, what addition was made to the religions of Rome?
Answer: emperors

Question: Who was the first Roman emperor?
Answer: Augustus

Question: For whose well being were public vows made in the empire?
Answer: emperor

Question: What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?
Answer: Imperial cult

Question: As what during the time of the Roman empire was rejection of the state religion viewed?
Answer: treason
Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world. The benevolent, divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League, its Aventine Temple to Diana, and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms. Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus, whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates.

Question: To what were the first kings of Rome associated?
Answer: religious institutions

Question: To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus establish a temple?
Answer: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

Question: The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?
Answer: Tarquinius Superbus

Question: Where was the temple to the triad gods established?
Answer: Capitoline

Question: What organization did Servius Tullius found?
Answer: Latin League,
The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:

Question: What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?
Answer: commonplace

Question: To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain?
Answer: lawful Roman

Question: What were the characteristics of state religious observances?
Answer: impressive, costly, and centralised

Question: Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome?
Answer: individual

Question: What type of deities did Roman communities have?
Answer: patron
Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display, and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests. Under the Principate, all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control: the most lavish were subsidised by emperors, and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office. Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries. Others, such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era (saeculum), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part.

Question: What type of festivals happened when events warranted them?
Answer: fulfillment of religious vows

Question: What is an example of an event organized religious celebration?
Answer: The triumph

Question: In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other?
Answer: public display

Question: Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate?
Answer: Imperial

Question: Who paid for the most lavish of festival events?
Answer: emperors
Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consuls. Di superi with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various genii – including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion (exta, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own.

Question: When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur?
Answer: daylight

Question: What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities?
Answer: white

Question: What event was held after the sacrifice?
Answer: banquet

Question: What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections?
Answer: fertile

Question: Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet?
Answer: officials and priests
Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes. Pliny saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the druids as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain. Despite an empire-wide ban under Hadrian, human sacrifice may have continued covertly in North Africa and elsewhere.

Question: What act did Romans view as obnoxious?
Answer: human sacrifice

Question: To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed?
Answer: enemies

Question: What did Rome do about human sacrifice?
Answer: banned it

Question: As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice?
Answer: murder

Question: What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide?
Answer: Hadrian
Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient, ethnically Etruscan "outsider" religious profession, separate from Rome's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy, essential but never quite respectable. During the mid-to-late Republic, the reformist Gaius Gracchus, the populist politician-general Gaius Marius and his antagonist Sulla, and the "notorious Verres" justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners. The senate and armies used the public haruspices: at some time during the late Republic, the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination. Being of independent means, they would be better motivated to maintain a pure, religious practice for the public good. The motives of private haruspices – especially females – and their clients were officially suspect: none of this seems to have troubled Marius, who employed a Syrian prophetess.

Question: What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?
Answer: examination of entrails

Question: Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?
Answer: liver

Question: To which group can haruspicy to traced?
Answer: Etruscan

Question: What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?
Answer: diviners

Question: What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?
Answer: public haruspices
Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.

Question: From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?
Answer: educated elite

Question: What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?
Answer: archaic

Question: What did the ancient Romans expect after death?
Answer: afterlife

Question: With whom did the early Romans expect to associate?
Answer: gods

Question: What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?
Answer: monumental endowments