lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with "a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld. They had become one of the di Manes, who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February.

Question: What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?
Answer: Funeral and commemorative

Question: What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?
Answer: sow

Question: What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?
Answer: less well-off

Question: What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead?
Answer: Parentalia

Question: What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living?
Answer: Ceres
The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and "magic" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman squats among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to "bind hostile tongues to silence". By this she invokes Tacita, the "Silent One" of the underworld.

Question: What forbid harmful incantations?
Answer: Twelve Tables

Question: What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community?
Answer: Chthonic

Question: What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?
Answer: indistinguishable

Question: What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?
Answer: public gaze

Question: Where was magic conducted in Rome?
Answer: outside the sacred boundary
The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus followed; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC. Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia. Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri. The military-political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma (identified with Roman Bellona, the Egyptian mystery-goddess Isis and Persian Mithras.)

Question: What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?
Answer: Magna Mater

Question: What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?
Answer: Bacchus

Question: In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?
Answer: 186 BC

Question: In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium?
Answer: 179 BC

Question: What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?
Answer: Mars
Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.

Question: What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?
Answer: diis deabusque omnibus

Question: What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?
Answer: domestic

Question: To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?
Answer: traditional gods

Question: What act of provincials brought new gods into the military?
Answer: conscription

Question: What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?
Answer: citizenship
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

Question: What did Valerian call the Christian religion?
Answer: subversive foreign cult

Question: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
Answer: assemblies

Question: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
Answer: Rome's traditional

Question: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
Answer: threat

Question: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
Answer: stronger
In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the third most visited website in the world, as of June 2015; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.

Question: As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every minute?
Answer: 300

Question: How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?
Answer: around three quarters

Question: How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?
Answer: 800 million

Question: As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?
Answer: 15 billion

Question: Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?
Answer: third
Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication". Anderson asserted that it's not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history." In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes' Michael Noer called "the largest school in the world", with technology poised to disrupt how people learn.

Question: Who is the TED curator?
Answer: Chris Anderson

Question: What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize?
Answer: face-to-face communication

Question: Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?
Answer: Salman Khan

Question: What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?
Answer: education
IMF's forecast said that Greece's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014. But in fact, the Greek economy suffered a prolonged high unemployemnt. The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013. In 2015, Greece's jobless rate is around 24 per cent. It is thought that Greece's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects.

Question: What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?
Answer: 14.8 percent

Question: What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?
Answer: 9 per cent and 11 per cent

Question: What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?
Answer: 28 per cent

Question: What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?
Answer: 24 per cent

Question: What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?
Answer: prolonged massive unemployment
During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause." In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

Question: In the early days who represented party leadership?
Answer: it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader

Question: In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?
Answer: (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

Question: What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of the house?
Answer: to represent a party comprising a distinct minority
Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina ( ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

Question: How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?
Answer: around the 6th century BC

Question: What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
Answer: 476 BC

Question: Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
Answer: Hecataeus of Miletus

Question: Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?
Answer: Xenophon

Question: What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?
Answer: Persians
Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Question: When was Jonas Bronck born?
Answer: 1600

Question: When did Bronck reach the New York area?
Answer: spring of 1639

Question: Where did Bronck emigrate from?
Answer: Småland, Sweden

Question: What entity did Bronck get his land from?
Answer: the Dutch West India Company

Question: How much land did Bronck eventually own?
Answer: 500 acres
The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)

Question: What does the Inner City Press now focus on?
Answer: national issues

Question: Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?
Answer: Bernard Stein

Question: Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?
Answer: for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues

Question: When did Stein win a Pulitzer?
Answer: 1998

Question: Where did Stein graduate from?
Answer: the Bronx High School of Science
Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts".

Question: What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?
Answer: capacity of people

Question: What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?
Answer: human flourishing

Question: What is human flourishing?
Answer: making life better

Question: What doesnt conetemporary humanism believe about human nature?
Answer: purely good
The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica).

Question: During what time period was the Devonian era?
Answer: 419 to 359 Ma.

Question: Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?
Answer: Euramerica (or Laurussia)

Question: Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?
Answer: Old Red Sandstone

Question: What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on Pangaea during the Devonian?
Answer: the northern Appalachian Mountains
Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast and Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by Sindh to the south, Balochistān and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and Islamabad and Azad Kashmir to the north.

Question: What does Punjab mean?
Answer: five waters

Question: How many provinces does Pakistan have?
Answer: four

Question: How large is Punjab?
Answer: 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)

Question: What is Punjab's population?
Answer: 91.379.615

Question: What is Punjab's biggest city?
Answer: Lahore
Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.

Question: Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?
Answer: transmission rate of infectious diseases

Question: What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?
Answer: extensive interactions

Question: What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?
Answer: focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps

Question: What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?
Answer: needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users

Question: When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?
Answer: 2001
In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

Question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
Answer: the upper class

Question: What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
Answer: food and furs

Question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
Answer: Robin Hood

Question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
Answer: they "hunt the King's deer

Question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
Answer: the upper class

Question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
Answer: democratically in hunting for all

Question: What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
Answer: food and furs

Question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
Answer: Robin Hood

Question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
Answer: they "hunt the King's deer

Question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
Answer: democratically in hunting for all

Question: In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?
Answer: upper class

Question: What was the game in feudal territory was used as?
Answer: food and furs

Question: Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?
Answer: professional huntsmen

Question: The importance of can be seen in what legends?
Answer: Robin Hood

Question: Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?
Answer: all