lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

Question: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: strict class hierarchy

Question: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
Answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Question: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords

Question: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts

Question: What effect did having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
Answer: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

Question: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
Answer: Edo society

Question: What was society in the Tokugawa period based in?
Answer: strict class hierarchy

Question: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords,

Question: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
Answer: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

Question: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts
On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Question: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: How did the "Classic Period" end?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707

Question: Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
Answer: Hindu Maratha Empire

Question: Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India

Question: What happened when the Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
Answer: the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Question: Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: What event ended the "classic period"?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb

Question: What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb?
Answer: the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,

Question: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India

Question: What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
Answer: the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat
Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

Question: What is Italian Unification?
Answer: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy

Question: When did the Italian Unification occur?
Answer: in the 19th century

Question: In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
Answer: 1871

Question: In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
Answer: 1815

Question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
Answer: World War I.
The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

Question: When did the modern petroleum industry start?
Answer: 1846

Question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?
Answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

Question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

Question: Who improved Gesner's of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

Question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
Answer: Bóbrka
Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

Question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
Answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

Question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
Answer: peasant and warrior alike.

Question: Who did the Japanese form their military forces after?
Answer: French military

Question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
Answer: ketsu-eki

Question: Where was the military academy located?
Answer: Kyoto
Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

Question: When did modern physics arise?
Answer: early 20th century

Question: What is the old Quantum theory?
Answer: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.

Question: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?
Answer: Michelson-Morley experiment

Question: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?
Answer: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether

Question: What does Darwinism promote?
Answer: the theory of natural selection.
Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Question: What is Albert Einstein known for?
Answer: his theories of special relativity and general relativity

Question: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?
Answer: mathematical treatment