lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.

Question: What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the Seven Years' War?
Answer: The war has been described as the first "world war"

Question: What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe?
Answer: The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,

Question: What is the precedent for the "Second Hundred Year's War?
Answer: reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century

Question: What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?
Answer: to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars
1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Question: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Spain

Question: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Portugal

Question: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
Answer: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

Question: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
Answer: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

Question: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal. What was the result?
Answer: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain
Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

Question: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
Answer: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

Question: What success did the British have in Cuba?
Answer: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

Question: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
Answer: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

Question: Identify the French colonies lost to the British in 1759 and 1762.
Answer: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

Question: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
Answer: Manila in the Philippines
Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca.

Question: The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?
Answer: Princeton University

Question: Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?
Answer: no teaching duties

Question: Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?
Answer: students

Question: Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?
Answer: California Institute of Technology

Question: In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?
Answer: Ithaca
After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory.

Question: Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity
Answer: quantum electrodynamics

Question: What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?
Answer: consequences of a free massless spin 2 field

Question: What equation did Feyman derive?
Answer: Einstein field equation of general relativity

Question: Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?
Answer: QCD and the electro-weak theory

Question: What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?
Answer: Yang–Mills theories
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

Question: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?
Answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

Question: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?
Answer: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

Question: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?
Answer: his own Third International Theory

Question: What political philosophy did Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
Answer: Pan-Africanism

Question: What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?
Answer: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011

Question: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?
Answer: from 1977 to 2011

Question: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
Answer: Pan-Africanism

Question: List Gaddafi's lifespan.
Answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

Question: When did he first gain power in Libya?
Answer: 1969

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?
Answer: Third International Theory

Question: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?
Answer: Colonel Gaddafi

Question: What was Gaddafi's nationality?
Answer: Libyan

Question: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?
Answer: Brotherly Leader

Question: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?
Answer: 20 October 2011
After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a "soft target." Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned. In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

Question: About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?
Answer: 100

Question: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?
Answer: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing

Question: How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?
Answer: two

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?
Answer: Hanna

Question: What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?
Answer: Syria
Cyprus (i/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος IPA: [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt and east of Greece.

Question: What is the official name of Cypus?
Answer: Republic of Cyprus

Question: Where is Cyprus located?
Answer: Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Question: What countries are nearby Cyprus?
Answer: Syria and Turkey

Question: What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?
Answer: member state

Question: Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country?
Answer: island country

Question: What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean?
Answer: third largest

Question: Which country is north of Cyprus?
Answer: Turkey
On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

Question: Which countries were part of the Zurich and London Agreement?
Answer: United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey

Question: What was Cyprus' total population when it gained independence?
Answer: 573,566

Question: What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence?
Answer: 16 August 1960

Question: What was the percentage of Greeks in the Cyprus population?
Answer: (77.1%

Question: What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population?
Answer: 18.2%
In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature-length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), completed in 1996, Hellados (And the Trains Fly to the Sky, 1995), which is currently in post-production, and Costas Demetriou's O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to The Road to Ithaka was composed by Costas Cacoyannis and sung by Alexia Vassiliou. In September 1999, To Tama (The Promise) by Andreas Pantzis also received funding from the Eurimages Fund. In 2009 the Greek director, writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos filmed in Cyprus Guilt. The film was awarded in 2012 with the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography award in London Greek Film Festival (UK) and was official selection in Montreal World Film Festival, Cairo International Film Festival, India International Film Festival, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Fantasporto and opening film in the Panorama of European Cinema in Athens. In 2010 the film was Nominated for the best film from the Hellenic Film Academy.

Question: What is the amount in Euros of money set aside for the Cinema Advisory Committee?
Answer: 850,000 Euros

Question: Who finances European film co-productions?
Answer: Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund

Question: What was the first feature film to receive funding from Eurimages?
Answer: I Sphagi tou Kokora

Question: Which film was awarded the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography at the London Greek Film Festival?
Answer: Cyprus Guilt
In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop. Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes. In general, most elevators before WWII were manually controlled by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor. This rheostat (see picture) was enclosed within a cylindrical container about the size and shape of a cake. This was mounted upright or sideways on the cab wall and operated via a projecting handle, which was able to slide around the top half of the cylinder.

Question: Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what?
Answer: automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop

Question: How were most elevators built before 1939 powered?
Answer: by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor

Question: Many earlier built freight elevators were controlled by what?
Answer: switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes

Question: A rheostat is the size and shape of what?
Answer: a cake

Question: Where was the rheostat mounted?
Answer: upright or sideways on the cab wall
Safety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds. Each end of the segment is then secured in a large, hydraulic stretching machine. The segment is then placed under increasing load to the point of failure. Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled and a report is produced. The report is then analyzed to determine whether or not the entire rail is safe to use.

Question: What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing?
Answer: elevator rails

Question: What is the first step in destructive testing?
Answer: The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds

Question: Afterwards, what type of machine is the segment secured in?
Answer: hydraulic stretching machine

Question: What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable?
Answer: destructive testing

Question: What types of information are collected in the process?
Answer: Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled
For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

Question: What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere?
Answer: 750 K

Question: What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?
Answer: atmospheric interaction with ions

Question: Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate?
Answer: in the atmosphere

Question: What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of?
Answer: carbon dioxide and water
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "skin effect" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70° S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.

Question: What dynamic weather does Neptune have?
Answer: storm

Question: What does Neptune's wind speeds reach?
Answer: 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)

Question: What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?
Answer: 400 m/s

Question: Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?
Answer: opposite

Question: What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune?
Answer: skin effect
Some street trams (streetcars) used conduit third-rail current collection. The third rail was below street level. The tram picked up the current through a plough (U.S. "plow") accessed through a narrow slot in the road. In the United States, much (though not all) of the former streetcar system in Washington, D.C. (discontinued in 1962) was operated in this manner to avoid the unsightly wires and poles associated with electric traction. The same was true with Manhattan's former streetcar system. The evidence of this mode of running can still be seen on the track down the slope on the northern access to the abandoned Kingsway Tramway Subway in central London, United Kingdom, where the slot between the running rails is clearly visible, and on P and Q Streets west of Wisconsin Avenue in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington DC, where the abandoned tracks have not been paved over. The slot can easily be confused with the similar looking slot for cable trams/cars (in some cases, the conduit slot was originally a cable slot). The disadvantage of conduit collection included much higher initial installation costs, higher maintenance costs, and problems with leaves and snow getting in the slot. For this reason, in Washington, D.C. cars on some lines converted to overhead wire on leaving the city center, a worker in a "plough pit" disconnecting the plough while another raised the trolley pole (hitherto hooked down to the roof) to the overhead wire. In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used. A similar system of changeover from conduit to overhead wire was also used on the London tramways, notably on the southern side; a typical changeover point was at Norwood, where the conduit snaked sideways from between the running rails, to provide a park for detached shoes or ploughs.

Question: What is the other name for the street trams?
Answer: streetcars

Question: Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?
Answer: below street level

Question: What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?
Answer: Washington, D.C.

Question: What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?
Answer: leaves and snow

Question: What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead wire system?
Answer: cost and operating efficiency
Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy, Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century. Italy was the major user, for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976. The first lines were the Burgdorf-Thun line in Switzerland (1899), and the lines of the Ferrovia Alta Valtellina from Colico to Chiavenna and Tirano in Italy, which were electrified in 1901 and 1902. Other lines where the three-phase system were used were the Simplon Tunnel in Switzerland from 1906 to 1930, and the Cascade Tunnel of the Great Northern Railway in the United States from 1909 to 1927.

Question: What countries used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?
Answer: Italy, Switzerland and the United States

Question: What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?
Answer: Italy

Question: Where did Italy start using the AC system?
Answer: in the mountainous regions of northern Italy

Question: How long did the AC system last in northern Italy?
Answer: 1901 until 1976

Question: How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel?
Answer: 1909 to 1927
Additionally, there are issues of connections between different electrical services, particularly connecting intercity lines with sections electrified for commuter traffic, but also between commuter lines built to different standards. This can cause electrification of certain connections to be very expensive simply because of the implications on the sections it is connecting. Many lines have come to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards for different trains to avoid having to replace the existing rolling stock on those lines. Obviously, this requires that the economics of a particular connection must be more compelling and this has prevented complete electrification of many lines. In a few cases, there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route.

Question: What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?
Answer: connections between different electrical services

Question: Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated?
Answer: the implications on the sections it is connecting

Question: What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock?
Answer: to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards

Question: Why are disel trains still used on electrified routes?
Answer: due to incompatibility of electrification standards