lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Question: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?
Answer: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.

Question: What do the Grecian Romioi descendants of the Constantine rule believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
Answer: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome

Question: What other cultures do the Romioi clam to be their birthright ?
Answer: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well

Question: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
Answer: Hellene" still meant pagan
Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Question: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
Answer: Greek Enlightenment

Question: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?
Answer: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,

Question: What did Greeks do that caused the formation of the new state ?
Answer: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire

Question: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
Answer: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

Question: what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?
Answer: Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.

Question: What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?
Answer: the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.

Question: What is the origins of the term "old woman " ?
Answer: word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu

Question: Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?
Answer: A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.
The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million. Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Omogeneia. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto. In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state. This law was later repealed in early 2014.

Question: How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?
Answer: total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue

Question: Who provided the contradictory population numbers for Greeks abroad ?
Answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad

Question: How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?
Answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide

Question: At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an
Answer: Sorbonne University

Question: Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?
Answer: George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million
During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church.

Question: After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules ?
Answer: Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state

Question: What did they do that contributed to the Greek's success of establishment?
Answer: important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad

Question: Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?
Answer: Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries

Question: What countries did they settle in ?
Answer: Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)

Question: How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?
Answer: from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.
Greek culture has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the Classical period, the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped. Ottoman Greeks had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in genocide in the 20th century but nevertheless included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures. The Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today.

Question: What is considered the start of the Grecian cultural world ?
Answer: beginning in the Mycenaean civilization

Question: Which devotion of time was heavily influenced by the religious followers of the Son of God ?
Answer: the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity

Question: In what centennial was the massacre of the Greeks of Ottoman descent ?
Answer: genocide in the 20th century

Question: Was there anything good that could be found from the divergence into exchange ?
Answer: included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures.

Question: Who was given the merit for the reemergence of the Greek way of life ?
Answer: Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture
Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts. In the West, ancient Greek art was influential in shaping the Roman and later the modern western artistic heritage. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the western world. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.

Question: What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?
Answer: visual, literary and performing arts.

Question: What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?
Answer: the Renaissance in Europe

Question: What important heritage of art from Greece was celebrated during this time ?
Answer: the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.

Question: What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?
Answer: In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures

Question: In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of Greek descent ?
Answer: Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.
As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education. Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names. Notable modern Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory, Manolis Andronikos, Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and Dimitri Nanopoulos.

Question: According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ?
Answer: the percentages for female students being higher than for male

Question: Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ?
Answer: Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year

Question: Are university educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers in other countries ?
Answer: the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names

Question: Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ?
Answer: John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,
Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father’s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father’s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.

Question: What names are used that are typically from a father and have usually added a suffix or prefix ?
Answer: Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics

Question: What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ?
Answer: Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending

Question: What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ?
Answer: many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.

Question: What does it mean to have the letters OU added to the ending of a males last name ?
Answer: some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons.
The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily. In Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean. This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832. The sea and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.

Question: What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ?
Answer: Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily

Question: What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?
Answer: Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond

Question: What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world named ?
Answer: map of the Old Greek Diaspora

Question: When did changes of this ancient map become notable ?
Answer: corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 183

Question: Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?
Answer: Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture
Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.

Question: What else is this particular captain known for doing ?
Answer: the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca

Question: Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia ?
Answer: Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India)

Question: What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?
Answer: plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade

Question: Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted ?
Answer: trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate
Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four"—France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States—held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".

Question: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
Answer: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres

Question: Who were the chief arbiters of the new world order?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States

Question: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: Big Three

Question: Who were the big four?
Answer: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States
When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the "Big Three". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.

Question: When did World War II start?
Answer: 1939

Question: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?
Answer: two alliances

Question: Who were the winners of World War II?
Answer: Allies

Question: Who made up the Axis powers?
Answer: Germany, Italy and Japan

Question: The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?
Answer: United Nations Security Council
Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional and international organizations. Various authors describe Italy as an equal major power, while others view Italy as an "intermittent great power" or as "the least of the great powers".

Question: Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?
Answer: Germany, Italy and Japan

Question: What emerging power is considered a great power?
Answer: India

Question: What G7 members are among great powers?
Answer: Germany, Japan and Italy

Question: Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?
Answer: Italy
The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Question: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
Answer: Early Modern

Question: The 1800"s are referred to as?
Answer: time of the late Enlightenment

Question: What do the terms "Early Modern" and 'Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history

Question: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Question: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
Answer: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment

Question: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
Answer: 1930s

Question: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
Answer: 1800

Question: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history

Question: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.