lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator. While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime, diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power while if an electric power plant needs to generate less power it will shut down its least efficient generators, thereby increasing efficiency. The electric train can save energy (as compared to diesel) by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting. However, electric rolling stock may run cooling blowers when stopped or coasting, thus consuming energy.

Question: Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?
Answer: Central station

Question: How can electric power plant become more power efficient?
Answer: it will shut down its least efficient generators

Question: How can electric train be more energy efficient?
Answer: by regenerative braking

Question: Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?
Answer: diesel

Question: What causes electric trains to waste energy?
Answer: cooling blowers
Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s.

Question: Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?
Answer: unsuitable

Question: What is the recent incentive in order to overcome oil scarcity?
Answer: to substitute other fuels

Question: What type of natural resources is more scarce?
Answer: liquid fuel

Question: What research can be used in the future if translated?
Answer: Soviet studies from the 1980s
In the former Soviet Union, electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel. Partly due to inefficient generation of electricity in the USSR (only 20.8% thermal efficiency in 1950 vs. 36.2% in 1975), in 1950 diesel traction was about twice as energy efficient as electric traction (in terms of net tonne-km of freight per kg of fuel). But as efficiency of electricity generation (and thus of electric traction) improved, by about 1965 electric railways became more efficient than diesel. After the mid 1970s electrics used about 25% less fuel per ton-km. However diesels were mainly used on single track lines with a fair amount of traffic so that the lower fuel consumption of electrics may be in part due to better operating conditions on electrified lines (such as double tracking) rather than inherent energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the cost of diesel fuel was about 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content) than that of the fuel used in electric power plants (that generated electricity), thus making electric railways even more energy-cost effective.

Question: What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?
Answer: electric

Question: What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?
Answer: 1965

Question: How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?
Answer: 25% less fuel per ton-km

Question: What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?
Answer: better operating conditions on electrified lines

Question: How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?
Answer: 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content
After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States.

Question: What states made up of Alta California
Answer: California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California

Question: When did other states become part of Mexico?
Answer: After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain

Question: What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo
Answer: most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México

Question: Why is there still Bilingual spoken in these states?
Answer: The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory
Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

Question: Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?
Answer: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law

Question: Is Canada bilingual?
Answer: United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.

Question: Was California a bilingual state?
Answer: California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,

Question: Why didn't California officially become bilingual?
Answer: the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English

Question: Was there a court ruling?
Answer: the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.
As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

Question: Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?
Answer: civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s

Question: When did Salvadorans flee
Answer: Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990

Question: Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?
Answer: the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.

Question: Is the Salvadoran population still growing?
Answer: the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters

Question: How many Salvadorans are in America now?
Answer: By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.
Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.

Question: Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?
Answer: Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence

Question: Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect
Answer: , New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish

Question: How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?
Answer: has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico.

Question: Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?
Answer: New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)

Question: Does New Mexico also use language from the American language when spoken in Spanish?
Answer: borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083 (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.

Question: What year was Charleston founded?
Answer: 1670

Question: What was Charleston's original name?
Answer: Charles Town

Question: Charles Town was named after which king?
Answer: King Charles II of England

Question: Where was the city originally located?
Answer: Albemarle Point

Question: What was Charleston's population in 2010?
Answer: 120,083

Question: What year was Charleston originally founded?
Answer: 1670

Question: Who was Charles Town named after?
Answer: King Charles II of England

Question: What was the originally name of Charleston?
Answer: Charles Town

Question: How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?
Answer: 120,083

Question: Where was Charleston's first location?
Answer: Albemarle Point
The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.

Question: What era brought counties to South Carolina?
Answer: Reconstruction Era

Question: Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?
Answer: traditional parish system

Question: What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?
Answer: public service districts

Question: The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?
Answer: Parish of St. Philip

Question: What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated rural parish?
Answer: St. Andrew's Parish
Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Question: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?
Answer: Creek nations

Question: What is the estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?
Answer: 500,000 to 1,250,000

Question: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?
Answer: 5,239,350

Question: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?
Answer: the deerskin trade

Question: What was the average amount of deer skins that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715?
Answer: 54,000
On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Question: Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?
Answer: General Sir Henry Clinton

Question: Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?
Answer: Col. Moultrie

Question: When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?
Answer: June 28, 1776

Question: What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?
Answer: a simultaneous Loyalist uprising

Question: Fort Sullivan was renamed what after the battle?
Answer: Fort Moultrie
In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

Question: Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?
Answer: Southern Baptist Church

Question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?
Answer: 17,000

Question: What barred product ,along with dogs and guns , did the Freemen want after slavery ended?
Answer: liquor

Question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?
Answer: 27,000

Question: AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?
Answer: the North
Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Question: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?
Answer: spring

Question: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?
Answer: Festival dei Due Mondi

Question: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?
Answer: 1977

Question: What the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
Answer: composer

Question: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?
Answer: Pulitzer Prize
Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Question: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?
Answer: the Footlight Players

Question: Where is the annual Charleston Fashion week held?
Answer: Marion Square

Question: The Footlight Players started creating theatrical productions in what year?
Answer: 1931

Question: Charleston is known for what type of food?
Answer: seafood

Question: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?
Answer: British and French
The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887) and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

Question: "Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?
Answer: 1887

Question: To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?
Answer: French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews

Question: To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?
Answer: College of Charleston

Question: Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?
Answer: Sylvester Primer

Question: What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?
Answer: German journal
By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

Question: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?
Answer: The slave trade

Question: Where was fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?
Answer: the Market Hall and Sheds

Question: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?
Answer: 1808

Question: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?
Answer: Black Belt

Question: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?
Answer: in the antebellum years
The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940, in comparison to Germany's 8,000. The replacement of pilots and aircrew was more difficult. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. The circumstances affected the Germans more than the British. Operating over home territory, British flyers could fly again if they survived being shot down. German crews, even if they survived, faced capture. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender.

Question: Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?
Answer: poor intelligence

Question: What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?
Answer: capture

Question: Britain's fabrication of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?
Answer: 2 to 1

Question: How big was the crew of a bomber?
Answer: four to five crewmen

Question: How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?
Answer: 10,000