lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Regardless of the ability of the Luftwaffe to win air superiority, Adolf Hitler was frustrated that it was not happening quickly enough. With no sign of the RAF weakening, and Luftwaffe air fleets (Luftflotten) taking punishing losses, the OKL was keen for a change in strategy. To reduce losses further, a change in strategy was also favoured to take place at night, to give the bombers greater protection under cover of darkness.[b] On 4 September 1940, in a long address at the Sportspalast, Hitler declared: "And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand, or three thousand [kilograms ...] then we will now drop [...] 300,000, 400,000, yes one million kilograms in a single night. And should they declare they will greatly increase their attacks on our cities, then we will erase their cities."

Question: The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?
Answer: punishing

Question: What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?
Answer: change in strategy

Question: What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?
Answer: cover of darkness

Question: What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?
Answer: Sportspalast

Question: In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast?
Answer: 1940
Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940–1941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.

Question: What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?
Answer: early 1938

Question: What disagreements did the Luftwaffe staff center around?
Answer: tactics

Question: Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?
Answer: unclear strategy

Question: What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?
Answer: failure before it began
In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three to four million psychiatric patients. Winston Churchill told Parliament in 1934, "We must expect that, under the pressure of continuous attack upon London, at least three or four million people would be driven out into the open country around the metropolis." Panicked reactions during the Munich crisis, such as the migration by 150,000 to Wales, contributed to fear of societal chaos.

Question: What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?
Answer: psychological trauma

Question: Psychiatrists believe in 1938 that mental trauma could reach how many millions?
Answer: three to four

Question: Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?
Answer: Wales

Question: Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country?
Answer: Winston Churchill
The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33

Question: The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?
Answer: London

Question: What trial took place on August 10 1939?
Answer: a blackout

Question: What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?
Answer: the blackout

Question: How long were lights not allowed on after dark?
Answer: almost six years

Question: Why did the government and civil service not want to relocate during the war?
Answer: damage civilian morale
Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities, and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters. The Phoney War, however, and the unexpected delay of civilian bombing permitted the shelter programme to finish in June 1940.:35 The programme favoured backyard Anderson shelters and small brick surface shelters; many of the latter were soon abandoned in 1940 as unsafe. In addition, authorities expected that the raids would be brief and during the day. Few predicted that attacks by night would force Londoners to sleep in shelters.

Question: What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?
Answer: shelters

Question: What year did the shelter program finish?
Answer: 1940

Question: Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940?
Answer: unsafe

Question: Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?
Answer: attacks by night
Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in private home shelters, implying that the remaining 60% of the city likely stayed at home. The government distributed Anderson shelters until 1941 and that year began distributing the Morrison shelter, which could be used inside homes.:190

Question: What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September 27, 1940?
Answer: 177,000

Question: In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?
Answer: 4%

Question: Where did 60% of populations stay?
Answer: at home

Question: What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?
Answer: 1941

Question: Where could the Morrison shelters be used?
Answer: inside homes
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.

Question: An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?
Answer: Paul Dirac

Question: What year was the Dirac sea modeled?
Answer: 1930

Question: When werer virtual particles confirmed?
Answer: late 20th century

Question: What year was the uncertainty principle formed?
Answer: 1927,

Question: What theorized that time and energy can be measured?
Answer: Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.

Question: what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?
Answer: The black hole

Question: Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?
Answer: Einstein

Question: what produces curvature in a vacuum?
Answer: tidal forces and gravitational waves

Question: What has no electric charge?
Answer: black hole
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.

Question: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
Answer: handheld plungers in water.

Question: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what?
Answer: place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body

Question: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
Answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Question: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
Answer: air's volume

Question: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
Answer: suction pump
The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is often also measured on the barometric scale or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres. Low vacuum is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pascals (Pa) below standard atmospheric pressure. "Below atmospheric" means that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure.

Question: Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?
Answer: "Below atmospheric"

Question: What is a torr equal to?
Answer: displacement of a millimeter of mercury

Question: What is another often used options to measure vacuum?
Answer: barometric scale
Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37 °C. Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.

Question: When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum?
Answer: after a few seconds

Question: A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?
Answer: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)

Question: What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?
Answer: ebullism

Question: What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?
Answer: tissues are elastic and porous
QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum fluctuations are an essential and ubiquitous part of quantum field theory. Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift. Coulomb's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified.

Question: When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?
Answer: In QED vacuum

Question: What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?
Answer: spontaneous emission

Question: what is vacuum fluctuation?
Answer: virtual particles that hop into and out of existence

Question: Finite energy in a QED is called what?
Answer: vacuum energy

Question: What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?
Answer: vacuum near an electric charge
Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers, who each headed a specialized ministry. The Minister of Ceremonies was the chief official in charge of religious rites, rituals, prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars. The Minister of the Household was in charge of the emperor's security within the palace grounds, external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot. The Minister of the Guards was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls, towers, and gates of the imperial palaces. The Minister Coachman was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables, horses, carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants, as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces. The Minister of Justice was the chief official in charge of upholding, administering, and interpreting the law. The Minister Herald was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court, such as nobles and foreign ambassadors. The Minister of the Imperial Clan oversaw the imperial court's interactions with the empire's nobility and extended imperial family, such as granting fiefs and titles. The Minister of Finance was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement. The Minister Steward served the emperor exclusively, providing him with entertainment and amusements, proper food and clothing, medicine and physical care, valuables and equipment.

Question: Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables?
Answer: The Minister Coachman

Question: Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?
Answer: The Minister of Justice

Question: Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see?
Answer: The Minister Herald

Question: Who provided the emperor with sustenance and medical aid?
Answer: The Minister Steward

Question: Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire's nobles with the court?
Answer: The Minister of the Imperial Clan
Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.

Question: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual region between Greece and Albania ?
Answer: the Dorians

Question: When did these groups make the migration ?
Answer: Around 1200 BC

Question: What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
Answer: the Mycenaean civilization,

Question: Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ?
Answer: it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)

Question: What areas were being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived ?
Answer: seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC
In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
Answer: Alexander

Question: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
Answer: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way

Question: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
Answer: Hellenistic cities

Question: Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ?
Answer: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
Answer: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.
Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Question: What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?
Answer: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")

Question: What did the label of Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?
Answer: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans

Question: Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?
Answer: secondary to religious considerations

Question: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?
Answer: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.
Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.

Question: When did the emperor Constantine lose rule over in 1453 ?
Answer: Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453

Question: What did the populace do in response to the loss ?
Answer: many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West

Question: What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?
Answer: in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia

Question: Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?
Answer: men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy

Question: What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?
Answer: levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.
The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

Question: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?
Answer: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830

Question: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?
Answer: clause removed by 1840

Question: How did the original Constitution identify its society members ?
Answer: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece

Question: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?
Answer: first Greek constitution of 1822

Question: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the Lausanne Treaty ?
Answer: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange