lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.". The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written by Bhāskara in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.

Question: Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?
Answer: Bhāskara

Question: In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?
Answer: 12th century

Question: The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?
Answer: 13

Question: What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?
Answer: the nature of the sphere
Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech, from whom the word "Czech" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.

Question: When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?
Answer: sixth century AD

Question: Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?
Answer: Čech

Question: What did the ninth century bring?
Answer: state of Great Moravia

Question: Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited Michael III to send missionaries?
Answer: East Francia

Question: What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?
Answer: Glagolitic
The "photoelectrons" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect) Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.

Question: What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?
Answer: photoelectrons

Question: What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?
Answer: the frequency

Question: What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?
Answer: no photoelectrons are emitted at all

Question: What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?
Answer: multiphoton effect

Question: What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?
Answer: kinetic

Question: What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?
Answer: frequency

Question: When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?
Answer: no photoelectrons are emitted at all

Question: If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?
Answer: more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy
The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

Question: What rounds are the qualifiers?
Answer: first six rounds

Question: How many teams in the first round?
Answer: 92 professional teams.

Question: What league enters in the third round?
Answer: Premier League and Championship clubs

Question: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??
Answer: never reached the quarter finals

Question: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?
Answer: Level 2 have never reached the final.
In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

Question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
Answer: 1863

Question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
Answer: C. W. Alcock

Question: When did the inaugural FA cup tournament take place?
Answer: November 1871

Question: Who won the first and second cups?
Answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners

Question: When was the modern cup established?
Answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,
Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

Question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition?
Answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,

Question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition?
Answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)

Question: Have any other countries ever competed?
Answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,

Question: Why can't those countries compete?
Answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.

Question: Has any other country been allowed to enter the competition since?
Answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.
Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the semi-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only. The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the "proper" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.

Question: When is the final?
Answer: May

Question: When do clubs above 9 enter?
Answer: clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages

Question: Is there seeding?
Answer: There is no seeding,

Question: What happens in the event of a tie?
Answer: fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only

Question: What are the first 6 rounds?
Answer: The first six rounds are qualifiers
The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

Question: Where are the semi finals played?
Answer: e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

Question: Is there a name for the specific venue?
Answer: Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue

Question: Where did the semi finals take place before then?
Answer: semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England

Question: What was the top most used venue?
Answer: Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)

Question: Where was the cup held in 2005?
Answer: In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.
The trophy comes in three parts - the cup itself, plus a lid and a base. There have been two designs of trophy in use, but five physical trophies have been presented. The original trophy, known as the "little tin idol", was 18 inches high and made by Martin, Hall & Co. It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered, and so was replaced by an exact replica, used until 1910. The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica, leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright. This new, larger design was by Messers Fattorini and Sons, and was used from 1911. In order to preserve this original, from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica, although this had to be replaced after just over two decades, after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras. This third replica, first used in 2014, was built heavier to withstand the increased handling. Of the four surviving trophies, only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership.

Question: How many parts does the trophy come in?
Answer: The trophy comes in three parts

Question: What is the parts of the trophy?
Answer: - the cup itself, plus a lid and a base

Question: How many trophy designs have there bee?
Answer: There have been two designs of trophy in use

Question: How many physical trophies have been presented?
Answer: five physical trophies have been presented

Question: When was the first design changed?
Answer: . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica,
Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007–08 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over £60,000 in prize money.

Question: Who is the lowest rank to play in the third round proper?
Answer: Chasetown

Question: What level where they?
Answer: playing at Level 8 of English football

Question: How many teams competed that year?
Answer: 731 teams entered that season

Question: What place did Chasetown come in?
Answer: final 64

Question: What FA cup season did this take place in?
Answer: 2007–08 competition
This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.

Question: When did the Habsburgs sell the Sundgau territory to France?
Answer: 1646

Question: How much did France pay for Sundgau?
Answer: 1.2 million Thalers

Question: In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?
Answer: the suppression of French Protestantism
By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.

Question: What was the population of Alsace in 1790?
Answer: 22,500

Question: Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?
Answer: in villages

Question: in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?
Answer: full emancipation

Question: Which country was Alsace merged into during 1871-1918
Answer: Germany
During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.

Question: What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?
Answer: served as sailors

Question: Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for Alsace-Lorraine?
Answer: Jacques Peirotes

Question: Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence?
Answer: French

Question: What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles
During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.

Question: Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?
Answer: 1940–1945

Question: What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?
Answer: names were Germanized.

Question: When did the suspension of German teaching in schools happen?
Answer: 1927
Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.

Question: Which two dialects were banned from public life?
Answer: Alsatian and Standard German

Question: What did the banning of the two dialects include?
Answer: street and city names, official administration, and educational system

Question: Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?
Answer: Sundgau region

Question: What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?
Answer: Yiddish
At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

Question: What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg?
Answer: new dual carriageway

Question: What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?
Answer: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

Question: What is the name the German Highway that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?
Answer: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

Question: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?
Answer: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest
Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Question: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
Answer: China

Question: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
Answer: 2014

Question: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
Answer: data sources

Question: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?
Answer: garments