lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655. By 1663, this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was undergoing full-scale English settlement. During the same period, the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The new province of "Carolina" was named in honor and memory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, North Carolina became a separate colony. Except for the Earl Granville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeen years later. A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary's Rebellion.

Question: After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?
Answer: English colonists

Question: Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?
Answer: Virginia

Question: The English colonist left virginia because of what issue with the land there?
Answer: less available

Question: Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas?
Answer: Nathaniel Batts

Question: What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina?
Answer: 1655
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":

Question: What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law?
Answer: a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos

Question: Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?
Answer: Joseph Butler

Question: Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?
Answer: John Herschel

Question: In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?
Answer: the second edition
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.

Question: What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?
Answer: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour

Question: What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?
Answer: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.

Question: Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?
Answer: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences

Question: Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?
Answer: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862

Question: Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection?
Answer: Henry Walter Bates
On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional "leading role" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevičius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania’s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control – a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control.

Question: Who was in charge of Lithuania's Communist Party in 1989
Answer: Algirdas Brazauskas

Question: What party did Lithuania's Communist Party break apart from?
Answer: Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Question: Who was in charge of the loyalist faction?
Answer: Mykolas Burokevičius,

Question: What place's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split?
Answer: Moscow's

Question: Who visited with the hope of bringing back the Communist Party of Lithuania to the Soviet Party?
Answer: Gorbachev
Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution). In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court. Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court:

Question: The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?
Answer: private and public

Question: What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?
Answer: those cases related to human rights

Question: What is the other power of this latter court?
Answer: decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution

Question: High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?
Answer: binding precedents

Question: In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?
Answer: lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations
Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas. The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$95 to US$300, depending on cabinetry; by comparison, the cheapest Electrola cost US$650, the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $20 a week.

Question: What was a drawback of early home recording systems?
Answer: high cost

Question: What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?
Answer: US$95 to US$300

Question: What year was the Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?
Answer: 1925

Question: What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?
Answer: $20

Question: What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?
Answer: cabinetry
Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1⁄3 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm.

Question: What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?
Answer: lower surface noise

Question: By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?
Answer: vinyl

Question: What was a factor in shellac availability?
Answer: World War II

Question: Which material was more durable, shellac or vinyl?
Answer: vinyl

Question: What material were most mailed records made of?
Answer: vinyl
In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself, but cannot read vertically modulated information. This excludes grooved recordings such as cylinders and some radio transcriptions that feature a hill-and-dale format of recording, and stereophonic or quadraphonic grooved recordings, which utilize a combination of the two as well as supersonic encoding for quadraphonic.

Question: Who is Irene?
Answer: scanning machine for disc records

Question: Where was IRENE developed?
Answer: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories

Question: What is the primary use of IRENE?
Answer: retrieve the information

Question: Can IRENE read vertically modulated information?
Answer: cannot read vertically modulated information

Question: Does IRENE require the ability to touch the media?
Answer: without touching the medium
Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record. At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant. These problems can be reduced by using equalization to an agreed standard. During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced, thus reducing the groove width required, and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased. The playback equipment boosts bass and cuts treble so as to restore the tonal balance in the original signal; this also reduces the high frequency noise. Thus more music will fit on the record, and noise is reduced.

Question: What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?
Answer: limiting the playing time

Question: What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?
Answer: hiss, pops, and ticks

Question: What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds?
Answer: amplitude of low frequencies is reduced

Question: What is a benefit of using equalization devices?
Answer: problems can be reduced

Question: What is done to high frequency sounds to lessen sound issues?
Answer: amplitude at high frequencies is increased
It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type. Also, a folded horn with an exponential taper was constructed inside the cabinet to provide better impedance matching to the air. As a result, playback of an Orthophonic record sounded like it was coming from a radio.

Question: What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?
Answer: Victor Orthophonic phonograph

Question: What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph?
Answer: folded horn with an exponential taper

Question: What adjustments were made to the orthophonic to accommodate electric recordings?
Answer: mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type

Question: Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?
Answer: not unusual

Question: How similar was the sound of a orthodontic record to a radio?
Answer: sounded like
For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc. A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc. Early versions of these master discs were soft wax, and later a harder lacquer was used. The mastering process was originally something of an art as the operator had to manually allow for the changes in sound which affected how wide the space for the groove needed to be on each rotation.

Question: Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?
Answer: record cutter

Question: What was used in first recordings of vinyl records?
Answer: soft wax

Question: What was used in final recordings of vinyl records?
Answer: harder lacquer

Question: After the 1950s what was a typical recording process?
Answer: first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc

Question: Where were sound recordings originally made to?
Answer: master disc
Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.

Question: How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: three

Question: Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness?
Answer: Sattva

Question: Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?
Answer: Rajas

Question: What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?
Answer: Tamas

Question: What is the interpretation of classical of Samkhya?
Answer: atheist / non-theistic
In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of "personal god", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the Sāmkhya school, relies on three of six prāmaṇas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).

Question: Of what is yoga a part in Indian philosophy?
Answer: philosophical schools

Question: To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?
Answer: Samkhya

Question: What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?
Answer: personal god

Question: How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?
Answer: three

Question: Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?
Answer: theistic
The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience, according to Vaiśeṣika school . The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE. The foundational text, the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, opens as follows,

Question: What philosophy is a naturalist school?
Answer: Vaiśeṣika

Question: What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: atoms

Question: When was the Vaisesika darsana produced?
Answer: first millennium BCE

Question: Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?
Answer: Kaṇāda Kaśyapa

Question: By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?
Answer: world of experience
The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma. To them, dharma meant rituals and duties, not devas (gods), because devas existed only in name. The Mīmāṃsākas held that the Vedas are "eternal authorless infallible", that Vedic vidhi (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive karya (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.

Question: What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa school?
Answer: atheistic and theistic

Question: How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?
Answer: eternal

Question: What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?
Answer: dharma

Question: How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?
Answer: rituals and duties

Question: What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?
Answer: Vedanta school
The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.

Question: What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: knowledge-centered understanding

Question: On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?
Answer: jnana

Question: On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?
Answer: ritualism

Question: Due to differences in text interpretations,into what did the Vedanta school separate?
Answer: many sub-schools

Question: What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school?
Answer: ātman and Brahman
Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

Question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?
Answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

Question: which outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?
Answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism

Question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?
Answer: Cordon Sanitarian
While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.

Question: On what day is using musical instruments not allowed?
Answer: Sabbath

Question: In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
Answer: a cappella

Question: What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
Answer: sefirah music

Question: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
Answer: 49

Question: What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
Answer: a time of semi-mourning