lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

Question: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?
Answer: physiology

Question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?
Answer: strong enough

Question: How does Avicenna explain the connection between body and soul?
Answer: his understanding of perception

Question: How does man first perceive features of an object?
Answer: external senses

Question: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?
Answer: the physical body
One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is 齉 (U+9F49) (nàng, listen (help·info), pictured below, middle image), meaning "snuffle" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with "just" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is 龘 (dá, "the appearance of a dragon flying"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 × 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 (yù, "to implore"), with 32 strokes; 鬱 (yù, "luxuriant, lush; gloomy"), with 29 strokes, as in 憂鬱 (yōuyù, "depressed"); 豔 (yàn, "colorful"), with 28 strokes; and 釁 (xìn, "quarrel"), with 25 strokes, as in 挑釁 (tiǎoxìn, "to pick a fight"). Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 (xiān "fresh"; variant of 鮮 xiān) with 33 strokes.

Question: What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?
Answer: U+9F49

Question: What features 33 strokes?
Answer: xiān

Question: What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries?
Answer: yù
There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Joël Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /𪚥 (U+2A6A5) zhé listen (help·info), meaning "verbose" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character 龍 lóng (lit. "dragon") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /𠔻 (U+2053B) zhèng composed of 興 xīng/xìng (lit. "flourish") four times.

Question: What have become more rare?
Answer: complex characters

Question: What is the most complex Chinese character?
Answer: zhé

Question: What is one 64-stroke character?
Answer: zhèng
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, she was inspired by the name of the river, in preference to terms such as "Central Sudan". The origin of the name ''Nigeria'' came from the name of the Niger River. The word ( Niger ) is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. Egerew n-igerewen means River of the Rivers.

Question: What is Nigeria named after?
Answer: the Niger River

Question: Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?
Answer: Flora Shaw

Question: What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?
Answer: Central Sudan

Question: What language does the name of the Niger River come from?
Answer: Tuareg

Question: Which river reaches Timbuktu?
Answer: Niger
Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered.

Question: How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?
Answer: 223

Question: How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?
Answer: 76

Question: How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the House?
Answer: 96

Question: How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?
Answer: 27

Question: How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?
Answer: About twenty
Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exported to other African countries; Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and on its way to be declared Polio free. In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery. In the 2014 ebola outbreak, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region, the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries, such as the united States, when ebola threats were discovered.

Question: What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems?
Answer: Nigeria

Question: When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?
Answer: December 2014

Question: When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program?
Answer: 2012

Question: Which entity runs Nigeria's bone marrow donation program?
Answer: the University of Nigeria

Question: Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?
Answer: bone marrow transplant
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

Question: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back
Answer: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)

Question: What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide
Answer: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.

Question: What was built along the Rhine
Answer: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine

Question: How many soldiers did the fortress hold
Answer: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers

Question: Who settled near the fort
Answer: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children
Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

Question: What does Utrecht's economy depend on
Answer: The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city

Question: what is centered in Utrecht
Answer: It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen

Question: What bank is head quartered in Utrecht
Answer: Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.
In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, and , are not valid for quantum theory.

Question: With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?
Answer: Garrett Birkhoff

Question: What concept was created for quatum logic?
Answer: propositional calculus

Question: What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?
Answer: laws of distribution of classical logic, and , are not valid for quantum theory
Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications. For his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors p and q and a positive number λ that would solve the complementarity equation

Question: How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?
Answer: several stunning publications

Question: What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?
Answer: uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem

Question: What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?
Answer: matrix pencil A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B
The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them "[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation." That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.

Question: What was the response of Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?
Answer: no useful purpose

Question: Who should accept the annexation of Poland?
Answer: Britain

Question: By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?
Answer: facing a two front war
Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.

Question: How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?
Answer: was over four times larger

Question: What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?
Answer: occupied Polish territories

Question: Where were the soybeans coming from?
Answer: Manchuria

Question: What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?
Answer: the battleship Bismarck

Question: How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?
Answer: thirty
Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Question: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
Answer: the Western Powers would already be involved

Question: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
Answer: Historian Werner Maser

Question: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Answer: a line of defense against
Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.

Question: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
Answer: Daniel Gralath

Question: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
Answer: stored on the glass

Question: Who coined the term "battery"?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin

Question: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to?
Answer: 1.11 nanofarads

Question: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
Answer: to prevent arcing between the foils
From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.

Question: Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?
Answer: Sumer

Question: How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?
Answer: 3500 BC

Question: What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?
Answer: numerical data

Question: What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?
Answer: 18th century BC

Question: Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?
Answer: Plimpton 322