lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
But Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, however, such as plant bugs, stink bugs, and aphids; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds. However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this. They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011. This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton.

Question: In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years?
Answer: 2006

Question: On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent?
Answer: temperature and rainfall

Question: What did a 2012 study suggest was halved by the use of GM plants?
Answer: pesticides

Question: What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton?
Answer: ladybirds, lacewings and spiders

Question: How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton?
Answer: 69%
The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Question: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
Answer: Monsanto and Illumina

Question: When was the sequencing of D genome of G. raimondii mostly completed?
Answer: 2010

Question: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
Answer: donate

Question: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
Answer: public relations

Question: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
Answer: cultivated varieties
While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it. Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

Question: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
Answer: corpus christi

Question: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
Answer: European

Question: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
Answer: 40

Question: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
Answer: Christmas

Question: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
Answer: outlet for their daily frustrations
J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.

Question: When does Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?
Answer: before dawn

Question: What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?
Answer: current affairs,

Question: What is "Clean Mud"?
Answer: clay

Question: What are "jab-jabs"?
Answer: devils

Question: How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?
Answer: based on their witty political/social messages
Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations. Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,

Question: Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?
Answer: cause acute and delayed health effects

Question: What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?
Answer: cancer

Question: What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?
Answer: organophosphate insecticide exposures
After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.

Question: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left
Answer: Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples

Question: It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control the Somerset area
Answer: by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset

Question: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for
Answer: was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot

Question: What prison does somerset county contain
Answer: HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610

Question: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685
Answer: Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.

Question: Why were decoy towns used in WW2
Answer: decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night

Question: What did the decoy towns mimic
Answer: mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets

Question: Who layed out Beacon Batch
Answer: Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights

Question: What decoy city was hit
Answer: The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941
Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels and is commemorated at the Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre. Fragments of willow basket were found near the Glastonbury Lake Village, and it was also used in the construction of several Iron Age causeways. The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem. During the 1930s more than 3,600 hectares (8,900 acres) of willow were being grown commercially on the Levels. Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s. By the end of the 20th century only about 140 hectares (350 acres) were grown commercially, near the villages of Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland and North Curry. The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.

Question: Where is willow growing still practiced
Answer: Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels

Question: What is pollarding
Answer: The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem

Question: What did plastic bags result in
Answer: Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s

Question: The somerset level is the only area left to commercially grow what
Answer: The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.
The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone. Quarries at Doulting supplied freestone used in the construction of Wells Cathedral. Bath stone is also widely used. Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century, but it was used long before then. It was mined underground at Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, and as a result of cutting the Box Tunnel, at locations in Wiltshire such as Box. Bath stone is still used on a reduced scale today, but more often as a cladding rather than a structural material. Further south, Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, which is also widely used in the construction industry. Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement. Until the 1960s, Puriton had Blue Lias stone quarries, as did several other Polden villages. Its quarries also supplied a cement factory at Dunball, adjacent to the King's Sedgemoor Drain. Its derelict, early 20th century remains, was removed when the M5 motorway was constructed in the mid-1970s. Since the 1920s, the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates, with quarries at Merehead Quarry. It has a dedicated railway operation, Mendip Rail, which is used to transport aggregates by rail from a group of Mendip quarries.

Question: What type of stone was supplied in the county
Answer: supplying freestone and building stone

Question: Who promoted the use of stone from the Bath area
Answer: Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century

Question: What are some uses for Blue Lias
Answer: Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement

Question: What has been supplied by the county since the 1920's
Answer: the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates
The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county, which is administered by Somerset County Council and five district councils, and two unitary authority areas (whose councils combine the functions of a county and a district). The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor. The two unitary authorities — which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon — are North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset.

Question: How many tiers does somerset county consist of
Answer: The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county

Question: What are the 5 districts of Somerset
Answer: The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor

Question: What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996
Answer: North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset
All of the ceremonial county of Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service; it covers the area of Somerset County Council as well as the entire ceremonial county of Devon. The unitary districts of North Somerset and Bath & North East Somerset are instead covered by the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, a service which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The South Western Ambulance Service covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset; prior to February 2013 the unitary districts of Somerset came under the Great Western Ambulance Service, which merged into South Western. The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance is a charitable organisation based in the county.

Question: What police force covers the ceremonial county
Answer: Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire

Question: What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007
Answer: The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service

Question: What area does South western Ambulance Service cover
Answer: covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset

Question: What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service
Answer: The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance
The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation. The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset. The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR); a branch of the Midland Railway (MR) to Bath Green Park (and another one to Bristol); the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR). The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe. The former lines of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway closed completely, as has the branch of the Midland Railway to Bath Green Park (and to Bristol St Philips); however, the L&SWR survived as a part of the present West of England Main Line. None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. Two branch lines, the West and East Somerset Railways, were rescued and transferred back to private ownership as "heritage" lines. The fifth railway was a short-lived light railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway. The West Somerset Mineral Railway carried the iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet.

Question: How long were canals used
Answer: usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation

Question: What was built int the 19th century
Answer: 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset

Question: How many railways served the county
Answer: The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies

Question: Were any of the railways electrified
Answer: None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified.

Question: What railways lines are still in use today
Answer: The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe
Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.

Question: What did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's
Answer: the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell

Question: What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for
Answer: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods

Question: What is the shortest pier in the UK
Answer: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK

Question: What was constructed in the 1970's
Answer: In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol
State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to secondary schools. There is a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset, while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system. Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools, excluding sixth form colleges.

Question: What are the state schools in somerset
Answer: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council

Question: What are the 3 tiers of school
Answer: a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset

Question: How many state and independent secondary schools in Somerset
Answer: Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools
There is also a range of independent or public schools. Many of these are for pupils between 11 and 18 years, such as King's College, Taunton and Taunton School. King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later in the reign of Edward VI. Millfield is the largest co-educational boarding school. There are also preparatory schools for younger children, such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School. Chilton Cantelo School offers places both to day pupils and boarders aged 7 to 16. Other schools provide education for children from the age of 3 or 4 years through to 18, such as King Edward's School, Bath, Queen's College, Taunton and Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. Some of these schools have religious affiliations, such as Monkton Combe School, Prior Park College, Sidcot School which is associated with the Religious Society of Friends, Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse, situated next to the Benedictine Downside Abbey, and Kingswood School, which was founded by John Wesley in 1748 in Kingswood near Bristol, originally for the education of the sons of the itinerant ministers (clergy) of the Methodist Church.

Question: What school in Bruton was given royal foundation status
Answer: King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later

Question: What are some prepatory schools for younger students
Answer: such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School

Question: What is one of the Musical schools
Answer: Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain

Question: What is a roman catholic school
Answer: Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse