lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ, raising questions as to the difference between "is" and "subsists in". Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church and between the Churches and with atheism.

Question: What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?
Answer: Ecclesiam suam

Question: What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?
Answer: Lumen Gentium

Question: What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?
Answer: Feast of the Transfiguration

Question: On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?
Answer: 6 August

Question: In what city is the cathedral of St Peter's located?
Answer: Rome
Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

Question: What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?
Answer: Celibacy

Question: What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?
Answer: Celibacy

Question: What document of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?
Answer: Sacerdotalis caelibatus

Question: What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?
Answer: Canon

Question: In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?
Answer: 1983
To the pope as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae vitae that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator. This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships. The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology. The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:

Question: According to Paul VI to whom are a man and woman in union with besides each other?
Answer: God

Question: What does God contribute to a married couple's child?
Answer: soul

Question: Who is considered to be love?
Answer: God

Question: From whom is married love generated?
Answer: God

Question: What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?
Answer: marital
In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Question: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
Answer: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service

Question: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
Answer: 4

Question: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
Answer: 1919

Question: Who was the king of Belgium in 1918?
Answer: King Albert
By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, particularly after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.

Question: In what year did the three original cantons join with five other cantons to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states?
Answer: By 1353

Question: Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?
Answer: end of the 15th century

Question: What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?
Answer: increased power and wealth

Question: By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?
Answer: the confederates

Question: Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Swabian War
Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing. During this period, the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sebastian Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007–08 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.

Question: What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?
Answer: Motorsport racecourses and events

Question: Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007?
Answer: Swiss National Council

Question: Who rejected the 2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss Council of States

Question: Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events?
Answer: Alain Menu

Question: Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?
Answer: Thomas Lüthi
The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted. While some dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent through the country, each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages. Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.

Question: What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?
Answer: western Switzerland

Question: What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?
Answer: Gruyère

Question: What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?
Answer: climate and languages

Question: What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?
Answer: Emmental

Question: How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries?
Answer: similar
The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.

Question: Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?
Answer: president

Question: What group is Mali's sole legislative party?
Answer: The unicameral National Assembly

Question: The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?
Answer: 113

Question: How many legislative assemblies are held each year?
Answer: two regular sessions

Question: Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?
Answer: prime minister
In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Question: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Question: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
Answer: Egyptians

Question: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
Answer: 1839

Question: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London?
Answer: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia

Question: In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention?
Answer: 1840
Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches." Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands.

Question: Who was the British ambassador in 1853?
Answer: George Hamilton Seymour

Question: Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?
Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Answer: Prince Menshikov

Question: In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Answer: 1853

Question: Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?
Answer: Menshikov
Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne "Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.":411

Question: Who was concerned with Russia capturing Constantinople?
Answer: Britain

Question: Who sent men to the Dardanelles?
Answer: The Corps of Royal Engineers

Question: As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?
Answer: British Ambassador and the French Emperor

Question: Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?
Answer: Lord Cowley
The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

Question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?
Answer: 6000 men

Question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?
Answer: Alma river

Question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?
Answer: three hours

Question: How many allies were lost during the battle?
Answer: 3,300

Question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled?
Answer: south
Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.

Question: When did the army march to the southeast?
Answer: 25 September

Question: Where did the Russians retreat to?
Answer: into the city.

Question: Who was the engineer adviser?
Answer: Sir John Burgoyne

Question: Who were the joint commanders?
Answer: Raglan and St Arnaud
The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.

Question: What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?
Answer: 1871

Question: In what war was France defeated by Prussia?
Answer: Franco-Prussian War

Question: Between what years did the Franco-Prussian War take place?
Answer: 1870–1871

Question: Napoleon III was removed to form what?
Answer: a Third French Republic

Question: Who renounced the Black Sea clause?
Answer: Russia
Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11

Question: Who provided notable documentation of the war?
Answer: William Howard Russell

Question: William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
Answer: The Times

Question: Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
Answer: Roger Fenton

Question: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: the French

Question: After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?
Answer: two days
“The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.” Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.

Question: Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?
Answer: written records

Question: We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?
Answer: our history

Question: Who wrote "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"?
Answer: Lord Byron

Question: Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?
Answer: once we began to write it down

Question: Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?
Answer: Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments
Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

Question: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?
Answer: Bukhara

Question: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What was Avicenna's mother's name?
Answer: Setareh

Question: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?
Answer: ten