lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.

Question: How much did philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?
Answer: about $7 million

Question: What was the $7 million used for?
Answer: behavioral science research

Question: What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?
Answer: chimpanzee

Question: Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?
Answer: President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes

Question: What was the goal of the behavioral research?
Answer: improve mankind
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

Question: When was Ann Arbor founded?
Answer: 1824

Question: Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?
Answer: University of Michigan

Question: During the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?
Answer: center for left-wing politics

Question: Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?
Answer: Bur Oak
By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

Question: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?
Answer: Norman architecture

Question: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?
Answer: the 12th century

Question: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire the basic architectural forms throughout which period?
Answer: the Medieval period

Question: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?
Answer: the cathedral church

Question: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?
Answer: the palace
The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne. A retrospective of Cézanne's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904, current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907.

Question: Name the 8 peopl who began the movement
Answer: Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.

Question: Which person was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?
Answer: Paul Cézanne

Question: What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.
Answer: 1905 and 1906
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the "Salle 41" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed. Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the "Salle 41" artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, František Kupka, Diego Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin, André Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), María Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were "later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation."

Question: Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism?
Answer: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

Question: In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?
Answer: early as 1920

Question: When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?
Answer: 1950s and 1960s,

Question: Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism?
Answer: Clement Greenberg.

Question: Who's work undermined Douglass Coopers terms describing Cubism?
Answer: Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger
The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it."

Question: Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?
Answer: Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne

Question: What does Cooper say is the first Cubist picture?
Answer: The Demoiselles

Question: Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles?
Answer: although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.
The subsequent 1912 Salon des Indépendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, which itself caused a scandal, even amongst the Cubists. It was in fact rejected by the hanging committee, which included his brothers and other Cubists. Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work. Juan Gris, a new addition to the Salon scene, exhibited his Portrait of Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), while Metzinger's two showings included La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912 (National Gallery of Denmark). Delaunay's monumental La Ville de Paris (Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) and Léger's La Noce, The Wedding (Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris) were also exhibited.

Question: Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?
Answer: Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

Question: Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?
Answer: caused a scandal

Question: What were one of Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants?
Answer: La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912
The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

Question: Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation?
Answer: Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué

Question: Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?
Answer: Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

Question: Towards which social topic did the Cubists at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards?
Answer: the use of government owned buildings,
It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du "Cubisme" (published by Eugène Figuière in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913). Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky's Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source, The Spring (Museum of Modern Art, New York).

Question: What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du "Cubsime"?
Answer: public anger

Question: Who published Du "Cubisme"?
Answer: Eugène Figuière

Question: In what year was Du "Cubisme" published?
Answer: 1912
The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka’s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new "pure" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.

Question: What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne?
Answer: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

Question: What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912?
Answer: Simultaneous Windows,

Question: During what years did Leger produce Contrasts of Forms?
Answer: 1913–14
In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of ‘duration’ proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future. The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness, blurring the distinctions between past, present and future. One of the major theoretical innovations made by the Salon Cubists, independently of Picasso and Braque, was that of simultaneity, drawing to greater or lesser extent on theories of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, and Henri Bergson. With simultaneity, the concept of separate spatial and temporal dimensions was comprehensively challenged. Linear perspective developed during the Renaissance was vacated. The subject matter was no longer considered from a specific point of view at a moment in time, but built following a selection of successive viewpoints, i.e., as if viewed simultaneously from numerous angles (and in multiple dimensions) with the eye free to roam from one to the other.

Question: In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes relate the sense of time to?
Answer: Henri Bergson

Question: The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?
Answer: The Salon Cubists
Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: "The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909–10, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time." These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912–13, for example in Woman Walking. Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards. They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine.

Question: What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?
Answer: Head of a Woman

Question: What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?
Answer: The first true Cubist sculpture

Question: Which Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?
Answer: Woman Walking
A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.

Question: What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?
Answer: 'crystal' Cubism

Question: Who's concept of duration was left behind for a for more concrete frame's of references?
Answer: Henri Bergson's

Question: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
Answer: 1914 and 1916

Question: What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
Answer: between 1917 and 1920
The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris. Many Cubists, including Picasso, Braque, Gris, Léger, Gleizes, and Metzinger, while developing other styles, returned periodically to Cubism, even well after 1925. Cubism reemerged during the 1920s and the 1930s in the work of the American Stuart Davis and the Englishman Ben Nicholson. In France, however, Cubism experienced a decline beginning in about 1925. Léonce Rosenberg exhibited not only the artists stranded by Kahnweiler’s exile but others including Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin and Severini. In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l’Effort Moderne in Paris. Attempts were made by Louis Vauxcelles to claim that Cubism was dead, but these exhibitions, along with a well-organized Cubist show at the 1920 Salon des Indépendants and a revival of the Salon de la Section d’Or in the same year, demonstrated it was still alive.

Question: Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative?
Answer: 1914

Question: With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as a central consideration for artists after World War I?
Answer: Léonce Rosenberg

Question: In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at Galerie de l’Effort Moderne?
Answer: 1918

Question: In which city did Galerie de l’Effort Moderne take place?
Answer: Paris
In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.

Question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules?
Answer: dynamism

Question: What's window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use?
Answer: hexagonal

Question: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?
Answer: dynamism and expressive plasticity
Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).

Question: What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?
Answer: Indian political philosophy

Question: What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order?
Answer: The institutions of state

Question: What was the governing body of the Hindu states?
Answer: Mantranga
One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, written between 1511–12 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of the classical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including Jean-Jacques Rousseau) interpreted The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence. Though the work was written for the di Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported the Republic of Florence rather than the oligarchy of the di Medici family. At any rate, Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end—i.e., the secure and powerful state. Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of the social contract, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the English Renaissance. Although neither Machiavelli nor Hobbes believed in the divine right of kings, they both believed in the inherent selfishness of the individual. It was necessarily this belief that led them to adopt a strong central power as the only means of preventing the disintegration of the social order.

Question: What was one of the most influential works during the period?
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince

Question: When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published?
Answer: 1532

Question: Who wrote The Prince?
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli

Question: Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes
The term alloy is used to describe a mixture of atoms in which the primary constituent is a metal. The primary metal is called the base, the matrix, or the solvent. The secondary constituents are often called solutes. If there is a mixture of only two types of atoms, not counting impurities, such as a copper-nickel alloy, then it is called a binary alloy. If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy. An alloy with four constituents is a quaternary alloy, while a five-part alloy is termed a quinary alloy. Because the percentage of each constituent can be varied, with any mixture the entire range of possible variations is called a system. In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.

Question: The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?
Answer: The primary metal

Question: What is another name for solutes?
Answer: The secondary constituents

Question: What is the name of an alloy that has four constituents?
Answer: quaternary alloy

Question: A five-part alloy is known as?
Answer: ternary alloy
At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9 891 497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:

Question: In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?
Answer: 1939

Question: How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?
Answer: ten million

Question: What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?
Answer: politician

Question: With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?
Answer: Pope Pius XII

Question: What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?
Answer: Mussolini