lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government, aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer. Its major appliance manufacturing plant "Appliance Park" was the first non-governmental site to host one. However, in 1970, GE sold its computer division to Honeywell, exiting the computer manufacturing industry, though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards. GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie.

Question: What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?
Answer: Appliance Park

Question: In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?
Answer: 1970

Question: What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?
Answer: GXS

Question: What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?
Answer: GE
The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward, leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition. The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost c. 1,000 casualties. The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them. The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers, a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle-fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks, until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery.

Question: Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?
Answer: Wissembourg

Question: In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?
Answer: westward

Question: How many dead troops leave behind?
Answer: 1,000 dead

Question: How many prisoners did the French leave behind?
Answer: 1,000 prisoners

Question: What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?
Answer: French Chassepot
The Battle of Wörth (also known as Fröschwiller or Reichshoffen) began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near Wörth in the town of Fröschwiller, about 10 miles (16 km) from Wissembourg. The Crown Prince of Prussia's 3rd army had, on the quick reaction of his Chief of Staff General von Blumenthal, drawn reinforcements which brought its strength up to 140,000 troops. The French had been slowly reinforced and their force numbered only 35,000. Although badly outnumbered, the French defended their position just outside Fröschwiller. By afternoon, the Germans had suffered c. 10,500 killed or wounded and the French had lost a similar number of casualties and another c. 9,200 men taken prisoner, a loss of about 50%. The Germans captured Fröschwiller which sat on a hilltop in the centre of the French line. Having lost any hope for victory and facing a massacre, the French army disengaged and retreated in a westerly direction towards Bitche and Saverne, hoping to join French forces on the other side of the Vosges mountains. The German 3rd army did not pursue the French but remained in Alsace and moved slowly south, attacking and destroying the French garrisons in the vicinity.

Question: What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?
Answer: The Battle of Wörth

Question: On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?
Answer: 6 August

Question: What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?
Answer: 140,000 troops

Question: What number of troops did France have to contend with?
Answer: 35,000

Question: Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?
Answer: Alsace
During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune. More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000. Twenty-six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences, of which 23 were inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people, 1,160 people were transported to "a fortified place" and 3,417 people were transported. About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to England, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return.

Question: How many were killed by the Communards?
Answer: 500 people

Question: Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?
Answer: Archbishop of Paris

Question: What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?
Answer: government buildings

Question: What famous palace was also burned down?
Answer: Tuileries Palace

Question: What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?
Answer: between 6,000 and 10,000
Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar, kebero, begena, masenqo and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, and the late Abraham Afewerki.

Question: What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?
Answer: guaila

Question: What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?
Answer: a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin

Question: Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?
Answer: Helen Meles

Question: What is Helen Meles noted for?
Answer: her powerful voice and wide singing range

Question: Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and accompanying dance?
Answer: ethnic groups
After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai.

Question: What domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?
Answer: Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus

Question: What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?
Answer: Medri Bahri

Question: What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?
Answer: Debarwa

Question: What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?
Answer: Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai

Question: What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?
Answer: Sea land
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

Question: When did Emperor Yohannes II die?
Answer: 1889

Question: What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?
Answer: the Kingdom of Italy

Question: What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?
Answer: the new colony of Italian Eritrea

Question: When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?
Answer: 1889

Question: What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?
Answer: 1889–1913
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U 3O 8) and UO 2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO 2 will gradually convert to U 3O 8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Question: Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?
Answer: triuranium octoxide

Question: What is the stablest uranium compound?
Answer: Triuranium octoxide

Question: In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?
Answer: Uranium dioxide
Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+ 2 (unstable), and UO2+ 2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+ 2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+ 2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.

Question: What is the color of U4+?
Answer: green

Question: What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?
Answer: uranium(VI)

Question: Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?
Answer: uranyl carbonate

Question: What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?
Answer: uranyl acetate
Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).

Question: Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?
Answer: diuranium tricarbide

Question: Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?
Answer: 1800 °C
Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+ 2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.

Question: Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?
Answer: kidney

Question: What is the main form of 238U decay?
Answer: alpha radiation

Question: What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?
Answer: hexavalent

Question: At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?
Answer: room
The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF 6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.

Question: What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?
Answer: gas centrifuge

Question: What compound is UF6?
Answer: uranium hexafluoride

Question: What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?
Answer: gaseous diffusion

Question: In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?
Answer: uranium hexafluoride

Question: How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?
Answer: heavier
The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs, retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels, among other things. While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment's penetration into the lower classes, the Bibliothèque Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability. Moving up the classes, a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything. Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear, and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. The Tatler and The Spectator, two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714, were closely associated with coffee house culture in London, being both read and produced in various establishments in the city. This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house: reading material was often obtained, read, discussed and even produced on the premises.

Question: Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?
Answer: Troyes, France

Question: For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?
Answer: largely rural and semi-literate

Question: Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714?
Answer: The Tatler and The Spectator

Question: What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?
Answer: Bibliothèque Bleue
The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing and inspired a variety of similar works. These popular works were written in a discursive style, which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles, treatises, and books published by the academies and scientists. Charles Leadbetter's Astronomy (1727) was advertised as "a Work entirely New" that would include "short and easie [sic] Rules and Astronomical Tables." The first French introduction to Newtonianism and the Principia was Eléments de la philosophie de Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738. Émilie du Châtelet's translation of the Principia, published after her death in 1756, also helped to spread Newton's theories beyond scientific academies and the university. Francesco Algarotti, writing for a growing female audience, published Il Newtonianism per le dame, which was a tremendously popular work and was translated from Italian into English by Elizabeth Carter. A similar introduction to Newtonianism for women was produced by Henry Pembarton. His A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy was published by subscription. Extant records of subscribers show that women from a wide range of social standings purchased the book, indicating the growing number of scientifically inclined female readers among the middling class. During the Enlightenment, women also began producing popular scientific works themselves. Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), which was published for many years after in eleven editions.

Question: What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?
Answer: Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds

Question: Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?
Answer: Bernard de Fontenelle

Question: Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?
Answer: Sarah Trimmer

Question: How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?
Answer: eleven

Question: Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?
Answer: Principia
Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France, the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier.

Question: Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?
Answer: northern Europe

Question: Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?
Answer: Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh

Question: Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?
Answer: Edinburgh

Question: Which of France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?
Answer: the medical university at Montpellier
Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.

Question: What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?
Answer: Arctic animals

Question: What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?
Answer: sunrises and sunsets

Question: In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?
Answer: autumn, winter and spring

Question: At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?
Answer: 78 degrees

Question: What aninmals do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?
Answer: other Arctic animals
The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis, as well as PRR 7 and 9 (Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes. When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a negative feedback loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas TOC1 gene expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY, it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of TOC1 gene functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component repressilator model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.

Question: What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?
Answer: central oscillator

Question: When do the CCA1 and LHY function?
Answer: morning

Question: Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?
Answer: evening

Question: What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?
Answer: negative feedback loop

Question: What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor?
Answer: Andrew Millar