lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents[unreliable medical source?] and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots.

Question: Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?
Answer: airline pilots

Question: What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?
Answer: fatigue

Question: What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?
Answer: NTSB

Question: What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?
Answer: research studies

Question: Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?
Answer: combating fatigue
What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis.

Question: What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?
Answer: photosensitive proteins

Question: What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?
Answer: replicating DNA

Question: From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells?
Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?
Answer: redox reactions

Question: What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?
Answer: Great Oxidation Event
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.

Question: What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?
Answer: cellular/metabolic events

Question: What do mice without the clock gene become?
Answer: hyperphagic and obese

Question: Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect the mice?
Answer: glucose metabolism

Question: How certain is it that these circadian clock effects are the same in humans?
Answer: not clear

Question: What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?
Answer: Rev-ErbA alpha clock
Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high.

Question: When was Elizabeth's coronation?
Answer: 1953

Question: When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 2012

Question: How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?
Answer: 56

Question: How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?
Answer: assassination

Question: In what year did Elizabeth's son's ex-wife die?
Answer: 1997
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

Question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?
Answer: Mountbatten,

Question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?
Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?
Answer: House of Windsor

Question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles?
Answer: Mountbatten-Windsor

Question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the surname?
Answer: 1960
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

Question: Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new Prime Minister?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?
Answer: Lord President of the Council

Question: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?
Answer: Harold Macmillan

Question: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?
Answer: Lord Chancellor

Question: Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?
Answer: British Cabinet
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards." Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.

Question: What did high public interest in the private lives of the royal family cause in the press?
Answer: sensational stories

Question: Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?
Answer: Kelvin MacKenzie

Question: What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?
Answer: royal soap opera

Question: Who, it was rumored, did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?
Answer: Thatcher's political opponents

Question: Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?
Answer: Brian Mulroney
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

Question: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?
Answer: King George V

Question: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?
Answer: Prince Albert, Duke of York

Question: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?
Answer: King George VI

Question: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth?
Answer: Cosmo Gordon Lang

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?
Answer: Lilibet
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.

Question: When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?
Answer: 1977

Question: What increased in the 1980s?
Answer: public criticism

Question: What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?
Answer: royal family

Question: What attribute of Elizabeth fell to low in the 1990s?
Answer: popularity

Question: What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?
Answer: income tax
Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.

Question: Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?
Answer: Activision

Question: Nintendo actively encouraged the involvement of what?
Answer: third-party software developers

Question: Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?
Answer: Sega, Sony, and Microsoft
The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see.

Question: What party benefited from the accession of Valens?
Answer: Arian

Question: Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?
Answer: Constantius

Question: What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What did the decree of Valens do?
Answer: banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius

Question: When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do?
Answer: case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor

Question: What did Athanasius do to protect himself?
Answer: withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October

Question: How did Valens get him to return?
Answer: issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see
Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312–328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander "invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen – On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the "entirely allegorical interpretation of the text". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona.

Question: Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?
Answer: in the East

Question: What famous Greek author did Athanasius quote?
Answer: Homer

Question: In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?
Answer: in 311

Question: Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?
Answer: Peter of Alexandria

Question: What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?
Answer: quoting Plato
Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

Question: In what year did Pope Julius die?
Answer: 352

Question: Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?
Answer: Liberius had been favourable

Question: Where the men armed who arrested him?
Answer: armed men

Question: What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?
Answer: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius

Question: What was Athanasius doing when he was arrested?
Answer: engaged in services
Alban Butler, writes on the subject: "Five months after this great Council, Nicae, St Alexander lying on his death-bed, recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age. "

Question: How did the people know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?
Answer: thrice repeating his name

Question: How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?
Answer: thirty years

Question: Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?
Answer: bishops of all Egypt

Question: Did all the people want him as Patriarch?
Answer: unanimous in their choice

Question: How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?
Answer: Five months
Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.

Question: What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?
Answer: vaudeville

Question: When did Pantages open his movie houses?
Answer: 1902

Question: Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?
Answer: John Considine

Question: Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?
Answer: B. Marcus Priteca

Question: Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant, theaters did Priteca disign?
Answer: Paramount Theatre
Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene. Another bid for worldwide attention—hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999—garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself. The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake.

Question: What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?
Answer: Goodwill Games

Question: What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?
Answer: Nisqually earthquake

Question: What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s?
Answer: grunge

Question: When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?
Answer: 1999

Question: What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?
Answer: police reactions
Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 6.8 inches (17.3 cm). Single calendar-day snowfall of six inches or greater has occurred on only 15 days since 1948, and only once since February 17, 1990, when 6.8 in (17.3 cm) of snow officially fell at Sea-Tac airport on January 18, 2012. This moderate snow event was officially the 12th snowiest calendar day at the airport since 1948 and snowiest since November 1985. Much of the city of Seattle proper received somewhat lesser snowfall accumulations. Locations to the south of Seattle received more, with Olympia and Chehalis receiving 14 to 18 in (36 to 46 cm). Another moderate snow event occurred from December 12–25, 2008, when over one foot (30 cm) of snow fell and stuck on much of the roads over those two weeks, when temperatures remained below 32 °F (0 °C), causing widespread difficulties in a city not equipped for clearing snow. The largest documented snowstorm occurred from January 5–9, 1880, with snow drifting to 6 feet (1.8 m) in places at the end of the snow event. From January 31 to February 2, 1916, another heavy snow event occurred with 29 in (74 cm) of snow on the ground by the time the event was over. With official records dating to 1948, the largest single-day snowfall is 20.0 in (51 cm) on January 13, 1950. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from zero in 1991–92 to 67.5 in (171 cm) in 1968–69, with trace amounts having occurred as recently as 2009–10. The month of January 1950 was particularly severe, bringing 57.2 in (145 cm) of snow, the most of any month along with the aforementioned record cold.

Question: What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle?
Answer: heavy snow

Question: What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?
Answer: 6.8 inches

Question: How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?
Answer: once

Question: When was there a moderate snowfall of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?
Answer: December 12–25, 2008

Question: On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?
Answer: January 5–9, 1880