lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during the months of November, December and January, receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall (by volume) during this period. In late fall and early winter, atmospheric rivers (also known as "Pineapple Express" systems), strong frontal systems, and Pacific low pressure systems are common. Light rain & drizzle are the predominant forms of precipitation during the remainder of the year; for instance, on average, less than 1.6 in (41 mm) of rain falls in July and August combined when rain is rare. On occasion, Seattle experiences somewhat more significant weather events. One such event occurred on December 2–4, 2007, when sustained hurricane-force winds and widespread heavy rainfall associated with a strong Pineapple Express event occurred in the greater Puget Sound area and the western parts of Washington and Oregon. Precipitation totals exceeded 13.8 in (350 mm) in some areas with winds topping out at 209 km/h (130 mph) along coastal Oregon. It became the second wettest event in Seattle history when a little over 130 mm (5.1 in) of rain fell on Seattle in a 24-hour period. Lack of adaptation to the heavy rain contributed to five deaths and widespread flooding and damage.

Question: What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter?
Answer: half

Question: What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?
Answer: heaviest rainfall

Question: What are atmospheric rivers called in the Seattle area?
Answer: Pineapple Express

Question: When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?
Answer: December 2–4, 2007

Question: How many deaths occurred during the 2007 heavy rains?
Answer: five deaths
As of 2010[update], Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves "alternative" papers. The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News. Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including the The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly and the International Examiner, and numerous neighborhood newspapers.

Question: What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010?
Answer: The Seattle Times

Question: Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?
Answer: homeless persons

Question: In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?
Answer: on-line

Question: In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer first publish?
Answer: 1863

Question: What is the LGBT newspaper called?
Answer: Seattle Gay News
Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling (1963) using the "partial report paradigm". Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments,Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal.

Question: How long does sensory memory to to store information?
Answer: less than one second

Question: Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?
Answer: It is out of cognitive control

Question: Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?
Answer: George Sperling

Question: What did Spellings' findings reveal?
Answer: this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Question: When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
Answer: 1790

Question: What were the two categories for race in the census?
Answer: white or "other."

Question: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
Answer: Only the heads of households

Question: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
Answer: "Free people of color"

Question: When was the first US federal population census taken?
Answer: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States

Question: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Answer: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."

Question: Was every resident listed by name?
Answer: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.

Question: when did any changes to counting procedures happen?
Answer: until the Civil War and end of slavery.

Question: Were all residents counted together or separately?
Answer: Slaves were counted separately from free persons

Question: When did the US begin to take census?
Answer: 1790

Question: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
Answer: 1850

Question: What does mulatto mean?
Answer: visible European ancestry in addition to African

Question: Who were considered "free people of color"?
Answer: Native Americans

Question: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
Answer: Indian reservations
In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension".

Question: Who discovered Hydralazine?
Answer: researchers at Ciba

Question: Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?
Answer: the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension

Question: Who developed Chlorothiazide?
Answer: Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co

Question: What is Chlorothiazide used to treat?
Answer: hypertension

Question: What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?
Answer: lost its effectiveness over time

Question: What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?
Answer: hydralazine

Question: What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?
Answer: chlorothiazide

Question: Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?
Answer: Public Health Lasker Award

Question: In what year was hydralazine discovered?
Answer: 1952

Question: Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?
Answer: hypertension
There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.

Question: What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
Answer: diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances

Question: What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"?
Answer: tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents

Question: Why are these companies rewarded?
Answer: Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous

Question: What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
Answer: fewer than 200,000 patients

Question: What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?
Answer: tax reductions

Question: What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?
Answer: seven years

Question: What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?
Answer: orphan diseases
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

Question: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
Answer: Marwan

Question: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
Answer: 685

Question: Where was Al-Mukhtar based?
Answer: Kufa

Question: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
Answer: Ali

Question: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
Answer: 692
The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.

Question: From where does most asphalt come?
Answer: petroleum

Question: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
Answer: once-living things

Question: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
Answer: above 50 °C

Question: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?
Answer: pressure

Question: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum produce?
Answer: kerogen
The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

Question: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
Answer: Athabasca oil sands

Question: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
Answer: Northern Alberta

Question: What formative period produced bitumen?
Answer: early Cretaceous

Question: How old are the Athabasca deposits?
Answer: 110 million years

Question: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
Answer: 80%
Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

Question: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
Answer: 1870

Question: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
Answer: City Hall

Question: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
Answer: bituminous rock

Question: From what Virginia mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
Answer: Ritchie Mines

Question: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
Answer: waterproofing
One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

Question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
Answer: Pierre Belon

Question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
Answer: 1553

Question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
Answer: 1838

Question: After what event in France did asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
Answer: revolution of 1830

Question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement?
Answer: Place de la Concorde
Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

Question: For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?
Answer: canoes

Question: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?
Answer: Henry Kelsey

Question: For what trading company did Kelsey work?
Answer: Hudson’s Bay Company

Question: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?
Answer: Alexander MacKenzie

Question: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?
Answer: Canada
In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.

Question: Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?
Answer: Clarmac

Question: When did Claridge's company liquidate?
Answer: 1915

Question: What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?
Answer: First World War

Question: What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?
Answer: Clarmac Roads Ltd

Question: What kind of money did Claridge invest in attempting to save his companies?
Answer: substantial amount
Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.

Question: What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?
Answer: unmarried

Question: Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?
Answer: her mother

Question: Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?
Answer: Kensington System

Question: Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?
Answer: Conroy

Question: Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?
Answer: a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace

Question: What did Victoria and her mother disagree on?
Answer: the Kensington System

Question: Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure?
Answer: Conroy

Question: To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen?
Answer: Buckingham Palace

Question: Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?
Answer: with her mother

Question: Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?
Answer: was required by social convention

Question: What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?
Answer: marriage

Question: How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?
Answer: a "schocking [sic] alternative"

Question: How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?
Answer: close proximity promised "torment for many years"
Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.

Question: Who was Queen Victorias father?
Answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

Question: Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?
Answer: Princess Charlotte of Wales

Question: Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?
Answer: George III

Question: What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?
Answer: 1817

Question: Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?
Answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Question: Who was Queen Victorias father?
Answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

Question: Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?
Answer: Princess Charlotte of Wales

Question: Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?
Answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Question: Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?
Answer: Prince of Leiningen

Question: What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?
Answer: 4.15 a.m

Question: Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death?
Answer: Leopold

Question: Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?
Answer: The Duke and Duchess of Kent

Question: When was Queen Victoria born?
Answer: 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819

Question: What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?
Answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III

Question: What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?
Answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Question: Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?
Answer: Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)