lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.

Question: When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?
Answer: 15th day

Question: What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference?
Answer: compromise

Question: By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?
Answer: 10th century

Question: On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the Alexandrian Easter?
Answer: eastern border

Question: What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?
Answer: vernal equinox
Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.

Question: Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?
Answer: caution

Question: When was the Battle of Agincourt?
Answer: 25 October 1415

Question: When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?
Answer: prior to 15 October 1582

Question: What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?
Answer: Saint Crispin's Day

Question: In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?
Answer: 1 January
Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24.

Question: How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?
Answer: subtract one day

Question: What does one need to remember about the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?
Answer: February 29 is discounted

Question: If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?
Answer: -4
World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement.

Question: How many Americans served in the military in World War II?
Answer: Over 16 million

Question: How many American service personnel died in World War II?
Answer: 400,000

Question: What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?
Answer: the Greatest Generation

Question: Both during and after the conclusion of World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?
Answer: Britain
With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

Question: who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?
Answer: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

Question: who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?
Answer: Hernando de Soto

Question: what is the section of oklahoma and texas that Hernando de Soto traveled?
Answer: the De Soto Trail

Question: who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?
Answer: The Spanish

Question: what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?
Answer: gold
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).

Question: What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
Answer: heat radiation

Question: What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
Answer: 49%

Question: What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers?
Answer: 8 to 25

Question: Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?
Answer: visible
Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.

Question: What term refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth?
Answer: Biodiversity

Question: What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?
Answer: genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation

Question: What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?
Answer: Terrestrial biodiversity

Question: Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?
Answer: It is richest in the tropics.

Question: Where is sea surface temperature the highest?
Answer: along coasts in the Western Pacific
The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238 § 18 The digits 0–9 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

Question: Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?
Answer: for ease of identification

Question: How many positions are in the first two columns?
Answer: 32 positions

Question: What did the committee decide was important?
Answer: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets

Question: Where was the letter A places in position?
Answer: 41hex
ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII."

Question: When was ASCII first commercially used?
Answer: 1963

Question: What was it used for?
Answer: a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network

Question: What did TWX use before ASCII?
Answer: five-bit ITA2

Question: Who is the father of ASCII?
Answer: Bob Bemer

Question: What was the code first called in Europe?
Answer: Bemer-Ross Code
The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4

Question: What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
Answer: ASCII required at least a seven-bit code

Question: Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
Answer: would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code

Question: What is different in a shifted code?
Answer: some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes

Question: Why did they decide against shifting code?
Answer: less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable
The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.:217, 236 § 5 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.

Question: Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?
Answer: eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal

Question: Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?
Answer: minimize costs associated with data transmission

Question: What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?
Answer: perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position
Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() – early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers—​​following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)—​​and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Question: When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
Answer: 1878

Question: What were used instead of 0 and 1?
Answer: using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead

Question: What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
Answer: which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII

Question: Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
Answer: do not correspond as closely
In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.

Question: What happens in a chennel transupport system?
Answer: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria

Question: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?
Answer: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]

Question: What does this secretion system transport?
Answer: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.

Question: What is lactase?
Answer: an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts

Question: What are lactoses component parts?
Answer: glucose and galactose

Question: Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?
Answer: small intestine

Question: What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
Answer: Approximately 65 percent

Question: What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
Answer: lactose intolerance
In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.

Question: What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals?
Answer: the cephalic phase

Question: What is the cephalic phase?
Answer: saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach

Question: What digestions begin in the mouth?
Answer: Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question: What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?
Answer: The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes

Question: Where does absorption occur?
Answer: in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract
Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups. Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision. Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations. A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with social stresses.

Question: Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?
Answer: increases

Question: Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?
Answer: Adolescents

Question: How is adolescence defined socially?
Answer: a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision
A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.

Question: Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?
Answer: Census of Marine Life

Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?
Answer: International Polar Year

Question: How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?
Answer: 235

Question: Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?
Answer: cetaceans

Question: What is the amount of difference in temperature in the deep ocean?
Answer: 5 °C
The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000.

Question: When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?
Answer: 1978

Question: What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?
Answer: criminal

Question: How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?
Answer: 32,000

Question: When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources come into force?
Answer: 1980

Question: Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?
Answer: krill
Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.

Question: Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?
Answer: Antarctic Peninsula

Question: What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?
Answer: carbon dioxide emissions

Question: How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?
Answer: 0.1 °C

Question: What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?
Answer: inflow of warm water

Question: What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.
Answer: atmospheric warming