lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Imperial College TV ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.

Question: What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?
Answer: Student Television of Imperial College

Question: What is STOIC's modern name?
Answer: Imperial College TV

Question: When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?
Answer: 1969

Question: Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?
Answer: Exhibition Road

Question: When was the station renamed to it's modern name?
Answer: start of the 2014/15 academic year
The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

Question: What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?
Answer: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"

Question: What does the verb gymnazo mean?
Answer: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"

Question: Why was this verb used?
Answer: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing

Question: When did the word come into use?
Answer: 1570s
In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing." A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

Question: What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?
Answer: landing

Question: Where do most injuries happen?
Answer: the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures

Question: How do you avoid injuries?
Answer: proper technique must be used by the gymnast

Question: What is a successful landing?
Answer: soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

Question: Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
Answer: Gregorio Marañón

Question: What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?
Answer: epinephrine

Question: What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter?
Answer: Jerome Singer

Question: In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?
Answer: 2004
Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico.

Question: How many Copa del Rey trophies has Barcelona won?
Answer: 27

Question: How many UEFA Champions League titles has Barcelona won?
Answer: five

Question: Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?
Answer: 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015

Question: How many Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies has Barcelona won?
Answer: three

Question: What position is Barcelona ranked on the UEFA club rankings?
Answer: second

Question: How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?
Answer: five

Question: How many UEFA Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?
Answer: four

Question: How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?
Answer: three

Question: What club is Barcelona's long time rival?
Answer: Real Madrid

Question: How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?
Answer: five
As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League.

Question: How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?
Answer: five

Question: What is the number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?
Answer: four

Question: How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?
Answer: five

Question: What is the number of FIFA Club World Cup trophies Barcelona has?
Answer: three

Question: What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?
Answer: Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows. On 5 January 2015, Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football. The next month, Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission, made up of vice-president Jordi Mestre, board member Javier Bordas, Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida.

Question: To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad?
Answer: Court of Arbitration for Sport

Question: During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use their transfer windows?
Answer: 2015

Question: When was Zubizareta fired by the board?
Answer: 5 January 2015

Question: What position did Zubizareta have?
Answer: director of football

Question: After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?
Answer: Football Area Technical Commission
Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2–0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.

Question: What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?
Answer: UEFA Super Cup

Question: Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?
Answer: Porto

Question: How many total trophies did Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?
Answer: 74

Question: What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?
Answer: Real Madrid

Question: Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?
Answer: Josep Guardiola
In April 2014, FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18. A statement on FIFA's website read "With regard to the case in question, FC Barcelona has been found to be in breach of art. 19 of the Regulations in the case of ten minor players and to have committed several other concurrent infringements in the context of other players, including under Annexe 2 of the Regulations. The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods, together with a fine of CHF 450,000. Additionally, the club was granted a period of 90 days in which to regularise the situation of all minor players concerned." FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014.

Question: When FIFA ban Barcelona from buying players?
Answer: April 2014

Question: What was the FIFA charge that Barcelona violated?
Answer: footballers aged under 18

Question: What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation?
Answer: CHF 450,000

Question: When did FIFA reject an appeal of the rules violation ruling?
Answer: August

Question: What did the pending appeal allow Barcelona to do anyway?
Answer: sign players
After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president. The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61.35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes. Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for €40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for €19 million. In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival, Real Madrid 5–0 in El Clásico. In the 2010–11 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points. In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1–0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla in Valencia. In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup. In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid. The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid.

Question: Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010?
Answer: Sandro Rosell

Question: What percentage of the votes for president did Rosell get?
Answer: 61.35%

Question: What was Rosell's record number of votes he received for president?
Answer: 57,088

Question: How much did Barcelona pay to sign David Villa?
Answer: €40 million

Question: What team did Barcelona beat in El Clasico in 2010?
Answer: Real Madrid
In 1918 Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue. Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists. Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives. In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan.

Question: When did Espanyol offer a counter-petition against autonomy?
Answer: 1918

Question: Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join?
Answer: Falangists

Question: What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans?
Answer: derbi

Question: From what language did Espanyol translate their name?
Answer: Spanish

Question: How has the rivalry between Espanyol and Barcelona changed?
Answer: less political
Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–2015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years. On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou. On 6 June, Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3–1 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in 6 years. Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history.

Question: What team has won the treble competitions twice?
Answer: Barcelona

Question: What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?
Answer: La Liga

Question: What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?
Answer: Atlético Madrid

Question: What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?
Answer: MSN

Question: How many total goals have the trio MSN scored in the 2014-15 season?
Answer: 122
Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit. Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists.

Question: How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona?
Answer: compliance

Question: What type of supporters did Barcelona attract?
Answer: Catalonia's new arrivals

Question: From where did Espanyol draw their supporters?
Answer: close to the regime

Question: When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan?
Answer: 1960s and 1970s

Question: What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage?
Answer: revolutionary
In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around €752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008–09 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of €366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated €401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €484.6 million.

Question: What did Forbes say Barcelona was worth in 2010?
Answer: €752 million

Question: In what place does the Forbes ranking put Barcelona?
Answer: fourth

Question: Besides Real Madrid and Arsenal,what other team is ahead of Barcelona in worth ranking?
Answer: Manchester United

Question: What was Barcelona's revenue in 2010?
Answer: €366 million

Question: Where in 2014 did Forbes rank Barcelona as to how valuable a sports team they are?
Answer: second
In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption." In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.

Question: When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?
Answer: 2007

Question: How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?
Answer: 46

Question: How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?
Answer: $10.2 million

Question: What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?
Answer: Jim Oberstar

Question: How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?
Answer: 117
On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used.

Question: When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?
Answer: October 31, 2013

Question: What mode must mobile phones be put into?
Answer: airplane mode

Question: What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?
Answer: all phases

Question: Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?
Answer: seat-back pocket

Question: Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?
Answer: can also be used.
The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic.

Question: What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?
Answer: Early Triassic

Question: What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?
Answer: deserts

Question: What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??
Answer: 95%

Question: What species had evolved after the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?
Answer: Temnospondyli
The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Question: What event produced further adaptations during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
Answer: climatic changes

Question: When was the top of archosaur diversity?
Answer: Jurassic

Question: What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?
Answer: Angiosperms

Question: What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?
Answer: angiosperms

Question: What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?
Answer: cycad and ferns
Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

Question: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
Answer: increase in seafloor

Question: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what element along the coasts?
Answer: flooded coastal areas

Question: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: What weather condition increased?
Answer: Temperatures

Question: As humidity increased what land area decreased?
Answer: deserts